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Abstract
Brassica crop species are prolific producers of indole-sulfur phytoalexins that are thought to have an important role in plant disease resistance. These molecules are conspicuously absent in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, and little is known about the enzymatic steps that assemble the key precursor brassinin. Here, we report the minimum set of biosynthetic genes required to generate cruciferous phytoalexins starting from the well-studied glucosinolate pathway. In vitro biochemical characterization revealed an additional role for the previously described carbon-sulfur lyase SUR1 in processing cysteine-isothiocyanate conjugates, as well as the S-methyltransferase DTCMT that methylates the resulting dithiocarbamate, together completing a pathway to brassinin. Additionally, the β-glucosidase BABG that is present in Brassica rapa but absent in Arabidopsis was shown to act as a myrosinase and may be a determinant of plants that synthesize phytoalexins from indole glucosinolate. Transient expression of the entire pathway in Nicotiana benthamiana yields brassinin, demonstrating that the biosynthesis of indole-sulfur phytoalexins can be engineered into noncruciferous plants. The identification of these biosynthetic enzymes and the heterologous reconstitution of the indole-sulfur phytoalexin pathway sheds light on an important pathway in an edible plant and opens the door to using metabolic engineering to systematically quantify the impact of cruciferous phytoalexins on plant disease resistance and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Klein
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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52
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Possenti M, Baima S, Raffo A, Durazzo A, Giusti AM, Natella F. Glucosinolates in Food. REFERENCE SERIES IN PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-25462-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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53
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Liu XG, Lu X, Wang JX, Wu B, Lin L, Wang HY, Guo RZ, Li P, Yang H. Combining paired analytical metabolomics and common garden trial to study the metabolism and gene variation of Ginkgo biloba L. cultivated varieties. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06229j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Paired analytical targeted metabolomics and common garden trial were combined to uncover the gene basis for plant secondary metabolite synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Guang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- People's Republic of China
| | - Ru-Zhou Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- People's Republic of China
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54
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Bell L, Methven L, Wagstaff C. The influence of phytochemical composition and resulting sensory attributes on preference for salad rocket (Eruca sativa) accessions by consumers of varying TAS2R38 diplotype. Food Chem 2016; 222:6-17. [PMID: 28041559 PMCID: PMC5243146 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
TAS2R38 bitterness perception does not wholly determine liking of rocket. Hotness is the main attribute on which consumers base their liking not bitterness. Some consumers prefer mild sweet accessions low in glucosinolates and pungent VOCs. Glucoraphanin imparts no significant influence on liking or sensory perceptions. Sugar-glucosinolate/isothiocyanate ratios are important for hotness perceptions.
Seven accessions of Eruca sativa (“salad rocket”) were subjected to a randomised consumer assessment. Liking of appearance and taste attributes were analysed, as well as perceptions of bitterness, hotness, pepperiness and sweetness. Consumers were genotyped for TAS2R38 status to determine if liking is influenced by perception of bitter compounds such as glucosinolates (GSLs) and isothiocyanates (ITCs). Responses were combined with previously published data relating to phytochemical content and sensory data in Principal Component Analysis to determine compounds influencing liking/perceptions. Hotness, not bitterness, is the main attribute on which consumers base their liking of rocket. Some consumers rejected rocket based on GSL/ITC concentrations, whereas some preferred hotness. Bitter perception did not significantly influence liking of accessions, despite PAV/PAV ‘supertasters’ scoring higher for this attribute. High sugar-GSL/ITC ratios significantly reduce perceptions of hotness and bitterness for some consumers. Importantly the GSL glucoraphanin does not impart significant influence on liking or perception traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Bell
- Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AH, UK.
| | - Lisa Methven
- Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AH, UK
| | - Carol Wagstaff
- Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AH, UK; Centre for Food Security, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AH, UK
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55
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Changes in rocket salad phytochemicals within the commercial supply chain: Glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, amino acids and bacterial load increase significantly after processing. Food Chem 2016; 221:521-534. [PMID: 27979236 PMCID: PMC5176039 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glucosinolates, isothiocyanates and amino acids increase significantly over time. Glucoraphanin is not significantly affected by harvesting and processing. Sulforaphane significantly increases after processing in E. sativa cultivars. Bacterial load of leaves is correlated with glucosinolate and amino acid abundance. Commercial processing may increase the nutritional value of E. sativa to consumers.
Five cultivars of Eruca sativa and a commercial variety of Diplotaxis tenuifolia were grown in the UK (summer) and subjected to commercial growth, harvesting and processing, with subsequent shelf life storage. Glucosinolates (GSL), isothiocyanates (ITC), amino acids (AA), free sugars, and bacterial loads were analysed throughout the supply chain to determine the effects on phytochemical compositions. Bacterial load of leaves increased significantly over time and peaked during shelf life storage. Significant correlations were observed with GSL and AA concentrations, suggesting a previously unknown relationship between plants and endemic leaf bacteria. GSLs, ITCs and AAs increased significantly after processing and during shelf life. The supply chain did not significantly affect glucoraphanin concentrations, and its ITC sulforaphane significantly increased during shelf life in E. sativa cultivars. We hypothesise that commercial processing may increase the nutritional value of the crop, and have added health benefits for the consumer.
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Bell L, Methven L, Signore A, Oruna-Concha MJ, Wagstaff C. Analysis of seven salad rocket (Eruca sativa) accessions: The relationships between sensory attributes and volatile and non-volatile compounds. Food Chem 2016; 218:181-191. [PMID: 27719896 PMCID: PMC5066371 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sensory and chemical analyses were performed on accessions of rocket (Eruca sativa) to determine phytochemical influences on sensory attributes. A trained panel was used to evaluate leaves, and chemical data were obtained for polyatomic ions, amino acids, sugars and organic acids. These chemical data (and data of glucosinolates, flavonols and headspace volatiles previously reported) were used in Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to determine variables statistically important to sensory traits. Significant differences were observed between samples for polyatomic ion and amino acid concentrations. PCA revealed strong, positive correlations between glucosinolates, isothiocyanates and sulfur compounds with bitterness, mustard, peppery, warming and initial heat mouthfeel traits. The ratio between glucosinolates and sugars inferred reduced perception of bitter aftereffects. We highlight the diversity of E. sativa accessions from a sensory and phytochemical standpoint, and the potential for breeders to create varieties that are nutritionally and sensorially superior to existing ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Bell
- Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AH, UK.
| | - Lisa Methven
- Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AH, UK
| | - Angelo Signore
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agro-Ambientali e Territoriali, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Jose Oruna-Concha
- Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AH, UK
| | - Carol Wagstaff
- Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AH, UK; Centre for Food Security, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AH, UK
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57
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Koprivova A, Kopriva S. Sulfur metabolism and its manipulation in crops. J Genet Genomics 2016; 43:623-629. [PMID: 27582269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Koprivova
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Stanislav Kopriva
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
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58
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Voutsina N, Payne AC, Hancock RD, Clarkson GJJ, Rothwell SD, Chapman MA, Taylor G. Characterization of the watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.; Brassicaceae) transcriptome using RNASeq and identification of candidate genes for important phytonutrient traits linked to human health. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:378. [PMID: 27206485 PMCID: PMC4875719 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2704-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consuming watercress is thought to provide health benefits as a consequence of its phytonutrient composition. However, for watercress there are currently limited genetic resources underpinning breeding efforts for either yield or phytonutritional traits. In this paper, we use RNASeq data from twelve watercress accessions to characterize the transcriptome, perform candidate gene mining and conduct differential expression analysis for two key phytonutritional traits: antioxidant (AO) capacity and glucosinolate (GLS) content. RESULTS The watercress transcriptome was assembled to 80,800 transcripts (48,732 unigenes); 71 % of which were annotated based on orthology to Arabidopsis. Differential expression analysis comparing watercress accessions with 'high' and 'low' AO and GLS resulted in 145 and 94 differentially expressed loci for AO capacity and GLS respectively. Differentially expressed loci between high and low AO watercress were significantly enriched for genes involved in plant defence and response to stimuli, in line with the observation that AO are involved in plant stress-response. Differential expression between the high and low GLS watercress identified links to GLS regulation and also novel transcripts warranting further investigation. Additionally, we successfully identified watercress orthologs for Arabidopsis phenylpropanoid, GLS and shikimate biosynthesis pathway genes, and compiled a catalogue of polymorphic markers for future applications. CONCLUSIONS Our work describes the first transcriptome of watercress and establishes the foundation for further molecular study by providing valuable resources, including sequence data, annotated transcripts, candidate genes and markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikol Voutsina
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Adrienne C Payne
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Robert D Hancock
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Graham J J Clarkson
- Vitacress Salads Ltd, Lower Link Farm, St Mary Bourne, Andover, SP11 6DB, UK
| | - Steve D Rothwell
- Vitacress Salads Ltd, Lower Link Farm, St Mary Bourne, Andover, SP11 6DB, UK
| | - Mark A Chapman
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Gail Taylor
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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59
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Marino D, Ariz I, Lasa B, Santamaría E, Fernández-Irigoyen J, González-Murua C, Aparicio Tejo PM. Quantitative proteomics reveals the importance of nitrogen source to control glucosinolate metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica oleracea. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:3313-23. [PMID: 27085186 PMCID: PMC4892723 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Accessing different nitrogen (N) sources involves a profound adaptation of plant metabolism. In this study, a quantitative proteomic approach was used to further understand how the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana adjusts to different N sources when grown exclusively under nitrate or ammonium nutrition. Proteome data evidenced that glucosinolate metabolism was differentially regulated by the N source and that both TGG1 and TGG2 myrosinases were more abundant under ammonium nutrition, which is generally considered to be a stressful situation. Moreover, Arabidopsis plants displayed glucosinolate accumulation and induced myrosinase activity under ammonium nutrition. Interestingly, these results were also confirmed in the economically important crop broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica). Moreover, these metabolic changes were correlated in Arabidopsis with the differential expression of genes from the aliphatic glucosinolate metabolic pathway. This study underlines the importance of nitrogen nutrition and the potential of using ammonium as the N source in order to stimulate glucosinolate metabolism, which may have important applications not only in terms of reducing pesticide use, but also for increasing plants' nutritional value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Marino
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apdo. 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Idoia Ariz
- Departamento de Ciencias del Medio Natural, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain Faculdade de Ciências, Centro Ecologia Evolução e Alterações Ambientais, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Berta Lasa
- Departamento de Ciencias del Medio Natural, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Enrique Santamaría
- Proteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Fundación Miguel Servet, Proteored-ISCIII, Instituto de investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Joaquín Fernández-Irigoyen
- Proteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Fundación Miguel Servet, Proteored-ISCIII, Instituto de investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen González-Murua
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apdo. 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Pedro M Aparicio Tejo
- Departamento de Ciencias del Medio Natural, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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60
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Augustine R, Bisht NC. Biofortification of oilseed Brassica juncea with the anti-cancer compound glucoraphanin by suppressing GSL-ALK gene family. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18005. [PMID: 26657321 PMCID: PMC4997087 DOI: 10.1038/srep18005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucosinolates are amino acids derived secondary metabolites, invariably present in Brassicales, which have huge health and agricultural benefits. Sulphoraphane, the breakdown product of glucosinolate glucoraphanin is known to posses anti-cancer properties. AOP (2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases) or GSL-ALK enzyme catalyzes the conversion of desirable glucoraphanin to deleterious gluconapin and progoitrin, which are present in very high amounts in most of the cultivable Brassica species including Brassica juncea. In this study we showed that B. juncea encodes four functional homologs of GSL-ALK gene and constitutive silencing of GSL-ALK homologs resulted in accumulation of glucoraphanin up to 43.11 μmoles g(-1) DW in the seeds with a concomitant reduction in the anti-nutritional glucosinolates. Glucoraphanin content was found remarkably high in leaves as well as sprouts of the transgenic lines. Transcript quantification of high glucoraphanin lines confirmed significant down-regulation of GSL-ALK homologs. Growth and other seed quality parameters of the transgenic lines did not show drastic difference, compared to the untransformed control. High glucoraphanin lines also showed higher resistance towards stem rot pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Our results suggest that metabolic engineering of GSL-ALK has huge potential for enriching glucoraphanin content, and improve the oil quality and vegetable value of Brassica crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehna Augustine
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, INDIA
| | - Naveen C. Bisht
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, INDIA
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61
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Kopriva S, Calderwood A, Weckopp SC, Koprivova A. Plant sulfur and Big Data. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 241:1-10. [PMID: 26706053 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur is an essential mineral nutrient for plants, therefore, the pathways of its uptake and assimilation have been extensively studied. Great progress has been made in elucidation of the individual genes and enzymes and their regulation. Sulfur assimilation has been intensively investigated by -omics technologies and has been target of several genome wide genetic approaches. This brought a significant step in our understanding of the regulation of the pathway and its integration in cellular metabolism. However, the large amount of information derived from other experiments not directly targeting sulfur has also brought new and exciting insights into processes affecting sulfur homeostasis. In this review we will integrate the findings of the targeted experiments with those that brought unintentional progress in sulfur research, and will discuss how to synthesize the large amount of information available in various repositories into a meaningful dissection of the regulation of a specific metabolic pathway. We then speculate how this might be used to further advance knowledge on control of sulfur metabolism and what are the main questions to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Kopriva
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Germany.
| | | | - Silke C Weckopp
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna Koprivova
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Germany
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62
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Two cytochromes P450 catalyze S-heterocyclizations in cabbage phytoalexin biosynthesis. Nat Chem Biol 2015; 11:837-9. [PMID: 26389737 PMCID: PMC4731101 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Phytoalexins are abundant in edible crucifers and have important biological activities, yet no dedicated gene for their biosynthesis is known. Here, we report two new cytochromes P450 from Brassica rapa (Chinese cabbage) that catalyze unprecedented S-heterocyclizations in cyclobrassinin and spirobrassinin biosynthesis. Our results reveal the first genetic and biochemical insights into the biosynthesis of a prominent pair of dietary metabolites, and have implications for pathway discovery across >20 recently sequenced crucifers.
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63
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Frequency modulated translocational oscillations of Nrf2, a transcription factor functioning like a wireless sensor. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 43:669-73. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20150060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The discovery that nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) undergoes translocational oscillations from cytoplasm to nucleus in human cells with frequency modulation linked to activation of a stress-stimulated cytoprotective response raises the prospect that the Nrf2 works mechanistically analogous to a wireless sensor. Herein, we consider how this new model of Nrf2 oscillation resolves previous inexplicable experimental findings on Nrf2 regulation and why it is fit-for-purpose. Further investigation is required to assess how generally applicable the oscillatory mechanism is and if characteristics of this regulatory control can be found in vivo. It suggests there are multiple, potentially re-enforcing receptors for Nrf2 activation, indicating that potent Nrf2 activation for improved health and treatment of disease may be achieved through combination of Nrf2 system stimulants.
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Brown AF, Yousef GG, Reid RW, Chebrolu KK, Thomas A, Krueger C, Jeffery E, Jackson E, Juvik JA. Genetic analysis of glucosinolate variability in broccoli florets using genome-anchored single nucleotide polymorphisms. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2015; 128:1431-47. [PMID: 25930056 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-015-2517-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The identification of genetic factors influencing the accumulation of individual glucosinolates in broccoli florets provides novel insight into the regulation of glucosinolate levels in Brassica vegetables and will accelerate the development of vegetables with glucosinolate profiles tailored to promote human health. Quantitative trait loci analysis of glucosinolate (GSL) variability was conducted with a B. oleracea (broccoli) mapping population, saturated with single nucleotide polymorphism markers from a high-density array designed for rapeseed (Brassica napus). In 4 years of analysis, 14 QTLs were associated with the accumulation of aliphatic, indolic, or aromatic GSLs in floret tissue. The accumulation of 3-carbon aliphatic GSLs (2-propenyl and 3-methylsulfinylpropyl) was primarily associated with a single QTL on C05, but common regulation of 4-carbon aliphatic GSLs was not observed. A single locus on C09, associated with up to 40 % of the phenotypic variability of 2-hydroxy-3-butenyl GSL over multiple years, was not associated with the variability of precursor compounds. Similarly, QTLs on C02, C04, and C09 were associated with 4-methylsulfinylbutyl GSL concentration over multiple years but were not significantly associated with downstream compounds. Genome-specific SNP markers were used to identify candidate genes that co-localized to marker intervals and previously sequenced Brassica oleracea BAC clones containing known GSL genes (GSL-ALK, GSL-PRO, and GSL-ELONG) were aligned to the genomic sequence, providing support that at least three of our 14 QTLs likely correspond to previously identified GSL loci. The results demonstrate that previously identified loci do not fully explain GSL variation in broccoli. The identification of additional genetic factors influencing the accumulation of GSL in broccoli florets provides novel insight into the regulation of GSL levels in Brassicaceae and will accelerate development of vegetables with modified or enhanced GSL profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan F Brown
- Department of Horticultural Science, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA,
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Armah CN, Derdemezis C, Traka MH, Dainty JR, Doleman JF, Saha S, Leung W, Potter JF, Lovegrove JA, Mithen RF. Diet rich in high glucoraphanin broccoli reduces plasma LDL cholesterol: Evidence from randomised controlled trials. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:918-26. [PMID: 25851421 PMCID: PMC4692095 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Cruciferous-rich diets have been associated with reduction in plasma LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), which may be due to the action of isothiocyanates derived from glucosinolates that accumulate in these vegetables. This study tests the hypothesis that a diet rich in high glucoraphanin (HG) broccoli will reduce plasma LDL-C. METHODS AND RESULTS One hundred and thirty volunteers were recruited to two independent double-blind, randomly allocated parallel dietary intervention studies, and were assigned to consume either 400 g standard broccoli or 400 g HG broccoli per week for 12 weeks. Plasma lipids were quantified before and after the intervention. In study 1 (37 volunteers), the HG broccoli diet reduced plasma LDL-C by 7.1% (95% CI: -1.8%, -12.3%, p = 0.011), whereas standard broccoli reduced LDL-C by 1.8% (95% CI +3.9%, -7.5%, ns). In study 2 (93 volunteers), the HG broccoli diet resulted in a reduction of 5.1% (95% CI: -2.1%, -8.1%, p = 0.001), whereas standard broccoli reduced LDL-C by 2.5% (95% CI: +0.8%, -5.7%, ns). When data from the two studies were combined the reduction in LDL-C by the HG broccoli was significantly greater than standard broccoli (p = 0.031). CONCLUSION Evidence from two independent human studies indicates that consumption of high glucoraphanin broccoli significantly reduces plasma LDL-C.
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66
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Baskar V, Park SW, Nile SH. An Update on Potential Perspectives of Glucosinolates on Protection against Microbial Pathogens and Endocrine Dysfunctions in Humans. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 56:2231-49. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.910748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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67
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Folkard DL, Marlow G, Mithen RF, Ferguson LR. Effect of Sulforaphane on NOD2 via NF-κB: implications for Crohn's disease. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2015; 12:6. [PMID: 25705128 PMCID: PMC4335778 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-015-0051-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Sulforaphane has well established anti-cancer properties and more recently anti-inflammatory properties have also been determined. Sulforaphane has been shown to inhibit PRR-mediated pro-inflammatory signalling by either directly targeting the receptor or their downstream signalling molecules such as the transcription factor, NF-κB. These results raise the possibility that PRR-mediated inflammation could be suppressed by specific dietary bioactives. We examined whether sulforaphane could suppress NF-κB via the NOD2 pathway. Methods Human embryonic kidney 293T (HEK293T) cells were stably transfected with NOD2 variants and the NF-κB reporter, pNifty2-SEAP. The cells were co-treated with sulforaphane and MDP and secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) production was determined. Results We found that sulforaphane was able to significantly suppress the ligand-induced NF-κB activity at physiologically relevant concentrations, achievable via the consumption of broccoli within the diet. Conclusions These results demonstrate that the anti-inflammatory role of sulforaphane is not restricted to LPS-induced inflammatory signalling. These data add to the growing evidence that PRR activation can be inhibited by specific phytochemicals and thus suggests that diet could be a way of controlling inflammation. This is particularly important for a disease like Crohn’s disease where diet can play a key role in relieving or exacerbating symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L Folkard
- Food and Health Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Gareth Marlow
- Nutrigenomics New Zealand, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Richard F Mithen
- Food and Health Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Lynnette R Ferguson
- Nutrigenomics New Zealand, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
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Agerbirk N, Olsen CE, Cipollini D, Ørgaard M, Linde-Laursen I, Chew FS. Specific glucosinolate analysis reveals variable levels of epimeric glucobarbarins, dietary precursors of 5-phenyloxazolidine-2-thiones, in watercress types with contrasting chromosome numbers. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:9586-96. [PMID: 25226408 DOI: 10.1021/jf5032795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Watercress obtained in food stores in the United States contained significant levels of epiglucobarbarin [(R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylethylglucosinolate] and low levels of the 2S-epimer glucobarbarin identified by an HPLC+NMR+MS/MS approach. Typical combined levels were 4-7 μmol/g dry wt. The hydrolysis product, 5-phenyloxazolidine-2-thione (barbarin), was detected at similar levels as the precursor glucosinolates after autolysis of fresh watercress in water. Fragmentation patterns in MS(2) of reference desulfoglucosinolates were side chain specific and suitable for routine identification. Watercress was of two main glucosinolate chemotypes: Material from U.S. food stores had a complex profile including glucobarbarins, gluconasturtiin, indole glucosinolates and high levels (6-28 μmol/g dry wt.) of long-chain methylsulfinylalkyl and methylthioalkyl glucosinolates. Material from European food stores had a simple profile dominated by gluconasturtiin, with low levels of epiglucobarbarin and moderate levels of indole glucosinolates. Some wild U.S. material was similar to the U.S. food store type. Both types were found to be Nasturtium officinale by floral parts morphology. Cytological analysis of one U.S. food store accession indicated that it represented a chromosome-doubled variant within N. officinale. The nutritional consequences and invasive potential of the U.S. food store chemotype are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Agerbirk
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Bell L, Oruna-Concha MJ, Wagstaff C. Identification and quantification of glucosinolate and flavonol compounds in rocket salad (Eruca sativa, Eruca vesicaria and Diplotaxis tenuifolia) by LC-MS: highlighting the potential for improving nutritional value of rocket crops. Food Chem 2014; 172:852-61. [PMID: 25442630 PMCID: PMC4245720 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.09.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to obtain glucosinolate and flavonol content for 35 rocket accessions and commercial varieties. 13 glucosinolates and 11 flavonol compounds were identified. Semi-quantitative methods were used to estimate concentrations of both groups of compounds. Minor glucosinolate composition was found to be different between accessions; concentrations varied significantly. Flavonols showed differentiation between genera, with Diplotaxis accumulating quercetin glucosides and Eruca accumulating kaempferol glucosides. Several compounds were detected in each genus that have only previously been reported in the other. We highlight how knowledge of phytochemical content and concentration can be used to breed new, nutritionally superior varieties. We also demonstrate the effects of controlled environment conditions on the accumulations of glucosinolates and flavonols and explore the reasons for differences with previous studies. We stress the importance of consistent experimental design between research groups to effectively compare and contrast results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Bell
- Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, PO Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AP, UK.
| | - Maria Jose Oruna-Concha
- Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, PO Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Carol Wagstaff
- Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, PO Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AP, UK; Centre for Food Security, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AH, UK
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Traka MH, Melchini A, Mithen RF. Sulforaphane and prostate cancer interception. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1488-92. [PMID: 25051139 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Whereas much attention is focused on distinguishing newly diagnosed prostate cancers that will progress to become aggressive forms of the disease from those that will remain indolent, it is also appropriate to explore therapeutic and lifestyle interventions to reduce the risk of progression. Diets rich in broccoli have been associated with a reduction in risk of progression, which has been attributed to the compound sulforaphane. Although the mode of action of sulforaphane has been extensively studied in cell and animal models and a multiple of mechanisms that could underpin its protective effects have been proposed, recent evidence from human intervention studies suggests that sulforaphane is involved in a complex interplay between redox status and metabolism to result in a tissue environment that does not favour prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria H Traka
- Food and Health Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Antonietta Melchini
- Food and Health Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Richard F Mithen
- Food and Health Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK.
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Renaud ENC, Lammerts van Bueren ET, Myers JR, Paulo MJ, van Eeuwijk FA, Zhu N, Juvik JA. Variation in broccoli cultivar phytochemical content under organic and conventional management systems: implications in breeding for nutrition. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95683. [PMID: 25028959 PMCID: PMC4100739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic agriculture requires cultivars that can adapt to organic crop management systems without the use of synthetic pesticides as well as genotypes with improved nutritional value. The aim of this study encompassing 16 experiments was to compare 23 broccoli cultivars for the content of phytochemicals associated with health promotion grown under organic and conventional management in spring and fall plantings in two broccoli growing regions in the US (Oregon and Maine). The phytochemicals quantified included: glucosinolates (glucoraphanin, glucobrassicin, neoglucobrassin), tocopherols (δ-, γ-, α-tocopherol) and carotenoids (lutein, zeaxanthin, β-carotene). For glucoraphanin (17.5%) and lutein (13%), genotype was the major source of total variation; for glucobrassicin, region (36%) and the interaction of location and season (27.5%); and for neoglucobrassicin, both genotype (36.8%) and its interactions (34.4%) with season were important. For δ- and γ-tocopherols, season played the largest role in the total variation followed by location and genotype; for total carotenoids, genotype (8.41-13.03%) was the largest source of variation and its interactions with location and season. Overall, phytochemicals were not significantly influenced by management system. We observed that the cultivars with the highest concentrations of glucoraphanin had the lowest for glucobrassicin and neoglucobrassicin. The genotypes with high concentrations of glucobrassicin and neoglucobrassicin were the same cultivars and were early maturing F1 hybrids. Cultivars highest in tocopherols and carotenoids were open pollinated or early maturing F1 hybrids. We identified distinct locations and seasons where phytochemical performance was higher for each compound. Correlations among horticulture traits and phytochemicals demonstrated that glucoraphanin was negatively correlated with the carotenoids and the carotenoids were correlated with one another. Little or no association between phytochemical concentration and date of cultivar release was observed, suggesting that modern breeding has not negatively influenced the level of tested compounds. We found no significant differences among cultivars from different seed companies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica N. C. Renaud
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - James R. Myers
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Maria João Paulo
- Biometris, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fred A. van Eeuwijk
- Biometris, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ning Zhu
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - John A. Juvik
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
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Ishida M, Hara M, Fukino N, Kakizaki T, Morimitsu Y. Glucosinolate metabolism, functionality and breeding for the improvement of Brassicaceae vegetables. BREEDING SCIENCE 2014; 64:48-59. [PMID: 24987290 PMCID: PMC4031110 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.64.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Unique secondary metabolites, glucosinolates (S-glucopyranosyl thiohydroximates), are naturally occurring S-linked glucosides found mainly in Brassicaceae plants. They are enzymatically hydrolyzed to produce sulfate ions, D-glucose, and characteristic degradation products such as isothiocyanates. The functions of glucosinolates in the plants remain unclear, but isothiocyanates possessing a pungent or irritating taste and odor might be associated with plant defense from microbes. Isothiocyanates have been studied extensively in experimental in vitro and in vivo carcinogenesis models for their cancer chemopreventive properties. The beneficial isothiocyanates, glucosinolates that are functional for supporting human health, have received attention from many scientists studying plant breeding, plant physiology, plant genetics, and food functionality. This review presents a summary of recent topics related with glucosinolates in the Brassica family, along with a summary of the chemicals, metabolism, and genes of glucosinolates in Brassicaceae. The bioavailabilities of isothiocyanates from certain functional glucosinolates and the importance of breeding will be described with emphasis on glucosinolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Ishida
- NARO Institute of Vegetable and Tea Science, Tsukuba Vegetable Research Station,
3-1-1 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8666,
Japan
- Corresponding author (e-mail: )
| | - Masakazu Hara
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University,
836 Ohya, Shizuoka 422-8529,
Japan
| | - Nobuko Fukino
- NARO Institute of Vegetable and Tea Science,
360 Kusawa, Ano, Tsu, Mie 514-2392,
Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kakizaki
- NARO Institute of Vegetable and Tea Science,
360 Kusawa, Ano, Tsu, Mie 514-2392,
Japan
| | - Yasujiro Morimitsu
- The Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, The Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University,
2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo, Tokyo 112-8610,
Japan
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Armah CN, Traka MH, Dainty JR, Defernez M, Janssens A, Leung W, Doleman JF, Potter JF, Mithen RF. A diet rich in high-glucoraphanin broccoli interacts with genotype to reduce discordance in plasma metabolite profiles by modulating mitochondrial function. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98:712-22. [PMID: 23964055 PMCID: PMC3743733 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.065235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observational and experimental studies suggest that diets rich in cruciferous vegetables and glucosinolates may reduce the risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD). OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that a 12-wk dietary intervention with high-glucoraphanin (HG) broccoli would modify biomarkers of CVD risk and plasma metabolite profiles to a greater extent than interventions with standard broccoli or peas. DESIGN Subjects were randomly assigned to consume 400 g standard broccoli, 400 g HG broccoli, or 400 g peas each week for 12 wk, with no other dietary restrictions. Biomarkers of CVD risk and 347 plasma metabolites were quantified before and after the intervention. RESULTS No significant differences in the effects of the diets on biomarkers of CVD risk were found. Multivariate analyses of plasma metabolites identified 2 discrete phenotypic responses to diet in individuals within the HG broccoli arm, differentiated by single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with the PAPOLG gene. Univariate analysis showed effects of sex (P < 0.001), PAPOLG genotype (P < 0.001), and PAPOLG genotype × diet (P < 0.001) on the plasma metabolic profile. In the HG broccoli arm, the consequence of the intervention was to reduce variation in lipid and amino acid metabolites, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates, and acylcarnitines between the 2 PAPOLG genotypes. CONCLUSIONS The metabolic changes observed with the HG broccoli diet are consistent with a rebalancing of anaplerotic and cataplerotic reactions and enhanced integration of fatty acid β-oxidation with TCA cycle activity. These modifications may contribute to the reduction in cancer risk associated with diets that are rich in cruciferous vegetables. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01114399.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte N Armah
- Food and Health Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
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