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Sun Q, Li Y, Yang X, Wu X, Liu Z, Mou Y, Song X. Identification and Validation of 17-lncRNA Related to Regulatory T Cell Heterogeneity as a Prognostic Signature for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Immunol 2021; 12:782216. [PMID: 34880875 PMCID: PMC8645855 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.782216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful eradication of tumors by the immune system depends on generation of antigen-specific T cells that migrate to tumor sites and kill cancerous cells. However, presence of suppressive Treg populations inside tumor microenvironment hinders effector T cell function and decreases antitumor immunity. In this study we independently evaluated and confirmed prognostic signature of 17-Treg-related-lncRNA. Immune cell infiltration analysis using 17-lncRNA signature as a probe, accurately described Treg populations in tumor immune microenvironment. 17-lncRNA signature model predicted prognosis with excellent accuracy in all three cohorts: training cohort (AUC=0.82), testing cohort (AUC=0.61) and total cohort (AUC=0.72). The Kaplan-Meier analysis confirmed that the overall survival of patients in the low-risk group was significantly better than those in the high-risk group(P<0.001). CIBERSORT analysis confirmed that low risk group had higher infiltration of tumor killer CD8 T cells, memory activated CD4 T cells, follicular helper T cells and T cells regulatory (Tregs), and lower expression of M0 macrophages and Mast cells activated. These results indicate that the 17-lncRNA signature is a novel prognostic and support the use of lncRNA as a stratification tool to help guide the course of treatment and clinical decision making in patients at high risk of HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Yumei Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Xinxin Wu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Yakui Mou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Xicheng Song
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
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52
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Du XZ, Wen B, Liu L, Wei YT, Zhao K. Role of immune escape in different digestive tumours. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:10438-10450. [PMID: 35004976 PMCID: PMC8686128 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i34.10438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A counterbalance between immune cells and tumour cells is key to fighting tumours, and immune escape is an important mechanism for the survival of tumour cells in the body. Tumor cells and their cytokines impair the activity of T cells, NK cells, macrophages and other immune cells through various ways, and change the expression of their own surface antigens so as to avoid the clearance of the immune system. Changes in major histocompatibility complex molecules, high expression of programmed death-ligand 1, and the presence of immunosuppressive cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are main means by which tumors impair the function of immune cells. During the development of tumours of the digestive system, different mechanisms acting on tumour cells, the TME, and immune cells lead to immune escape and promote tumour progression. In this paper, the mechanisms of immune escape in tumour cells of the digestive system are reviewed to provide a theoretical basis for the immunotherapy of gastrointestinal tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Zhu Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Bin Wen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Ying-Ting Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Kui Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, China
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53
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Li HB, Yang ZH, Guo QQ. Immune checkpoint inhibition for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: limitations and prospects: a systematic review. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:117. [PMID: 34819086 PMCID: PMC8611916 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00789-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is an extremely malignant tumor with the lowest 5-year survival rate among all tumors. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), as the most common pathological subtype of pancreatic cancer, usually has poor therapeutic results. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) can relieve failure of the tumor-killing effect of immune effector cells caused by immune checkpoints. Therefore, they have been used as a novel treatment for many solid tumors. However, PDAC is not sensitive to monotherapy with ICIs, which might be related to the inhibitory immune microenvironment of pancreatic cancer. Therefore, the way to improve the microenvironment has raised a heated discussion in recent years. Here, we elaborate on the relationship between different immune cellular components in this environment, list some current preclinical or clinical attempts to enhance the efficacy of ICIs by targeting the inhibitory tumor microenvironment of PDAC or in combination with other therapies. Such information offers a better understanding of the sophisticated tumor-microenvironment interactions, also providing insights on therapeutic guidance of PDAC targeting. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang Province China
| | - Zi-Han Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang Province China
| | - Qing-Qu Guo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang Province China
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54
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Fujioka Y, Sugiyama D, Matsumura I, Minami Y, Miura M, Atsuta Y, Ohtake S, Kiyoi H, Miyazaki Y, Nishikawa H, Takahashi N. Regulatory T Cell as a Biomarker of Treatment-Free Remission in Patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5904. [PMID: 34885012 PMCID: PMC8657169 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13235904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment-free remission (TFR) has become a therapeutic goal in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and approximately half of the patients with chronic phase-CML (CML-CP) with deep molecular remission (DMR) by tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have achieved TFR. However, the mechanism of continuous TFR is still unclear, as there are "fluctuate" patients who have BCR-ABL-positive leukemia cells but do not observe obvious relapse. We focused on the immune response and conducted an immune analysis using clinical samples from the imatinib discontinuation study, JALSG-STIM213. The results showed that, in the group that maintained TFR for 3 years, changes in regulatory T (Treg) cells were observed early after stopping imatinib treatment. The effector Treg (eTreg) cells increased transiently at 1 month after stopping imatinib and then returned to baseline at 3 months after stopping imatinib treatment. There was no difference in the Treg phenotype, and CD8+ T cells in the TFR group were relatively activated. High concentrations of imatinib before stopping were negatively correlated with eTreg cells after stopping imatinib. These data suggest immunological involvement in the maintenance of the TFR, and that Treg cells after stopping imatinib might be a biomarker for TFR. Furthermore, high imatinib exposure may have a negative immunological impact on the continuous TFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Fujioka
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology and Rheumatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
- Division of Cancer Immunology, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center (EPOC), National Cancer Center, Chiba 277-8577, Japan;
| | - Daisuke Sugiyama
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan;
| | - Itaru Matsumura
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Kinki University Hospital, Osaka 589-8511, Japan;
| | - Yosuke Minami
- Department of Hematology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa 277-0882, Japan;
| | - Masatomo Miura
- Department of Pharmacy, Akita University Hospital, Akita 010-8543, Japan;
| | - Yoshiko Atsuta
- The Japanese Data Center for Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Nagoya 461-0047, Japan;
| | | | - Hitoshi Kiyoi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan;
| | - Yasushi Miyazaki
- Department of Hematology, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan;
| | - Hiroyoshi Nishikawa
- Division of Cancer Immunology, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center (EPOC), National Cancer Center, Chiba 277-8577, Japan;
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan;
- Division of Cancer Immunology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Naoto Takahashi
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology and Rheumatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
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55
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Nakazawa Y, Nishiyama N, Koizumi H, Kanemaru K, Nakahashi-Oda C, Shibuya A. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles regulate tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cells via the inhibitory immunoreceptor CD300a. eLife 2021; 10:61999. [PMID: 34751648 PMCID: PMC8577836 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although tumor-infiltrating regulatory T (Treg) cells play a pivotal role in tumor immunity, how Treg cell activation are regulated in tumor microenvironments remains unclear. Here, we found that mice deficient in the inhibitory immunoreceptor CD300a on their dendritic cells (DCs) have increased numbers of Treg cells in tumors and greater tumor growth compared with wild-type mice after transplantation of B16 melanoma. Pharmacological impairment of extracellular vesicle (EV) release decreased Treg cell numbers in CD300a-deficient mice. Coculture of DCs with tumor-derived EV (TEV) induced the internalization of CD300a and the incorporation of EVs into endosomes, in which CD300a inhibited TEV-mediated TLR3–TRIF signaling for activation of the IFN-β-Treg cells axis. We also show that higher expression of CD300A was associated with decreased tumor-infiltrating Treg cells and longer survival time in patients with melanoma. Our findings reveal the role of TEV and CD300a on DCs in Treg cell activation in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Nakazawa
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Doctoral Program of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Nanako Nishiyama
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Doctoral Program of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Koizumi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Doctoral Program of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Kanemaru
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,R&D Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Chigusa Nakahashi-Oda
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,R&D Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Akira Shibuya
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,R&D Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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56
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Kalim KW, Yang JQ, Modur V, Nguyen P, Li Y, Zheng Y, Guo F. Graded RhoA GTPase Expression in Treg Cells Distinguishes Tumor Immunity From Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:726393. [PMID: 34721389 PMCID: PMC8554290 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.726393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RhoA of the Rho GTPase family is prenylated at its C-terminus. Prenylation of RhoA has been shown to control T helper 17 (Th17) cell-mediated colitis. By characterizing T cell-specific RhoA conditional knockout mice, we have recently shown that RhoA is required for Th2 and Th17 cell differentiation and Th2/Th17 cell-mediated allergic airway inflammation. It remains unclear whether RhoA plays a cell-intrinsic role in regulatory T (Treg) cells that suppress effector T cells such as Th2/Th17 cells to maintain immune tolerance and to promote tumor immune evasion. Here we have generated Treg cell-specific RhoA-deficient mice. We found that homozygous RhoA deletion in Treg cells led to early, fatal systemic inflammatory disorders. The autoimmune responses came from an increase in activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and in effector T cells including Th17, Th1 and Th2 cells. The immune activation was due to impaired Treg cell homeostasis and increased Treg cell plasticity. Interestingly, heterozygous RhoA deletion in Treg cells did not affect Treg cell homeostasis nor cause systemic autoimmunity but induced Treg cell plasticity and an increase in effector T cells. Importantly, heterozygous RhoA deletion significantly inhibited tumor growth, which was associated with tumor-infiltrating Treg cell plasticity and increased tumor-infiltrating effector T cells. Collectively, our findings suggest that graded RhoA expression in Treg cells distinguishes tumor immunity from autoimmunity and that rational targeting of RhoA in Treg cells may trigger anti-tumor T cell immunity without causing autoimmune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid W Kalim
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jun-Qi Yang
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Vishnu Modur
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Phuong Nguyen
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Yuan Li
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Yi Zheng
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Fukun Guo
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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57
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Akhbariyoon H, Azizpour Y, Esfahani MF, Firoozabad MSM, Rad MR, Esfahani KS, Khoshavi N, Karimi N, Shirinisaz A, Abedi F, Rad MR, Sharifi P. Immune checkpoint inhibition for the treatment of cancers: An update and critical review of ongoing clinical trials. Clin Immunol 2021; 232:108873. [PMID: 34688855 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Advances in Cancer immunotherapy in the past few years include the development of medications that modulate immune checkpoint proteins. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1), and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) are three co-inhibitory receptors that are expressed in the tumor microenvironment. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) that target these biomarkers unleash the properties of effector T cells that are licensed to kill cancer cells. Immune checkpoint blockade has dramatically changed the treatment landscape of many cancers. In this Review, we describe the current data regarding clinical trials of ICIs in six important cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), renal cell cancer (RCC), hodgkin lymphoma (HL), non-hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and head and neck cancer carcinoma (HNSCC).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasaman Azizpour
- Department of Biochemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, 14115-175 Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Mehrdad Rabiee Rad
- School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Neda Khoshavi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
| | - Negin Karimi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
| | - Asal Shirinisaz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Abedi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
| | - Maryam Rabiee Rad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
| | - Parisa Sharifi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
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58
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Lerrer S, Tocheva AS, Bukhari S, Adam K, Mor A. PD-1-stimulated T cell subsets are transcriptionally and functionally distinct. iScience 2021; 24:103020. [PMID: 34522863 PMCID: PMC8426269 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the obvious inhibitory outcome of PD-1 signaling, an additional series of functions are activated. We have observed that T cells stimulated through the T cell receptor (TCR) and PD-1 primarily do not proliferate; however, there is a population of cells that proliferates more than through TCR stimulation alone. In this study, we performed flow cytometry and RNA sequencing on individual populations of T cells and discovered that unlike naive T cells, which were inhibited following PD-1 ligation, T cells that proliferated more following PD-1 ligation were associated with effector and central memory phenotypes. We showed that these populations had different gene expression profiles following PD-1 ligation with PD-L1 compared to PD-L2. The presence of transcriptionally and functionally distinct T cell populations responsive to PD-1 ligation provides new insights into the biology of PD-1 and suggest the use of T cell subset-specific approaches to improve the clinical outcome of PD-1 blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalom Lerrer
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Anna S. Tocheva
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Shoiab Bukhari
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kieran Adam
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Adam Mor
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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59
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Inborn errors of immunity manifesting as atopic disorders. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 148:1130-1139. [PMID: 34428518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Inborn errors of immunity are traditionally best known for enhancing susceptibility to infections. However, allergic inflammation, among other types of immune dysregulation, occurs frequently in patients with inborn errors of immunity. As such, the term primary atopic disorders (PADs) was recently coined to describe the group of heritable monogenic allergic disorders. It is becoming increasingly important for clinicians to recognize that allergic diseases such as food allergy, atopic dermatitis, and allergic asthma are expressions of misdirected immunity, and in patients who present with severe, early-onset, or coexisting allergic conditions, these can be indications of an underlying PAD. Identifying monogenic allergic disease through next-generation sequencing can dramatically improve outcomes by allowing the use of precision-based therapy targeting the patient's underlying molecular defect. It is therefore imperative that clinicians recognize PADs to be able to provide informed therapeutic options and improve patient outcomes. Here, we summarize the clinical features commonly seen with each of the currently known PADs, identify clinical warning signs that warrant assessment for PADs, and lastly, discuss the benefits of timely diagnosis and management of these conditions.
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60
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Sabbadini F, Bertolini M, De Matteis S, Mangiameli D, Contarelli S, Pietrobono S, Melisi D. The Multifaceted Role of TGF-β in Gastrointestinal Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13163960. [PMID: 34439114 PMCID: PMC8391793 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13163960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The transforming growth factor β signaling pathway elicits a broad range of physiological re-sponses, and its misregulation has been related to cancer. The secreted cytokine TGFβ exerts a tumor-suppressive effect that counteracts malignant transformation. However, once tumor has developed, TGFβ can support tumor progression regulating epithelial to mesenchymal transition, invasion and metastasis, stimulating fibrosis, angiogenesis and immune suppression. Here we review the dichotomous role of TGF-β in the progression of gastrointestinal tumors, as well as its intricate crosstalk with other signaling pathways. We also discuss about the therapeutic strate-gies that are currently explored in clinical trials to counteract TGF-β functions. Abstract Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is a secreted cytokine that signals via serine/threonine kinase receptors and SMAD effectors. Although TGF-β acts as a tumor suppressor during the early stages of tumorigenesis, it supports tumor progression in advanced stages. Indeed, TGF-β can modulate the tumor microenvironment by modifying the extracellular matrix and by sustaining a paracrine interaction between neighboring cells. Due to its critical role in cancer development and progression, a wide range of molecules targeting the TGF-β signaling pathway are currently under active clinical development in different diseases. Here, we focused on the role of TGF-β in modulating different pathological processes with a particular emphasis on gastrointestinal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Sabbadini
- Digestive Molecular Clinical Oncology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (F.S.); (M.B.); (S.D.M.); (D.M.); (S.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Monica Bertolini
- Digestive Molecular Clinical Oncology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (F.S.); (M.B.); (S.D.M.); (D.M.); (S.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Serena De Matteis
- Digestive Molecular Clinical Oncology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (F.S.); (M.B.); (S.D.M.); (D.M.); (S.C.); (S.P.)
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, AlmaMater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Domenico Mangiameli
- Digestive Molecular Clinical Oncology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (F.S.); (M.B.); (S.D.M.); (D.M.); (S.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Serena Contarelli
- Digestive Molecular Clinical Oncology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (F.S.); (M.B.); (S.D.M.); (D.M.); (S.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Silvia Pietrobono
- Digestive Molecular Clinical Oncology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (F.S.); (M.B.); (S.D.M.); (D.M.); (S.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Davide Melisi
- Digestive Molecular Clinical Oncology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (F.S.); (M.B.); (S.D.M.); (D.M.); (S.C.); (S.P.)
- Experimental Cancer Medicine Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Correspondence:
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61
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Kabir AU, Subramanian M, Lee DH, Wang X, Krchma K, Wu J, Naismith T, Halabi CM, Kim JY, Pulous FE, Petrich BG, Kim S, Park HC, Hanson PI, Pan H, Wickline SA, Fremont DH, Park C, Choi K. Dual role of endothelial Myct1 in tumor angiogenesis and tumor immunity. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/583/eabb6731. [PMID: 33658356 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abb6731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cross-talk between angiogenesis and immunity within the tumor microenvironment (TME) is critical for tumor prognosis. While pro-angiogenic and immunosuppressive TME promote tumor growth, anti-angiogenic and immune stimulatory TME inhibit tumor progression. Therefore, there is a great interest in achieving vascular normalization to improve drug delivery and enhance antitumor immunity. However, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mechanisms to normalize tumor vessels have offered limited therapeutic efficacies for patients with cancer. Here, we report that Myct1, a direct target of ETV2, was nearly exclusively expressed in endothelial cells. In preclinical mouse tumor models, Myct1 deficiency reduced angiogenesis, enhanced high endothelial venule formation, and promoted antitumor immunity, leading to restricted tumor progression. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets revealed a significant (P < 0.05) correlation between MYCT1 expression, angiogenesis, and antitumor immunity in human cancers, as suggested by decreased FOXP3 expression and increased antitumor macrophages in patients with low MYCT1 expression. Mechanistically, MYCT1 interacted with tight junction protein Zona Occludens 1 and regulated Rho GTPase-mediated actin cytoskeleton dynamics, thereby promoting endothelial motility in the angiogenic environment. Myct1-deficient endothelial cells facilitated trans-endothelial migration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and polarization of M1 macrophages. Myct1 targeting combined with anti-PD1 treatment significantly (P < 0.05) increased complete tumor regression and long-term survival in anti-PD1-responsive and -refractory tumor models in mice. Our data collectively support a critical role for Myct1 in controlling tumor angiogenesis and reprogramming tumor immunity. Myct1-targeted vascular control, in combination with immunotherapy, may become an exciting therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Ul Kabir
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA.,Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA
| | - Madhav Subramanian
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA
| | - Dong Hun Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA
| | - Karen Krchma
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA
| | - Teri Naismith
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA
| | - Carmen M Halabi
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA
| | - Ju Young Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Fadi E Pulous
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Brian G Petrich
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Suhyun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Ansan 15335, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Chul Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Ansan 15335, Republic of Korea
| | - Phyllis I Hanson
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5624, USA
| | - Hua Pan
- Health Heart Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Samuel A Wickline
- Health Heart Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA
| | - Changwon Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Kyunghee Choi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA. .,Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA.,Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yong In 17104, Republic of Korea
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Serrano JA, Hagar A. Run for your life: an integrated virtual tissue platform for incorporating exercise oncology into immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:1951-1964. [PMID: 33416943 PMCID: PMC10991577 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02790-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to introduce a novel in silico platform for simulating early-stage solid tumor growth and anti-tumor immune response. We present the model, test the sensitivity and robustness of its parameters, and calibrate it with clinical data from exercise oncology experiments which offer a natural biological backdrop for modulation of anti-tumor immune response. We then perform two virtual experiments with the model that demonstrate its usefulness in guiding pre-clinical and clinical studies of immunotherapy. The first virtual experiment describes the intricate dynamics in the tumor microenvironment between the tumor and the infiltrating immune cells. Such dynamics is difficult to probe during a pre-clinical study as it requires significant redundancy in lab animals and is prohibitively time-consuming and labor-intensive. The result is a series of spatiotemporal snapshots of the tumor and its microenvironment that can serve as a platform to test mechanistic hypotheses on the role and dynamics of different immune cells in anti-tumor immune response. The second virtual experiment shows how dosage and/or frequency of immunotherapy drugs can be optimized based on the aerobic fitness of the patient, so that possible adverse side effects of the treatment can be minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josua Aponte Serrano
- Department of Intelligent Systems engineering, School of Informatics, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Amit Hagar
- Department of Intelligent Systems engineering, School of Informatics, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
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Impact of Immunotherapy on CD4 T Cell Phenotypes and Function in Cancer. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9050454. [PMID: 34064410 PMCID: PMC8147771 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has become a standard treatment in many cancers and it is based on three main therapeutic axes: immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), vaccination and adoptive cell transfer (ACT). If originally these therapies mainly focused on exploiting CD8 T cells given their role in the direct elimination of tumor cells, increasing evidence highlights the crucial role CD4 T cells play in the antitumor immune response. Indeed, these cells can profoundly modulate the tumor microenvironment (TME) by secreting different types of cytokine or by directly eliminating cancer cells. In this review, we describe how different CD4 T cell subsets can contribute to tumor immune responses during immunotherapy and the novel high-throughput immune monitoring tools that are expected to facilitate the study of CD4 T cells, at antigen-specific and single cell level, thus accelerating bench-to-bed translational research in cancer.
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64
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He H, Shi L, Meng D, Zhou H, Ma J, Wu Y, Wu Y, Gu Y, Xie W, Zhang J, Zhu Y. PD-1 blockade combined with IL-33 enhances the antitumor immune response in a type-1 lymphocyte-mediated manner. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2021; 28:100379. [PMID: 33951555 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2021.100379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade and cytokine IL-33 have shown significant therapeutic effects in tumor immunotherapy. These therapies promote CD8+ T cell activation, proliferation, and effector functions. However, there were few research about the combined therapy efficacy. In this study, we established B16-empty vector and B16-IL33 melanoma mouse models and treated with PD-1 monoclonal antibody. We reported that PD-1 blockade combined with cytokine IL-33 further inhibited tumor progression and prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice. Mechanistically, the combination therapy was found to further facilitate CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes accumulation, and enhance the antitumor effects of CD4+or CD8+tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes by promoting type-1 immune response within the tumor microenvironment using flow cytometry and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. Thus, PD-1 blockade combined with IL-33 has application potential in tumor immunotherapy. Further, this study provides a new promising strategy and theoretical basis for tumor combination immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Drug Synergism
- Female
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Immunotherapy
- Interleukin-33/pharmacology
- Interleukin-33/therapeutic use
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/drug therapy
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Mice, Transgenic
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Skin Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghong He
- Department of Immunology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Suzhou Blood Center, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Liyan Shi
- Department of Immunology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Dan Meng
- Suzhou Junmeng Biopharm Co., Ltd, Suzhou 215200, China
| | - Huijun Zhou
- Department of Immunology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jingshu Ma
- Department of Immunology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yixian Wu
- Department of Immunology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yanshi Wu
- Department of Immunology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yanzheng Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China; Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Department of Immunology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Suzhou Junmeng Biopharm Co., Ltd, Suzhou 215200, China
| | - Yibei Zhu
- Department of Immunology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China; Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
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65
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Chan-Zapata I, Segura-Campos MR. Honey and its protein components: Effects in the cancer immunology. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13613. [PMID: 33768550 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The immune system plays an important role in cancer development, but some tumor cells can evade or inhibit the processes of innate and adaptive immunity. This review made a description of honey and its proteins effect on diverse mediators from the immune system. Scientific evidence reported that many types of honey (jungle, manuka, pasture, and others) and some isolated proteins enhanced the release of reactive oxygen species (O2 - and H2 O2 ) and cytokines (mostly IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) by innate immune system cells. Furthermore, honey elicited proliferation and functions of T lymphocytes, cells related to specific adaptive immune responses. These studies have established a precedent over the honey and its properties on the immune system, demonstrating that it can promote the innate and adaptive immunity. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Cancer is a genetic illness that represents a world health problem. Recognizing the potential of diet therapy in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases, the present work summarizes the effects of honey on the immune system and mediators involved in cancer elimination processes, establishing the importance of this natural product as a future anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Chan-Zapata
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, México
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66
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Nakhoda SK, Olszanski AJ. Addressing Recent Failures in Immuno-Oncology Trials to Guide Novel Immunotherapeutic Treatment Strategies. Pharmaceut Med 2021; 34:83-91. [PMID: 32157638 DOI: 10.1007/s40290-020-00326-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of checkpoint inhibitors into the treatment armamentarium of oncologic therapeutics has revolutionized the course of disease in many cancers. This has spurred the evaluation of other novel immunotherapy agents in clinical trials with varying levels of success. This review explores possible explanations for differences in efficacy in clinical outcomes among currently US FDA-approved immunotherapy agents, lessons learned from clinical trial failures of investigational immunotherapies, and methods to improve success in the future. An inherent challenge of early phase immunotherapy trials is identifying the maximum tolerated dose and improving understanding of the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of immunotherapies as they exert their effects indirectly via T cells rather than directly via dose-dependent cytotoxic activity. The wide heterogeneity of the immune system among patients and within an individual patient over time largely affects the results of optimal dose- and toxicity-finding studies as well as the effectiveness of immunotherapy. Therefore, optimization of phase I/II study design is crucial for clinical trial success. These differences may also help elucidate the lack of immunotherapy benefit in certain disease subtypes despite the presence of specific biomarkers. Broader investigation of the tumor microenvironment and its dynamic nature can help in the identification of alternative pathways for targeted therapies, mechanisms of immunotherapy resistance, and more correlative biomarkers. Finally, manipulation of the tumor microenvironment via a single agonist or antagonist may be inadequate, so combination therapies and sequencing of agents must be further assessed while balancing cumulative toxicity risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazia K Nakhoda
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
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67
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Takahashi H, Tsuboi H, Abe S, Honda F, Kondo Y, Matsumoto I, Sumida T. Humanized NOD/SCID/IL2rγ null mice exhibit functionally augmented human regulatory T cells associated with enzymatic up-regulation of H3K27me3 in comparison with humans. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 204:239-250. [PMID: 33555619 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Humanized non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency/interleukin-2 receptor-γ-null (NOD/SCID/IL2rγnull ) [humanized (huNSG)] mice engrafted with human hematopoietic cells have been used for investigations of the human immune system. However, the epigenetic features of the human regulatory T (Treg ) cells of huNSG mice have not been studied. The objective of this study was to clarify the characteristics of human Treg cells in huNSG mice, especially in terms of the epigenetic aspects. We compared the populations, inhibitory molecule expression and suppressive capacity of human Treg cells in spleens harvested from the huNSG mice 120 days after the engraftment of human umbilical cord blood CD34+ cells with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Histone modifications and enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (Ezh2), an H3K27 methyltransferase, of human Treg cells were quantified in huNSG mice and human PBMCs. The effect of Ezh2 inhibitor on human Treg cells exposed to interleukin (IL)-6 was also compared between them. Human Treg cells in the spleens of huNSG mice showed an increased proportion among CD4+ T cells, higher expressions of forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3), cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor-related protein (GITR), a higher production of IL-10 and enhanced suppressive capacity when compared with those in human PBMCs. H3K27me3 and Ezh2 were specifically up-regulated in human Treg cells of huNSG mice in comparison with those of human PBMCs. The decrease in Treg cells induced by IL-6 exposure was attenuated in huNSG mice when compared with human PBMCs, while the difference between them was cancelled by addition of Ezh2 inhibitor. In conclusion, huNSG mice exhibit functionally augmented human Treg cells owing to enzymatic up-regulation of H3K27me3.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Takahashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - H Tsuboi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - S Abe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - F Honda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Y Kondo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - I Matsumoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - T Sumida
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan
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Mao C, Zeng X, Zhang C, Yang Y, Xiao X, Luan S, Zhang Y, Yuan Y. Mechanisms of Pharmaceutical Therapy and Drug Resistance in Esophageal Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:612451. [PMID: 33644048 PMCID: PMC7905099 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.612451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceutical therapies are essential for esophageal cancer (EC). For the advanced EC, the neoadjuvant therapy regimen, including chemotherapy plus radiotherapy and/or immunotherapy, is effective to achieve clinical benefit, even pathological complete response. For the unresectable, recurrent, and metastatic EC, the pharmaceutical therapy is the limited effective regimen to alleviate the disease and prolong the progression-free survival and overall survival. In this review, we focus on the pharmaceutical applications in EC treatment including cytotoxic agents, molecular targeted antibodies, and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). The chemotherapy regimen is based on cytotoxic agents such as platinum-based complexes, fluorinated pyrimidines and taxenes. Although the cytotoxic agents have been developed in past decades, the standard chemotherapy regimen is still the cisplatin and 5-FU or paclitaxel because the derived drugs have no significant advantages of overcoming the shortcomings of side effects and drug resistance. The targeted molecular therapy is an essential supplement for chemotherapy; however, there are only a few targeted therapies available in clinical practice. Trastuzumab and ramucirumab are the only two molecular therapy drugs which are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration to treat advanced and/or metastatic EC. Although the targeted therapy usually achieves effective benefits in the early stage therapy of EC, the patients will always develop drug resistance during treatment. ICIs have had a significant impact on routine clinical practice in cancer treatment. The anti-programmed cell death-1 monoclonal antibodies pembrolizumab and nivolumab, as the ICIs, are recommended for advanced EC by several clinical trials. However, the significant issues of pharmaceutical treatment are still the dose-limiting side effects and primary or secondary drug resistance. These defects of pharmaceutical therapy restrain the clinical application and diminish the effectiveness of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyi Mao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoxi Zeng
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yushang Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Xiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyuan Luan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- Department of Periodical Press, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Yuan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Zhou Y, Ren X, Hou Z, Wang N, Jiang Y, Luan Y. Engineering a photosensitizer nanoplatform for amplified photodynamic immunotherapy via tumor microenvironment modulation. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2021; 6:120-131. [PMID: 33206735 DOI: 10.1039/d0nh00480d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Photosensitizer-based photodynamic therapy (PDT) can not only kill tumor cells by the generated cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), but also trigger immunogenic cell death (ICD) and activate an immune response for immunotherapy. However, such photodynamic immunotherapy suffers from major obstacles in the tumor microenvironment. The hypoxic microenvironment greatly weakens PDT, while the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment caused by aberrant tumor blood vessels and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) leads to a significant reduction in immunotherapy. To overcome these obstacles, herein, an engineered photosensitizer nanoplatform is designed for amplified photodynamic immunotherapy by integrating chlorin e6 (Ce6, a photosensitizer), axitinib (AXT, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor) and dextro-1-methyl tryptophan (1MT, an IDO inhibitor). In our nanoplatform, AXT improves the tumor microenvironment by normalizing tumor blood vessels, which not only promotes PDT by reducing the level of hypoxia of the tumor microenvironment, but also promotes immunotherapy through facilitating infiltration of immune effector cells into the tumor and reversing the immunosuppressive effect of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Moreover, 1MT effectively inhibits the activity of IDO, further reducing the immunosuppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, this nanoplatform demonstrates an amplified photodynamic immunotherapy via tumor microenvironment modulation, exhibiting outstanding therapeutic efficacy against tumor growth and metastasis with negligible side toxicity. The current concept of engineering photosensitizer nanoplatforms for overcoming photodynamic immunotherapy obstacles provides a promising strategy against tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
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70
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The Dark Side of the Force: When the Immune System Is the Fuel of Tumor Onset. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031224. [PMID: 33513730 PMCID: PMC7865698 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, it is well accepted that inflammation is a critical player in cancer, being, in most cases, the main character of the process. Different types of tumor arise from sites of infection or chronic inflammation. This non-resolving inflammation is responsible for tumor development at different levels: it promotes tumor initiation, as well as tumor progression, stimulating both tumor growth and metastasis. Environmental factors, lifestyle and infections are the three main triggers of chronic immune activation that promote or increase the risk of many different cancers. In this review, we focus our attention on tumor onset; in particular, we summarize the knowledge about the cause and the mechanisms behind the inflammation-driven cancer development.
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71
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Wang J, Su J, Yuan Y, Jin X, Shen B, Lu G. The role of lymphocyte-monocyte ratio on axial spondyloarthritis diagnosis and sacroiliitis staging. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2021; 22:86. [PMID: 33453722 PMCID: PMC7811735 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-021-03973-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Axial spondyloarthritis (axial SpA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder could lead to disability due to the failure of timely treatment. The role of lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) in axial SpA remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of LMR in axial SpA diagnosis, disease activity classification and sacroiliitis staging. Methods Seventy-eight axial SpA patients [51males and 27 females; mean age 41.0 (29–52) years] and 78 healthy controls (HCs) [55males and 23 females; mean age 40 (30–53) years] were enrolled in this study. The diagnosis of axial SpA was performed according to the New York criteria or the Assessment of Spondyloarthritis international Society (ASAS) classification criteria, whereas the staging of sacroiliitis in axial SpA patients was determined by X-ray examination. Comparisons of LMR levels between groups were performed using t test. Pearson or Spearman correlation analysis were used to assess correlations between LMR and other indicators. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to determine the role of LMR in the diagnosis of axial SpA. Results Higher neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio(NLR), red blood cell distribution width(RDW), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio(PLR), mean platelet volume(MPV), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein(CRP) levels and lower red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), Hematocrit (Hct), LMR, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin (TBIL) and albumin/globulin (A/G) levels were noted in axial SpA patients compared to HCs. Positive correlations were observed between LMR and RBC, Hb, Hct and A/G, whereas negative correlations were found between LMR and NLR, PLR, AST, and TBIL (P < 0.05). ROC curves showed that the area under the curve (AUC) for LMR in the diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis was 0.803 (95% CI = 0.734–0.872) with a sensitivity and specificity of 62.8 and 87.2%, respectively, and the AUC (95% CI) for the combination of ESR, CRP and LMR was 0.975 (0.948–1.000) with a sensitivity and specificity of 94.9 and 97.4%, respectively. LMR levels were lower (P < 0.05) and significant differences in LMR values were observed among different stages (P < 0.05). Conclusions Our study suggested that LMR might be an important inflammatory marker to identify axial SpA and assess disease activity and X-ray stage of sacroiliitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, 150 Ximen Road, Linhai, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jinyu Su
- Department of Pharmacy, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, 150 Ximen Road, Linhai, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, 150 Ximen Road, Linhai, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaxia Jin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, 150 Ximen Road, Linhai, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Bo Shen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, 150 Ximen Road, Linhai, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Guoguang Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, 150 Ximen Road, Linhai, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Dadey RE, Workman CJ, Vignali DAA. Regulatory T Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1273:105-134. [PMID: 33119878 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-49270-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are an immunosuppressive subpopulation of CD4+ T cells that are endowed with potent suppressive activity and function to limit immune activation and maintain homeostasis. These cells are identified by the hallmark transcription factor FOXP3 and the high-affinity interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor chain CD25. Tregs can be recruited to and persist within the tumor microenvironment (TME), acting as a potent barrier to effective antitumor immunity. This chapter will discuss [i] the history and hallmarks of Tregs; [ii] the recruitment, development, and persistence of Tregs within the TME; [iii] Treg function within TME; asnd [iv] the therapeutic targeting of Tregs in the clinic. This chapter will conclude with a discussion of likely trends and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah E Dadey
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Graduate Program of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Creg J Workman
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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73
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Multiplex Immunofluorescence Histology for Immune Cell Infiltrates in Melanoma-Associated Tertiary Lymphoid Structures. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2265:573-587. [PMID: 33704741 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1205-7_40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The presence of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) is correlated with prolonged patient survival in a variety of solid cancers, including melanoma. However, few methods have been described that could enable a more comprehensive understanding of the organization and functionality of TLS in solid cancers. In this chapter, we describe multiplex immunohistochemistry and microscopy approaches for identifying, characterizing, and quantifying TLS and intra-tumoral immune infiltrates in melanoma. The described methods are not limited to melanoma alone and could be used to evaluate tertiary lymphoid structures in a wide variety of human cancers.
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74
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Issa NT, Stathias V, Schürer S, Dakshanamurthy S. Machine and deep learning approaches for cancer drug repurposing. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 68:132-142. [PMID: 31904426 PMCID: PMC7723306 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the underpinnings of cancer initiation, progression and metastasis has increased exponentially in recent years. Advanced "omics" coupled with machine learning and artificial intelligence (deep learning) methods have helped elucidate targets and pathways critical to those processes that may be amenable to pharmacologic modulation. However, the current anti-cancer therapeutic armamentarium continues to lag behind. As the cost of developing a new drug remains prohibitively expensive, repurposing of existing approved and investigational drugs is sought after given known safety profiles and reduction in the cost barrier. Notably, successes in oncologic drug repurposing have been infrequent. Computational in-silico strategies have been developed to aid in modeling biological processes to find new disease-relevant targets and discovering novel drug-target and drug-phenotype associations. Machine and deep learning methods have especially enabled leaps in those successes. This review will discuss these methods as they pertain to cancer biology as well as immunomodulation for drug repurposing opportunities in oncologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiem T Issa
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Vasileios Stathias
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Stephan Schürer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sivanesan Dakshanamurthy
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
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75
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Engin AB, Engin A. Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Activity-Induced Acceleration of Tumor Growth, and Protein Kinases-Related Novel Therapeutics Regimens. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1275:339-356. [PMID: 33539022 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-49844-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is overexpressed in response to interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). IDO-mediated degradation of tryptophan (Trp) along the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway by immune cells is associated with the anti-microbial, and anti-tumor defense mechanisms. In contrast, IDO is constitutively expressed by various tumors and creates an immunosuppressive microenvironment around the tumor tissue both by depletion of the essential amino acid Trp and by formation of Kyn, which is immunosuppressive metabolite of Trp. IDO may activate its own expression in human cancer cells via an autocrine aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)- interleukin 6 (IL-6)-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling loop. Although IDO is not a unique marker, in many clinical trials serum IDO activity is suggested to be an important parameter in the pathogenesis of cancer development and growth. Measuring IDO activity in serum seems to be an indicator of cancer growth rate, however, it is controversial whether this approach can be used as a reliable guide in cancer patients treated with IDO inhibitors. Thus, IDO immunostaining is strongly recommended for the identification of higher IDO producing tumors, and IDO inhibitors should be included in post-operative complementary therapy in IDO positive cancer cases only. Novel therapies that target the IDO pathway cover checkpoint protein kinases related combination regimens. Currently, multi-modal therapies combining IDO inhibitors and checkpoint kinase blockers in addition to T regulatory (Treg) cell-modifying treatments seem promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Basak Engin
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Atilla Engin
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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76
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González-Navajas JM, Fan DD, Yang S, Yang FM, Lozano-Ruiz B, Shen L, Lee J. The Impact of Tregs on the Anticancer Immunity and the Efficacy of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:625783. [PMID: 33717139 PMCID: PMC7952426 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.625783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cancers arise from genetic mutations enabling cells to proliferate uncontrollably, they cannot thrive without failure of the anticancer immunity due in a large part to the tumor environment's influence on effector and regulatory T cells. The field of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy for cancer was born out of the fact that tumor environments paralyze the immune cells that are supposed to clear them by activating the immune checkpoint molecules such as PD-1. While various subsets of effector T cells work collaboratively to eliminate cancers, Tregs enriched in the tumor environment can suppress not only the native anticancer immunity but also diminish the efficacy of ICI therapies. Because of their essential role in suppressing autoimmunity, various attempts to specifically deplete tumor-associated Tregs are currently underway to boost the efficacy of ICI therapies without causing systemic autoimmune responses. A better understanding the roles of Tregs in the anti-cancer immunity and ICI therapies should provide more specific targets to deplete intratumoral Tregs. Here, we review the current understanding on how Tregs inhibit the anti-cancer immunity and ICI therapies as well as the advances in the targeted depletion of intratumoral Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M. González-Navajas
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- Networked Biomedical Research Center for Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Pediatrics and Organic Chemistry, University Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Healthcare Biotechnology in Elche (IDiBE), University Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
- Jose M. González-Navajas
| | - Dengxia Denise Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengyuan Mandy Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Beatriz Lozano-Ruiz
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- Networked Biomedical Research Center for Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Liya Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jongdae Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jongdae Lee ;
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77
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Wei XL, Luo X, Sheng H, Wang Y, Chen DL, Li JN, Wang FH, Xu RH. PD-L1 expression in liver metastasis: its clinical significance and discordance with primary tumor in colorectal cancer. J Transl Med 2020; 18:475. [PMID: 33308232 PMCID: PMC7730753 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02636-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The outcomes of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer patients with liver metastases are poor, which may be related to a different tumor microenvironment in liver metastases from primary tumors. This study was aimed to analyze PD-L1 expression and the immune microenvironment status in liver metastases and compare the differences of PD-L1 expression between primary tumors and liver metastases of colorectal cancer. METHODS 74 cases of pathologically confirmed colorectal cancer with liver metastasis underwent resection from our hospital were included. Tissue microarrays were used for the interpretation of PD-L1 expression, cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) and CD8 density by immunohistochemistry. We evaluated the disparity between primary tumor and liver metastasis in PD-L1 expression, CD4 and CD8 density and analyzed the factors associated with obvious PD-L1 disparity. RESULTS The expression of PD-L1 was positively related to the density of CD4 and CD8 in liver metastases. The expression of PD-L1 in liver metastases was higher than in primary tumors in certain subgroups, including patients with concurrent liver metastases (n = 63, p = 0.05), patients receiving concurrent resection of primary and metastatic tumors (n = 56, p = 0.04). The two subgroups generally reflected those without inconsistent external influences, such as treatment and temporal factors, between primary tumors and liver metastases. In these subgroups, the intrinsic differences of microenvironment between primary tumors and liver metastases could be identified. Furthermore, tumor differentiation [moderate vs. poor: OR = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.03-0.99, p = 0.05)] were demonstrated to be associated with obvious discordance of PD-L1 expression between primary tumors and liver metastases. CONCLUSIONS The expression of PD-L1 in liver metastases was higher than in primary tumors in subgroups, reflecting intrinsic microenvironment differences between primary and metastatic tumors. Obvious discordance of PD-L1 expression between primary tumor and liver metastasis was significantly related to the tumor differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Wei
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dong Feng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuan Luo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Hui Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Hematologic Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Dong-Liang Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dong Feng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Jia-Ning Li
- Department of Clinical Trial Center, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Feng-Hua Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dong Feng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China.
| | - Rui-Hua Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dong Feng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China.
- Research Unit of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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78
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Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), monoclonal antibodies to cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4, programmed cell death 1 or its ligand PD-L1 are rapidly changing the treatment landscape and prognosis of many cancer types. Following their initial approval in melanoma in 2011, ICIs are now approved in many other cancers. Despite the long-term, durable response that can be noted with ICIs, the majority of patients do not respond to ICIs and some of the initial responders develop relapsed disease during their treatment course. In order to improve the response rate to ICIs, an understanding of the mechanisms of resistance is critical. Given the number of different ways cancers can become resistant to ICIs, patient-rather than population-based strategies to reverse resistance will likely be needed. We review the currently defined mechanisms of resistance to ICIs and discuss possible methods to overcome these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Siwen Hu-Lieskovan
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
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79
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Kazama K, Otake J, Satoyoshi T, Shiozawa M, Sugano N, Sato S, Atsumi Y, Kano K, Murakawa M, Maezawa Y, Hashimoto I, Numata M, Oshima T, Yukawa N, Rino Y, Sasada T, Masuda M. Distribution of Regulatory T-Cells and Other Phenotypes of T-Cells in Tumors and Regional Lymph Nodes of Colorectal Cancer Patients. In Vivo 2020; 34:849-856. [PMID: 32111794 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Tumor microenvironments consist of many types of immune cells, in which regulatory T-cells (Tregs) are supposed to play important roles to suppress anti-tumor immunity. Regional lymph nodes are essential for antitumor immunity in colorectal cancer (CRC). In this study, we compared the diversity of phenotypes of T-cells in normal tissue and regional lymph nodes in order to determine the immunosuppressive mechanism of lymph node metastasis of CRC. PATIENTS AND METHODS Fifty patients were enrolled in this study, and paired samples (tumor tissue, normal tissue, and three regional lymph node samples and as well as non-regional lymph node samples) were obtained from each patient. In each paired-sample set, the proportions of different immune cell types and T-cells expressing immune checkpoint molecules were compared using flow cytometry. RESULTS Higher proportions of Tregs [7.58% (4.94%-13.87%) vs. 1.79% (0.03%-5.36%), p<0.001] and lower proportions of INFγ-producing CD4-positive T (iCD4+) cells [21.49% (12.08%-27.35%) vs. 26.55% (15.65%-37.63%), p<0.001] were observed in tumor tissue than in normal mucosa. Parts of regional lymph nodes nearest the tumor had a greater proportion of Tregs [5.86% (4.18%-7.69%)] and lower proportions of iCD4+ [5.94% (3.51%-9.04%)] and INFγ-producing CD8-positive T (iCD8+) cells [21.93% (14.92%-35.90%)] than distant parts of regional lymph nodes and non-regional lymph nodes. Both immune-suppressing molecules (CTLA-4 and PD-1) and immune-promoting molecules (OX-40 and ICOS) tended to be highly expressed in tumor tissue and local lymph nodes. CONCLUSION In patients with CRC, regional lymph nodes, especially the parts nearest the tumor, had a higher proportion of Tregs and other suppressive immunophenotypes of T-cells than those located more distantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kazama
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan .,Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Junya Otake
- Cancer Vaccine Center, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Manabu Shiozawa
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Sugano
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Sumito Sato
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yosuke Atsumi
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kano
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masaaki Murakawa
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yukio Maezawa
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Itaru Hashimoto
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Numata
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takashi Oshima
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Norio Yukawa
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yasushi Rino
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Sasada
- Cancer Vaccine Center, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Munetaka Masuda
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
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80
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Fedele P, Sanna V, Fancellu A, Marino A, Calvani N, Cinieri S. De-escalating cancer treatments during COVID 19 pandemic: Is metronomic chemotherapy a reasonable option? Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2020; 157:103148. [PMID: 33254036 PMCID: PMC7672334 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.103148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID 19 pandemic represents an emergency for public health services. The reorganization of the healthcare system has had an important impact on the management of cancer patients. Oral treatments and de-escalation strategies are encouraged. Oral metronomic chemotherapy could be a reasonable treatment option in some cancer patients subgroups during COVID 19 pandemic.
COVID 19 pandemic represents an emergency for public health services and containment measures to reduce the risk of infection have been promptly activated worldwide. The healthcare systems reorganization has had a major impact on the management of cancer patients who are considered at high risk of infection. Recommendations and guidelines on how to manage cancer patients during COVID 19 pandemic have been published. Oral administration of chemotherapy is recommended to limit the access of cancer patients to hospital facilities and in some cases to guarantee the continuum of care. Low-dose metronomic administration of chemotherapy with different drugs and schedules has emerged in the last years as a possible alternative to conventional chemotherapy, due to its promising tumor control rates and excellent safety profiles. Moreover, given that many metronomic schedules use the oral route administration, it could represent a therapeutic strategy to ensure continuum of cancer care during COVID 19 pandemic. In this review we have selected all the clinical studies that have used the metronomic strategy, especially with oral drugs, in order to identify the subgroups of cancer patients who can benefit most from a metronomic approach even during COVID 19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palma Fedele
- Medical Oncology, Dario Camberlingo Hospital, Francavilla Fontana (Br), Italy.
| | - Valeria Sanna
- Medical Oncology, Hospital of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fancellu
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, Unit of General Surgery, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonella Marino
- Medical Oncology & Breast Unit, Antonio Perrino Hospital, Brindisi, Italy
| | - Nicola Calvani
- Medical Oncology & Breast Unit, Antonio Perrino Hospital, Brindisi, Italy
| | - Saverio Cinieri
- Medical Oncology & Breast Unit, Antonio Perrino Hospital, Brindisi, Italy
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81
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Cheng CC, Lin HC, Chiang YW, Chang J, Sie ZL, Yang BL, Lim KH, Peng CL, Ho AS, Chang YF. Nicotine exhausts CD8 + T cells against tumor cells through increasing miR-629-5p to repress IL2RB-mediated granzyme B expression. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 70:1351-1364. [PMID: 33146402 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02770-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism exhausting CD8+ T cells is not completely clear against tumors. Literature has demonstrated that cigarette smoking disables the immunological activity, so we propose nicotine is able to exhaust CD8+ T cells. The CD8+ T cells from healthy volunteers with and without cigarette smoking and the capacity of CD8+ T cells against tumor cells were investigated. RNAseq was used to investigate the gene profiling expression in CD8+ T cells. Meanwhile, small RNAseq was also used to search novel microRNAs involved in the exhaustion of CD8+ T cells. The effect of nicotine exhausting CD8+ T cells was investigated in vitro and in the humanized tumor xenografts in vivo. We found that CD8+ T cells were able to reduce cell viability in lung cancer HCC827 and A549 cells, that secreted granzyme B, but CD8+ T cells from the healthy cigarette smokers lost anti-HCC827 effect. Moreover, nicotine suppressed the anti-HCC827 effect of CD8+ T cells. RNAseq revealed lower levels of IL2RB and GZMB in the exhausted CD8+ T cells. We identified that miR-629-5p was increased by nicotine, that targeted IL2RB. Transfection of miR-629-5p mimic reduced IL2RB and GZMB levels. We further validated that nicotine reduced granzyme B levels using a nuclear imaging technique, and demonstrated that nicotine exhausted peripheral blood mononuclear cells against HCC827 growth in the humanized tumor xenografts. This study demonstrated that nicotine exhausted CD8+ T cells against HCC827 cells through increasing miR-629-5p to suppress IL2RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chia Cheng
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chi Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Chiang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Laboratory of Good Clinical Research Center, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Tamsui District, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jungshan Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zong-Lin Sie
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Bi-Ling Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ken-Hong Lim
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Laboratory of Good Clinical Research Center, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Tamsui District, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Liang Peng
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Atomic Energy Council, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Sheng Ho
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Fang Chang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Research, Laboratory of Good Clinical Research Center, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Tamsui District, New Taipei City, Taiwan. .,Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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82
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Bashaw AA, Zhou C, Yu M, Tolley L, Leggatt GR, Frazer IH, Chandra J. Regulatory T Cells but Not IL-10 Impair Cell-Mediated Immunity in Human Papillomavirus E7+ Hyperplastic Epithelium. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 141:1264-1273.e3. [PMID: 33129828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
High-risk human papillomavirus infection can induce cervical and other intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive cancers. A transgenic mouse expressing keratin 14 promotor-driven HPV16 E7 oncoprotein exhibits epithelial hyperplasia and mimics many features of human papillomavirus-related intraepithelial precancers. We have previously demonstrated that HPV16 E7-mediated epithelial hyperplasia suppresses T helper type 1 responses to intradermally delivered antigen and directs differentiation of CD4+ T cells towards a Foxp3+ regulatory phenotype (Treg). Here we establish that Foxp3+ Treg expansion from a transferred naive T-cell population is driven directly by the hyperplastic skin and is independent of pre-existing immune-modulated lymphocytes. However, depletion of endogenous CD25+ Tregs before priming of adoptively transferred T cells significantly improves antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses but not T helper type 1 responses. Deletion of IL-10 had no effect on Treg expansion, epidermal dendritic cell alteration, and suppression of induced T helper type 1 immunity in HPV16 E7-driven hyperplastic mice. Thus, HPV16 E7-mediated epithelial hyperplasia promotes expansion of peripheral Tregs in response to intradermal immunization that suppress antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses independently of IL-10, but depletion of these Tregs is not sufficient to restore T helper type 1 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abate Assefa Bashaw
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Chenhao Zhou
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Meihua Yu
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Lynn Tolley
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Graham R Leggatt
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Ian H Frazer
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Janin Chandra
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia.
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83
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Bruni D, Angell HK, Galon J. The immune contexture and Immunoscore in cancer prognosis and therapeutic efficacy. Nat Rev Cancer 2020; 20:662-680. [PMID: 32753728 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-020-0285-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 806] [Impact Index Per Article: 201.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The international American Joint Committee on Cancer/Union for International Cancer Control (AJCC/UICC) tumour-node-metastasis (TNM) staging system provides the current guidelines for the classification of cancer. However, among patients within the same stage, the clinical outcome can be very different. More recently, a novel definition of cancer has emerged, implicating at all stages a complex and dynamic interaction between tumour cells and the immune system. This has enabled the definition of the immune contexture, representing the pre-existing immune parameters associated with patient survival. Even so, the role of distinct immune cell types in modulating cancer progression is increasingly emerging. An immune-based assay named the 'Immunoscore' was defined to quantify the in situ T cell infiltrate and was demonstrated to be superior to the AJCC/UICC TNM classification for patients with colorectal cancer. This Review provides a broad overview of the main immune parameters positively or negatively shaping cancer development, including the Immunoscore, and their prognostic and predictive value. The importance of the immune system in cancer control is demonstrated by the requirement for a pre-existing intratumour adaptive immune response for effective immunotherapies, such as checkpoint inhibitors. Finally, we discuss how the combination of multiple immune parameters, rather than individual ones, might increase prognostic and/or predictive power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Bruni
- INSERM, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology; Équipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer; Sorbonne Université; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Université de Paris; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Helen K Angell
- Translational Medicine, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jérôme Galon
- INSERM, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology; Équipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer; Sorbonne Université; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Université de Paris; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.
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84
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Cao Y, Wang X, Jin T, Tian Y, Dai C, Widarma C, Song R, Xu F. Immune checkpoint molecules in natural killer cells as potential targets for cancer immunotherapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:250. [PMID: 33122640 PMCID: PMC7596531 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00348-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated the potential of natural killer (NK) cells in immunotherapy to treat multiple types of cancer. NK cells are innate lymphoid cells that play essential roles in tumor surveillance and control that efficiently kill the tumor and do not require the major histocompatibility complex. The discovery of the NK’s potential as a promising therapeutic target for cancer is a relief to oncologists as they face the challenge of increased chemo-resistant cancers. NK cells show great potential against solid and hematologic tumors and have progressively shown promise as a therapeutic target for cancer immunotherapy. The effector role of these cells is reliant on the balance of inhibitory and activating signals. Understanding the role of various immune checkpoint molecules in the exhaustion and impairment of NK cells when their inhibitory receptors are excessively expressed is particularly important in cancer immunotherapy studies and clinical implementation. Emerging immune checkpoint receptors and molecules have been found to mediate NK cell dysfunction in the tumor microenvironment; this has brought up the need to explore further additional NK cell-related immune checkpoints that may be exploited to enhance the immune response to refractory cancers. Accordingly, this review will focus on the recent findings concerning the roles of immune checkpoint molecules and receptors in the regulation of NK cell function, as well as their potential application in tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 110004, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- College of Life and Health Science, Northeastern University, 110819, Shenyang, China
| | - Tianqiang Jin
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 110004, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 110004, Shenyang, China
| | - Chaoliu Dai
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 110004, Shenyang, China
| | - Crystal Widarma
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Rui Song
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 110004, Shenyang, China.
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85
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Ji D, Song C, Li Y, Xia J, Wu Y, Jia J, Cui X, Yu S, Gu J. Combination of radiotherapy and suppression of Tregs enhances abscopal antitumor effect and inhibits metastasis in rectal cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:jitc-2020-000826. [PMID: 33106387 PMCID: PMC7592256 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Distant metastasis is the major cause of mortality in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Local radiotherapy can trigger an abscopal response to metastatic tumor cells. However, the abscopal effect is a rare event. CD4+ regulatory T (Treg) cell is a highly immune-suppressive subset which impedes immune surveillance against cancer, prevents the development of effective antitumor immunity and promotes tumor progression. We assume that the exploitation of the proimmunogenic effects of radiotherapy with anti-CD25 or anti-Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Associated Protein 4 (anti-CTLA4) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) may enhance the local and abscopal effects in rectal cancer and improve the therapeutic outcome. Methods mRNA expression profiling of 81 pretreatment biopsy samples from LARC patients who received neoadjuvant radiotherapy (nRT) was performed to analyze the correlation between gene expression and prognosis. A retrospective analysis of patients with rectal cancer with distant metastasis or synchronous extracolonic cancers was performed to evaluate the abscopal effect of radiotherapy on rectal cancer. Two different dual-tumor mouse models were established to investigate the efficacy of single dose and dose-fractionated radiotherapy combined with anti-CD25 or anti-CTLA4 and anti-Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (anti-PD1) mAbs on the local tumor growth and liver metastasis. The univariate Cox regression analysis, one-way analysis of variance, Dunnett’s test, a mixed-effect linear model and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were used to calculate p values. Results The proportion of Tregs in pre-nRT biopsies was negatively correlated with prognosis (p=0.007). The retrospective analysis showed that regressing liver metastases were infiltrated by CD8+ T cells. In contrast, stable/progressing metastases and synchronous extracolonic cancers were characterized by PD1+ T cells and Tregs infiltration. Animal experiment results demonstrated that the combination of radiotherapy and anti-CD25/CTLA4 mAb resulted in a significant increase in CD8+ T cells and CD8+/CD4+ ratio in primary and secondary tumors compared with the irradiation alone group (all p<0.05 or p<0.01). The combined treatment was able to decrease Tregs, PD1+CD8+ and PD1+CD4+ T cells (p<0.05), suppress locally irradiated and distal unirradiated tumor growth, and improve overall survival rate. Radiotherapy in conjunction with anti-CTLA4 reduced liver metastasis (p<0.05). Conclusions These data indicated that radiotherapy plus depletion of Tregs was able to improve the antitumor response and generate an abscopal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengbo Ji
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery III, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Can Song
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Science, Peking University, Bejing, China
| | - Yongheng Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhong Xia
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery III, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjing Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jinying Jia
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery III, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery III, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Songmao Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Gu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery III, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China .,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Science, Peking University, Bejing, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University S.G. Hospital, Beijing, China
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86
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Potent inhibition of tumour cell proliferation and immunoregulatory function by mitochondria-targeted atovaquone. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17872. [PMID: 33087770 PMCID: PMC7578061 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74808-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The FDA-approved prophylactic antimalarial drug atovaquone (ATO) recently was repurposed as an antitumor drug. Studies show that ATO exerts a profound antiproliferative effect in several cancer cells, including breast, ovarian, and glioma. Analogous to the mechanism of action proposed in parasites, ATO inhibits mitochondrial complex III and cell respiration. To enhance the chemotherapeutic efficacy and oxidative phosphorylation inhibition, we developed a mitochondria-targeted triphenylphosphonium-conjugated ATO with varying alkyl side chains (Mito4-ATO, Mito10-ATO, Mito12-ATO, and Mito16-ATO). Results show, for the first time, that triphenylphosphonium-conjugated ATO potently enhanced the antiproliferative effect of ATO in cancer cells and, depending upon the alkyl chain length, the molecular target of inhibition changes from mitochondrial complex III to complex I. Mito4-ATO and Mito10-ATO inhibit both pyruvate/malate-dependent complex I and duroquinol-dependent complex III-induced oxygen consumption whereas Mito12-ATO and Mito16-ATO inhibit only complex I-induced oxygen consumption. Mitochondrial target shifting may have immunoregulatory implications.
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87
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Gu JH, Wang XG, Wang LQ, Zhou LN, Tang M, Li P, Wu XY, Chen MB, Zhang Y. Serum level of interleukin-35 as a potential prognostic factor for gastric cancer. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2020; 17:52-59. [PMID: 33044052 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.13403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Interleukin-35 (IL-35), a novel anti-inflammatory cytokine, has recently been implicated in tumor development, progression, and survival. However, the relationship between serum IL-35 levels and gastric cancer (GC) is inconclusive. Here, we performed this study to clarify the role of serum level of IL-35 in GC patients. METHODS We enrolled 180 GC patients and 170 healthy controls and used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect serum IL-35 levels. The clinical relevance between IL-35 and clinical pathology parameters was assessed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to determine the feasibility of IL-35 as a clinical biomarker. RESULTS We observed that serum IL-35 levels were significantly higher in GC patients (17.559 ± 13.266 pg/mL) than in healthy controls (8.077 ± 3.801 pg/mL, P < .001). High serum IL-35 levels were significantly associated with clinical stage (P = .048) and Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection (P < .001). The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicated that patients in the high-IL-35 group had poor overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) (median OS: 26.0 vs 36.0 months, P < .001; median PFS: 18.0 vs.26.0 months, P = .044). Multivariate analyses demonstrated that serum IL-35 was an independent prognostic factor for GC (OS: hazard ratio [HR] = 1.031 [95% CI, 1.017-1.045], P < .001; PFS: HR = 1.029 [95% CI, 1.015-1.043], P < .001). CONCLUSIONS High serum IL-35 levels are associated with poor disease prognosis in GC patients, and it may be become a new and promising biomarker for prognosis of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hua Gu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, China
| | - Xiao-Ge Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, China
| | - Li-Qiang Wang
- Department of Oncology & Radiotherapy, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, China
| | - Li-Na Zhou
- Department of Oncology & Radiotherapy, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, China
| | - Min Tang
- Department of Oncology & Radiotherapy, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Oncology & Radiotherapy, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, China
| | - Xiao-Yang Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, China
| | - Min-Bin Chen
- Department of Oncology & Radiotherapy, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Oncology & Radiotherapy, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, China
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88
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O'Neill C, Hayat T, Hamm J, Healey M, Zheng Q, Li Y, Martin RCG. A phase 1b trial of concurrent immunotherapy and irreversible electroporation in the treatment of locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Surgery 2020; 168:610-616. [PMID: 32631655 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2020.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combining immune checkpoint blockade therapy with operative disruptive immunomodulation using irreversible electroporation may overcome the resistance to systemic therapy found in patients with locally advanced, unresectable pancreatic cancer. We describe the safety profile and efficacy of IRE with nivolumab. METHODS In the preclinical phase of study, human pancreatic cell lines were cultured with interferon-γ (10 ng/mL) and murine models of pancreatic cancer were treated with irreversible electroporation and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression was measured. In this phase 1b clinical trial (NCT03080974), surgical ablative irreversible electroporation was performed followed by nivolumab. The primary end point was dose-limiting toxicity. RESULTS Human pancreatic cells express PD-L1 when cultured with interferon-γ: quantitative polymerase chain reaction MiaPaca (15.2 rel. fold ± 0.5; P < .01) and S20-13 (31.0 rel. fold ± 4.4; P < .01). Murine orthotopic tumors treated by irreversible electroporation had an increase in signal intensity score for the expression of PD-L1 in residual tumor (P < .01). Ten patients were included in the safety analysis with a 12-month median follow-up (interquartile range 6.0, 15.8). No dose-limiting toxicities occurred. Seven patients developed grade 3/4 treatment-related adverse events; none required a dose modification of nivolumab; nivolumab-related adverse events occurred in 1 patient. Mean time to progression was 6.3 months (confidence interval 3.5-10.0) with current median overall survival of 18.0 months (confidence interval 9.2-26.8). CONCLUSION Irreversible electroporation induces expression of PD-L1 in vitro. Combination therapy with concurrent nivolumab is well tolerated. A multicenter, phase 2 adjuvant trial is underway using irreversible electroporation and nivolumab in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor O'Neill
- Hiram Polk, Jr. MD Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, KY
| | - Traci Hayat
- Hiram Polk, Jr. MD Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, KY
| | - John Hamm
- Hiram Polk, Jr. MD Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, KY
| | - Mary Healey
- Hiram Polk, Jr. MD Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, KY
| | - Qianqian Zheng
- Hiram Polk, Jr. MD Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, KY
| | - Yan Li
- Hiram Polk, Jr. MD Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, KY
| | - Robert C G Martin
- Hiram Polk, Jr. MD Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, KY.
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Chen W, Pan X, Cui X. RCC Immune Microenvironment Subsequent to Targeted Therapy: A Friend or a Foe? Front Oncol 2020; 10:573690. [PMID: 33117708 PMCID: PMC7561377 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.573690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is composed of different subtypes with distinct molecular and histological tumor heterogeneity. Although the advent of various targeted therapies has improved the survival of patients with advanced RCC over the past 15 years (since 2006), few cases experienced complete response due to drug resistance. Recent studies have demonstrated that the outcomes following targeted therapies are potentially associated with intricate cross-links between immune responses and suppressors in the tumor microenvironment (TME). In addition, progress on drug research and development enhances our awareness and understanding about immunotherapy and combined treatment. In this review article, we intend to make a comprehensive summary about TME and its alterations following targeted therapies, provide valid evidence in this aspect, and discuss optimal matches between targeted therapy and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Chen
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuwu Pan
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingang Cui
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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90
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Sainson RCA, Thotakura AK, Kosmac M, Borhis G, Parveen N, Kimber R, Carvalho J, Henderson SJ, Pryke KL, Okell T, O'Leary S, Ball S, Van Krinks C, Gamand L, Taggart E, Pring EJ, Ali H, Craig H, Wong VWY, Liang Q, Rowlands RJ, Lecointre M, Campbell J, Kirby I, Melvin D, Germaschewski V, Oelmann E, Quaratino S, McCourt M. An Antibody Targeting ICOS Increases Intratumoral Cytotoxic to Regulatory T-cell Ratio and Induces Tumor Regression. Cancer Immunol Res 2020; 8:1568-1582. [PMID: 32999002 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment constitutes a significant hurdle to immune checkpoint inhibitor responses. Both soluble factors and specialized immune cells, such as regulatory T cells (Treg), are key components of active intratumoral immunosuppression. Inducible costimulatory receptor (ICOS) can be highly expressed in the tumor microenvironment, especially on immunosuppressive Treg, suggesting that it represents a relevant target for preferential depletion of these cells. Here, we performed immune profiling of samples from tumor-bearing mice and patients with cancer to demonstrate differential expression of ICOS in immune T-cell subsets in different tissues. ICOS expression was higher on intratumoral Treg than on effector CD8 T cells. In addition, by immunizing an Icos knockout transgenic mouse line expressing antibodies with human variable domains, we selected a fully human IgG1 antibody called KY1044 that bound ICOS from different species. We showed that KY1044 induced sustained depletion of ICOShigh T cells but was also associated with increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines from ICOSlow effector T cells (Teff). In syngeneic mouse tumor models, KY1044 depleted ICOShigh Treg and increased the intratumoral TEff:Treg ratio, resulting in increased secretion of IFNγ and TNFα by TEff cells. KY1044 demonstrated monotherapy antitumor efficacy and improved anti-PD-L1 efficacy. In summary, we demonstrated that using KY1044, one can exploit the differential expression of ICOS on T-cell subtypes to improve the intratumoral immune contexture and restore an antitumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Miha Kosmac
- Kymab Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nahida Parveen
- Kymab Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Kimber
- Kymab Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joana Carvalho
- Kymab Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kerstin L Pryke
- Kymab Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tracey Okell
- Kymab Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Siobhan O'Leary
- Kymab Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Ball
- Kymab Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lauriane Gamand
- Kymab Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Taggart
- Kymab Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor J Pring
- Kymab Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hanif Ali
- Kymab Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Craig
- Kymab Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Vivian W Y Wong
- Kymab Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Qi Liang
- Kymab Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Jamie Campbell
- Kymab Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Kirby
- Kymab Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Melvin
- Kymab Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Sonia Quaratino
- Kymab Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew McCourt
- Kymab Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Metaplastic breast cancers frequently express immune checkpoint markers FOXP3 and PD-L1. Br J Cancer 2020; 123:1665-1672. [PMID: 32939056 PMCID: PMC7686342 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-01065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metaplastic breast carcinoma encompasses a heterogeneous group of tumours with differentiation into squamous and/or spindle, chondroid, osseous or rhabdoid mesenchymal-looking elements. Emerging immunotherapies targeting Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) and immune-suppressing T cells (Tregs) may benefit metaplastic breast cancer patients, which are typically chemo-resistant and do not express hormone therapy targets. METHODS We evaluated the immunohistochemical expression of PD-L1 and FOXP3, and the extent of tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in a large cohort of metaplastic breast cancers, with survival data. RESULTS Metaplastic breast cancers were significantly enriched for PD-L1 positive tumour cells, compared to triple-negative ductal breast cancers (P < 0.0001), while there was no significant difference in PD-L1 positive TILs. Metaplastic breast cancers were also significantly enriched for TILs expressing FOXP3, with FOXP3 positive intra-tumoural TILs (iTILs) associated with an adverse prognostic outcome (P = 0.0226). Multivariate analysis identified FOXP3 iTILs expression status as an important independent prognostic factor for patient survival. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate the clinical significance and prognostic value of FOXP3, PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint and TILs in metaplastic breast cancer and confirm that a subset of metaplastics may benefit from immune-based therapies.
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Varadé J, Magadán S, González-Fernández Á. Human immunology and immunotherapy: main achievements and challenges. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:805-828. [PMID: 32879472 PMCID: PMC7463107 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00530-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system is a fascinating world of cells, soluble factors, interacting cells, and tissues, all of which are interconnected. The highly complex nature of the immune system makes it difficult to view it as a whole, but researchers are now trying to put all the pieces of the puzzle together to obtain a more complete picture. The development of new specialized equipment and immunological techniques, genetic approaches, animal models, and a long list of monoclonal antibodies, among many other factors, are improving our knowledge of this sophisticated system. The different types of cell subsets, soluble factors, membrane molecules, and cell functionalities are some aspects that we are starting to understand, together with their roles in health, aging, and illness. This knowledge is filling many of the gaps, and in some cases, it has led to changes in our previous assumptions; e.g., adaptive immune cells were previously thought to be unique memory cells until trained innate immunity was observed, and several innate immune cells with features similar to those of cytokine-secreting T cells have been discovered. Moreover, we have improved our knowledge not only regarding immune-mediated illnesses and how the immune system works and interacts with other systems and components (such as the microbiome) but also in terms of ways to manipulate this system through immunotherapy. The development of different types of immunotherapies, including vaccines (prophylactic and therapeutic), and the use of pathogens, monoclonal antibodies, recombinant proteins, cytokines, and cellular immunotherapies, are changing the way in which we approach many diseases, especially cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jezabel Varadé
- CINBIO, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidade de Vigo, Immunology Group, Campus Universitario Lagoas, Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
| | - Susana Magadán
- CINBIO, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidade de Vigo, Immunology Group, Campus Universitario Lagoas, Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
| | - África González-Fernández
- CINBIO, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidade de Vigo, Immunology Group, Campus Universitario Lagoas, Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain.
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Wang Z, Wu X. Study and analysis of antitumor resistance mechanism of PD1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint blocker. Cancer Med 2020; 9:8086-8121. [PMID: 32875727 PMCID: PMC7643687 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunocheckpoint proteins of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes play an important role in tumor prognosis in the course of tumor clinicopathology. PD‐1 (Programmed cell death protein 1) is an important immunosuppressive molecule. By binding to PD‐L1 (programmed cell death‐ligand 1), it blocks TCR and its costimulus signal transduction, inhibits the activation and proliferation of T cells, depletes the function of effector T cells, and enables tumor cells to achieve immune escape. In recent years, immunocheckpoint blocking therapy targeting the PD‐1/PD‐L1 axis has achieved good results in a variety of malignant tumors, pushing tumor immunotherapy to a new milestone, such as anti‐PD‐1 monoclonal antibody Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab, and anti‐PD‐L1 monoclonal antibody Atezolizumab, which are considered as potential antitumor drugs. It was found in clinical use that some patients obtained long‐term efficacy, but most of them developed drug resistance recurrence in the later stage. The high incidence of drug resistance (including primary and acquired drug resistance) still cannot be ignored, which limited its clinical application and became a new problem in this field. Due to tumor heterogeneity, current limited research shows that PD‐1 or PD‐L1 monoclonal antibody drug resistance may be related to the following factors: mutation of tumor antigen and antigen presentation process, multiple immune checkpoint interactions, immune microenvironment changes dynamically, activation of oncogenic pathways, gene mutation and epigenetic changes of key proteins in tumors, tumor competitive metabolism, and accumulation of metabolites, etc, mechanisms of resistance are complex. Therefore, it is the most urgent task to further elucidate the mechanism of immune checkpoint inhibitor resistance, discover multitumor universal biomarkers, and develop new target agents to improve the response rate of immunotherapy in patients. In this study, the mechanism of anti‐PD‐1/PD‐L1 drug resistance in tumors, the potential biomarkers for predicting PD‐1 acquired resistance, and the recent development of combination therapy were reviewed one by one. It is believed that, based on the complex mechanism of drug resistance, it is of no clinical significance to simply search for and regulate drug resistance targets, and it may even produce drug resistance again soon. It is speculated that according to the possible tumor characteristics, three types of treatment methods should be combined to change the tumor microenvironment ecology and eliminate various heterogeneous tumor subsets, so as to reduce tumor drug resistance and improve long‐term clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyi Wang
- GCP Center of Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital Medical Sciences, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China.,Institute of Laboratory Animals of Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiaoying Wu
- Ministry of Education and Training, Second People's Hospital, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
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94
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Haibe Y, El Husseini Z, El Sayed R, Shamseddine A. Resisting Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Therapy: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6176. [PMID: 32867025 PMCID: PMC7504220 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment landscape in oncology has witnessed a major revolution with the introduction of checkpoint inhibitors: anti-PD1, anti-PDL1 and anti-CTLA-4. These agents enhance the immune response towards cancer cells instead of targeting the tumor itself, contrary to standard chemotherapy. Although long-lasting durable responses have been observed with immune checkpoints inhibitors, the response rate remains relatively low in many cases. Some patients respond in the beginning but then eventually develop acquired resistance to treatment and progress. Other patients having primary resistance never respond. Multiple studies have been conducted to further elucidate these variations in response in different tumor types and different individuals. This paper provides an overview of the mechanisms of resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors and highlights the possible therapeutic approaches under investigation aiming to overcome such resistance in order to improve the clinical outcomes of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ali Shamseddine
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut-Medical Center, Beirut 11-0236, Lebanon; (Y.H.); (Z.E.H.); (R.E.S.)
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95
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Rana J, Biswas M. Regulatory T cell therapy: Current and future design perspectives. Cell Immunol 2020; 356:104193. [PMID: 32823038 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) maintain immune equilibrium by suppressing immune responses through various multistep contact dependent and independent mechanisms. Cellular therapy using polyclonal Tregs in transplantation and autoimmune diseases has shown promise in preclinical models and clinical trials. Although novel approaches have been developed to improve specificity and efficacy of antigen specific Treg based therapies, widespread application is currently restricted. To date, design-based approaches to improve the potency and persistence of engineered chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) Tregs are limited. Here, we describe currently available Treg based therapies, their advantages and limitations for implementation in clinical studies. We also examine various strategies for improving CAR T cell design that can potentially be applied to CAR Tregs, such as identifying co-stimulatory signalling domains that enhance suppressive ability, determining optimal scFv affinity/avidity, and co-expression of accessory molecules. Finally, we discuss the importance of tailoring CAR Treg design to suit the individual disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Rana
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Moanaro Biswas
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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96
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FoxP3 + T regulatory cells in cancer: Prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Cancer Lett 2020; 490:174-185. [PMID: 32721551 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
T Regulatory cells (Tregs) can have both protective and pathological roles. They maintain immune homeostasis and inhibit immune responses in various diseases, including cancer. Proportions of Tregs in the peripheral blood of some cancer patients increase by approximately two-fold, compared to those in healthy individuals. Tregs contribute to cancer development and progression by suppressing T effector cell functions, thereby compromising tumor killing and promoting tumor growth. Highly immunosuppressive Tregs express upregulated levels of the transcription factor, Forkhead box protein P3 (FoxP3). Elevated levels of FoxP3+ Tregs within the tumor microenvironment (TME) showed a positive correlation with poor prognosis in various cancer patients. Despite the success of immunotherapy, including the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors, a significant proportion of patients show low response rates as a result of primary or acquired resistance against therapy. Some of the mechanisms which underlie the development of therapy resistance are associated with Treg suppressive function. In this review, we describe Treg contribution to cancer development/progression, and the mechanisms of Treg-mediated immunosuppression. We discuss the prognostic significance of FoxP3+ Tregs in different cancers and their potential use as prognostic biomarkers. We also describe potential therapeutic strategies to target Tregs in combination with other types of immunotherapies aiming to overcome tumor resistance and improve clinical outcomes in cancer patients. Overall, understanding the prognostic significance of FoxP3+ Tregs in various cancers and their contribution to therapy resistance could help in the development of more effective targeted therapeutic strategies to enhance the clinical outcomes in cancer patients.
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97
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Han P, Cao P, Hu S, Kong K, Deng Y, Zhao B, Li F. Esophageal Microenvironment: From Precursor Microenvironment to Premetastatic Niche. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:5857-5879. [PMID: 32765088 PMCID: PMC7371556 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s258215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is the sixth most deadly cancer, and its incidence is still increasing year by year. Although the researches on the molecular mechanisms of EC have been widely carried out and incremental progress has been made, its overall survival rate is still low. There is cumulative evidence showing that the esophageal microenvironment plays a vital role in the development of EC. In precancerous lesions of the esophagus, high-risk environmental factors can promote the development of precancerous lesions by inducing the production of inflammatory factors and the recruitment of immune cells. In the tumor microenvironment, tumor-promoting cells can inhibit anti-tumor immunity and promote tumor progression through a variety of pathways, such as bone marrow-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumor-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and regulatory T cells (Tregs). The formation of extracellular hypoxia and acidic microenvironment and the change of extracellular matrix stiffness are also important factors affecting tumor progression and metastasis. Simultaneously, primary tumor-derived cytokines and bone marrow-derived immune cells can also promote the formation of pre-metastasis niche of EC lymph nodes, which are beneficial to EC lymph node metastasis. Further research on the specific mechanism of these processes in the occurrence, development, and metastasis of each EC subtype will support us to grasp the overall pre-cancerous prevention, targeted treatment, and metastatic assessment of EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Han
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Cao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Kangle Kong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Deng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
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98
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Zavvar M, Assadiasl S, Zargaran S, Akhtari M, Poopak B, Dinarvand R, Fatahi Y, Tayebi L, Soleimanifar N, Nicknam MH. Adoptive Treg cell-based immunotherapy: Frontier therapeutic aspects in rheumatoid arthritis. Immunotherapy 2020; 12:933-946. [PMID: 32635779 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2020-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The major current focus on treating rheumatoid arthritis is to put an end to long-term treatments and instead, specifically block widespread immunosuppression by developing antigen-specific tolerance, while also permitting an intact immune response toward other antigens to occur. There have been promising preclinical findings regarding adoptive Treg cells immunotherapy with a critically responsible function in the prevention of autoimmunity, tissue repair and regeneration, which make them an attractive candidate to develop effective therapeutic approaches to achieve this interesting concept in many human immune-mediated diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis. Ex vivo or invivo manipulation protocols are not only utilized to correct Treg cells defect, but also to benefit from their specific immunosuppressive properties by identifying specific antigens that are expressed in the inflamedjoint. The methods able to address these deficiencies can be considered as a target for immunity interventions to restore appropriate immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Zavvar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Assadiasl
- Molecular Immunology Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sina Zargaran
- Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Akhtari
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Poopak
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rassoul Dinarvand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Fatahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lobat Tayebi
- Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Narjes Soleimanifar
- Molecular Immunology Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nicknam
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Molecular Immunology Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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99
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Mu W, Chu Q, Liu Y, Zhang N. A Review on Nano-Based Drug Delivery System for Cancer Chemoimmunotherapy. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2020; 12:142. [PMID: 34138136 PMCID: PMC7770879 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-020-00482-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Although notable progress has been made on novel cancer treatments, the overall survival rate and therapeutic effects are still unsatisfactory for cancer patients. Chemoimmunotherapy, combining chemotherapeutics and immunotherapeutic drugs, has emerged as a promising approach for cancer treatment, with the advantages of cooperating two kinds of treatment mechanism, reducing the dosage of the drug and enhancing therapeutic effect. Moreover, nano-based drug delivery system (NDDS) was applied to encapsulate chemotherapeutic agents and exhibited outstanding properties such as targeted delivery, tumor microenvironment response and site-specific release. Several nanocarriers have been approved in clinical cancer chemotherapy and showed significant improvement in therapeutic efficiency compared with traditional formulations, such as liposomes (Doxil®, Lipusu®), nanoparticles (Abraxane®) and micelles (Genexol-PM®). The applications of NDDS to chemoimmunotherapy would be a powerful strategy for future cancer treatment, which could greatly enhance the therapeutic efficacy, reduce the side effects and optimize the clinical outcomes of cancer patients. Herein, the current approaches of cancer immunotherapy and chemoimmunotherapy were discussed, and recent advances of NDDS applied for chemoimmunotherapy were further reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Mu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Qihui Chu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China.
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100
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Isazadeh A, Hajazimian S, Garshasbi H, Shadman B, Baghbanzadeh A, Chavoshi R, Taefehshokr S, Farhoudi Sefidan Jadid M, Hajiasgharzadeh K, Baradaran B. Resistance mechanisms to immune checkpoints blockade by monoclonal antibody drugs in cancer immunotherapy: Focus on myeloma. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:791-805. [PMID: 32592235 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clonal B-cell malignancy characterized by the accumulation of neoplastic proliferation of a plasma cell in the bone marrow that produces a monoclonal immunoglobulin. The immune checkpoint inhibitors against programmed death-1/programmed death-1 ligand and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 axis have demonstrated appropriate anticancer activity in several solid tumors and liquid cancers, and are rapidly transforming the practice of medical oncology. However, in a high percentage of patients, the efficacy of immune checkpoints blockade remains limited due to innate or primary resistance. Moreover, the malignancies progress in many patients due to acquired or secondary resistance, even after the clinical response to immune checkpoints' blockade. The evidence shows that multiple tumor-intrinsic and tumor-extrinsic factors and alterations in signaling pathways are involved in primary and secondary resistance to immune checkpoints blockade. Improved identification of intrinsic and extrinsic factors and mechanisms of resistance or response to immune checkpoints blockade may not only provide novel prognostic or predictive biomarkers but also guide the optimal combination/sequencing of immune checkpoint blockade therapy in the clinic. Here, we review the underlying biology and role of immune checkpoints blockade in patients with MM. Furthermore, we review the host and tumor-related factor effects on immune checkpoints blockade in MM immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Isazadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saba Hajazimian
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Garshasbi
- Department of Genetic, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behrouz Shadman
- Ege University Medical School, Department of Medical Biology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Chavoshi
- Department of Genetic, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sina Taefehshokr
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | | | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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