51
|
Zhang D, Hu Q, Liu X, Liu X, Gao F, Liang Y, Zou K, Su Z, Zhi W, Zhou Z. A longitudinal study reveals the alterations of the Microtus fortis colonic microbiota during the natural resistance to Schistosoma japonicum infection. Exp Parasitol 2020; 219:108030. [PMID: 33080305 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.108030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota has been demonstrated to associate with protection against helminth infection and mediate via microbial effects on the host humoral immunity. As a non-permissive host of Schistosoma japonicum, the Microtus fortis provides an ideal animal model to be investigated, because of its natural self-healing capability. Although researches on the systemic immunological responses have revealed that the host immune system contributes a lot to the resistance, the role of gut microbiome remains unclear. In this study, we exposed the M. fortis to the S.japonicum infection, carried out a longitudinal research (uninfected control, infected for 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, and 31 days) on their colonic microbiota based on the 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The bacterial composition disclosed a disturbance-recovery alteration followed by the resistance to S. japonicum. The alpha diversity of colon microbiota was reduced after the infection, but it gradually recovered along with self-healing process. Further LEfSe analysis revealed that phyla shifted from Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes, which were mainly driven by an increase of Ruminococcaceae and a depletion of Muribaculaceae in the family level along the Control-Infection-Recovery (CIR) process. We identified a temporary blooming of Lactobacillaceae and Lactobacillus in the mid infection stage (D14). As a recognized probiotics repository, we speculate the increased abundance of Lactobacillaceae in M. fortis colonic microbiota might relate to the natural resistance to the schistosome. Besides, potential microbial functions were also significantly changed in the resistance process. These results demonstrate the remarkable alterations of reed vole colonic microbiota in both community structure and potential functions along with the resistance to S. japonicum infection. The identified microbial biomarkers might offer new ways for drug development to conquer human schistosomiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Du Zhang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China; Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China; NEOMICS Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qi Hu
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China; NEOMICS Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xueduan Liu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - XinXing Liu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yili Liang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kai Zou
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhijie Su
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenling Zhi
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhijun Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changsha, China.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Jackson-Thompson BM, Torrero M, Mitre BK, Long J, Packiam M, Mitre E. Axenic Caenorhabditis elegans antigen protects against development of type-1 diabetes in NOD mice. J Transl Autoimmun 2020; 3:100065. [PMID: 32939449 PMCID: PMC7476867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2020.100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in humans and animals have demonstrated that infection with helminths (parasitic worms) is protective against a range of hyperinflammatory diseases. A number of factors limit translation into clinical use, including: potential contamination of helminths obtained from infected humans or animals, lack of batch to batch stability, and potential pathological risks derived from live worm infections. To overcome these limitations we tested whether an antigen homogenate of the non-pathogenic nematode Caenorhabditis elegans confers protection against type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) using the Non Obese Diabetic (NOD) mouse model. Our study demonstrates that twice weekly intraperitoneal injections of axenically cultured C. elegans antigen (aCeAg) confers substantial protection against type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. Whereas 80% of control mice (PBS-injected) developed clinical disease, only 10% of aCeAg-treated mice became diabetic. Additionally, aCeAg treated mice had significantly greater numbers of insulin-producing pancreatic islets and greater numbers of islets negative for lymphocyte infiltration. Immunological changes observed in aCeAg treated mice included increases in total IgE and total IgG1, consistent with induction of a type 2 immune response similar to that typically seen in parasitic worm infection. Although evidence suggests that helminth infections induce strong immunoregulatory signals, we did not observe significant changes in regulatory T cell numbers or in production of the regulatory cytokines TGFβ and IL-10. The lack of a regulatory response may be due to our time point of observation, or perhaps the mechanism of aCeAg efficacy may differ from that of helminth infection. Discovery that antigens obtained from a non-parasitic environmental nematode replicate the protective phenotype induced by parasitic worm infections may accelerate our ability to develop nematode-derived therapies for allergy and autoimmune diseases. Axenically cultured C. elegans is protective against T1D in NOD mice. aCeAg protection is comparable to helminth immune therapy in NOD mice. aCeAg administration induces total IgE and total IgG similar to helminth infection. aCeAg does not induce TLR4 nor antigen-specific IgE activity. aCeAg efficacy finding may aid in nematode therapy for hyperinflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Torrero
- Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | | | - James Long
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, 8901 Wisconsin Ave, Bethesda, MD, 20889, USA
| | - Mathanraj Packiam
- Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Edward Mitre
- Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Intestinal parasites in rural communities in Nan Province, Thailand: changes in bacterial gut microbiota associated with minute intestinal fluke infection. Parasitology 2020; 147:972-984. [PMID: 32364103 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020000736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal helminth infection likely affects the gut microbiome, in turn affecting host health. To investigate the effect of intestinal parasite status on the gut microbiome, parasitic infection surveys were conducted in communities in Nan Province, Thailand. In total, 1047 participants submitted stool samples for intestinal parasite examination, and 391 parasite-positive cases were identified, equating to an infection prevalence of 37.3%. Intestinal protozoan species were less prevalent (4.6%) than helminth species. The most prevalent parasite was the minute intestinal fluke Haplorchis taichui (35.9%). Amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA was conducted to investigate the gut microbiome profiles of H. taichui-infected participants compared with those of parasite-free participants. Prevotella copri was the dominant bacterial operational taxonomic unit (OTU) in the study population. The relative abundance of three bacterial taxa, Ruminococcus, Roseburia faecis and Veillonella parvula, was significantly increased in the H. taichui-infected group. Parasite-negative group had higher bacterial diversity (α diversity) than the H. taichui-positive group. In addition, a significant difference in bacterial community composition (β diversity) was found between the two groups. The results suggest that H. taichui infection impacts the gut microbiome profile by reducing bacterial diversity and altering bacterial community structure in the gastrointestinal tract.
Collapse
|
54
|
Hussain Z, El-Omar E, Lee YY. Dual infective burden of Helicobacter pylori and intestinal parasites: Good or bad news for the host? Indian J Gastroenterol 2020; 39:111-116. [PMID: 32372188 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-020-01045-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Hussain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Emad El-Omar
- Microbiome Research Centre, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yeong Yeh Lee
- Microbiome Research Centre, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. .,School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Gordon CA, Krause L, McManus DP, Morrison M, Weerakoon KG, Connor MC, Olveda RM, Ross AG, Gobert GN. Helminths, polyparasitism, and the gut microbiome in the Philippines. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:217-225. [PMID: 32135180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Polyparasitism, involving soil-transmitted helminths. and Schistosoma blood flukes, is common in low to middle income countries. These helminths impact on the gut environment and can cause changes to the gut microbiome composition. Here we examined the gut microbiome in individuals with polyparasitism from two human cohorts in the Philippines utilising DNA sequencing-based profiling. Multiple helminth species infections were high with 70.3% of study participants harbouring at least two parasite species, and 16% harbouring at least five species. Increased numbers of helminth co-infections, in particular with the gut-resident soil-transmitted helminths, were significantly associated with increased bacterial diversity; however no significant parasite-gut microbiome associations were evident for individuals infected only with Schistosoma japonicum. In general, a healthy gut is associated with high bacterial diversity, which in these human cohorts may be the result of helminth-mediated immune modulation, or due to changes in the gut environment caused by these parasitic helminths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Gordon
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Immunology Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lutz Krause
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Donald P McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Immunology Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mark Morrison
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kosala G Weerakoon
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Immunology Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
| | - Mairead C Connor
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Remigio M Olveda
- Department of Immunology, Research Institute of Tropical Medicine, Manilla, Philippines
| | - Allen G Ross
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Geoffrey N Gobert
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Maizels RM. Regulation of immunity and allergy by helminth parasites. Allergy 2020; 75:524-534. [PMID: 31187881 DOI: 10.1111/all.13944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in helminth parasite modulation of the immune system, both from the fundamental perspective of the "arms race" between host and parasite, and equally importantly, to understand if parasites offer new pathways to abate and control untoward immune responses in humans. This article reviews the epidemiological and experimental evidence for parasite down-regulation of host immunity and immunopathology, in allergy and other immune disorders, and recent progress towards defining the mechanisms and molecular mediators which parasites exploit in order to modulate their host. Among these are novel products that interfere with epithelial cell alarmins, dendritic cell activation, macrophage function and T-cell responsiveness through the promotion of an immunoregulatory environment. These modulatory effects assist parasites to establish and survive, while dampening immune reactivity to allergens, autoantigens and microbiome determinants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rick M. Maizels
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Sharpton TJ, Combrink L, Arnold HK, Gaulke CA, Kent M. Harnessing the gut microbiome in the fight against anthelminthic drug resistance. Curr Opin Microbiol 2020; 53:26-34. [PMID: 32114334 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2020.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal helminth parasites present major challenges to the welfare of humans and threaten the global food supply. While the discovery of anthelminthic drugs empowered our ability to offset these harms to society, the alarming rise of anthelminthic drug resistance mitigates contemporary efforts to treat and control intestinal helminthic infections. Fortunately, emerging research points to potential opportunities to combat anthelminthic drug resistance by harnessing the gut microbiome as a resource for discovering novel therapeutics and informing responsible drug administration. In this review, we highlight research that demonstrates this potential and provide rationale to support increased investment in efforts to uncover and translationally utilize knowledge about how the gut microbiome mediates intestinal helminthic infection and its outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Sharpton
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA; Department of Statistics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Leigh Combrink
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Holly K Arnold
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA; Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | | | - Michael Kent
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Ling F, Steinel N, Weber J, Ma L, Smith C, Correa D, Zhu B, Bolnick D, Wang G. The gut microbiota response to helminth infection depends on host sex and genotype. ISME JOURNAL 2020; 14:1141-1153. [PMID: 32005978 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-0589-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrates' gut microbial communities can be altered by the hosts' parasites. Helminths inhabiting the gut lumen can interact directly with their host's microbiota via physical contact, chemical products, or competition for nutrients. Indirect interactions can also occur, for instance when helminths induce or suppress host immunity in ways that have collateral effects on the microbiota. If there is genetic variation in host immune responses to parasites, we would expect such indirect effects to be conditional on host genotype. To test for such genotype by infection interactions, we experimentally exposed Gasterosteus aculeatus to their naturally co-evolved parasite, Schistocephalus solidus. The host microbiota differed in response to parasite exposure, and between infected and uninfected fish. The magnitude and direction of microbial responses to infection differed between host sexes, and also differed between variants at autosomal quantitative trait loci. These results indicate that host genotype and sex regulate the effect of helminth infection on a vertebrate gut microbiota. If this result holds in other taxa, especially humans, then helminth-based therapeutics for dysbiosis might need to be tailored to host genotype and sex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ling
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, PR China.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Natalie Steinel
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.,Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Jesse Weber
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.,Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska, Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA
| | - Lei Ma
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Chris Smith
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Decio Correa
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Bin Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, PR China
| | - Daniel Bolnick
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA. .,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology & Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06268, USA.
| | - Gaoxue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Pace A, Rinaldi L, Ianniello D, Borrelli L, Cringoli G, Fioretti A, Hochscheid S, Dipineto L. Gastrointestinal investigation of parasites and Enterobacteriaceae in loggerhead sea turtles from Italian coasts. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:370. [PMID: 31653209 PMCID: PMC6815054 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2113-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Caretta caretta is the most abundant sea turtle species in the Mediterranean, and studies on this species have vastly expanded during recent years, including those investigating gut bacterial and parasitic communities. Members of these communities have been reported with variable prevalence and pathogenicity, mainly depending on their host and environment (e.g. lifespan, distribution, habitat, diet, health status and stressors). Indeed, many species commonly inhabiting the sea turtle gastrointestinal tract exhibit an opportunistic behaviour. This study aimed to provide baseline data on enterobacterial and parasitic composition, through bacteriological culture-based methods and the FLOTAC parasitological technique, in cloacal and faecal samples of 30 live Caretta caretta, examined upon their arrival at the Marine Turtle Research Centre (Portici, Italy). Results Enterobacteriaceae were isolated in 18/23 cloacal samples (78.3%), with Citrobacter and Morganella as the most common genera, followed by Proteus, Enterobacter, Providencia, and Hafnia. Parasitic elements were detected in 11/30 faecal samples (36.7%), with Enodiotrema, Rhytidodes, and Eimeria as most common genera, followed by Pachypsolus and Cymatocarpus. Additionally, Angiodyctium is reported for the first time in this host. The majority (47.8%) of sea turtles hosted exclusively Enterobacteriaceae, whereas 30.4% hosted both parasites and Enterobacteriaceae; the remaining 21.8% hosted neither of the agents. Conclusions Bacteria and parasites evaluated in the present study are common in Mediterranean loggerhead sea turtles, with slight differences between the western and eastern basin. Although naturally present in the gastrointestinal system of free-living sea turtles, their relationship with these hosts might range from mutualism to parasitism. Indeed, members of the gut community might express their pathogenic potential in immune-compromised animals, such as those in rehabilitation facilities. Therefore, it is advisable to include in the standard work-up of rescued sea turtles a screening procedure for such opportunistic agents, in order to better evaluate the animal’s health status and achieve timely intervention with appropriate treatment, thus improving rehabilitation. Furthermore, data collected from free-living sea turtles represent a starting point for investigating wild populations. However, further studies are needed to clarify the differences between sea turtle’s normal gut microbiome and pathobiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Pace
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University Federico II, via Delpino 1, 80137, Naples, Italy. .,Marine Turtle Research Centre, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, via Nuova Macello 16, 80055, Portici, Na, Italy.
| | - Laura Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University Federico II, via Delpino 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Davide Ianniello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University Federico II, via Delpino 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Borrelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University Federico II, via Delpino 1, 80137, Naples, Italy.,Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cringoli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University Federico II, via Delpino 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fioretti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University Federico II, via Delpino 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Sandra Hochscheid
- Marine Turtle Research Centre, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, via Nuova Macello 16, 80055, Portici, Na, Italy
| | - Ludovico Dipineto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University Federico II, via Delpino 1, 80137, Naples, Italy.,Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Lima PDMT, Crouzoulon P, Sanches TP, Zabré G, Kabore A, Niderkorn V, Hoste H, Amarante AFTD, Costa-Júnior LM, Abdalla AL, Louvandini H. Effects of Acacia mearnsii supplementation on nutrition, parasitological, blood parameters and methane emissions in Santa Inês sheep infected with Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Haemonchus contortus. Exp Parasitol 2019; 207:107777. [PMID: 31626795 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes are a main problem for ruminant production, reducing animal performance and increasing environmental impact per unit of animal product generated. Tannin supplementation may lead to positive results regarding aspects such as parasitic infections and methane (CH4) emissions. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of the condensed tannins (CT) extract made of powdered Acacia mearnsii bark (PAB) on nutrition, parasitic status and CH4 emissions in sheep artificially infected with Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Haemonchus contortus. Twenty 10-month old Santa Inês lambs (24.7 ± 3.14 kg of initial body weight) were used in a 50-day trial. Animals were divided in four treatment groups according to parasitic infection and PAB supplementation: two control groups without infections, one without PAB (C-) (n = 4) and one with PAB (C+) (n = 4); two infected groups, one without PAB (I-) (n = 6) and another receiving PAB (I+) (n = 6). Initially, animals were kept in individual pens where they were fed ad libitum chopped tifton 85 hay (Cynodon spp.) and 210 g/animal/day of concentrate. On the first day of experiment, animals of I- and I+ groups were artificially infected with infective larvae (L3) of T. colubriformis and H. contortus. Lambs were weighed fortnightly to calculate average daily body weight gain (ADG). Blood and faeces samples were also collected in the same moment of weighing for the evaluation of blood parameters and faecal egg count (FEC) respectively. After 40 days of experiment, measurements of CH4 emissions in small chamber system started and following that, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) assay was carried out in metabolic cages. In the end of experimental period (50 days), lambs were slaughtered and samples of abomasum and small intestine content were collected for worm count, identification, and eggs/female count. No significant (p > 0.05) treatment effects were verified for ADG, ATTD and worm count. Blood parameters were affected in both infected groups (p < 0.05) from the 28th experimental day onwards, when these animals started to show reduced red blood cells, haemoglobin and packed cell volume when compared to C- and C+. Decreased FEC was verified in I+ when compared to I- and also, H. contortus eggs/female worm for I+ was lower than for I- (p < 0.05). Both infected groups showed higher CH4 emissions than the control groups (p < 0.05). Results highlighted the anthelmintic potential of PAB and indicated methanogenic effect of parasitic nematode infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre Crouzoulon
- Universidade de São Paulo, Centro de Energia Nuclear Na Agricultura, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Geneviève Zabré
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé Animales-DPA/INERA, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Adama Kabore
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé Animales-DPA/INERA, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Vincent Niderkorn
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, F-63122, Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Hervé Hoste
- INRA, UMR 1225 IHAP, 23 Chemin des Capelles, F-31000, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Adibe Luiz Abdalla
- Universidade de São Paulo, Centro de Energia Nuclear Na Agricultura, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helder Louvandini
- Universidade de São Paulo, Centro de Energia Nuclear Na Agricultura, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Disentangling the effect of host genetics and gut microbiota on resistance to an intestinal parasite. Int J Parasitol 2019; 49:873-883. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
62
|
Horwood PF, Tarantola A, Goarant C, Matsui M, Klement E, Umezaki M, Navarro S, Greenhill AR. Health Challenges of the Pacific Region: Insights From History, Geography, Social Determinants, Genetics, and the Microbiome. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2184. [PMID: 31572391 PMCID: PMC6753857 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Pacific region, also referred to as Oceania, is a geographically widespread region populated by people of diverse cultures and ethnicities. Indigenous people in the region (Melanesians, Polynesians, Micronesians, Papuans, and Indigenous Australians) are over-represented on national, regional, and global scales for the burden of infectious and non-communicable diseases. Although social and environmental factors such as poverty, education, and access to health-care are assumed to be major drivers of this disease burden, there is also developing evidence that genetic and microbiotic factors should also be considered. To date, studies investigating genetic and/or microbiotic links with vulnerabilities to infectious and non-communicable diseases have mostly focused on populations in Europe, Asia, and USA, with uncertain associations for other populations such as indigenous communities in Oceania. Recent developments in personalized medicine have shown that identifying ethnicity-linked genetic vulnerabilities can be important for medical management. Although our understanding of the impacts of the gut microbiome on health is still in the early stages, it is likely that equivalent vulnerabilities will also be identified through the interaction between gut microbiome composition and function with pathogens and the host immune system. As rapid economic, dietary, and cultural changes occur throughout Oceania it becomes increasingly important that further research is conducted within indigenous populations to address the double burden of high rates of infectious diseases and rapidly rising non-communicable diseases so that comprehensive development goals can be planned. In this article, we review the current knowledge on the impact of nutrition, genetics, and the gut microbiome on infectious diseases in indigenous people of the Pacific region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul F. Horwood
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Cyrille Goarant
- Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Mariko Matsui
- Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Elise Klement
- Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Noumea, New Caledonia
- Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases Department, Centre Hospitalier Territorial, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Masahiro Umezaki
- Department of Human Ecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Severine Navarro
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrew R. Greenhill
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University Australia, Churchill, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
van der Zande HJP, Zawistowska-Deniziak A, Guigas B. Immune Regulation of Metabolic Homeostasis by Helminths and Their Molecules. Trends Parasitol 2019; 35:795-808. [PMID: 31492623 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since time immemorial, humans have coevolved with a wide variety of parasitic helminths that have contributed to shape their immune system. The recent eradication of helminth infections in modern societies has coincided with a spectacular rise in inflammatory metabolic diseases, such as obesity, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and type 2 diabetes. Landmark studies in the emerging field of immunometabolism have highlighted the central role of the immune system in regulating metabolic functions, notably in adipose tissue, liver, and the gut. In this review we discuss how helminths, which are among the strongest natural inducers of type 2 immunity, and some of their unique immunomodulatory molecules, may contribute to the maintenance of tissue-specific and whole-body metabolic homeostasis and protection against obesity-associated meta-inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Zawistowska-Deniziak
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bruno Guigas
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. @lumc.nl
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Renelies-Hamilton J, Noguera-Julian M, Parera M, Paredes R, Pacheco L, Dacal E, Saugar JM, Rubio JM, Poulsen M, Köster PC, Carmena D. Exploring interactions between Blastocystis sp., Strongyloides spp. and the gut microbiomes of wild chimpanzees in Senegal. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 74:104010. [PMID: 31442596 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut parasites exert an important influence on the gut microbiome, with many studies focusing on the human gut microbiome. It has, however, undergone severe richness depletion. Hygienic lifestyle, antimicrobial treatments and altered gut homeostasis (e.g., chronic inflammation) reduce gut microbiome richness and also parasite prevalence; which may confound results. Studying species closely related to humans could help overcome this problem by providing insights into the ancestral relationship between humans, their gut microbiome and their gut parasites. Chimpanzees are a particularly promising model as they have similar gut microbiomes to humans and many parasites infect both species. AIMS We study the interaction between gut microbiome and enteric parasites in chimpanzees. Investigating what novel insights a closely related species can reveal when compared to studies on humans. METHODS Using eighty-seven faecal samples from wild western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in Senegal, we combine 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing for gut microbiome characterization with PCR detection of parasite taxa (Blastocystis sp., Strongyloides spp., Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., Plasmodium spp., Filariae and Trypanosomatidae). We test for differences in gut microbiota ecosystem traits and taxonomical composition between Blastocystis and Strongyloides bearing and non-bearing samples. RESULTS For Blastocystis, twelve differentially abundant taxa (e.g., Methanobrevibacter), including Prevotella and Ruminococcus-Methanobrevibacter enterotype markers, replicate findings in humans. However, several richness indices are lower in Blastocystis carriers, contradicting human studies. This indicates Blastocystis, unlike Strongyloides, is associated to a "poor health" gut microbiome, as does the fact that Faecalibacterium, a bacterium with gut protective traits, is absent in Blastocystis-positive samples. Strongyloides was associated to Alloprevotella and five other taxonomic groups. Each parasite had its unique impact on the gut microbiota indicating parasite-specific niches. Our results suggest that studying the gut microbiomes of wild chimpanzees could help disentangle biological from artefactual associations between gut microbiomes and parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justinn Renelies-Hamilton
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Jane Goodall Institute Spain, Station Biologique Fouta Djallon, Dindéfélo, Kédougou, Senegal.
| | - Marc Noguera-Julian
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain; Chair in AIDS and Related Illnesses, Centre for Health and Social Care Research (CESS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia (UVic - UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Mariona Parera
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Roger Paredes
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain; Chair in AIDS and Related Illnesses, Centre for Health and Social Care Research (CESS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia (UVic - UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Liliana Pacheco
- Jane Goodall Institute Spain, Station Biologique Fouta Djallon, Dindéfélo, Kédougou, Senegal
| | - Elena Dacal
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - José M Saugar
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - José M Rubio
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Michael Poulsen
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pamela C Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Kraimi N, Dawkins M, Gebhardt-Henrich SG, Velge P, Rychlik I, Volf J, Creach P, Smith A, Colles F, Leterrier C. Influence of the microbiota-gut-brain axis on behavior and welfare in farm animals: A review. Physiol Behav 2019; 210:112658. [PMID: 31430443 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence of a pivotal role of the gut microbiota (GUT-M) in key physiological functions in vertebrates. Many studies discuss functional implications of the GUT-M not only on immunity, growth, metabolism, but also on brain development and behavior. However, while the influence of the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA) on behavior is documented in rodents and humans, data on farm animals are scarce. This review will first report the well-known influence of the MGBA on behavior in rodent and human and then describe its influence on emotion, memory, social and feeding behaviors in farm animals. This corpus of experiments suggests that a better understanding of the effects of the MGBA on behavior could have large implications in various fields of animal production. Specifically, animal welfare and health could be improved by selection, nutrition and management processes that take into account the role of the GUT-M in behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narjis Kraimi
- INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, UMR 85, Centre Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Marian Dawkins
- University of Oxford, Department of Zoology, OX1 3PS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Philippe Velge
- ISP, INRA, Université de Tours, UMR 1282, Centre Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Ivan Rychlik
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno 62100, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Volf
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno 62100, Czech Republic
| | | | - Adrian Smith
- University of Oxford, Department of Zoology, OX1 3PS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Frances Colles
- University of Oxford, Department of Zoology, OX1 3PS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Leterrier
- INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, UMR 85, Centre Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Mladineo I, Hrabar J, Vrbatović A, Duvnjak S, Gomerčić T, Đuras M. Microbiota and gut ultrastructure of Anisakis pegreffii isolated from stranded cetaceans in the Adriatic Sea. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:381. [PMID: 31362767 PMCID: PMC6668197 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3636-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inferring the microbiota diversity of helminths enables depiction of evolutionarily established ecological and pathological traits that characterize a particular parasite-host interaction. In turn, these traits could provide valuable information for the development of parasitosis control and mitigation strategy. The parasite Anisakis pegreffii (Nematoda: Anisakidae) realizes the final stage of its life-cycle within gastric chambers of aquatic mammals, causing mild-to-moderate granulomatous gastritis with eosinophilic infiltrate, to severe ulcerative gastritis with mixed inflammatory infiltrate, often associated with bacterial colonies. However, its interaction with the host microbiota remains unknown, and might reveal important aspects of parasite colonization and propagation within the final host. METHODS MySeq Illumina sequencing was performed for the 16S rRNA gene from microbiota isolated from larvae, and uterus and gut of adult A. pegreffii parasitizing stranded striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba). To assess the potential presence of Brucella ceti within isolated microbiota, Brucella-targeted real-time PCR was undertaken. In addition, TEM of the gastrointestinal tract of the infective third-stage (L3) and transitioning fourth-stage larvae (L4) was performed to characterize the morphological differences and the level of larval feeding activity. RESULTS In total, 230 distinct operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified across all samples (n = 20). The number of shared taxa was lower than the number of taxa found specifically in each parasite stage or organ. The dominant taxon was Mycoplasmataceae (genus Mycoplasma) in the gut and uterus of adult A. pegreffii, whereas Fusobacteriaceae (genus Cetobacterium) was the most abundant in 40% of larvae, alongside Mycoplasmataceae. No B. ceti DNA was detected in any of the microbiota isolates. TEM revealed differences in gut ultrastructure between L3 and L4, reflecting a feeble, most likely passive, level of feeding activity in L3. CONCLUSIONS Microbiota from L3 was more related to that of the gut rather than the uterus of adult A. pegreffii. Taxa of the larval microbiota showed qualitative and quantitative perturbations, likely reflecting the propagation through different environments during its life-cycle. This suggests an ontogenetic shift in the alpha and beta diversity of microbial communities from uterus-derived towards cetacean-derived microbiota. Although TEM did not reveal active L3 feeding, microbiota of the latter showed similarity to that of an actively feeding adult nematode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Mladineo
- Laboratory of Aquaculture, Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Split, Croatia.
| | - Jerko Hrabar
- Laboratory of Aquaculture, Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Split, Croatia
| | - Anamarija Vrbatović
- Laboratory of Aquaculture, Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Split, Croatia
| | - Sanja Duvnjak
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Bacteria and Molecular Diagnosis of Bacterial Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Hogan G, Walker S, Turnbull F, Curiao T, Morrison AA, Flores Y, Andrews L, Claesson MJ, Tangney M, Bartley DJ. Microbiome analysis as a platform R&D tool for parasitic nematode disease management. ISME JOURNAL 2019; 13:2664-2680. [PMID: 31239540 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-019-0462-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between bacterial communities and their host is being extensively investigated for the potential to improve the host's health. Little is known about the interplay between the microbiota of parasites and the health of the infected host. Using nematode co-infection of lambs as a proof-of-concept model, the aim of this study was to characterise the microbiomes of nematodes and that of their host, enabling identification of candidate nematode-specific microbiota member(s) that could be exploited as drug development tools or for targeted therapy. Deep sequencing techniques were used to elucidate the microbiomes of different life stages of two parasitic nematodes of ruminants, Haemonchus contortus and Teladorsagia circumcincta, as well as that of the co-infected ovine hosts, pre- and post infection. Bioinformatic analyses demonstrated significant differences between the composition of the nematode and ovine microbiomes. The two nematode species also differed significantly. The data indicated a shift in the constitution of the larval nematode microbiome after exposure to the ovine microbiome, and in the ovine intestinal microbial community over time as a result of helminth co-infection. Several bacterial species were identified in nematodes that were absent from their surrounding abomasal environment, the most significant of which included Escherichia coli/Shigella. The ability to purposefully infect nematode species with engineered E. coli was demonstrated in vitro, validating the concept of using this bacterium as a nematode-specific drug development tool and/or drug delivery vehicle. To our knowledge, this is the first description of the concept of exploiting a parasite's microbiome for drug development and treatment purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Hogan
- SynBioCentre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Cancer Research@UCC, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sidney Walker
- SynBioCentre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Cancer Research@UCC, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Frank Turnbull
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Tania Curiao
- SynBioCentre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Cancer Research@UCC, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alison A Morrison
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Yensi Flores
- SynBioCentre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Cancer Research@UCC, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Leigh Andrews
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Marcus J Claesson
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Mark Tangney
- SynBioCentre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. .,Cancer Research@UCC, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. .,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Dave J Bartley
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica (Eh) is a protozoan parasite of humans that colonizes the outer colonic mucus layer. Under conditions not fully understood, Eh breaches innate host defenses and invades the intestinal mucosa-causing amebic colitis and liver abscess. In asymptomatic infection, Eh interacts with and feeds on resident microbiota that forms biofilms on the outer colonic mucus layer. Despite the close association between Eh and commensal microbiota, we still lack basic knowledge on whether microbiota and/or their metabolites influence Eh virulence traits critical in disease pathogenesis. In the pathogenesis of intestinal amebiasis, Eh overcomes the protective mucus layer using a combination of mucinase/glycosidase and potent mucus secretagogue activity. In this addendum, we discuss the interconnected role of a healthy mucus barrier and the role commensal microbiota play in shaping innate host defense against Eh-induced pro-inflammatory and secretory responses critical in disease pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aralia Leon-Coria
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kris Chadee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,CONTACT Kris Chadee Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
The Impact of Anthelmintic Treatment on Human Gut Microbiota Based on Cross-Sectional and Pre- and Postdeworming Comparisons in Western Kenya. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.00519-19. [PMID: 31015324 PMCID: PMC6479000 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00519-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine studies suggest that the presence of some species of intestinal helminths is associated with changes in host microbiota composition and diversity. However, studies in humans have produced varied conclusions, and the impact appears to vary widely depending on the helminth species present. To demonstrate how molecular approaches to the human gut microbiome can provide insights into the complex interplay among disparate organisms, DNA was extracted from cryopreserved stools collected from residents of 5 rural Kenyan villages prior to and 3 weeks and 3 months following albendazole (ALB) therapy. Samples were analyzed by quantitative PCR (qPCR) for the presence of 8 species of intestinal parasites and by MiSeq 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Based on pretreatment results, the presence of neither Ascaris lumbricoides nor Necator americanus infection significantly altered the overall diversity of the microbiota in comparison with age-matched controls. Following ALB therapy and clearance of soil-transmitted helminths (STH), there were significant increases in the proportion of the microbiota made up by Clostridiales (P = 0.0002; average fold change, 0.57) and reductions in the proportion made up by Enterobacteriales (P = 0.0004; average fold change, -0.58). There was a significant posttreatment decrease in Chao1 richness, even among individuals who were uninfected pretreatment, suggesting that antimicrobial effects must be considered in any posttreatment setting. Nevertheless, the helminth-associated changes in Clostridiales and Enterobacteriales suggest that clearance of STH, and of N. americanus in particular, alters the gut microbiota.IMPORTANCE The gut microbiome is an important factor in human health. It is affected by what we eat, what medicines we take, and what infections we acquire. In turn, it affects the way we absorb nutrients and whether we have excessive intestinal inflammation. Intestinal worms may have an important impact on the composition of the gut microbiome. Without a complete understanding of the impact of mass deworming programs on the microbiome, it is impossible to accurately calculate the cost-effectiveness of such public health interventions and to guard against any possible deleterious side effects. Our research examines this question in a "real-world" setting, using a longitudinal cohort, in which individuals with and without worm infections are treated with deworming medication and followed up at both three weeks and three months posttreatment. We quantify the impact of roundworms and hookworms on gut microbial composition, suggesting that the impact is small, but that treatment of hookworm infection results in significant changes. This work points to the need for follow-up studies to further examine the impact of hookworm on the gut microbiota and determine the health consequences of the observed changes.
Collapse
|
70
|
Titcomb GC, Jerde CL, Young HS. High-Throughput Sequencing for Understanding the Ecology of Emerging Infectious Diseases at the Wildlife-Human Interface. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
|
71
|
Doonan J, Tarafdar A, Pineda MA, Lumb FE, Crowe J, Khan AM, Hoskisson PA, Harnett MM, Harnett W. The parasitic worm product ES-62 normalises the gut microbiota bone marrow axis in inflammatory arthritis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1554. [PMID: 30952846 PMCID: PMC6451002 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09361-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immune system has evolved in the context of our colonisation by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasitic helminths. Reflecting this, the rapid eradication of pathogens appears to have resulted in reduced microbiome diversity and generation of chronically activated immune systems, presaging the recent rise of allergic, autoimmune and metabolic disorders. Certainly, gastrointestinal helminths can protect against gut and lung mucosa inflammatory conditions by modulating the microbiome and suppressing the chronic inflammation associated with dysbiosis. Here, we employ ES-62, an immunomodulator secreted by tissue-dwelling Acanthocheilonema viteae to show that helminth-modulation of the gut microbiome does not require live infection with gastrointestinal-based worms nor is protection restricted to mucosal diseases. Specifically, subcutaneous administration of this defined immunomodulator affords protection against joint disease in collagen-induced arthritis, a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis, which is associated with normalisation of gut microbiota and prevention of loss of intestinal barrier integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Doonan
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - Anuradha Tarafdar
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Miguel A Pineda
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Felicity E Lumb
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - Jenny Crowe
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Aneesah M Khan
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Paul A Hoskisson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - Margaret M Harnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.
| | - William Harnett
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Rowan-Nash AD, Korry BJ, Mylonakis E, Belenky P. Cross-Domain and Viral Interactions in the Microbiome. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2019; 83:e00044-18. [PMID: 30626617 PMCID: PMC6383444 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00044-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of the microbiome to human health is increasingly recognized and has become a major focus of recent research. However, much of the work has focused on a few aspects, particularly the bacterial component of the microbiome, most frequently in the gastrointestinal tract. Yet humans and other animals can be colonized by a wide array of organisms spanning all domains of life, including bacteria and archaea, unicellular eukaryotes such as fungi, multicellular eukaryotes such as helminths, and viruses. As they share the same host niches, they can compete with, synergize with, and antagonize each other, with potential impacts on their host. Here, we discuss these major groups making up the human microbiome, with a focus on how they interact with each other and their multicellular host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aislinn D Rowan-Nash
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Benjamin J Korry
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Infectious Diseases Division, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Peter Belenky
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Vasquez-Rios G, Pineda-Reyes R, Pineda-Reyes J, Marin R, Ruiz EF, Terashima A. Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection syndrome: a deeper understanding of a neglected disease. J Parasit Dis 2019; 43:167-175. [PMID: 31263320 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-019-01090-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection syndrome (SHS) is a life-threatening condition that warrants early detection and management. We describe the pathogenesis, organ-specific clinical manifestations, and risk factors associated to this condition. A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted in PubMed, LILACS, EBSCO and SciELO by using the keywords: "hyperinfection syndrome"; "Strongyloides stercoralis"; "disseminated strongyloidiasis"; "systemic strongyloidiasis", "pathogenesis" and "pathophysiology". Relevant articles on this topic were evaluated and included by consensus. Also, a secondary search of the literature was performed. Articles in English and Spanish language were included. SHS has been described in tropical and sub-tropical regions. However, there is growing evidence of cases detected in developed countries favored by increasing migration and the advance in immunosuppressive therapies for oncologic and inflammatory diseases. SHS is characterized by massive multiplication of larvae, typically in immunocompromised hosts. Clinical manifestations vary according to the organ involved and include diarrhea, intestinal bleeding, alveolar hemorrhages, heart failure, jaundice, bacteremia among others. Despite advances in the understanding of this condition, fatality rates are near 90%. Clinicians should consider SHS in the differential diagnosis of acutely ill patients with multiple organ damage and epidemiological risk factors. Adverse outcomes are common, especially with delayed anti-parasitic treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Vasquez-Rios
- 1Laboratory of Parasitology, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Roberto Pineda-Reyes
- 1Laboratory of Parasitology, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Juan Pineda-Reyes
- 2Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Ricardo Marin
- 2Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Eloy F Ruiz
- 1Laboratory of Parasitology, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Angélica Terashima
- 1Laboratory of Parasitology, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,2Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Gaulke CA, Martins ML, Watral VG, Humphreys IR, Spagnoli ST, Kent ML, Sharpton TJ. A longitudinal assessment of host-microbe-parasite interactions resolves the zebrafish gut microbiome's link to Pseudocapillaria tomentosa infection and pathology. MICROBIOME 2019; 7:10. [PMID: 30678738 PMCID: PMC6346533 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-019-0622-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helminth parasites represent a significant threat to the health of human and animal populations, and there is a growing need for tools to treat, diagnose, and prevent these infections. Recent work has turned to the gut microbiome as a utilitarian agent in this regard; components of the microbiome may interact with parasites to influence their success in the gut, meaning that the microbiome may encode new anthelmintic drugs. Moreover, parasite infections may restructure the microbiome's composition in consistent ways, implying that the microbiome may be useful for diagnosing infection. The innovation of these utilities requires foundational knowledge about how parasitic infection, as well as its ultimate success in the gut and impact on the host, relates to the gut microbiome. In particular, we currently possess limited insight into how the microbiome, host pathology, and parasite burden covary during infection. Identifying interactions between these parameters may uncover novel putative methods of disrupting parasite success. RESULTS To identify interactions between parasite success and the microbiome, we quantified longitudinal associations between an intestinal helminth of zebrafish, Pseudocapillaria tomentosa, and the gut microbiome in 210 4-month-old 5D line zebrafish. Parasite burden and parasite-associated pathology varied in severity throughout the experiment in parasite-exposed fish, with intestinal pathologic changes becoming severe at late time points. Parasite exposure, burden, and intestinal lesions were correlated with gut microbial diversity. Robust generalized linear regression identified several individual taxa whose abundance predicted parasite burden, suggesting that gut microbiota may influence P. tomentosa success. Numerous associations between taxon abundance, burden, and gut pathologic changes were also observed, indicating that the magnitude of microbiome disruption during infection varies with infection severity. Finally, a random forest classifier accurately predicted a fish's exposure to the parasite based on the abundance of gut phylotypes, which underscores the potential for using the gut microbiome to diagnose intestinal parasite infection. CONCLUSIONS These experiments demonstrate that P. tomentosa infection disrupts zebrafish gut microbiome composition and identifies potential interactions between the gut microbiota and parasite success. The microbiome may also provide a diagnostic that would enable non-destructive passive sampling for P. tomentosa and other intestinal pathogens in zebrafish facilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mauricio L Martins
- AQUOS-Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Virginia G Watral
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97330, USA
| | - Ian R Humphreys
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97330, USA
| | - Sean T Spagnoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Michael L Kent
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97330, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Thomas J Sharpton
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97330, USA.
- Department of Statistics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97330, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Kim JY, Kim EM, Yi MH, Lee J, Lee S, Hwang Y, Yong D, Sohn WM, Yong TS. Chinese liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis infection changes the gut microbiome and increases probiotic Lactobacillus in mice. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:693-699. [PMID: 30623233 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6179-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chinese liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis changes the host's immune system. Recently, it has been reported that helminths including C. sinensis can ameliorate immune-related diseases such as allergy. In addition, recent studies showed that helminth infection can alleviate immune-mediated disorders by altering the gut microbiome. However, changes in the gut microbiome due to C. sinensis have not been reported yet. In this study, changes in the gut microbiome of C57BL/6 mice infected with C. sinensis metacercariae were evaluated over time. Stool was analyzed by 16S rRNA amplicon analysis using high-throughput sequencing technology. There was no apparent difference in species richness and diversity between the infected and control groups. However, the composition of the microbiome was different between the infected and control groups at 20 days and 30 days post-infection, and the difference disappeared at 50 days post-infection. In particular, this microbiome alteration was associated with a change in the relative abundance of genus Lactobacillus and the probiotic Lactobacillus species that are known to have an immune-modulation role in immune-mediated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ju Yeong Kim
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, and Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Eun-Min Kim
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, and Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Myung-Hee Yi
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, and Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Jinyoung Lee
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, and Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Seogwon Lee
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, and Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Younjee Hwang
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Research Institute of Bacterial Resistance, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Dongeun Yong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Research Institute of Bacterial Resistance, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Woon-Mok Sohn
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, 52727, Korea
| | - Tai-Soon Yong
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, and Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Mezouar S, Chantran Y, Michel J, Fabre A, Dubus JC, Leone M, Sereme Y, Mège JL, Ranque S, Desnues B, Chanez P, Vitte J. Microbiome and the immune system: From a healthy steady-state to allergy associated disruption. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humic.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
77
|
Kent ML, Gaulke CA, Watral V, Sharpton TJ. Pseudocapillaria tomentosa in laboratory zebrafish Danio rerio: patterns of infection and dose response. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2018; 131:121-131. [PMID: 30460918 PMCID: PMC6474349 DOI: 10.3354/dao03286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Parasites in wild populations almost always exhibit aggregation (overdispersion), in which relatively few hosts are infected with high numbers of the parasites. This pattern of infection has also been observed in laboratory studies, where many of the sources of natural variation are removed. Pseudocapillaria tomentosa (Nematoda) is common in zebrafish (Danio rerio) facilities. We describe here patterns of infections in zebrafish experimentally infected with larvated P. tomentosa eggs in various trials with defined numbers of eggs. One trial with eggs delivered in a gelatin diet is also included. Fish were exposed at 25, 75, and 200 eggs fish-1, and the minimal infectious dose was estimated to be 1.5 eggs fish-1. The ID50 (50% infective dose) was calculated to be 17.5 eggs fish-1. We also included data from a trial and 2 previously published experiments with undefined doses in which zebrafish were exposed to infectious water and detritus from a tank that previously contained infected fish. All doses resulted in a high prevalence of infection (>70%), except at the 25 eggs fish-1 dose, where the prevalence was 43-46%. Mean abundance of worms corresponded to dose, from 0.57 worms fish-1 at 25 eggs fish-1 to 7 worms fish-1 at 200 eggs fish-1. Variance to mean ratios (V/M) and the k parameters showed aggregation across the 8 separate trials, including the gelatin diet. Aggregation increased with increased parasite abundance. Given the consistent observation of aggregation across our experiments, the zebrafish/P. tomentosa system provides a potentially robust, high-throughput model to investigate factors that influence differences in host susceptibility within defined populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Kent
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | | | - Virginia Watral
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Thomas J Sharpton
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
- Department of Statistics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Mukherjee S, Joardar N, Sengupta S, Sinha Babu SP. Gut microbes as future therapeutics in treating inflammatory and infectious diseases: Lessons from recent findings. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 61:111-128. [PMID: 30196243 PMCID: PMC7126101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The human gut microbiota has been the interest of extensive research in recent years and our knowledge on using the potential capacity of these microbes are growing rapidly. Microorganisms colonized throughout the gastrointestinal tract of human are coevolved through symbiotic relationship and can influence physiology, metabolism, nutrition and immune functions of an individual. The gut microbes are directly involved in conferring protection against pathogen colonization by inducing direct killing, competing with nutrients and enhancing the response of the gut-associated immune repertoire. Damage in the microbiome (dysbiosis) is linked with several life-threatening outcomes viz. inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, obesity, allergy, and auto-immune disorders. Therefore, the manipulation of human gut microbiota came out as a potential choice for therapeutic intervention of the several human diseases. Herein, we review significant studies emphasizing the influence of the gut microbiota on the regulation of host responses in combating infectious and inflammatory diseases alongside describing the promises of gut microbes as future therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suprabhat Mukherjee
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (Centre for Advanced Studies), Siksha-Bhavana, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, 731235, India
| | - Nikhilesh Joardar
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (Centre for Advanced Studies), Siksha-Bhavana, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, 731235, India
| | - Subhasree Sengupta
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (Centre for Advanced Studies), Siksha-Bhavana, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, 731235, India
| | - Santi P Sinha Babu
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (Centre for Advanced Studies), Siksha-Bhavana, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, 731235, India.
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Ubiquitous parasites drive a 33% increase in methane yield from livestock. Int J Parasitol 2018; 48:1017-1021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
80
|
Rausch S, Midha A, Kuhring M, Affinass N, Radonic A, Kühl AA, Bleich A, Renard BY, Hartmann S. Parasitic Nematodes Exert Antimicrobial Activity and Benefit From Microbiota-Driven Support for Host Immune Regulation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2282. [PMID: 30349532 PMCID: PMC6186814 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal parasitic nematodes live in intimate contact with the host microbiota. Changes in the microbiome composition during nematode infection affect immune control of the parasites and shifts in the abundance of bacterial groups have been linked to the immunoregulatory potential of nematodes. Here we asked if the small intestinal parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus produces factors with antimicrobial activity, senses its microbial environment and if the anti-nematode immune and regulatory responses are altered in mice devoid of gut microbes. We found that H. polygyrus excretory/secretory products exhibited antimicrobial activity against gram+/− bacteria. Parasites from germ-free mice displayed alterations in gene expression, comprising factors with putative antimicrobial functions such as chitinase and lysozyme. Infected germ-free mice developed increased small intestinal Th2 responses coinciding with a reduction in local Foxp3+RORγt+ regulatory T cells and decreased parasite fecundity. Our data suggest that nematodes sense their microbial surrounding and have evolved factors that limit the outgrowth of certain microbes. Moreover, the parasites benefit from microbiota-driven immune regulatory circuits, as an increased ratio of intestinal Th2 effector to regulatory T cells coincides with reduced parasite fitness in germ-free mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Rausch
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ankur Midha
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Kuhring
- Bioinformatics Unit (MF 1), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Core Unit Bioinformatics, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health Metabolomics Platform, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Affinass
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aleksandar Radonic
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens (ZBS 1), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Genome Sequencing Unit (MF 2), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja A Kühl
- iPATH.Berlin, Core Unit for Immunopathology for Experimental Models, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - André Bleich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Susanne Hartmann
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Kapczuk P, Kosik-Bogacka D, Łanocha-Arendarczyk N, Gutowska I, Kupnicka P, Chlubek D, Baranowska-Bosiacka I. Selected Molecular Mechanisms Involved in the Parasite⁻Host System Hymenolepis diminuta⁻Rattus norvegicus. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082435. [PMID: 30126154 PMCID: PMC6121280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The rat tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta is a parasite of the small intestine of rodents (mainly mice and rats), and accidentally humans. It is classified as a non-invasive tapeworm due to the lack of hooks on the tapeworm’s scolex, which could cause mechanical damage to host tissues. However, many studies have shown that metabolites secreted by H. diminuta interfere with the functioning of the host’s gastrointestinal tract, causing an increase in salivary secretion, suppression of gastric acid secretion, and an increase in the trypsin activity in the duodenum chyme. Our work presents the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of a parasite-host interaction, including the influence on ion transport and host intestinal microflora, morphology and biochemical parameters of blood, secretion of antioxidant enzymes, expression of Toll-like receptors, mechanisms of immune response, as well as the expression and activity of cyclooxygenases. We emphasize the interrelations between the parasite and the host at the cellular level resulting from the direct impact of the parasite as well as host defense reactions that lead to changes in the host’s tissues and organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Kapczuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Danuta Kosik-Bogacka
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Natalia Łanocha-Arendarczyk
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Izabela Gutowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University, Broniewskiego 24, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Patrycja Kupnicka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Jenkins TP, Peachey LE, Ajami NJ, MacDonald AS, Hsieh MH, Brindley PJ, Cantacessi C, Rinaldi G. Schistosoma mansoni infection is associated with quantitative and qualitative modifications of the mammalian intestinal microbiota. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12072. [PMID: 30104612 PMCID: PMC6089957 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30412-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of the extensive contribution of intestinal pathology to the pathophysiology of schistosomiasis, little is known of the impact of schistosome infection on the composition of the gut microbiota of its mammalian host. Here, we characterised the fluctuations in the composition of the gut microbial flora of the small and large intestine, as well as the changes in abundance of individual microbial species, of mice experimentally infected with Schistosoma mansoni with the goal of identifying microbial taxa with potential roles in the pathophysiology of infection and disease. Bioinformatic analyses of bacterial 16S rRNA gene data revealed an overall reduction in gut microbial alpha diversity, alongside a significant increase in microbial beta diversity characterised by expanded populations of Akkermansia muciniphila (phylum Verrucomicrobia) and lactobacilli, in the gut microbiota of S. mansoni-infected mice when compared to uninfected control animals. These data support a role of the mammalian gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of hepato-intestinal schistosomiasis and serves as a foundation for the design of mechanistic studies to unravel the complex relationships amongst parasitic helminths, gut microbiota, pathophysiology of infection and host immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Jenkins
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Laura E Peachey
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Nadim J Ajami
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew S MacDonald
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Michael H Hsieh
- Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, USA
- Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Paul J Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20037, USA.
| | - Cinzia Cantacessi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK.
| | - Gabriel Rinaldi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20037, USA.
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Midha A, Janek K, Niewienda A, Henklein P, Guenther S, Serra DO, Schlosser J, Hengge R, Hartmann S. The Intestinal Roundworm Ascaris suum Releases Antimicrobial Factors Which Interfere With Bacterial Growth and Biofilm Formation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:271. [PMID: 30131945 PMCID: PMC6090379 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascariasis is a widespread soil-transmitted helminth infection caused by the intestinal roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides in humans, and the closely related Ascaris suum in pigs. Progress has been made in understanding interactions between helminths and host immune cells, but less is known concerning the interactions of parasitic nematodes and the host microbiota. As the host microbiota represents the direct environment for intestinal helminths and thus a considerable challenge, we studied nematode products, including excretory-secretory products (ESP) and body fluid (BF), of A. suum to determine their antimicrobial activities. Antimicrobial activities against gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains were assessed by the radial diffusion assay, while effects on biofilm formation were assessed using the crystal violet static biofilm and macrocolony assays. In addition, bacterial neutralizing activity was studied by an agglutination assay. ESP from different A. suum life stages (in vitro-hatched L3, lung-stage L3, L4, and adult) as well as BF from adult males were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Several proteins and peptides with known and predicted roles in nematode immune defense were detected in ESP and BF samples, including members of A. suum antibacterial factors (ASABF) and cecropin antimicrobial peptide families, glycosyl hydrolase enzymes such as lysozyme, as well as c-type lectin domain-containing proteins. Native, unconcentrated nematode products from intestine-dwelling L4-stage larvae and adults displayed broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Additionally, adult A. suum ESP interfered with biofilm formation by Escherichia coli, and caused bacterial agglutination. These results indicate that A. suum uses a variety of factors with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity to affirm itself within its microbe-rich environment in the gut.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Midha
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Janek
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Biochemistry, Shared Facility for Mass Spectrometry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Agathe Niewienda
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Biochemistry, Shared Facility for Mass Spectrometry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Henklein
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Guenther
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Diego O Serra
- Institute of Biology/Microbiology, Humboldt-Universität-zu-Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josephine Schlosser
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Regine Hengge
- Institute of Biology/Microbiology, Humboldt-Universität-zu-Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Hartmann
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Martin I, Djuardi Y, Sartono E, Rosa BA, Supali T, Mitreva M, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Yazdanbakhsh M. Dynamic changes in human-gut microbiome in relation to a placebo-controlled anthelminthic trial in Indonesia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006620. [PMID: 30091979 PMCID: PMC6084808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbiome studies suggest the presence of an interaction between the human gut microbiome and soil-transmitted helminth. Upon deworming, a complex interaction between the anthelminthic drug, helminths and microbiome composition might occur. To dissect this, we analyse the changes that take place in the gut bacteria profiles in samples from a double blind placebo controlled trial conducted in an area endemic for soil transmitted helminths in Indonesia. METHODS Either placebo or albendazole were given every three months for a period of one and a half years. Helminth infection was assessed before and at 3 months after the last treatment round. In 150 subjects, the bacteria were profiled using the 454 pyrosequencing. Statistical analysis was performed cross-sectionally at pre-treatment to assess the effect of infection, and at post-treatment to determine the effect of infection and treatment on microbiome composition using the Dirichlet-multinomial regression model. RESULTS At a phylum level, at pre-treatment, no difference was seen in microbiome composition in terms of relative abundance between helminth-infected and uninfected subjects and at post-treatment, no differences were found in microbiome composition between albendazole and placebo group. However, in subjects who remained infected, there was a significant difference in the microbiome composition of those who had received albendazole and placebo. This difference was largely attributed to alteration of Bacteroidetes. Albendazole was more effective against Ascaris lumbricoides and hookworms but not against Trichuris trichiura, thus in those who remained infected after receiving albendazole, the helminth composition was dominated by T. trichiura. DISCUSSION We found that overall, albendazole does not affect the microbiome composition. However, there is an interaction between treatment and helminths as in subjects who received albendazole and remained infected there was a significant alteration in Bacteroidetes. This helminth-albendazole interaction needs to be studied further to fully grasp the complexity of the effect of deworming on the microbiome. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN Registy, ISRCTN83830814.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne Martin
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Information Technology and Science, Parahyangan Catholic University, Bandung, Indonesia
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yenny Djuardi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Erliyani Sartono
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bruce A. Rosa
- McDonnell Genome Institute at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Taniawati Supali
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Makedonka Mitreva
- McDonnell Genome Institute at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | | | - Maria Yazdanbakhsh
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
The benign helminth Hymenolepis diminuta ameliorates chemically induced colitis in a rat model system. Parasitology 2018; 145:1324-1335. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182018000896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta is a model for the impact of helminth colonization on the mammalian immune system and a candidate therapeutic agent for immune mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs). In mice, H. diminuta protects against models of inflammatory colitis by inducing a strong type 2 immune response that is activated to expel the immature worm. Rats are the definitive host of H. diminuta, and are colonized stably and over long time periods without harming the host. Rats mount a mild type 2 immune response to H. diminuta colonization, but this response does not generally ameliorate colitis. Here we investigate the ability of different life cycle stages of H. diminuta to protect rats against a model of colitis induced through application of the haptenizing agent dinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (DNBS) directly to the colon, and monitor rat clinical health, systemic inflammation measured by TNFα and IL-1β, and the gut microbiota. We show that immature H. diminuta induces a type 2 response as measured by increased IL-4, IL-13 and IL-10 expression, but does not protect against colitis. In contrast, rats colonized with mature H. diminuta and challenged with severe colitis (two applications of DNBS) have lower inflammation and less severe clinical symptoms. This effect is not related the initial type 2 immune response. The gut microbiota is disrupted during colitis and does not appear to play an overt role in H. diminuta-mediated protection.
Collapse
|
86
|
Vlčková K, Pafčo B, Petrželková KJ, Modrý D, Todd A, Yeoman CJ, Torralba M, Wilson BA, Stumpf RM, White BA, Nelson KE, Leigh SR, Gomez A. Relationships Between Gastrointestinal Parasite Infections and the Fecal Microbiome in Free-Ranging Western Lowland Gorillas. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1202. [PMID: 29963018 PMCID: PMC6013710 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Relationships between gastrointestinal parasites (GIPs) and the gastrointestinal microbiome (GIM) are widely discussed topics across mammalian species due to their possible impact on the host's health. GIPs may change the environment determining alterations in GIM composition. We evaluated the associations between GIP infections and fecal microbiome composition in two habituated and two unhabituated groups of wild western lowland gorillas (Gorilla g. gorilla) from Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, Central African Republic. We examined 43 fecal samples for GIPs and quantified strongylid nematodes. We characterized fecal microbiome composition through 454 pyrosequencing of the V1-V3 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Entamoeba spp. infections were associated with significant differences in abundances of bacterial taxa that likely play important roles in nutrition and metabolism for the host, besides being characteristic members of the gorilla gut microbiome. We did not observe any relationships between relative abundances of several bacterial taxa and strongylid egg counts. Based on our findings, we suggest that there is a significant relationship between fecal microbiome and Entamoeba infection in wild gorillas. This study contributes to the overall knowledge about factors involved in modulating GIM communities in great apes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klára Vlčková
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia.,Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Barbora Pafčo
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Klára J Petrželková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia.,Liberec Zoo, Liberec, Czechia.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - David Modrý
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia.,Central European Institute for Technology (CEITEC), University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Angelique Todd
- WWF, Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Carl J Yeoman
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | | | - Brenda A Wilson
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Rebecca M Stumpf
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Bryan A White
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Karen E Nelson
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, United States.,J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Steven R Leigh
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Andres Gomez
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Helminth-induced regulatory T cells and suppression of allergic responses. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 54:1-6. [PMID: 29852470 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Infection with helminths has been associated with lower rates of asthma and other allergic diseases. This has been attributed, in part, to the ability of helminths to induce regulatory T cells that suppress inappropriate immune responses to allergens. Recent compelling evidence suggests that helminths may promote regulatory T cell expansion or effector functions through either direct (secretion of excretory/secretory molecules) or indirect mechanisms (regulation of the microbiome). This review will discuss key findings from human immunoepidemiological observations, studies using animal models of disease, and clinical trials with live worm infections, discussing the therapeutic potential for worms and their secreted products for treating allergic inflammation.
Collapse
|
88
|
Klaus A, Strube C, Röper KM, Radespiel U, Schaarschmidt F, Nathan S, Goossens B, Zimmermann E. Fecal parasite risk in the endangered proboscis monkey is higher in an anthropogenically managed forest environment compared to a riparian rain forest in Sabah, Borneo. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195584. [PMID: 29630671 PMCID: PMC5891069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding determinants shaping infection risk of endangered wildlife is a major topic in conservation medicine. The proboscis monkey, Nasalis larvatus, an endemic primate flagship species for conservation in Borneo, is endangered through habitat loss, but can still be found in riparian lowland and mangrove forests, and in some protected areas. To assess socioecological and anthropogenic influence on intestinal helminth infections in N. larvatus, 724 fecal samples of harem and bachelor groups, varying in size and the number of juveniles, were collected between June and October 2012 from two study sites in Malaysian Borneo: 634 samples were obtained from groups inhabiting the Lower Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary (LKWS), 90 samples were collected from groups of the Labuk Bay Proboscis Monkey Sanctuary (LBPMS), where monkeys are fed on stationary feeding platforms. Parasite risk was quantified by intestinal helminth prevalence, host parasite species richness (PSR), and eggs per gram feces (epg). Generalized linear mixed effect models were applied to explore whether study site, group type, group size, the number of juveniles per group, and sampling month predict parasite risk. At the LBPMS, prevalence and epg of Trichuris spp., strongylids, and Strongyloides spp. but not Ascaris spp., as well as host PSR were significantly elevated. Only for Strongyloides spp., prevalence showed significant changes between months; at both sites, the beginning rainy season with increased precipitation was linked to higher prevalence, suggesting the external life cycle of Strongyloides spp. to benefit from humidity. Higher prevalence, epgs, and PSR within the LBPMS suggest that anthropogenic factors shape host infection risk more than socioecological factors, most likely via higher re-infection rates and chronic stress. Noninvasive measurement of fecal parasite stages is an important tool for assessing transmission dynamics and infection risks for endangered tropical wildlife. Findings will contribute to healthcare management in nature and in anthropogenically managed environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annette Klaus
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Christina Strube
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Kathrin Monika Röper
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Ute Radespiel
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Frank Schaarschmidt
- Institute for Biostatistics, Leibniz University, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | | | - Benoit Goossens
- Sabah Wildlife Department, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
- Organisms and Environment Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
- Danau Girang Field Centre, c/o Sabah Wildlife Department, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
- Sustainable Places Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Elke Zimmermann
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Clark A, Sallé G, Ballan V, Reigner F, Meynadier A, Cortet J, Koch C, Riou M, Blanchard A, Mach N. Strongyle Infection and Gut Microbiota: Profiling of Resistant and Susceptible Horses Over a Grazing Season. Front Physiol 2018; 9:272. [PMID: 29618989 PMCID: PMC5871743 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal strongyles are a major threat to horses' health and welfare. Given that strongyles inhabit the same niche as the gut microbiota, they may interact with each other. These beneficial or detrimental interactions are unknown in horses and could partly explain contrasted susceptibility to infection between individuals. To address these questions, an experimental pasture trial with 20 worm-free female Welsh ponies (10 susceptible (S) and 10 resistant (R) to parasite infection) was implemented for 5 months. Fecal egg counts (FEC), hematological and biochemical data, body weight and gut microbiological composition were studied in each individual after 0, 24, 43, 92 and 132 grazing days. R and S ponies displayed divergent immunological profiles and slight differences in microbiological composition under worm-free conditions. After exposure to natural infection, the predicted R ponies exhibited lower FEC after 92 and 132 grazing days, and maintained higher levels of circulating monocytes and eosinophils, while lymphocytosis persisted in S ponies. Although the overall gut microbiota diversity and structure remained similar during the parasite infection between the two groups, S ponies exhibited a reduction of bacteria such as Ruminococcus, Clostridium XIVa and members of the Lachnospiraceae family, which may have promoted a disruption of mucosal homeostasis at day 92. In line with this hypothesis, an increase in pathobionts such as Pseudomonas and Campylobacter together with changes in several predicted immunological pathways, including pathogen sensing, lipid metabolism, and activation of signal transduction that are critical for the regulation of immune system and energy homeostasis were observed in S relative to R ponies. Moreover, S ponies displayed an increase in protozoan concentrations at day 92, suggesting that strongyles and protozoa may contribute to each other's success in the equine intestines. It could also be that S individuals favor the increase of these carbohydrate-degrading microorganisms to enhance the supply of nutrients needed to fight strongyle infection. Overall, this study provides a foundation to better understand the mechanisms that underpin the relationship between equines and natural strongyle infection. The profiling of horse immune response and gut microbiota should contribute to the development of novel biomarkers for strongyle infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison Clark
- Department of Health Science, Open University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillaume Sallé
- UMR 1282, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Université François-Rabelais, Nouzilly, France
| | - Valentine Ballan
- UMR 1313, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Fabrice Reigner
- UEPAO 1297, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Expérimentale de Physiologie Animale de l'Orfrasière, Nouzilly, France
| | - Annabelle Meynadier
- UMR 1388, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, GenPhySE, Toulouse, France
| | - Jacques Cortet
- UMR 1282, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Université François-Rabelais, Nouzilly, France
| | - Christine Koch
- UMR 1282, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Université François-Rabelais, Nouzilly, France
| | - Mickaël Riou
- UE-1277, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Plate-Forme d'Infectiologie Expérimentale, Nouzilly, France
| | - Alexandra Blanchard
- UMR 1282, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Université François-Rabelais, Nouzilly, France.,Pancosma SA, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Núria Mach
- UMR 1313, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Rosa BA, Supali T, Gankpala L, Djuardi Y, Sartono E, Zhou Y, Fischer K, Martin J, Tyagi R, Bolay FK, Fischer PU, Yazdanbakhsh M, Mitreva M. Differential human gut microbiome assemblages during soil-transmitted helminth infections in Indonesia and Liberia. MICROBIOME 2018; 6:33. [PMID: 29486796 PMCID: PMC6389212 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0416-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human intestine and its microbiota is the most common infection site for soil-transmitted helminths (STHs), which affect the well-being of ~ 1.5 billion people worldwide. The complex cross-kingdom interactions are not well understood. RESULTS A cross-sectional analysis identified conserved microbial signatures positively or negatively associated with STH infections across Liberia and Indonesia, and longitudinal samples analysis from a double-blind randomized trial showed that the gut microbiota responds to deworming but does not transition closer to the uninfected state. The microbiomes of individuals able to self-clear the infection had more alike microbiome assemblages compared to individuals who remained infected. One bacterial taxon (Lachnospiracae) was negatively associated with infection in both countries, and 12 bacterial taxa were significantly associated with STH infection in both countries, including Olsenella (associated with reduced gut inflammation), which also significantly reduced in abundance following clearance of infection. Microbial community gene abundances were also affected by deworming. Functional categories identified as associated with STH infection included arachidonic acid metabolism; arachidonic acid is the precursor for pro-inflammatory leukotrienes that threaten helminth survival, and our findings suggest that some modulation of arachidonic acid activity in the STH-infected gut may occur through the increase of arachidonic acid metabolizing bacteria. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, we identify specific members of the gut microbiome that discriminate between moderately/heavily STH-infected and non-infected states across very diverse geographical regions using two different statistical methods. We also identify microbiome-encoded biological functions associated with the STH infections, which are associated potentially with STH survival strategies, and changes in the host environment. These results provide a novel insight of the cross-kingdom interactions in the human gut ecosystem by unlocking the microbiome assemblages at taxonomic, genetic, and functional levels so that advances towards key mechanistic studies can be made.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A. Rosa
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63108 USA
| | - Taniawati Supali
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Lincoln Gankpala
- Public Health and Medical Research, National Public Health Institute of Liberia, Charlesville, Liberia
| | - Yenny Djuardi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Erliyani Sartono
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yanjiao Zhou
- Microbial Genomics, The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT USA
| | - Kerstin Fischer
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - John Martin
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63108 USA
| | - Rahul Tyagi
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63108 USA
| | - Fatorma K. Bolay
- Public Health and Medical Research, National Public Health Institute of Liberia, Charlesville, Liberia
| | - Peter U. Fischer
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Maria Yazdanbakhsh
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Makedonka Mitreva
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63108 USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Reda AA. Probiotics for the Control of Helminth Zoonosis. J Vet Med 2018; 2018:4178986. [PMID: 29666821 PMCID: PMC5831688 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4178986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper is a comprehensive, concise, and an up to date review about probiotics effect and mechanisms against helminth infections of zoonotic importance. Zoonoses are diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans in a reversible way. Despite zoonotic helminth diseases being still a challenge to the public health and the agriculture industries globally, they were still neglected in both human and veterinary medicine. Moreover, the increasing emergence of anthelmintic drug resistance constitutes failures of most disease control strategies, alarming for a quest to new alternative control approaches. Consequently, the use of beneficial microorganisms, probiotics, is becoming interesting for its prophylactic or therapeutic application against several diseases including helminths. Recent studies on probiotics against parasites and the interactions between bacteria, parasites, and the immune system in the gut draw much attention. However, the effects of these beneficial microorganisms in helminth infections remain largely unexplored. Therefore, the aim of the present review is to raise attention and to summarize recent findings on probiotics research against helminth parasites of zoonotic significance. State-of-the-art research on beneficial effects of bacteria on helminth infections and their proposed mechanisms of action is thoroughly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abadi Amare Reda
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wollo University, P.O. Box 1145, Dessie, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Free A, McDonald MA, Pagaling E. Diversity-Function Relationships in Natural, Applied, and Engineered Microbial Ecosystems. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2018; 105:131-189. [PMID: 30342721 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The connection between ecosystem function and taxonomic diversity has been of interest and relevance to macroecologists for decades. After many years of lagging behind due to the difficulty of assigning both taxonomy and function to poorly distinguishable microscopic cells, microbial ecology now has access to a suite of powerful molecular tools which allow its practitioners to generate data relating to diversity and function of a microbial community on an unprecedented scale. Instead, the problem facing today's microbial ecologists is coupling the ease of generation of these datasets with the formulation and testing of workable hypotheses relating the diversity and function of environmental, host-associated, and engineered microbial communities. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding the links between taxonomic alpha- and beta-diversity and ecosystem function, comparing our knowledge in this area to that obtained by macroecologists who use more traditional techniques. We consider the methodologies that can be applied to study these properties and how successful they are at linking function to diversity, using examples from the study of model microbial ecosystems, methanogenic bioreactors (anaerobic digesters), and host-associated microbiota. Finally, we assess ways in which our newly acquired understanding might be used to manipulate diversity in ecosystems of interest in order to improve function for the benefit of us or the environment in general through the provision of ecosystem services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Free
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A McDonald
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Eulyn Pagaling
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Partida-Rodríguez O, Serrano-Vázquez A, Nieves-Ramírez ME, Moran P, Rojas L, Portillo T, González E, Hernández E, Finlay BB, Ximenez C. Human Intestinal Microbiota: Interaction Between Parasites and the Host Immune Response. Arch Med Res 2017; 48:690-700. [PMID: 29290328 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The human gut is a highly complex ecosystem with an extensive microbial community, and the influence of the intestinal microbiota reaches the entire host organism. For example, the microbiome regulates fat storage, stimulates or renews epithelial cells, and influences the development and maturation of the brain and the immune system. Intestinal microbes can protect against infection by pathogenic bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. Hence, the maintenance of homeostasis between the gut microbiota and the rest of the body is crucial for health, with dysbiosis affecting disease. This review focuses on intestinal protozoa, especially those still representing a public health problem in Mexico, and their interactions with the microbiome and the host. The decrease in prevalence of intestinal helminthes in humans left a vacant ecological niche that was quickly occupied by protozoa. Although the mechanisms governing the interaction between intestinal microbiota and protozoa are poorly understood, it is known that the composition of the intestinal bacterial populations modulates the progression of protozoan infection and the outcome of parasitic disease. Most reports on the complex interactions between intestinal bacteria, protozoa and the immune system emphasize the protective role of the microbiota against protozoan infection. Insights into such protection may facilitate the manipulation of microbiota components to prevent and treat intestinal protozoan infections. Here we discuss recent findings about the immunoregulatory effect of intestinal microbiota with regards to intestinal colonization by protozoa, focusing on infections by Entamoeba histolytica, Blastocystis spp, Giardia duodenalis, Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptosporidium parvum. The possible consequences of the microbiota on parasitic, allergic and autoimmune disorders are also considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oswaldo Partida-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of Brithish Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Angélica Serrano-Vázquez
- Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Miriam E Nieves-Ramírez
- Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Patricia Moran
- Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Liliana Rojas
- Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Tobias Portillo
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Bioestadística y Biología Computacional. Red de Apoyo a la Investigación Científica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto Nacional De Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Enrique González
- Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Eric Hernández
- Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - B Brett Finlay
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of Brithish Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Cecilia Ximenez
- Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Abstract
The trillions of microbes living in the gut—the gut microbiota—play an important role in human biology and disease. While much has been done to explore its diversity, a full understanding of our microbiomes demands an evolutionary perspective. In this review, we compare microbiomes from human populations, placing them in the context of microbes from humanity’s near and distant animal relatives. We discuss potential mechanisms to generate host-specific microbiome configurations and the consequences of disrupting those configurations. Finally, we propose that this broader phylogenetic perspective is useful for understanding the mechanisms underlying human–microbiome interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Davenport
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jon G Sanders
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Se Jin Song
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Katherine R Amato
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Andrew G Clark
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Department of Computer Science & Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Microbial community and ovine host response varies with early and late stages of Haemonchus contortus infection. Vet Res Commun 2017; 41:263-277. [PMID: 29098532 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-017-9698-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between gastric microbiota, ovine host, and Haemonchus contortus portray the ovine gastric environment as a complex ecosystem, where all factors play a pertinent role in fine-tuning each other and in haemeostasis. We delineated the impact of early and late Haemonchus infection on abomasal and ruminal microbial community, as well as the ovine host. Twelve, parasite-naive lambs were divided into four groups, 7 days post-infection (dpi) and time-matched uninfected-control groups; 50 dpi and time-matched uninfected control groups were used for the experiment. Six sheep were inoculated with 5000 H. contortus infective larvae and followed for 7 or 50 days with their corresponding uninfected-control ones. Ovine abomasal tissues were collected for histological analysis and gastric fluids were collected for PH value measurements, microbial community isolation and Illumina MiSeq platform and bioinformatic analysis. Our results showed that Haemonchus infection increased the abomasal gastric pH (P = 0.05) and resulted in necrotizing and inflammatory changes that were more severe during acute infection. Furthermore, infection increased the abomasal bacterial load and decreased the ruminal microbiome. A 7-day infection of sheep with H. contortus significantly altered approximately 98% and 94% of genera in the abomasal and ruminal bacterial profile, respectively (P = 0.04-0.05). However, the approximate altered genera 50 days after infection in the ovine abomasal and ruminal microbiome were about 62% and 69%, correspondingly (P = 0.04-0.05) with increase in some bacteria and decrease in others. Overall, these results indicate that Haemonchus infection plays a crucial role in shaping stomach microbial community composition, and diversity.
Collapse
|
96
|
Marzano V, Mancinelli L, Bracaglia G, Del Chierico F, Vernocchi P, Di Girolamo F, Garrone S, Tchidjou Kuekou H, D’Argenio P, Dallapiccola B, Urbani A, Putignani L. "Omic" investigations of protozoa and worms for a deeper understanding of the human gut "parasitome". PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005916. [PMID: 29095820 PMCID: PMC5667730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut has been continuously exposed to a broad spectrum of intestinal organisms, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites (protozoa and worms), over millions of years of coevolution, and plays a central role in human health. The modern lifestyles of Western countries, such as the adoption of highly hygienic habits, the extensive use of antimicrobial drugs, and increasing globalisation, have dramatically altered the composition of the gut milieu, especially in terms of its eukaryotic “citizens.” In the past few decades, numerous studies have highlighted the composition and role of human intestinal bacteria in physiological and pathological conditions, while few investigations exist on gut parasites and particularly on their coexistence and interaction with the intestinal microbiota. Studies of the gut “parasitome” through “omic” technologies, such as (meta)genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, are herein reviewed to better understand their role in the relationships between intestinal parasites, host, and resident prokaryotes, whether pathogens or commensals. Systems biology–based profiles of the gut “parasitome” under physiological and severe disease conditions can indeed contribute to the control of infectious diseases and offer a new perspective of omics-assisted tropical medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Marzano
- Human Microbiome Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Livia Mancinelli
- Laboratory Medicine, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Bracaglia
- Laboratory Medicine, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Pamela Vernocchi
- Human Microbiome Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Garrone
- Laboratory Medicine, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Patrizia D’Argenio
- Pediatric Immuno-infectivology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Dallapiccola
- Scientific Directorate, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Urbani
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biochemical Clinic, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery–Policlinico A. Gemelli, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
- Proteomic and Metabonomic Unit, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenza Putignani
- Human Microbiome Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Parasitology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Das B, Kumar N, Jadav MM, Solanki JB, Rao TKS. Physio-biochemical parameters: a potential tool for target-selective treatment of haemonchosis in the small ruminants. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 49:1577-1589. [PMID: 28717850 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1362-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the conjunctiva colour-based FAMACHA score (FS) coupled with a body condition score (BCS), haemogram and stressor hormone level estimation, in identifying post-mortem (PM)/coproscopically proven individuals wanting therapy for economically important gastrointestinal (GI) helminths, Haemonchus contortus, in the small ruminants. The incidence of haemonchosis was significantly (p < 0.05) higher (60.81%) in the ruminants with FS = 3. The H. contortus count in the animals with FS 2, 3 and 4 was 23.2 ± 0.37, 62 ± 2.5 and 74 ± 3.2 (p < 0.05) [positive correlation (r = 0.841 in goats; r = 0.828 in sheep, p < 0.05)], respectively, with corresponding 2.8 ± 0.15, 2 ± 0.3 and 2 ± 0.16 BCS (negative correlation, p > 0.05). The infected animals of FS 2, 3 and 4 measured 8.2 ± 0.0, 7.5 ± 0.23 and 6.7 ± 0.34 g/dl Hb (r = -0.452, p = 0.01) in goats/9.3 ± 0.8, 8.6 ± 0.5 and 7.6 ± 0.3 g/dl Hb (r = -0.511, p = 0.05) in sheep with 21.2, 19.8 ± 1.8 and 17.8 ± 0.2% PCV (r = -0.369, p = 0.05) in goats/26.7 ± 1.2, 22.2 ± 0.2 and 20.9 ± 0.6% PCV (r = -0.251, p = 0.03) in sheep, respectively. The FS 2, 3 and 4 infected goats/sheep measured 6.1 ± 0, 7.9 ± 1.0 and 9.5 ± 0.9 (p < 0.05)/5.8 ± 2.3, 6.9 ± 1.2 and 7.8 ± 0.2% (p < 0.05) mid-granulocyte [(r = 0.928 (goats)/0.834 (sheep), p < 0.05], while the cortisol level was 15.6, 23 ± 4.5 and 42 ± 2.3 (p = 0.23)/12.1 ± 0, 15.9 ± 1.2 and 24 ± 3.4 (p = 0.29) μg/dl, respectively. The infected ruminants recorded low (p < 0.05) level of Hb/PCV while high level of mid-granulocytes/cortisol. Specificity of FAMACHA test was maximized (100%) when FS = 4 was considered anaemic, but sensitivity was low (35.29% in goats; 25% in sheep). The false negatives was 5.9 (goat)/12.5 (sheep)% when FS ≥ 3 was considered anaemic. The small ruminants with FS ≥ 3, BCS ≤ 2.5, Hb ≤ 7.5 g/dl (goats)/8.6 g/dl (sheep), PCV ≤ 19.8% (goats)/22.2% (sheep) and mid-granulocyte ≥7.9% (goats)/6.9 ± 1.2% (sheep) can be subjected to target-selective treatment for haemonchosis in the field simultaneously maximizing the economic benefit to the farmers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhupamani Das
- Department of Parasitology, Veterinary College, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, 396 450, India
| | - Niranjan Kumar
- Department of Parasitology, Veterinary College, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, 396 450, India.
| | - Mehul M Jadav
- Department of Parasitology, Veterinary College, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, 396 450, India
| | - Jayesh B Solanki
- Department of Parasitology, Veterinary College, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, 396 450, India
| | - T K S Rao
- Department of Livestock Production and Management, Veterinary College, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, 396 450, India
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Harnett MM, Harnett W. Can Parasitic Worms Cure the Modern World's Ills? Trends Parasitol 2017; 33:694-705. [PMID: 28606411 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There has been increasing recognition that the alarming surge in allergy and autoimmunity in the industrialised and developing worlds shadows the rapid eradication of pathogens, such as parasitic helminths. Appreciation of this has fuelled an explosion in research investigating the therapeutic potential of these worms. This review considers the current state-of-play with a particular focus on exciting recent advances in the identification of potential novel targets for immunomodulation that can be exploited therapeutically. Furthermore, we contemplate the prospects for designing worm-derived immunotherapies for an ever-widening range of inflammatory diseases, including, for example, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and ageing as well as neurodevelopmental disorders like autism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Harnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - William Harnett
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Midha A, Schlosser J, Hartmann S. Reciprocal Interactions between Nematodes and Their Microbial Environments. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:144. [PMID: 28497029 PMCID: PMC5406411 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic nematode infections are widespread in nature, affecting humans as well as wild, companion, and livestock animals. Most parasitic nematodes inhabit the intestines of their hosts living in close contact with the intestinal microbiota. Many species also have tissue migratory life stages in the absence of severe systemic inflammation of the host. Despite the close coexistence of helminths with numerous microbes, little is known concerning these interactions. While the environmental niche is considerably different, the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is also found amongst a diverse microbiota, albeit on decaying organic matter. As a very well characterized model organism that has been intensively studied for several decades, C. elegans interactions with bacteria are much more deeply understood than those of their parasitic counterparts. The enormous breadth of understanding achieved by the C. elegans research community continues to inform many aspects of nematode parasitology. Here, we summarize what is known regarding parasitic nematode-bacterial interactions while comparing and contrasting this with information from work in C. elegans. This review highlights findings concerning responses to bacterial stimuli, antimicrobial peptides, and the reciprocal influences between nematodes and their environmental bacteria. Furthermore, the microbiota of nematodes as well as alterations in the intestinal microbiota of mammalian hosts by helminth infections are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Midha
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Josephine Schlosser
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Hartmann
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Wang JZ, Du WT, Xu YL, Cheng SZ, Liu ZJ. Gut microbiome-based medical methodologies for early-stage disease prevention. Microb Pathog 2017; 105:122-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|