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Lv Y, Yan Z, Zhao X, Gang X, He G, Sun L, Li Z, Wang G. The effects of gut microbiota on metabolic outcomes in pregnant women and their offspring. Food Funct 2019; 9:4537-4547. [PMID: 30101246 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00601f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic diseases such as gestational diabetes mellitus and obesity during pregnancy have become severe health issues due to adverse pregnant outcomes in recent years. Maternal metabolic disorders can influence the long-term health of mothers and their offspring. Current evidence demonstrated that gut microbiota plays a crucial role in metabolic dysfunction during gestation. Maternal status is associated with alterations in the compositions and diversity of the intestinal microbiota community during gestation. Antibiotic treatments may disturb the gut microbiota of pregnant women, and scientific probiotic and prebiotic supplements have positive effects on mothers and their offspring. This review discusses the role of gut microbiota on metabolic outcomes in pregnant women and their offspring, and further illustrates the impact of interventions on metabolic disorders in pregnancy. Our study may provide a novel target for health management during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Lv
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is rising drastically for the past decades at a rate that cannot be explained by genetic changes alone. Environmental changes are considered to be the main drivers of this change. Recently, the gut microbiota has been suggested as a missing link between known environmental disease modulators and T1D promotion. Lifestyle factors have changed over time and have altered the gut microbiota-host interaction affecting T1D development. The purpose of this review is to discuss recent data emphasizing the modulatory potential of early lifestyle factors on gut microbiota and to elucidate their implication for T1D. RECENT FINDINGS Recent findings show that lifestyle factors, especially those that affect the early establishment of gut homeostasis and the education of the immune system, are crucial disease modulators. Changing lifestyle factors affecting the early establishment of gut homeostasis are suggested to be key drivers of the rising T1D incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Gülden
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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Pearson JA, Agriantonis A, Wong FS, Wen L. Modulation of the immune system by the gut microbiota in the development of type 1 diabetes. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:2580-2596. [PMID: 30156993 PMCID: PMC6314421 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1514354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
T1D is an autoimmune disease characterized by T cell-mediated destruction of insulin-producing β-cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans, resulting in hyperglycemia, with patients requiring lifelong insulin treatment. Many studies have shown that genetics alone are not sufficient for the increase in T1D incidence and thus other factors have been suggested to modify the disease risk. T1D incidence has sharply increased in the developed world, especially amongst youth. In Europe, T1D incidence is increasing at an annual rate of 3-4%. Increasing evidence shows that gut microbiota, as one of the environmental factors influencing diabetes development, play an important role in development of T1D. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about the relationship between the microbiota and T1D. We also discuss the possibility of T1D prevention by changing the composition of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Pearson
- Section of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andrew Agriantonis
- Section of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - F. Susan Wong
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Li Wen
- Section of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Rosa CP, Brancaglion GA, Miyauchi-Tavares TM, Corsetti PP, de Almeida LA. Antibiotic-induced dysbiosis effects on the murine gastrointestinal tract and their systemic repercussions. Life Sci 2018; 207:480-491. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Relationships Between Perinatal Interventions, Maternal-Infant Microbiomes, and Neonatal Outcomes. Clin Perinatol 2018; 45:339-355. [PMID: 29747892 DOI: 10.1016/j.clp.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The human microbiome acquires its vastness and diversity over a relatively short time period during development. Much is unknown, however, about the precise prenatal versus postnatal timing or its sources and determinants. Given early evidence of a role for influences during pregnancy and early neonatal and infant life on the microbiome and subsequent metabolic health, research investigating the development and shaping of the microbiome in the fetus and neonate is an important arena for study. This article reviews the relevant available literature and future questions on what shapes the microbiome during early development and mechanisms for doing so.
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Stiemsma LT, Michels KB. The Role of the Microbiome in the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease. Pediatrics 2018; 141:e20172437. [PMID: 29519955 PMCID: PMC5869344 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2017-2437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the prominent role of the microbiome in human health has been established, the early-life microbiome is now being recognized as a major influence on long-term human health and development. Variations in the composition and functional potential of the early-life microbiome are the result of lifestyle factors, such as mode of birth, breastfeeding, diet, and antibiotic usage. In addition, variations in the composition of the early-life microbiome have been associated with specific disease outcomes, such as asthma, obesity, and neurodevelopmental disorders. This points toward this bacterial consortium as a mediator between early lifestyle factors and health and disease. In addition, variations in the microbial intrauterine environment may predispose neonates to specific health outcomes later in life. A role of the microbiome in the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease is supported in this collective research. Highlighting the early-life critical window of susceptibility associated with microbiome development, we discuss infant microbial colonization, beginning with the maternal-to-fetal exchange of microbes in utero and up through the influence of breastfeeding in the first year of life. In addition, we review the available disease-specific evidence pointing toward the microbiome as a mechanistic mediator in the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah T Stiemsma
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Karin B Michels
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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Nogacka AM, Salazar N, Arboleya S, Suárez M, Fernández N, Solís G, de Los Reyes-Gavilán CG, Gueimonde M. Early microbiota, antibiotics and health. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:83-91. [PMID: 28988290 PMCID: PMC11105232 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2670-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The colonization of the neonatal digestive tract provides a microbial stimulus required for an adequate maturation towards the physiological homeostasis of the host. This colonization, which is affected by several factors, begins with facultative anaerobes and continues with anaerobic genera. Accumulating evidence underlines the key role of the early neonatal period for this microbiota-induced maturation, being a key determinant factor for later health. Therefore, understanding the factors that determine the establishment of the microbiota in the infant is of critical importance. Exposure to antibiotics, either prenatally or postnatally, is common in early life mainly due to the use of intrapartum prophylaxis or to the administration of antibiotics in C-section deliveries. However, we are still far from understanding the impact of early antibiotics and their long-term effects. Increased risk of non-communicable diseases, such as allergies or obesity, has been observed in individuals exposed to antibiotics during early infancy. Moreover, the impact of antibiotics on the establishment of the infant gut resistome, and on the role of the microbiota as a reservoir of resistance genes, should be evaluated in the context of the problems associated with the increasing number of antibiotic resistant pathogenic strains. In this article, we review and discuss the above-mentioned issues with the aim of encouraging debate on the actions needed for understanding the impact of early life antibiotics upon human microbiota and health and for developing strategies aimed at minimizing this impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja M Nogacka
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Rio Linares s/n, 33300, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Nuria Salazar
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Rio Linares s/n, 33300, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Silvia Arboleya
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marta Suárez
- Pediatrics Service, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, SESPA, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Nuria Fernández
- Pediatrics Service, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, SESPA, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Solís
- Pediatrics Service, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, SESPA, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Clara G de Los Reyes-Gavilán
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Rio Linares s/n, 33300, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Miguel Gueimonde
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Rio Linares s/n, 33300, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain.
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Early-life environmental exposures interact with genetic susceptibility variants in pediatric patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 141:632-637.e5. [PMID: 29029802 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is associated with certain gene variants, the rapidly increasing incidence of EoE suggests that environmental factors contribute to disease development. OBJECTIVE We tested for gene-environment interaction between EoE-predisposing polymorphisms (within TSLP, LOC283710/KLF13, CAPN14, CCL26, and TGFB) and implicated early-life factors (antibiotic use in infancy, cesarean delivery, breast-feeding, neonatal intensive care unit [NICU] admission, and absence of pets in the home). METHODS We conducted a case-control study using hospital-based cases (n = 127) and control subjects representative of the hospital catchment area (n = 121). We computed case-only interaction tests and in secondary analyses evaluated the combined and independent effects of genotype and environmental factors on the risk of EoE. RESULTS Case-only analyses identified interactions between rs6736278 (CAPN14) and breast-feeding (P = .02) and rs17815905 (LOC283710/KLF13) and NICU admission (P = .02) but not with any of the factors examined. Case-control analyses suggested that disease risk might be modifiable in subjects with certain gene variants. In particular, breast-feeding in those with the susceptibility gene variant at rs6736278 (CAPN14) reduced the risk of EoE (adjusted odds ratio, 0.08; 95% CI, 0.01-0.59). Admission to the NICU in those without the susceptibility gene variant at rs17815905 (LOC283710/KLF13) significantly increased the risk of having disease (adjusted odds ratio, 4.83; 95% CI, 1.49-15.66). CONCLUSIONS The interplay of gene (CAPN14 and LOC283710/KLF13) and early-life environment factors (breast-feeding and NICU admission) might contribute to EoE susceptibility.
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De Riva A, Wållberg M, Ronchi F, Coulson R, Sage A, Thorne L, Goodfellow I, McCoy KD, Azuma M, Cooke A, Busch R. Regulation of type 1 diabetes development and B-cell activation in nonobese diabetic mice by early life exposure to a diabetogenic environment. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181964. [PMID: 28771521 PMCID: PMC5542673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes, including viruses, influence type 1 diabetes (T1D) development, but many such influences remain undefined. Previous work on underlying immune mechanisms has focussed on cytokines and T cells. Here, we compared two nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse colonies, NODlow and NODhigh, differing markedly in their cumulative T1D incidence (22% vs. 90% by 30 weeks in females). NODhigh mice harbored more complex intestinal microbiota, including several pathobionts; both colonies harbored segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB), thought to suppress T1D. Young NODhigh females had increased B-cell activation in their mesenteric lymph nodes. These phenotypes were transmissible. Co-housing of NODlow with NODhigh mice after weaning did not change T1D development, but T1D incidence was increased in female offspring of co-housed NODlow mice, which were exposed to the NODhigh environment both before and after weaning. These offspring also acquired microbiota and B-cell activation approaching those of NODhigh mice. In NODlow females, the low rate of T1D was unaffected by cyclophosphamide but increased by PD-L1 blockade. Thus, environmental exposures that are innocuous later in life may promote T1D progression if acquired early during immune development, possibly by altering B-cell activation and/or PD-L1 function. Moreover, T1D suppression in NOD mice by SFB may depend on the presence of other microbial influences. The complexity of microbial immune regulation revealed in this murine model may also be relevant to the environmental regulation of human T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra De Riva
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maja Wållberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Ronchi
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DKF), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Richard Coulson
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Sage
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Thorne
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Goodfellow
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kathy D. McCoy
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DKF), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Miyuki Azuma
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anne Cooke
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Busch
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, United Kingdom
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60
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Agace WW, McCoy KD. Regionalized Development and Maintenance of the Intestinal Adaptive Immune Landscape. Immunity 2017; 46:532-548. [PMID: 28423335 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal immune system has the daunting task of protecting us from pathogenic insults while limiting inflammatory responses against the resident commensal microbiota and providing tolerance to food antigens. This role is particularly impressive when one considers the vast mucosal surface and changing landscape that the intestinal immune system must monitor. In this review, we highlight regional differences in the development and composition of the adaptive immune landscape of the intestine and the impact of local intrinsic and environmental factors that shape this process. To conclude, we review the evidence for a critical window of opportunity for early-life exposures that affect immune development and alter disease susceptibility later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W Agace
- Division of Immunology and Vaccinology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; Immunology Section, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC D14, Sölvegatan 19, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Kathy D McCoy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
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61
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Wang H, Wang N, Qian J, Hu L, Huang P, Su M, Yu X, Fu C, Jiang F, Zhao Q, Zhou Y, Lin H, He G, Chen Y, Jiang Q. Urinary Antibiotics of Pregnant Women in Eastern China and Cumulative Health Risk Assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:3518-3525. [PMID: 28230987 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b06474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to antibiotics during pregnancy can pose a systematic effect on human health. A few biomonitoring studies have demonstrated an extensive exposure of children to antibiotics, but there is still a lack of data for pregnant women. To assess the exposure of pregnant women to antibiotics and potential health risk, we investigated 536 pregnant women aged 16-42 years from two geographically different study sites in Eastern China in 2015. We measured 21 antibiotics of five categories (seven fluoroquinolones, three phenicols, four tetracyclines, three macrolides, and four sulfonamides) in urine using the isotope dilution ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The hazard index (HI) was calculated on the basis of estimated daily exposure dose and acceptable daily intakes. A total of 16 antibiotics were found in urine, with detection frequencies between 0.2 and 16.0%. Antibiotics were overall detected in 41.6% of urine, and two or more antibiotics were detected in 13.1% of urine. Ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and trimethoprim were most frequently detected in urine, with detection frequencies between 10 and 20%. The majority of the antibiotics tested had an estimated daily exposure dose less than 1 μg/kg/day, and 4.3% of pregnant women had a HI value of more than 1. These findings indicated that pregnant women were frequently exposed to antibiotics and some individuals were in the potential risk of adverse microbiological effects induced by antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hexing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Wang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhua Qian
- Haimen City Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Haimen, Jiangsu 226100, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyun Hu
- Yuhuan County Maternal and Child Health Hospital , Yuhuan, Taizhou, Zhejiang 317600, People's Republic of China
| | - Peixin Huang
- Haimen City Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Haimen, Jiangsu 226100, People's Republic of China
| | - Meifang Su
- Yuhuan County Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Yuhuan, Taizhou, Zhejiang 317600, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaowei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Haijiang Lin
- Taizhou City Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, People's Republic of China
| | - Gengsheng He
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Chen
- School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Qingwu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
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Antibiotics, gut microbiota, environment in early life and type 1 diabetes. Pharmacol Res 2017; 119:219-226. [PMID: 28188825 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota interact with innate immune cells and play an important role in shaping the immune system. Many factors may influence the composition of the microbiota such as mode of birth, diet, infections and medication including antibiotics. In diseases with a multifactorial etiology, like type 1 diabetes, manipulation and alterations of the microbiota in animal models have been shown to influence the incidence and onset of disease. The microbiota are an important part of the internal environment and understanding how these bacteria interact with the innate immune cells to generate immune tolerance may open up opportunities for development of new therapeutic strategies. In this review, we discuss recent findings in relation to the microbiota, particularly in the context of type 1 diabetes.
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63
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Scott FW, Pound LD, Patrick C, Eberhard CE, Crookshank JA. Where genes meet environment-integrating the role of gut luminal contents, immunity and pancreas in type 1 diabetes. Transl Res 2017; 179:183-198. [PMID: 27677687 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The rise in new cases of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in genetically susceptible individuals over the past half century has been attributed to numerous environmental "triggers" or promoters such as enteroviruses, diet, and most recently, gut bacteria. No single cause has been identified in humans, likely because there are several pathways by which one can develop T1D. There is renewed attention to the role of the gut and its immune system in T1D pathogenesis based largely on recent animal studies demonstrating that altering the gut microbiota affects diabetes incidence. Although T1D patients display dysbiosis in the gut microbiome, it is unclear whether this is cause or effect. The heart of this question involves several moving parts including numerous risk genes, diet, viruses, gut microbiota, timing, and loss of immune tolerance to β-cells. Most clinical trials have addressed only one aspect of this puzzle using some form of immune suppression, without much success. The key location where our genes meet and deal with the environment is the gastrointestinal tract. The influence of all of its major contents, including microbes, diet, and immune system, must be understood as part of the integrative biology of T1D before we can develop durable means of preventing, treating, or curing this disease. In the present review, we expand our previous gut-centric model based on recent developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser W Scott
- Chronic Disease Program, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
| | - Lynley D Pound
- Chronic Disease Program, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Christopher Patrick
- Chronic Disease Program, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Chandra E Eberhard
- Chronic Disease Program, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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64
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Salomäki-Myftari H, Vähätalo LH, Ailanen L, Pietilä S, Laiho A, Hänninen A, Pursiheimo JP, Munukka E, Rintala A, Savontaus E, Pesonen U, Koulu M. Neuropeptide Y Overexpressing Female and Male Mice Show Divergent Metabolic but Not Gut Microbial Responses to Prenatal Metformin Exposure. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163805. [PMID: 27681875 PMCID: PMC5040270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prenatal metformin exposure has been shown to improve the metabolic outcome in the offspring of high fat diet fed dams. However, if this is evident also in a genetic model of obesity and whether gut microbiota has a role, is not known. Methods The metabolic effects of prenatal metformin exposure were investigated in a genetic model of obesity, mice overexpressing neuropeptide Y in the sympathetic nervous system and in brain noradrenergic neurons (OE-NPYDβH). Metformin was given for 18 days to the mated female mice. Body weight, body composition, glucose tolerance and serum parameters of the offspring were investigated on regular diet from weaning and sequentially on western diet (at the age of 5–7 months). Gut microbiota composition was analysed by 16S rRNA sequencing at 10–11 weeks. Results In the male offspring, metformin exposure inhibited weight gain. Moreover, weight of white fat depots and serum insulin and lipids tended to be lower at 7 months. In contrast, in the female offspring, metformin exposure impaired glucose tolerance at 3 months, and subsequently increased body weight gain, fat mass and serum cholesterol. In the gut microbiota, a decline in Erysipelotrichaceae and Odoribacter was detected in the metformin exposed offspring. Furthermore, the abundance of Sutterella tended to be decreased and Parabacteroides increased. Gut microbiota composition of the metformin exposed male offspring correlated to their metabolic phenotype. Conclusion Prenatal metformin exposure caused divergent metabolic phenotypes in the female and male offspring. Nevertheless, gut microbiota of metformin exposed offspring was similarly modified in both genders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriikka Salomäki-Myftari
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Drug Research Doctoral Programme (DRDP), University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura H. Vähätalo
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Drug Research Doctoral Programme (DRDP), University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Liisa Ailanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Drug Research Doctoral Programme (DRDP), University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sami Pietilä
- Bioinformatics Unit, Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Asta Laiho
- Bioinformatics Unit, Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Arno Hänninen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Juha-Pekka Pursiheimo
- Turku Clinical Sequencing Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Eveliina Munukka
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anniina Rintala
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Eriika Savontaus
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ullamari Pesonen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Markku Koulu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- * E-mail:
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Livanos AE, Greiner TU, Vangay P, Pathmasiri W, Stewart D, McRitchie S, Li H, Chung J, Sohn J, Kim S, Gao Z, Barber C, Kim J, Ng S, Rogers AB, Sumner S, Zhang XS, Cadwell K, Knights D, Alekseyenko A, Bäckhed F, Blaser MJ. Antibiotic-mediated gut microbiome perturbation accelerates development of type 1 diabetes in mice. Nat Microbiol 2016; 1:16140. [PMID: 27782139 PMCID: PMC5808443 DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The early life microbiome plays important roles in host immunological and metabolic development. Because the incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) has been increasing substantially in recent decades, we hypothesized that early-life antibiotic use alters gut microbiota, which predisposes to disease. Using non-obese diabetic mice that are genetically susceptible to T1D, we examined the effects of exposure to either continuous low-dose antibiotics or pulsed therapeutic antibiotics (PAT) early in life, mimicking childhood exposures. We found that in mice receiving PAT, T1D incidence was significantly higher, and microbial community composition and structure differed compared with controls. In pre-diabetic male PAT mice, the intestinal lamina propria had lower Th17 and Treg proportions and intestinal SAA expression than in controls, suggesting key roles in transducing the altered microbiota signals. PAT affected microbial lipid metabolism and host cholesterol biosynthetic gene expression. These findings show that early-life antibiotic treatments alter the gut microbiota and its metabolic capacities, intestinal gene expression and T-cell populations, accelerating T1D onset in non-obese diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra E. Livanos
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Human Microbiome Program, New York University Langone Medical Center, Medical Service, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Thomas U. Greiner
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pajau Vangay
- Biomedical Informatics and Computational Biology Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis 55455, USA
| | - Wimal Pathmasiri
- Systems and Translational Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Delisha Stewart
- Systems and Translational Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Susan McRitchie
- Systems and Translational Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Huilin Li
- Departments of Population Health, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Jennifer Chung
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Human Microbiome Program, New York University Langone Medical Center, Medical Service, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Jiho Sohn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Human Microbiome Program, New York University Langone Medical Center, Medical Service, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Sara Kim
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Human Microbiome Program, New York University Langone Medical Center, Medical Service, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Zhan Gao
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Human Microbiome Program, New York University Langone Medical Center, Medical Service, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Cecily Barber
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Human Microbiome Program, New York University Langone Medical Center, Medical Service, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Joanne Kim
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Human Microbiome Program, New York University Langone Medical Center, Medical Service, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Sandy Ng
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Human Microbiome Program, New York University Langone Medical Center, Medical Service, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Arlin B. Rogers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, USA
| | - Susan Sumner
- Systems and Translational Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Xue-Song Zhang
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Human Microbiome Program, New York University Langone Medical Center, Medical Service, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, USA
- Skirball Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Dan Knights
- Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis 55455, USA
- Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minneapolis 55108, USA
| | - Alexander Alekseyenko
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Human Microbiome Program, New York University Langone Medical Center, Medical Service, New York, New York 10016, USA
- CHIBI, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Martin J. Blaser
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Human Microbiome Program, New York University Langone Medical Center, Medical Service, New York, New York 10016, USA
- New York Harbor Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New York, New York 10010, USA
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66
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Immune recognition and response to the intestinal microbiome in type 1 diabetes. J Autoimmun 2016; 71:10-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Our microbial companions (the "microbiota") are extremely important for the preservation of human health. Although changes in bacterial communities (dysbiosis) are commonly associated with disease, such changes have also been described in healthy pregnancies, where the microbiome plays an essential role in maternal and child health outcomes, including normal immune and metabolic function in later life. Nevertheless, this new understanding of the importance of the microbiome has not yet influenced contemporary clinical practice regarding antibiotic use during pregnancy. DISCUSSION Antibiotic treatment during pregnancy is widespread in Western countries, and accounts for 80 % of prescribed medications in pregnancy. However, antibiotic treatment, while at times lifesaving, can also have detrimental consequences. A single course of antibiotics perturbs bacterial communities, with evidence that the microbial ecosystem does not return completely to baseline following treatment. Antibiotics in pregnancy should be used only when indicated, choosing those with the narrowest range possible. Bacteria are essential for normal human development and, while antibiotic treatment during pregnancy has an important role in controlling and preventing infections, it may have undesired effects regarding the maternal and fetoplacental microbiomes. We expect that microbiota manipulation in pregnancy, through the use of probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation, will be the subject of increasing clinical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir A Kuperman
- Blood Coagulation Service and Pediatric Hematology Clinic, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel.,Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Henrietta Szold St. 8, POB 1589, Safed, Israel
| | - Omry Koren
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Henrietta Szold St. 8, POB 1589, Safed, Israel.
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68
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Rogers GB, Keating DJ, Young RL, Wong ML, Licinio J, Wesselingh S. From gut dysbiosis to altered brain function and mental illness: mechanisms and pathways. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:738-48. [PMID: 27090305 PMCID: PMC4879184 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 602] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The human body hosts an enormous abundance and diversity of microbes, which perform a range of essential and beneficial functions. Our appreciation of the importance of these microbial communities to many aspects of human physiology has grown dramatically in recent years. We know, for example, that animals raised in a germ-free environment exhibit substantially altered immune and metabolic function, while the disruption of commensal microbiota in humans is associated with the development of a growing number of diseases. Evidence is now emerging that, through interactions with the gut-brain axis, the bidirectional communication system between the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract, the gut microbiome can also influence neural development, cognition and behaviour, with recent evidence that changes in behaviour alter gut microbiota composition, while modifications of the microbiome can induce depressive-like behaviours. Although an association between enteropathy and certain psychiatric conditions has long been recognized, it now appears that gut microbes represent direct mediators of psychopathology. Here, we examine roles of gut microbiome in shaping brain development and neurological function, and the mechanisms by which it can contribute to mental illness. Further, we discuss how the insight provided by this new and exciting field of research can inform care and provide a basis for the design of novel, microbiota-targeted, therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Rogers
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Infection and Immunity Theme, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - D J Keating
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Centre for Neuroscience and Department of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - R L Young
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - M-L Wong
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Mind and Brain Theme, and Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - J Licinio
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Mind and Brain Theme, and Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - S Wesselingh
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Infection and Immunity Theme, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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69
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Gonzalez-Perez G, Hicks AL, Tekieli TM, Radens CM, Williams BL, Lamousé-Smith ESN. Maternal Antibiotic Treatment Impacts Development of the Neonatal Intestinal Microbiome and Antiviral Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:3768-79. [PMID: 27036912 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Microbial colonization of the infant gastrointestinal tract (GIT) begins at birth, is shaped by the maternal microbiota, and is profoundly altered by antibiotic treatment. Antibiotic treatment of mothers during pregnancy influences colonization of the GIT microbiota of their infants. The role of the GIT microbiota in regulating adaptive immune function against systemic viral infections during infancy remains undefined. We used a mouse model of perinatal antibiotic exposure to examine the effect of GIT microbial dysbiosis on infant CD8(+) T cell-mediated antiviral immunity. Maternal antibiotic treatment/treated (MAT) during pregnancy and lactation resulted in profound alterations in the composition of the GIT microbiota in mothers and infants. Streptococcus spp. dominated the GIT microbiota of MAT mothers, whereas Enterococcus faecalis predominated within the MAT infant GIT. MAT infant mice subsequently exhibited increased and accelerated mortality following vaccinia virus infection. Ag-specific IFN-γ-producing CD8(+) T cells were reduced in sublethally infected MAT infant mice. MAT CD8(+) T cells from uninfected infant mice also demonstrated a reduced capacity to sustain IFN-γ production following in vitro activation. We additionally determined that control infant mice became more susceptible to infection if they were born in an animal facility using stricter standards of hygiene. These data indicate that undisturbed colonization and progression of the GIT microbiota during infancy are necessary to promote robust adaptive antiviral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Gonzalez-Perez
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; and
| | - Allison L Hicks
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Tessa M Tekieli
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; and
| | - Caleb M Radens
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; and
| | - Brent L Williams
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Esi S N Lamousé-Smith
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; and
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70
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Jensen ET, Bertelsen RJ. Assessing Early Life Factors for Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Lessons From Other Allergic Diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 14:39-50. [PMID: 26801504 DOI: 10.1007/s11938-016-0083-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Few studies have been conducted to investigate possible early life determinants for eosinophilic esophagitis. An improved understanding of the etiologic factors implicated in disease development would further elucidate possible disease pathogenesis, inform therapeutic targets for disease treatment, and identify possible modifiable factors for disease prevention in genetically susceptible individuals. Although eosinophilic esophagitis is increasing in incidence and prevalence, the disease remains relatively rare, posing challenges for studying etiologic factors in disease development. Eosinophilic esophagitis is believed to be antigen-mediated, and most patients with EoE have concomitant atopic disease. In recent years, the evolution of our understanding of possible etiologic mechanisms in allergic disease has been informed by our understanding of how early life perturbations can lead to dysbiosis in the colonization of the microflora in the gastrointestinal tract and subsequent dysregulated immune development. Perturbations include factors such as antibiotic use, including prenatal, intra-antepartum, and infancy use of antibiotics, Cesarean delivery, preterm delivery, and neonatal intensive care admission. This article provides a review of these recent developments, as they relate to atopic disease, to inform future directions in the study of early life etiologic factors in the development of eosinophilic esophagitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T Jensen
- Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
| | - Randi J Bertelsen
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Occupational Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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71
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Abstract
Antibiotics are by far the most common medications prescribed for children. Recent epidemiological data suggests an association between early antibiotic use and disease phenotypes in adulthood. Antibiotic use during infancy induces imbalances in gut microbiota, called dysbiosis. The gut microbiome's responses to antibiotics and its potential link to disease development are especially complex to study in the changing infant gut. Here, we synthesize current knowledge linking antibiotics, dysbiosis, and disease and propose a framework for studying antibiotic-related dysbiosis in children. We recommend future studies into the microbiome-mediated effects of antibiotics focused on four types of dysbiosis: loss of keystone taxa, loss of diversity, shifts in metabolic capacity, and blooms of pathogens. Establishment of a large and diverse baseline cohort to define healthy infant microbiome development is essential to advancing diagnosis, interpretation, and eventual treatment of pediatric dysbiosis. This approach will also help provide evidence-based recommendations for antibiotic usage in infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pajau Vangay
- Biomedical Informatics and Computational Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Tonya Ward
- Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Gerber
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dan Knights
- Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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72
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Groer MW, Gregory KE, Louis-Jacques A, Thibeau S, Walker WA. The very low birth weight infant microbiome and childhood health. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 105:252-64. [PMID: 26663857 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review describes current understandings about the nature of the very low birth weight infant (VLBW) gut microbiome. VLBW infants often experience disruptive pregnancies and births, and prenatal factors can influence the maturity of the gut and immune system, and disturb microbial balance and succession. Many VLBWs experience rapid vaginal or Caesarean births. After birth these infants often have delays in enteral feeding, and many receive little or no mother's own milk. Furthermore the stressors of neonatal life in the hospital environment, common use of antibiotics, invasive procedures and maternal separation can contribute to dysbiosis. These infants experience gastrointestinal dysfunction, sepsis, transfusions, necrotizing enterocolitis, oxygen toxicity, and other pathophysiological conditions that affect the normal microbiota. The skin is susceptible to dysbiosis, due to its fragility and contact with NICU organisms. Dysbiosis in early life may resolve but little is known about the timing of the development of the signature gut microbiome in VLBWs. Dysbiosis has been associated with a number of physical and behavioral problems, including autism spectrum disorders, allergy and asthma, gastrointestinal disease, obesity, depression, and anxiety. Dysbiosis may be prevented or ameliorated in part by prenatal care, breast milk feeding, skin to skin contact, use of antibiotics only when necessary, and vigilance during infancy and early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen W Groer
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida College of Nursing, Tampa, Florida
| | - Katherine E Gregory
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Nursing, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Adetola Louis-Jacques
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida College of Nursing, Tampa, Florida
| | | | - W Allan Walker
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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73
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Majnik AV, Lane RH. The relationship between early-life environment, the epigenome and the microbiota. Epigenomics 2015; 7:1173-84. [DOI: 10.2217/epi.15.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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74
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Pearson JA, Wong FS, Wen L. The importance of the Non Obese Diabetic (NOD) mouse model in autoimmune diabetes. J Autoimmun 2015; 66:76-88. [PMID: 26403950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the pancreatic infiltration of immune cells resulting in T cell-mediated destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells. The successes of the Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) mouse model have come in multiple forms including identifying key genetic and environmental risk factors e.g. Idd loci and effects of microorganisms including the gut microbiota, respectively, and how they may contribute to disease susceptibility and pathogenesis. Furthermore, the NOD model also provides insights into the roles of the innate immune cells as well as the B cells in contributing to the T cell-mediated disease. Unlike many autoimmune disease models, the NOD mouse develops spontaneous disease and has many similarities to human T1D. Through exploiting these similarities many targets have been identified for immune-intervention strategies. Although many of these immunotherapies did not have a significant impact on human T1D, they have been shown to be effective in the NOD mouse in early stage disease, which is not equivalent to trials in newly-diagnosed patients with diabetes. However, the continued development of humanized NOD mice would enable further clinical developments, bringing T1D research to a new translational level. Therefore, it is the aim of this review to discuss the importance of the NOD model in identifying the roles of the innate immune system and the interaction with the gut microbiota in modifying diabetes susceptibility. In addition, the role of the B cells will also be discussed with new insights gained through B cell depletion experiments and the impact on translational developments. Finally, this review will also discuss the future of the NOD mouse and the development of humanized NOD mice, providing novel insights into human T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Pearson
- Section of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - F Susan Wong
- Diabetes Research Group, Institute of Molecular & Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
| | - Li Wen
- Section of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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75
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The impact of early life gut colonization on metabolic and obesogenic outcomes: what have animal models shown us? J Dev Orig Health Dis 2015; 7:15-24. [DOI: 10.1017/s2040174415001518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The rise in the occurrence of obesity to epidemic proportions has made it a global concern. Great difficulty has been experienced in efforts to control this growing problem with lifestyle interventions. Thus, attention has been directed to understanding the events of one of the most critical periods of development, perinatal life. Early life adversity driven by maternal obesity has been associated with an increased risk of metabolic disease and obesity in the offspring later in life. Although a mechanistic link explaining the relationship between maternal and offspring obesity is still under investigation, the gut microbiota has come forth as a new factor that may play a role modulating metabolic function of both the mother and the offspring. Emerging evidence suggests that the gut microbiota plays a much larger role in mediating the risk of developing non-communicable disease, including obesity and metabolic dysfunction in adulthood. With the observation that the early life colonization of the neonatal and postnatal gut is mediated by the perinatal environment, the number of studies investigating early life gut microbial establishment continues to grow. This paper will review early life gut colonization in experimental animal models, concentrating on the role of the early life environment in offspring gut colonization and the ability of the gut microbiota to dictate risk of disease later in life.
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76
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Hu Y, Peng J, Tai N, Hu C, Zhang X, Wong FS, Wen L. Maternal Antibiotic Treatment Protects Offspring from Diabetes Development in Nonobese Diabetic Mice by Generation of Tolerogenic APCs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4176-84. [PMID: 26401004 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease that involves the slow, progressive destruction of islet β cells and loss of insulin production, as a result of interaction with environmental factors, in genetically susceptible individuals. The gut microbiome is established very early in life. Commensal microbiota establish mutualism with the host and form an important part of the environment to which individuals are exposed in the gut, providing nutrients and shaping immune responses. In this study, we studied the impact of targeting most Gram-negative bacteria in the gut of NOD mice at different time points in their life, using a combination of three antibiotics--neomycin, polymyxin B, and streptomycin--on diabetes development. We found that the prenatal period is a critical time for shaping the immune tolerance in the progeny, influencing development of autoimmune diabetes. Prenatal neomycin, polymyxin B, and streptomycin treatment protected NOD mice from diabetes development through alterations in the gut microbiota, as well as induction of tolerogenic APCs, which led to reduced activation of diabetogenic CD8 T cells. Most importantly, we found that the protective effect was age dependent, and the most profound protection was found when the mice were treated before birth. This indicates the importance of the prenatal environment and early exposure to commensal bacteria in shaping the host immune system and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjia Hu
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and
| | - Jian Peng
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and
| | - Ningwen Tai
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and
| | - Changyun Hu
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and
| | - F Susan Wong
- Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Li Wen
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and
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Bikel S, Valdez-Lara A, Cornejo-Granados F, Rico K, Canizales-Quinteros S, Soberón X, Del Pozo-Yauner L, Ochoa-Leyva A. Combining metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and viromics to explore novel microbial interactions: towards a systems-level understanding of human microbiome. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2015; 13:390-401. [PMID: 26137199 PMCID: PMC4484546 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The advances in experimental methods and the development of high performance bioinformatic tools have substantially improved our understanding of microbial communities associated with human niches. Many studies have documented that changes in microbial abundance and composition of the human microbiome is associated with human health and diseased state. The majority of research on human microbiome is typically focused in the analysis of one level of biological information, i.e., metagenomics or metatranscriptomics. In this review, we describe some of the different experimental and bioinformatic strategies applied to analyze the 16S rRNA gene profiling and shotgun sequencing data of the human microbiome. We also discuss how some of the recent insights in the combination of metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and viromics can provide more detailed description on the interactions between microorganisms and viruses in oral and gut microbiomes. Recent studies on viromics have begun to gain importance due to the potential involvement of viruses in microbial dysbiosis. In addition, metatranscriptomic combined with metagenomic analysis have shown that a substantial fraction of microbial transcripts can be differentially regulated relative to their microbial genomic abundances. Thus, understanding the molecular interactions in the microbiome using the combination of metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and viromics is one of the main challenges towards a system level understanding of human microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Bikel
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), México, D.F. 14610, Mexico ; Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Avenida Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca C.P. 62210, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Valdez-Lara
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), México, D.F. 14610, Mexico ; Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Avenida Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca C.P. 62210, Mexico
| | - Fernanda Cornejo-Granados
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), México, D.F. 14610, Mexico ; Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Avenida Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca C.P. 62210, Mexico
| | - Karina Rico
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), México, D.F. 14610, Mexico
| | - Samuel Canizales-Quinteros
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), México, D.F. 14610, Mexico
| | - Xavier Soberón
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), México, D.F., Mexico
| | | | - Adrián Ochoa-Leyva
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), México, D.F. 14610, Mexico ; Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Avenida Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca C.P. 62210, Mexico
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Gülden E, Wong FS, Wen L. The gut microbiota and Type 1 Diabetes. Clin Immunol 2015; 159:143-53. [PMID: 26051037 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is a multifactorial, immune-mediated disease, which is characterized by the progressive destruction of autologous insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. The risk of developing T1D is determined by genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors. In the past few decades there has been a continuous rise in the incidence of T1D, which cannot be explained by genetic factors alone. Changes in our lifestyle that include diet, hygiene, and antibiotic usage have already been suggested to be causal factors for this rising T1D incidence. Only recently have microbiota, which are affected by all these factors, been recognized as key environmental factors affecting T1D development. In this review we will summarize current knowledge on the impact of gut microbiota on T1D development and give an outlook on the potential to design new microbiota-based therapies in the prevention and treatment of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Gülden
- Section of Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - F Susan Wong
- Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Li Wen
- Section of Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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79
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Targeting gut microbiota as a possible therapy for diabetes. Nutr Res 2015; 35:361-7. [PMID: 25818484 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of diabetes has increased rapidly across the entire world in the last 2 decades. Accumulating evidence suggests that gut microbiota contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetes. Several studies have demonstrated that patients with diabetes are characterized by a moderate degree of gut microbial dysbiosis. However, there are still substantial controversies regarding altered composition of the gut microbiota and the underlying mechanisms by which gut microbiota interact with the body's metabolism. The purpose of this review is to define the association between gut microbiota and diabetes. In doing so an electronic search of studies published in English from January 2004 to the November 2014 in the National Library of Medicine, including the original studies that addressed the effects of gut microbiota on diabetes, energy metabolism, inflammation, the immune system, gut permeability and insulin resistance, was performed. Herein, we discuss the possible mechanisms by which the gut microbiota are involved in the development of diabetes, including energy metabolism, inflammation, the innate immune system, and the bowel function of the intestinal barrier. The compositional changes in the gut microbiota in type 2 and type 1 diabetes are also discussed. Moreover, we introduce the new findings of fecal transplantation, and use of probiotics and prebiotics as new treatment strategies for diabetes. Future research should be focused on defining the primary species of the gut microbiota and their exact roles in diabetes, potentially increasing the possibility of fecal transplants as a therapeutic strategy for diabetes.
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80
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Neu J. Developmental aspects of maternal-fetal, and infant gut microbiota and implications for long-term health. Matern Health Neonatol Perinatol 2015; 1:6. [PMID: 27057323 PMCID: PMC4772751 DOI: 10.1186/s40748-015-0007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early life interactions between the human host and microbes set the stage for future health and disease. Findings In this review, some of the relationship of the human microbiome effects will be discussed as they relate to preterm delivery, early life diseases seen in prematurely delivered infants, and other childhood and adult maladies which include autoimmunity, allergic diseases, obesity or a healthy phenotype. Conclusion Although the data in these areas is just beginning to emerge, this review will provide a brief summary of some of the key research being done and will also speculate on emerging areas where major questions are being raised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Neu
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 S.W. Archer Road, Gainesville, Florida 32610 USA
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81
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Abstract
The microbiota of the human metaorganism is not a mere bystander. These microbes have coevolved with us and are pivotal to normal development and homoeostasis. Dysbiosis of the GI microbiota is associated with many disease susceptibilities, including obesity, malignancy, liver disease and GI pathology such as IBD. It is clear that there is direct and indirect crosstalk between this microbial community and host immune response. However, the precise mechanism of this microbial influence in disease pathogenesis remains elusive and is now a major research focus. There is emerging literature on the role of the microbiota in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease, with clear and increasing evidence that changes in the microbiota are associated with some of these diseases. Examples include type 1 diabetes, coeliac disease and rheumatoid arthritis, and these contribute significantly to global morbidity and mortality. Understanding the role of the microbiota in autoimmune diseases may offer novel insight into factors that initiate and drive disease progression, stratify patient risk for complications and ultimately deliver new therapeutic strategies. This review summarises the current status on the role of the microbiota in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mairi H McLean
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer & Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Dario Dieguez
- Society for Women’s Health Research, Scientific Affairs, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lindsey M Miller
- Society for Women’s Health Research, Scientific Affairs, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Howard A Young
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer & Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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82
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The infant microbiome development: mom matters. Trends Mol Med 2014; 21:109-17. [PMID: 25578246 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 605] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The infant microbiome plays an essential role in human health and its assembly is determined by maternal-offspring exchanges of microbiota. This process is affected by several practices, including Cesarean section (C-section), perinatal antibiotics, and formula feeding, that have been linked to increased risks of metabolic and immune diseases. Here we review recent knowledge about the impacts on infant microbiome assembly, discuss preventive and restorative strategies to ameliorate the effects of these impacts, and highlight where research is needed to advance this field and improve the health of future generations.
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