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Bizzarri B, Botta L, Aversa D, Mercuri NB, Poli G, Barbieri A, Berretta N, Saladino R. L-DOPA-quinone Mediated Recovery from GIRK Channel Firing Inhibition in Dopaminergic Neurons. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:431-436. [PMID: 30996775 PMCID: PMC6466524 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The oxidative degeneration of dopamine-releasing (DAergic) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) has attracted much interest in preclinical research, due to its involvement in Parkinson's disease manifestations. Evidence exists on the participation of quinone derivatives in mitochondrial dysfunction, alpha synuclein protein aggregation, and protein degradation. With the aim to investigate the role of L-DOPA-quinone in DAergic neuron functions, we synthesized L-DOPA-quinone by use of 2-iodoxybenzoic acid and measured its activity in recovery from dopamine-mediated firing inhibition of SNc neurons. Noteworthy, L-DOPA-quinone counteracts firing inhibition in SNc DAergic neurons caused by GIRK opening. A possible mechanism to explain the effect of L-DOPA-quinone on GIRK channel has been proposed by computational models. Overall, the study showed the possibility that L-DOPA-quinone stabilizes GIRK in a preopen conformation through formation of a covalent adduct with cysteine-65 on the GIRK2 subunit of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno
M. Bizzarri
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Ecologiche e Biologiche, Università
della Tuscia, Via S. C. De Lellis 44, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Botta
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Ecologiche e Biologiche, Università
della Tuscia, Via S. C. De Lellis 44, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Daniela Aversa
- IRCCS
Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina, 306/354, 00142 Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola B. Mercuri
- IRCCS
Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina, 306/354, 00142 Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università
di Roma Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier, 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio Poli
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università
degli studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Barbieri
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università
degli studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Nicola Berretta
- IRCCS
Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina, 306/354, 00142 Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Saladino
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Ecologiche e Biologiche, Università
della Tuscia, Via S. C. De Lellis 44, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
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52
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Tomagra G, Picollo F, Battiato A, Picconi B, De Marchis S, Pasquarelli A, Olivero P, Marcantoni A, Calabresi P, Carbone E, Carabelli V. Quantal Release of Dopamine and Action Potential Firing Detected in Midbrain Neurons by Multifunctional Diamond-Based Microarrays. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:288. [PMID: 31024230 PMCID: PMC6465646 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro-Graphitic Single Crystal Diamond Multi Electrode Arrays (μG-SCD-MEAs) have so far been used as amperometric sensors to detect catecholamines from chromaffin cells and adrenal gland slices. Besides having time resolution and sensitivity that are comparable with carbon fiber electrodes, that represent the gold standard for amperometry, μG-SCD-MEAs also have the advantages of simultaneous multisite detection, high biocompatibility and implementation of amperometric/potentiometric protocols, aimed at monitoring exocytotic events and neuronal excitability. In order to adapt diamond technology to record neuronal activity, the μG-SCD-MEAs in this work have been interfaced with cultured midbrain neurons to detect electrical activity as well as quantal release of dopamine (DA). μG-SCD-MEAs are based on graphitic sensing electrodes that are embedded into the diamond matrix and are fabricated using MeV ion beam lithography. Two geometries have been adopted, with 4 × 4 and 8 × 8 microelectrodes (20 μm × 3.5 μm exposed area, 200 μm spacing). In the amperometric configuration, the 4 × 4 μG-SCD-MEAs resolved quantal exocytosis from midbrain dopaminergic neurons. KCl-stimulated DA release occurred as amperometric spikes of 15 pA amplitude and 0.5 ms half-width, at a mean frequency of 0.4 Hz. When used as potentiometric multiarrays, the 8 × 8 μG-SCD-MEAs detected the spontaneous firing activity of midbrain neurons. Extracellularly recorded action potentials (APs) had mean amplitude of ∼-50 μV and occurred at a mean firing frequency of 0.7 Hz in 67% of neurons, while the remaining fired at 6.8 Hz. Comparable findings were observed using conventional MEAs (0.9 and 6.4 Hz, respectively). To test the reliability of potentiometric recordings with μG-SCD-MEAs, the D2-autoreceptor modulation of firing was investigated by applying levodopa (L-DOPA, 20 μM), and comparing μG-SCD-MEAs, conventional MEAs and current-clamp recordings. In all cases, L-DOPA reduced the spontaneous spiking activity in most neurons by 70%, while the D2-antagonist sulpiride reversed this effect. Cell firing inhibition was generally associated with increased APs amplitude. A minority of neurons was either insensitive to, or potentiated by L-DOPA, suggesting that AP recordings originate from different midbrain neuronal subpopulations and reveal different modulatory pathways. Our data demonstrate, for the first time, that μG-SCD-MEAs are multi-functional biosensors suitable to resolve real-time DA release and AP firing in in vitro neuronal networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Tomagra
- Department of Drug and Science Technology and "NIS" Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Federico Picollo
- Department of Physics and "NIS" Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare - Sezione di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Alfio Battiato
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare - Sezione di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Barbara Picconi
- Experimental Neurophysiology Laboratory, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, University San Raffaele, Rome, Italy.,University San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia De Marchis
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology and "NICO" Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Olivero
- Department of Physics and "NIS" Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare - Sezione di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Marcantoni
- Department of Drug and Science Technology and "NIS" Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- Neurological Clinic, Department of Medicine, Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Emilio Carbone
- Department of Drug and Science Technology and "NIS" Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Carabelli
- Department of Drug and Science Technology and "NIS" Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
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53
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Piccart E, Tschumi CW, Beckstead MJ. Acute and subchronic PCP attenuate D2 autoreceptor signaling in substantia nigra dopamine neurons. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 29:444-449. [PMID: 30686631 PMCID: PMC6421099 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.01.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Phencyclidine (PCP) administration is commonly used to model schizophrenia in laboratory animals. While PCP is well-characterized as an antagonist of glutamate-sensitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, its effects on dopamine signaling are not well understood. Here we used whole-cell and cell-attached patch-clamp electrophysiology of substantia nigra dopamine neurons to determine the effects of acute and subchronic PCP exposure on both dopamine D2 autoreceptor-mediated currents and burst firing evoked by glutamate receptor activation. Acute PCP affected D2 autoreceptor-mediated currents through two apparently distinct mechanisms: a low-concentration dopamine transporter (DAT) inhibition and a high-concentration potassium (GIRK) channel inhibition. Subchronic administration of PCP (5 mg/kg, i.p., every 12 h for 7 days) decreased sensitivity to low dopamine concentrations, and also enhanced evoked burst firing of dopamine neurons. These findings suggest the effects of PCP on dopaminergic signaling in the midbrain could enhance burst firing and contribute to the development of schizophreniform behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher W Tschumi
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, San Antonio, TX 78228, USA
| | - Michael J Beckstead
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, San Antonio, TX 78228, USA.
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54
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Gallo EF. Disentangling the diverse roles of dopamine D2 receptors in striatal function and behavior. Neurochem Int 2019; 125:35-46. [PMID: 30716356 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs) mediate many of the actions of dopamine in the striatum, ranging from movement to the effortful pursuit of reward. Yet despite significant advances in linking D2Rs to striatal functions with pharmacological and genetic strategies in animals, how dopamine orchestrates its myriad actions on different cell populations -each expressing D2Rs- remains unclear. Furthermore, brain imaging and genetic studies in humans have consistently associated striatal D2R alterations with various neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, but how and which D2Rs are involved in each case is poorly understood. Therefore, a critical first step is to engage in a refined and systematic investigation of the impact of D2R function on specific striatal cells, circuits, and behaviors. Here, I will review recent efforts, primarily in animal models, aimed at unlocking the complex and heterogeneous roles of D2Rs in striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo F Gallo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, USA.
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55
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Electrophysiological Characterization of Novel Effects of the Uptake-2 Blocker Decynium-22 (D-22) on Dopaminergic Neurons in the Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta. Neuroscience 2019; 396:154-165. [PMID: 30447392 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular levels of dopamine (DA) and other monoamines in the brain depend not only on the classic transporters encoded by SLC6A gene family such as DAT, NET and SERT, but also a more recently identified group of low-affinity/high-capacity 'Uptake-2' transporters, mainly OCT3 and PMAT. The most frequently used pharmacological tool in functional studies of Uptake-2 is decynium-22 (D-22) known to block these transporters. However, the effectiveness of this drug in enhancing extracellular DA remains uncertain. Our aim was to test the hypothesis that D-22 increases extracellular levels of DA released from the somatodendritic region of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) by reducing the OCT3/PMAT-dependent component of DA uptake. Extracellular DA was assessed indirectly, by evoking D2-IPSCs in SNc neurons following stimulated release of this neurotransmitter in midbrain slices obtained from mice. Recordings were conducted after partial inhibition of DAT with nomifensine, and after application of L-DOPA which increased the releasable DA pool. Contrary to our expectations, D-22 reduced, rather than increased, the amplitude of D2-IPSCs. Other effects included inhibition of GABAB-IPSCs and Ih current, and a reduction in firing frequency of nigral neurons. These results show that in addition to the previously known non-specific inhibitory action on α1 adrenoceptors, D-22 exerts additional off-target effects by inhibiting dopaminergic and GABAergic synaptic transmission in the SNc and the spontaneous (pacemaker) activity of nigral neurons. It remains to be established if these novel effects contribute to a reduction in spontaneous locomotor activity reported in previous studies after systemic drug administration.
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56
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Philippart F, Khaliq ZM. G i/o protein-coupled receptors in dopamine neurons inhibit the sodium leak channel NALCN. eLife 2018; 7:40984. [PMID: 30556810 PMCID: PMC6305199 DOI: 10.7554/elife.40984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (D2) receptors provide autoinhibitory feedback onto dopamine neurons through well-known interactions with voltage-gated calcium channels and G protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels. Here, we reveal a third major effector involved in D2R modulation of dopaminergic neurons - the sodium leak channel, NALCN. We found that activation of D2 receptors robustly inhibits isolated sodium leak currents in wild-type mice but not in NALCN conditional knockout mice. Intracellular GDP-βS abolished the inhibition, indicating a G protein-dependent signaling mechanism. The application of dopamine reliably slowed pacemaking even when GIRK channels were pharmacologically blocked. Furthermore, while spontaneous activity was observed in nearly all dopaminergic neurons in wild-type mice, neurons from NALCN knockouts were mainly silent. Both observations demonstrate the critical importance of NALCN for pacemaking in dopaminergic neurons. Finally, we show that GABA-B receptor activation also produces inhibition of NALCN-mediated currents. Therefore, we identify NALCN as a core effector of inhibitory G protein-coupled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Philippart
- Cellular Neurophysiology Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, United States
| | - Zayd M Khaliq
- Cellular Neurophysiology Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, United States
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57
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Dopamine D2 receptor-mediated circuit from the central amygdala to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis regulates impulsive behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E10730-E10739. [PMID: 30348762 PMCID: PMC6233075 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1811664115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Impulsivity is closely associated with addictive disorders, and changes in the brain dopamine system have been proposed to affect impulse control in reward-related behaviors. However, the central neural pathways through which the dopamine system controls impulsive behavior are still unclear. We found that the absence of the D2 dopamine receptor (D2R) increased impulsive behavior in mice, whereas restoration of D2R expression specifically in the central amygdala (CeA) of D2R knockout mice (Drd2 -/- ) normalized their enhanced impulsivity. Inhibitory synaptic output from D2R-expressing neurons in the CeA underlies modulation of impulsive behavior because optogenetic activation of D2R-positive inhibitory neurons that project from the CeA to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) attenuate such behavior. Our identification of the key contribution of D2R-expressing neurons in the CeA → BNST circuit to the control of impulsive behavior reveals a pathway that could serve as a target for approaches to the management of neuropsychiatric disorders associated with impulsivity.
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58
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Lan Z, Zhang W, Xu J, Zhou M, Chen Y, Zou H, Lu W. Modulatory effect of dopamine receptor 5 on the neurosecretory Dahlgren cells of the olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 266:67-77. [PMID: 29678723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A neuromodulatory role for dopamine has been reported for magnocellular neuroendocrine cells in the mammalian hypothalamus. We examined its potential role as a local intercellular messenger in the neuroendocrine Dahlgren cell population of the caudal neurosecretory system (CNSS) of the euryhaline flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. In vitro application of dopamine (DA) caused an increase in electrical activity (firing frequency, recorded extracellularly) of Dahlgren cells, recruitment of previously silent cells, together with a greater proportion of cells showing phasic (irregular) activity. The dopamine precursor, levodopa (L-DOPA), also increased firing frequency, cell recruitment and enhanced bursting and tonic activity. The effect of dopamine was blocked by the D1, D5 receptor antagonist SCH23390, but not by the D2, D3, D4 receptor antagonist amisulpride. Transcriptome sequencing revealed that all DA receptors (D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5) were present in the flounder CNSS. However, quantitative RT-PCR revealed that D5 receptor mRNA expression was significantly increased in the CNSS following dopamine superfusion. These findings suggest that dopamine may modulate CNSS activity in vivo, and therefore neurosecretory output, through D5 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Lan
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jinling Xu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Mo Zhou
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, China
| | - Yingxin Chen
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, China
| | - Huafeng Zou
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Weiqun Lu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China.
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59
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Aversa D, Martini A, Guatteo E, Pisani A, Mercuri NB, Berretta N. Reversal of dopamine-mediated firing inhibition through activation of the dopamine transporter in substantia nigra pars compacta neurons. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:3534-3547. [PMID: 29933497 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE One of the hallmarks of ventral midbrain dopamine-releasing neurons is membrane hyperpolarization in response to stimulation of somato-dendritic D2 receptors. At early postnatal age, under sustained dopamine, this inhibitory response is followed by a slow recovery, resulting in dopamine inhibition reversal (DIR). In the present investigation, we aimed to get a better insight into the cellular mechanisms underlying DIR. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We performed single-unit extracellular recordings with a multi-electrode array device and conventional patch-clamp recordings on midbrain mouse slices. KEY RESULTS While continuous dopamine (100 μM) perfusion gave rise to firing inhibition that recovered in 10 to 15 min, the same effect was not obtained with the D2 receptor agonist quinpirole (100 nM). Moreover, firing inhibition caused by the GABAB receptor agonist baclofen (300 nM) was reversed by dopamine (100 μM), albeit D2 receptors had been blocked by sulpiride (10 μM). Conversely, the block of the dopamine transporter (DAT) with cocaine (30 μM) prevented firing recovery by dopamine under GABAB receptor stimulation. Accordingly, in whole-cell recordings from single cells, the baclofen-induced outward current was counteracted by dopamine (100 μM) in the presence of sulpiride (10 μM), and this effect was prevented by the DAT antagonists cocaine (30 μM) and GBR12909 (2 μM). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our results indicate that the DAT plays a major role in DIR, mediating it under conditions of sustained dopamine exposure, and point to DAT as an important target for pharmacological therapies leading to prolonged enhancement of the dopaminergic signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Aversa
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Martini
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Ezia Guatteo
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università 'Parthenope', Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Pisani
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Biagio Mercuri
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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60
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Mishra A, Singh S, Shukla S. Physiological and Functional Basis of Dopamine Receptors and Their Role in Neurogenesis: Possible Implication for Parkinson's disease. J Exp Neurosci 2018; 12:1179069518779829. [PMID: 29899667 PMCID: PMC5985548 DOI: 10.1177/1179069518779829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine controls various physiological functions in the brain and periphery by acting on its receptors D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5. Dopamine receptors are G protein–coupled receptors involved in the regulation of motor activity and several neurological disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Reduction in dopamine content in the nigrostriatal pathway is associated with the development of PD, along with the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra region. Dopamine receptors directly regulate neurotransmission of other neurotransmitters, release of cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cell proliferation, and differentiation. Here, we provide an update on recent knowledge about the signalling mechanism, mode of action, and the evidence for the physiological and functional basis of dopamine receptors. We also highlight the pivotal role of these receptors in the modulation of neurogenesis, a possible therapeutic target that might help to slow down the process of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Mishra
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Sonu Singh
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Shubha Shukla
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
- Shubha Shukla, Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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61
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Shindou T, Shindou M, Watanabe S, Wickens J. A silent eligibility trace enables dopamine-dependent synaptic plasticity for reinforcement learning in the mouse striatum. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 49:726-736. [PMID: 29603470 PMCID: PMC6585681 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine‐dependent synaptic plasticity is a candidate mechanism for reinforcement learning. A silent eligibility trace – initiated by synaptic activity and transformed into synaptic strengthening by later action of dopamine – has been hypothesized to explain the retroactive effect of dopamine in reinforcing past behaviour. We tested this hypothesis by measuring time‐dependent modulation of synaptic plasticity by dopamine in adult mouse striatum, using whole‐cell recordings. Presynaptic activity followed by postsynaptic action potentials (pre–post) caused spike‐timing‐dependent long‐term depression in D1‐expressing neurons, but not in D2 neurons, and not if postsynaptic activity followed presynaptic activity. Subsequent experiments focused on D1 neurons. Applying a dopamine D1 receptor agonist during induction of pre–post plasticity caused long‐term potentiation. This long‐term potentiation was hidden by long‐term depression occurring concurrently and was unmasked when long‐term depression blocked an L‐type calcium channel antagonist. Long‐term potentiation was blocked by a Ca2+‐permeable AMPA receptor antagonist but not by an NMDA antagonist or an L‐type calcium channel antagonist. Pre–post stimulation caused transient elevation of rectification – a marker for expression of Ca2+‐permeable AMPA receptors – for 2–4‐s after stimulation. To test for an eligibility trace, dopamine was uncaged at specific time points before and after pre‐ and postsynaptic conjunction of activity. Dopamine caused potentiation selectively at synapses that were active 2‐s before dopamine release, but not at earlier or later times. Our results provide direct evidence for a silent eligibility trace in the synapses of striatal neurons. This dopamine‐timing‐dependent plasticity may play a central role in reinforcement learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Shindou
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1, Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0412, Japan
| | - Mayumi Shindou
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1, Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0412, Japan
| | - Sakurako Watanabe
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1, Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0412, Japan
| | - Jeffery Wickens
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1, Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0412, Japan
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62
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Tschumi CW, Beckstead MJ. Diverse actions of the modulatory peptide neurotensin on central synaptic transmission. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 49:784-793. [PMID: 29405480 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Neurotensin (NT) is a 13 amino acid neuropeptide that is expressed throughout the central nervous system and is implicated in the etiology of multiple diseases and disorders. Many primary investigations of NT-induced modulation of neuronal excitability at the level of the synapse have been conducted, but they have not been summarized in review form in nearly 30 years. Therefore, the goal of this review is to discuss the many actions of NT on neuronal excitability across brain regions as well as NT circuit architecture. In the basal ganglia as well as other brain nuclei, NT can act through diverse intracellular signaling cascades to enhance or depress neuronal activity by modulating activity of ion channels, ionotropic and metabotropic neurotransmitter receptors, and presynaptic release of neurotransmitters. Further, NT can produce indirect effects by evoking endocannabinoid release, and recently has itself been identified as a putative retrograde messenger. In the basal ganglia, the diverse actions and circuit architecture of NT signaling allow for input-specific control of reward-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Tschumi
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104-5005, USA
| | - Michael J Beckstead
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104-5005, USA
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63
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Padmanabhan S, Burke RE. Induction of axon growth in the adult brain: A new approach to restoration in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2017; 33:62-70. [PMID: 29205486 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert E Burke
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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64
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Park JW, Bhimani RV, Park J. Noradrenergic Modulation of Dopamine Transmission Evoked by Electrical Stimulation of the Locus Coeruleus in the Rat Brain. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:1913-1924. [PMID: 28594540 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Central norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) are involved in a variety of physiological functions and behaviors. Accumulating evidence suggests that NE neurons originating from the locus coeruleus (LC) innervate DA neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and influence VTA-DA neural activity. However, the underlying mechanisms of how LC-NE regulates DA transmission via VTA-DA neurons remain largely unexplored. Herein, we investigated how electrical stimulation of the LC modulates VTA-DA neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). For this study, catecholamine release in the NAc and VTA evoked by electrical stimulation of the LC in urethane-anesthetized rats was simultaneously monitored with carbon-fiber microelectrodes using in vivo multichannel fast-scan cyclic voltammetry for comparison of its extracellular regulation. Pharmacological, anatomical, and electrochemical evidence suggest that electrical stimulation of the LC evokes NE release in the VTA and activates VTA-DA neurons, resulting in DA release in the NAc. The electrically evoked DA in the NAc was regulated by D2 receptors and DA transporters (DAT) as well as α1-adrenergic receptors in the VTA, whereas NE release in the VTA was regulated by α2-adrenergic receptors and NE transporters (NET) not by D2 receptors or DAT. These results suggest that electrical stimulation of LC modulates VTA-DA neurons and DA transmission in the NAc via NE receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin W. Park
- Department
of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences and ‡Neuroscience
Program, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214-3005, United States
| | - Rohan V. Bhimani
- Department
of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences and ‡Neuroscience
Program, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214-3005, United States
| | - Jinwoo Park
- Department
of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences and ‡Neuroscience
Program, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214-3005, United States
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65
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Clark AM, Leroy F, Martyniuk KM, Feng W, McManus E, Bailey MR, Javitch JA, Balsam PD, Kellendonk C. Dopamine D2 Receptors in the Paraventricular Thalamus Attenuate Cocaine Locomotor Sensitization. eNeuro 2017; 4:ENEURO.0227-17.2017. [PMID: 29071300 PMCID: PMC5654238 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0227-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in thalamic dopamine (DA) or DA D2 receptors (D2Rs) have been measured in drug addiction and schizophrenia, but the relevance of thalamic D2Rs for behavior is largely unknown. Using in situ hybridization and mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the Drd2 promoter, we found that D2R expression within the thalamus is enriched in the paraventricular nucleus (PVT) as well as in more ventral midline thalamic nuclei. Within the PVT, D2Rs are inhibitory as their activation inhibits neuronal action potentials in brain slices. Using Cre-dependent anterograde and retrograde viral tracers, we further determined that PVT neurons are reciprocally interconnected with multiple areas of the limbic system including the amygdala and the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Based on these anatomical findings, we analyzed the role of D2Rs in the PVT in behaviors that are supported by these areas and that also have relevance for schizophrenia and drug addiction. Male and female mice with selective overexpression of D2Rs in the PVT showed attenuated cocaine locomotor sensitization, whereas anxiety levels, fear conditioning, sensorimotor gating, and food-motivated behaviors were not affected. These findings suggest the importance of PVT inhibition by D2Rs in modulating the sensitivity to cocaine, a finding that may have novel implications for human drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail M. Clark
- Graduate Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Felix Leroy
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Kelly M. Martyniuk
- Graduate Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Wendy Feng
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Erika McManus
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Matthew R. Bailey
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Jonathan A. Javitch
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032
| | - Peter D. Balsam
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Psychology, Barnard College Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Christoph Kellendonk
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032
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66
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Junk food diet-induced obesity increases D2 receptor autoinhibition in the ventral tegmental area and reduces ethanol drinking. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183685. [PMID: 28859110 PMCID: PMC5578487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Similar to drugs of abuse, the hedonic value of food is mediated, at least in part, by the mesostriatal dopamine (DA) system. Prolonged intake of either high calorie diets or drugs of abuse both lead to a blunting of the DA system. Most studies have focused on DAergic alterations in the striatum, but little is known about the effects of high calorie diets on ventral tegmental area (VTA) DA neurons. Since high calorie diets produce addictive-like DAergic adaptations, it is possible these diets may increase addiction susceptibility. However, high calorie diets consistently reduce psychostimulant intake and conditioned place preference in rodents. In contrast, high calorie diets can increase or decrease ethanol drinking, but it is not known how a junk food diet (cafeteria diet) affects ethanol drinking. In the current study, we administered a cafeteria diet consisting of bacon, potato chips, cheesecake, cookies, breakfast cereals, marshmallows, and chocolate candies to male Wistar rats for 3–4 weeks, producing an obese phenotype. Prior cafeteria diet feeding reduced homecage ethanol drinking over 2 weeks of testing, and transiently reduced sucrose and chow intake. Importantly, cafeteria diet had no effect on ethanol metabolism rate or blood ethanol concentrations following 2g/kg ethanol administration. In midbrain slices, we showed that cafeteria diet feeding enhances DA D2 receptor (D2R) autoinhibition in VTA DA neurons. These results show that junk food diet-induced obesity reduces ethanol drinking, and suggest that increased D2R autoinhibition in the VTA may contribute to deficits in DAergic signaling and reward hypofunction observed with obesity.
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67
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Dopamine Modulates Adaptive Prediction Error Coding in the Human Midbrain and Striatum. J Neurosci 2017; 37:1708-1720. [PMID: 28202786 PMCID: PMC5320604 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1979-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Learning to optimally predict rewards requires agents to account for fluctuations in reward value. Recent work suggests that individuals can efficiently learn about variable rewards through adaptation of the learning rate, and coding of prediction errors relative to reward variability. Such adaptive coding has been linked to midbrain dopamine neurons in nonhuman primates, and evidence in support for a similar role of the dopaminergic system in humans is emerging from fMRI data. Here, we sought to investigate the effect of dopaminergic perturbations on adaptive prediction error coding in humans, using a between-subject, placebo-controlled pharmacological fMRI study with a dopaminergic agonist (bromocriptine) and antagonist (sulpiride). Participants performed a previously validated task in which they predicted the magnitude of upcoming rewards drawn from distributions with varying SDs. After each prediction, participants received a reward, yielding trial-by-trial prediction errors. Under placebo, we replicated previous observations of adaptive coding in the midbrain and ventral striatum. Treatment with sulpiride attenuated adaptive coding in both midbrain and ventral striatum, and was associated with a decrease in performance, whereas bromocriptine did not have a significant impact. Although we observed no differential effect of SD on performance between the groups, computational modeling suggested decreased behavioral adaptation in the sulpiride group. These results suggest that normal dopaminergic function is critical for adaptive prediction error coding, a key property of the brain thought to facilitate efficient learning in variable environments. Crucially, these results also offer potential insights for understanding the impact of disrupted dopamine function in mental illness.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT To choose optimally, we have to learn what to expect. Humans dampen learning when there is a great deal of variability in reward outcome, and two brain regions that are modulated by the brain chemical dopamine are sensitive to reward variability. Here, we aimed to directly relate dopamine to learning about variable rewards, and the neural encoding of associated teaching signals. We perturbed dopamine in healthy individuals using dopaminergic medication and asked them to predict variable rewards while we made brain scans. Dopamine perturbations impaired learning and the neural encoding of reward variability, thus establishing a direct link between dopamine and adaptation to reward variability. These results aid our understanding of clinical conditions associated with dopaminergic dysfunction, such as psychosis.
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68
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Abstract
Dendritic release of dopamine activates dopamine D2 autoreceptors, which are inhibitory G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), to decrease the excitability of dopamine neurons. This study used tagged D2 receptors to identify the localization and distribution of these receptors in living midbrain dopamine neurons. GFP-tagged D2 receptors were found to be unevenly clustered on the soma and dendrites of dopamine neurons within the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Physiological signaling and desensitization of the tagged receptors were not different from wild type receptors. Unexpectedly, upon desensitization the tagged D2 receptors were not internalized. When tagged D2 receptors were expressed in locus coeruleus neurons, a desensitizing protocol induced significant internalization. Likewise, when tagged µ-opioid receptors were expressed in dopamine neurons they too were internalized. The distribution and lack of agonist-induced internalization of D2 receptors on dopamine neurons indicate a purposefully regulated localization of these receptors.
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69
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Dobbs LK, Lemos JC, Alvarez VA. Restructuring of basal ganglia circuitry and associated behaviors triggered by low striatal D2 receptor expression: implications for substance use disorders. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2017; 16:56-70. [PMID: 27860248 PMCID: PMC5243158 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs) consistently emerge as a critical substrate for the etiology of some major psychiatric disorders. Indeed, a central theory of substance use disorders (SUDs) postulates that a reduction in D2R levels in the striatum is a determining factor that confers vulnerability to abuse substances. A large number of clinical and preclinical studies strongly support this link between SUDs and D2Rs; however, identifying the mechanism by which low D2Rs facilitate SUDs has been hindered by the complexity of circuit connectivity, the heterogeneity of D2R expression and the multifaceted constellation of phenotypes observed in SUD patient. Animal models are well‐suited for understanding the mechanisms because they allow access to the circuitry and the genetic tools that enable a dissection of the D2R heterogeneity. This review discusses recent findings on the functional role of D2Rs and highlights the distinctive contributions of D2Rs expressed on specific neuronal subpopulations to the behavioral responses to stimulant drugs. A circuit‐wide restructuring of local and long‐range inhibitory connectivity within the basal ganglia is observed in response to manipulation of striatal D2R levels and is accompanied by multiple alterations in dopamine‐dependent behaviors. Collectively, these new findings provide compelling evidence for a critical role of striatal D2Rs in shaping basal ganglia connectivity; even among neurons that do not express D2Rs. These findings from animal models have deep clinical implications for SUD patients with low levels D2R availability where a similar restructuring of basal ganglia circuitry is expected to take place.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Dobbs
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J C Lemos
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - V A Alvarez
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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70
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Dutton JW, Chen H, You C, Brodie MS, Lasek AW. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase regulates binge-like drinking and dopamine receptor sensitivity in the ventral tegmental area. Addict Biol 2017; 22:665-678. [PMID: 26752591 PMCID: PMC4940304 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a receptor tyrosine kinase associated with alcohol dependence in humans and behavioral responses to ethanol in mice. To characterize the ability of ALK to control ethanol consumption, we treated mice with the ALK inhibitors TAE684 or alectinib before testing them for binge-like drinking using the drinking in the dark protocol. Mice treated with ALK inhibitors drank less ethanol than controls. In addition, TAE684 treatment abolished ethanol conditioned place preference, indicating that ALK regulates the rewarding properties of ethanol. Because the ventral tegmental area (VTA) is a key brain region involved in the rewarding effects of ethanol, we determined if Alk expression in the VTA is important for binge-like ethanol consumption. Mice expressing a short hairpin ribonucleic acid targeting Alk in the VTA drank less ethanol compared with controls. ALK is expressed on dopamine (DA) neurons in the VTA, suggesting that ALK might regulate their firing properties. Extracellular recordings of putative DA neurons in VTA slices demonstrated that ALK inhibition did not affect the ability of ethanol to stimulate, or DA to inhibit, the firing of DA neurons. However, inhibiting ALK attenuated the time-dependent reversal of inhibition produced by moderate concentrations of DA, suggesting that ALK affects DA D2 autoreceptor (D2R) desensitization. Altered desensitization of the D2R changes the firing of DA neurons and is predicted to affect DA levels and alcohol drinking. These data support the possibility that ALK might be a novel target of pharmacotherapy for reducing excessive alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Dutton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at
Chicago, IL 60612 USA
- Biologic Resources Laboratory, University of Illinois at
Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Hu Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at
Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Chang You
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of
Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Mark S. Brodie
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of
Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Amy W. Lasek
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at
Chicago, IL 60612 USA
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71
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Ledonne A, Mercuri NB. Current Concepts on the Physiopathological Relevance of Dopaminergic Receptors. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:27. [PMID: 28228718 PMCID: PMC5296367 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is a key neurotransmitter modulating essential functions of the central nervous system (CNS), like voluntary movement, reward, several cognitive functions and goal-oriented behaviors. The factual relevance of DAergic transmission can be well appreciated by considering that its dysfunction is recognized as a core alteration in several devastating neurological and psychiatric disorders, including Parkinson’s disease (PD) and associated movement disorders, as well as, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and addiction. Here we present an overview of the current knowledge on the involvement of DAergic receptors in the regulation of key physiological brain activities, and the consequences of their dysfunctions in brain disorders such as PD, schizophrenia and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Ledonne
- Department of Experimental Neuroscience, Santa Lucia Foundation Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola B Mercuri
- Department of Experimental Neuroscience, Santa Lucia FoundationRome, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata"Rome, Italy
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72
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Bariselli S, Glangetas C, Tzanoulinou S, Bellone C. Ventral tegmental area subcircuits process rewarding and aversive experiences. J Neurochem 2016; 139:1071-1080. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Bariselli
- Department of Fundamental Neuroscience; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Christelle Glangetas
- Department of Fundamental Neuroscience; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Stamatina Tzanoulinou
- Department of Fundamental Neuroscience; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Camilla Bellone
- Department of Fundamental Neuroscience; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
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73
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Krashia P, Martini A, Nobili A, Aversa D, D'Amelio M, Berretta N, Guatteo E, Mercuri NB. On the properties of identified dopaminergic neurons in the mouse substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 45:92-105. [PMID: 27519559 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We studied the properties of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) in mice expressing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) under the control of the tyrosine hydroxylase promoter (TH-GFP). By using a practical map of cell positioning in distinct SNpc and VTA subregions in horizontal midbrain slices we saw that the spontaneous firing, membrane properties, cell body size and magnitude of the hyperpolarization-activated current (Ih ) in TH-GFP-positive neurons (TH-GFP+ ) vary significantly among subregions, following a mediolateral gradient. Block of Ih with Zd7288 inhibited firing in the most lateral subregions, but had little effect in the intermediate/medial VTA. In addition, TH-GFP+ cells were excited by Met5 -Enkephalin. Extracellular recordings from a large neuron number showed that all TH-GFP+ cells were inhibited by dopamine, suggesting that this is a reliable approach for identifying dopaminergic neurons in vitro. Simultaneous recordings from dopamine-sensitive and dopamine-insensitive neurons showed that dopamine-insensitive cells (putative non-dopaminergic neurons) are unaffected by Zd7288 but inhibited by Met5 -Enkephalin. Under patch-clamp, dopamine generated a quantitatively similar outward current in most TH-GFP+ neurons, although medial VTA cells showed reduced dopamine sensitivity. Pargyline prolonged the dopamine current, whereas cocaine enhanced dopamine-mediated responses in both the SNpc and the VTA. Our work provides new insights into the variability in mouse midbrain dopaminergic neurons along the medial-lateral axis and points to the necessity of a combination of different electrophysiological and pharmacological approaches for reliably identifying these cells to distinguish them from non-dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Krashia
- Department of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Martini
- Department of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Nobili
- Department of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy.,Department of Medicine, University Campus-Biomedico, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Aversa
- Department of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello D'Amelio
- Department of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy.,Department of Medicine, University Campus-Biomedico, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Berretta
- Department of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Ezia Guatteo
- Department of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy.,Department of Motor Science and Wellness, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Biagio Mercuri
- Department of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
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74
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Dopaminergic Neurons Exhibit an Age-Dependent Decline in Electrophysiological Parameters in the MitoPark Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. J Neurosci 2016; 36:4026-37. [PMID: 27053209 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1395-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra (SN) play a vital role in everyday tasks, such as reward-related behavior and voluntary movement, and excessive loss of these neurons is a primary hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). Mitochondrial dysfunction has long been implicated in PD and many animal models induce parkinsonian features by disrupting mitochondrial function. MitoPark mice are a recently developed genetic model of PD that lacks the gene for mitochondrial transcription factor A specifically in dopaminergic neurons. This model mimics many distinct characteristics of PD including progressive and selective loss of SN dopamine neurons, motor deficits that are improved byl-DOPA, and development of inclusion bodies. Here, we used brain slice electrophysiology to construct a timeline of functional decline in SN dopaminergic neurons from MitoPark mice. Dopaminergic neurons from MitoPark mice exhibited decreased cell capacitance and increased input resistance that became more severe with age. Pacemaker firing regularity was disrupted in MitoPark mice and ion channel conductances associated with firing were decreased. Additionally, dopaminergic neurons from MitoPark mice showed a progressive decrease of endogenous dopamine levels, decreased dopamine release, and smaller D2 dopamine receptor-mediated outward currents. Interestingly, expression of ion channel subunits associated with impulse activity (Cav1.2, Cav1.3, HCN1, Nav1.2, and NavB3) was upregulated in older MitoPark mice. The results describe alterations in intrinsic and synaptic properties of dopaminergic neurons in MitoPark mice occurring at ages both before and concurrent with motor impairment. These findings may help inform future investigations into treatment targets for prodromal PD. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most diagnosed neurodegenerative disorder, and the classic motor symptoms of the disease are attributed to selective loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. The MitoPark mouse is a genetic model of PD that mimics many of the key characteristics of the disease and enables the study of progressive neurodegeneration in parkinsonism. Here we have identified functional deficits in the ion channel physiology of dopaminergic neurons from MitoPark mice that both precede and are concurrent with the time course of behavioral symptomatology. Because PD is a progressive disease with a long asymptomatic phase, identification of early functional adaptations could lay the groundwork to test therapeutic interventions that halt or reverse disease progression.
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75
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Sulzer D, Cragg SJ, Rice ME. Striatal dopamine neurotransmission: regulation of release and uptake. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 6:123-148. [PMID: 27141430 DOI: 10.1016/j.baga.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) transmission is governed by processes that regulate release from axonal boutons in the forebrain and the somatodendritic compartment in midbrain, and by clearance by the DA transporter, diffusion, and extracellular metabolism. We review how axonal DA release is regulated by neuronal activity and by autoreceptors and heteroreceptors, and address how quantal release events are regulated in size and frequency. In brain regions densely innervated by DA axons, DA clearance is due predominantly to uptake by the DA transporter, whereas in cortex, midbrain, and other regions with relatively sparse DA inputs, the norepinephrine transporter and diffusion are involved. We discuss the role of DA uptake in restricting the sphere of influence of DA and in temporal accumulation of extracellular DA levels upon successive action potentials. The tonic discharge activity of DA neurons may be translated into a tonic extracellular DA level, whereas their bursting activity can generate discrete extracellular DA transients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sulzer
- Depts of Psychiatry, Neurology, & Pharmacology, NY State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephanie J Cragg
- Dept Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Margaret E Rice
- Depts of Neurosurgery & Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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76
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Grow DA, Simmons DV, Gomez JA, Wanat MJ, McCarrey JR, Paladini CA, Navara CS. Differentiation and Characterization of Dopaminergic Neurons From Baboon Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 5:1133-44. [PMID: 27343168 PMCID: PMC4996432 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED : The progressive death of dopamine producing neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta is the principal cause of symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). Stem cells have potential therapeutic use in replacing these cells and restoring function. To facilitate development of this approach, we sought to establish a preclinical model based on a large nonhuman primate for testing the efficacy and safety of stem cell-based transplantation. To this end, we differentiated baboon fibroblast-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (biPSCs) into dopaminergic neurons with the application of specific morphogens and growth factors. We confirmed that biPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons resemble those found in the human midbrain based on cell type-specific expression of dopamine markers TH and GIRK2. Using the reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction, we also showed that biPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons express PAX6, FOXA2, LMX1A, NURR1, and TH genes characteristic of this cell type in vivo. We used perforated patch-clamp electrophysiology to demonstrate that biPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons fired spontaneous rhythmic action potentials and high-frequency action potentials with spike frequency adaption upon injection of depolarizing current. Finally, we showed that biPSC-derived neurons released catecholamines in response to electrical stimulation. These results demonstrate the utility of the baboon model for testing and optimizing the efficacy and safety of stem cell-based therapeutic approaches for the treatment of PD. SIGNIFICANCE Functional dopamine neurons were produced from baboon induced pluripotent stem cells, and their properties were compared to baboon midbrain cells in vivo. The baboon has advantages as a clinically relevant model in which to optimize the efficacy and safety of stem cell-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease. Baboons possess crucial neuroanatomical and immunological similarities to humans, and baboon pluripotent stem cells can be differentiated into functional neurons that mimic those in the human brain, thus laying the foundation for the utility of the baboon model for evaluating stem cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Grow
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA; San Antonio Cellular Therapeutics Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA; University of Texas at San Antonio Neurosciences Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - DeNard V Simmons
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA; University of Texas at San Antonio Neurosciences Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jorge A Gomez
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA; University of Texas at San Antonio Neurosciences Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Matthew J Wanat
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA; University of Texas at San Antonio Neurosciences Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - John R McCarrey
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA; San Antonio Cellular Therapeutics Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Carlos A Paladini
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA; University of Texas at San Antonio Neurosciences Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Christopher S Navara
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA; San Antonio Cellular Therapeutics Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA;
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Stagkourakis S, Kim H, Lyons DJ, Broberger C. Dopamine Autoreceptor Regulation of a Hypothalamic Dopaminergic Network. Cell Rep 2016; 15:735-747. [PMID: 27149844 PMCID: PMC4850423 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
How autoreceptors contribute to maintaining a stable output of rhythmically active neuronal circuits is poorly understood. Here, we examine this issue in a dopamine population, spontaneously oscillating hypothalamic rat (TIDA) neurons, that underlie neuroendocrine control of reproduction and neuroleptic side effects. Activation of dopamine receptors of the type 2 family (D2Rs) at the cell-body level slowed TIDA oscillations through two mechanisms. First, they prolonged the depolarizing phase through a combination of presynaptic increases in inhibition and postsynaptic hyperpolarization. Second, they extended the discharge phase through presynaptic attenuation of calcium currents and decreased synaptic inhibition. Dopamine reuptake blockade similarly reconfigured the oscillation, indicating that ambient somatodendritic transmitter concentration determines electrical behavior. In the absence of D2R feedback, however, discharge was abolished by depolarization block. These results indicate the existence of an ultra-short feedback loop whereby neuroendocrine dopamine neurons tune network behavior to echoes of their own activity, reflected in ambient somatodendritic dopamine, and also suggest a mechanism for antipsychotic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hoseok Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David J Lyons
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian Broberger
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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78
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Cullen M, Wong-Lin K. Integrated dopaminergic neuronal model with reduced intracellular processes and inhibitory autoreceptors. IET Syst Biol 2016; 9:245-58. [PMID: 26577159 DOI: 10.1049/iet-syb.2015.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is an important neurotransmitter for multiple brain functions, and dysfunctions of the dopaminergic system are implicated in neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Although the dopaminergic system has been studied at multiple levels, an integrated and efficient computational model that bridges from molecular to neuronal circuit level is still lacking. In this study, the authors aim to develop a realistic yet efficient computational model of a dopaminergic pre-synaptic terminal. They first systematically perturb the variables/substrates of an established computational model of DA synthesis, release and uptake, and based on their relative dynamical timescales and steady-state changes, approximate and reduce the model into two versions: one for simulating hourly timescale, and another for millisecond timescale. They show that the original and reduced models exhibit rather similar steady and perturbed states, whereas the reduced models are more computationally efficient and illuminate the underlying key mechanisms. They then incorporate the reduced fast model into a spiking neuronal model that can realistically simulate the spiking behaviour of dopaminergic neurons. In addition, they successfully include autoreceptor-mediated inhibitory current explicitly in the neuronal model. This integrated computational model provides the first step toward an efficient computational platform for realistic multiscale simulation of dopaminergic systems in in silico neuropharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maell Cullen
- Intelligent Systems Research Centre, University of Ulster, Magee Campus, Northland Road, L'Derry BT48 7JL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - KongFatt Wong-Lin
- Intelligent Systems Research Centre, University of Ulster, Magee Campus, Northland Road, L'Derry BT48 7JL, Northern Ireland, UK.
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79
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Rice ME, Patel JC. Somatodendritic dopamine release: recent mechanistic insights. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2014.0185. [PMID: 26009764 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is a key transmitter in motor, reward and cogitative pathways, with DA dysfunction implicated in disorders including Parkinson's disease and addiction. Located in midbrain, DA neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta project via the medial forebrain bundle to the dorsal striatum (caudate putamen), and DA neurons in the adjacent ventral tegmental area project to the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) and prefrontal cortex. In addition to classical vesicular release from axons, midbrain DA neurons exhibit DA release from their cell bodies and dendrites. Somatodendritic DA release leads to activation of D2 DA autoreceptors on DA neurons that inhibit their firing via G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying K(+) channels. This helps determine patterns of DA signalling at distant axonal release sites. Somatodendritically released DA also acts via volume transmission to extrasynaptic receptors that modulate local transmitter release and neuronal activity in the midbrain. Thus, somatodendritic release is a pivotal intrinsic feature of DA neurons that must be well defined in order to fully understand the physiology and pathophysiology of DA pathways. Here, we review recent mechanistic aspects of somatodendritic DA release, with particular emphasis on the Ca(2+) dependence of release and the potential role of exocytotic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E Rice
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jyoti C Patel
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
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80
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Time-Course Analysis of Brain Regional Expression Network Responses to Chronic Intermittent Ethanol and Withdrawal: Implications for Mechanisms Underlying Excessive Ethanol Consumption. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146257. [PMID: 26730594 PMCID: PMC4701666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Long lasting abusive consumption, dependence, and withdrawal are characteristic features of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Mechanistically, persistent changes in gene expression are hypothesized to contribute to brain adaptations leading to ethanol toxicity and AUD. We employed repeated chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) exposure by vapor chamber as a mouse model to simulate the cycles of ethanol exposure and withdrawal commonly seen with AUD. This model has been shown to induce progressive ethanol consumption in rodents. Brain CIE-responsive expression networks were identified by microarray analysis across five regions of the mesolimbic dopamine system and extended amygdala with tissue harvested from 0-hours to 7-days following CIE. Weighted Gene Correlated Network Analysis (WGCNA) was used to identify gene networks over-represented for CIE-induced temporal expression changes across brain regions. Differential gene expression analysis showed that long-lasting gene regulation occurred 7-days after the final cycle of ethanol exposure only in prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus. Across all brain regions, however, ethanol-responsive expression changes occurred mainly within the first 8-hours after removal from ethanol. Bioinformatics analysis showed that neuroinflammatory responses were seen across multiple brain regions at early time-points, whereas co-expression modules related to neuroplasticity, chromatin remodeling, and neurodevelopment were seen at later time-points and in specific brain regions (PFC or HPC). In PFC a module containing Bdnf was identified as highly CIE responsive in a biphasic manner, with peak changes at 0 hours and 5 days following CIE, suggesting a possible role in mechanisms underlying long-term molecular and behavioral response to CIE. Bioinformatics analysis of this network and several other modules identified Let-7 family microRNAs as potential regulators of gene expression changes induced by CIE. Our results suggest a complex temporal and regional pattern of widespread gene network responses involving neuroinflammatory and neuroplasticity related genes as contributing to physiological and behavioral responses to chronic ethanol.
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81
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Paladini C, Tepper J. Neurophysiology of Substantia Nigra Dopamine Neurons: Modulation by GABA and Glutamate. HANDBOOK OF BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-802206-1.00017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Prieto-Garcia L, Egecioglu E, Studer E, Westberg L, Jerlhag E. Ghrelin and GHS-R1A signaling within the ventral and laterodorsal tegmental area regulate sexual behavior in sexually naïve male mice. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 62:392-402. [PMID: 26398679 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In addition to food intake and energy balance regulation, ghrelin mediate the rewarding and motivational properties of palatable food as well as addictive drugs. The ability of ghrelin to regulate reinforcement involves the cholinergic-dopaminergic reward link, which encompasses a cholinergic projection from the laterodorsal tegmental area (LDTg) to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) together with mesolimbic dopaminergic projections from the VTA to the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Recently, systemic ghrelin was shown to regulate sexual behavior and motivation in male mice via dopamine neurotransmission. The present study therefore elucidates the role of ghrelin and ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1A) antagonist treatment within NAc, VTA or LDTg for sexual behavior in sexually naïve male mice. Local administration of the GHSR-1A antagonist, JMV2959, into the VTA or LDTg was found to reduce the preference for female mice, the number of mounts and the duration of mounting as well as to prolong the latency to mount. This was further substantiated by the findings that ghrelin administration into the VTA or LDTg increased the number of mounts and the duration of mounting and decreased the latency to mount. Moreover, ghrelin administered into the LDTg increased the preference for female mice. Accumbal administration of ghrelin increased whereas GHS-R1A antagonist decreased the intake of palatable food, but did not alter sexual behavior. In males exposed to sexual interaction, systemic administration of ghrelin increases whereas JMV2959 decreases the turnover of dopamine in the VTA. These data suggest that ghrelin signaling within the tegmental areas is required for sexual behavior in sexually naïve male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Prieto-Garcia
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Pharmacology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emil Egecioglu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Pharmacology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Studer
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Pharmacology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Westberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Pharmacology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Jerlhag
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Pharmacology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Neurotensin Induces Presynaptic Depression of D2 Dopamine Autoreceptor-Mediated Neurotransmission in Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons. J Neurosci 2015; 35:11144-52. [PMID: 26245975 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3816-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Increased dopaminergic signaling is a hallmark of severe mesencephalic pathologies such as schizophrenia and psychostimulant abuse. Activity of midbrain dopaminergic neurons is under strict control of inhibitory D2 autoreceptors. Application of the modulatory peptide neurotensin (NT) to midbrain dopaminergic neurons transiently increases activity by decreasing D2 dopamine autoreceptor function, yet little is known about the mechanisms that underlie long-lasting effects. Here, we performed patch-clamp electrophysiology and fast-scan cyclic voltammetry in mouse brain slices to determine the effects of NT on dopamine autoreceptor-mediated neurotransmission. Application of the active peptide fragment NT8-13 produced synaptic depression that exhibited short- and long-term components. Sustained depression of D2 autoreceptor signaling required activation of the type 2 NT receptor and the protein phosphatase calcineurin. NT application increased paired-pulse ratios and decreased extracellular levels of somatodendritic dopamine, consistent with a decrease in presynaptic dopamine release. Surprisingly, we observed that electrically induced long-term depression of dopaminergic neurotransmission that we reported previously was also dependent on type 2 NT receptors and calcineurin. Because electrically induced depression, but not NT-induced depression, was blocked by postsynaptic calcium chelation, our findings suggest that endogenous NT may act through a local circuit to decrease presynaptic dopamine release. The current research provides a mechanism through which augmented NT release can produce a long-lasting increase in membrane excitability of midbrain dopamine neurons. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Whereas plasticity of glutamate synapses in the brain has been studied extensively, demonstrations of plasticity at dopaminergic synapses have been more elusive. By quantifying inhibitory neurotransmission between midbrain dopaminergic neurons in brain slices from mice we have discovered that the modulatory peptide neurotensin can induce a persistent synaptic depression by decreasing dopamine release. This depression of inhibitory synaptic input would be expected to increase excitability of dopaminergic neurons. Induction of the plasticity can be pharmacologically blocked by antagonists of either the protein phosphatase calcineurin or neurotensin receptors, and persists surprisingly long after a brief exposure to the peptide. Since neurotensin-dopamine interactions have been implicated in hyperdopaminergic pathologies, these findings describe a synaptic mechanism that could contribute to addiction and/or schizophrenia.
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84
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Lyu C, Mulder J, Barde S, Sahlholm K, Zeberg H, Nilsson J, Århem P, Hökfelt T, Fried K, Shi TJS. G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channel subunits 1 and 2 are down-regulated in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons and spinal cord after peripheral axotomy. Mol Pain 2015. [PMID: 26199148 PMCID: PMC4511542 DOI: 10.1186/s12990-015-0044-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Increased nociceptive neuronal excitability underlies chronic pain conditions. Various ion channels, including sodium, calcium and potassium channels have pivotal roles in the control of neuronal excitability. The members of the family of G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels, GIRK1–4, have been implicated in modulating excitability. Here, we investigated the expression and distribution of GIRK1 and GIRK2 in normal and injured dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) and spinal cord of rats. Results We found that ~70% of the DRG neurons expressed GIRK1, while only <10% expressed GIRK2. The neurochemical profiles of GIRK1- and GIRK2-immunoreactive neurons were characterized using the neuronal markers calcitonin gene-related peptide, isolectin-B4 and neurofilament-200, and the calcium-binding proteins calbindin D28k, calretinin, parvalbumin and secretagogin. Both GIRK subunits were expressed in DRG neurons with nociceptive characteristics. However, while GIRK1 was widely expressed in several sensory neuronal subtypes, GIRK2 was detected mainly in a group of small C-fiber neurons. In the spinal dorsal horn, GIRK1- and -2-positive cell bodies and processes were mainly observed in lamina II, but also in superficial and deeper layers. Abundant GIRK1-, but not GIRK2-like immunoreactivity, was found in the ventral horn (laminae VI–X). Fourteen days after axotomy, GIRK1 and GIRK2 were down-regulated in DRG neurons at the mRNA and protein levels. Both after axotomy and rhizotomy there was a reduction of GIRK1- and -2-positive processes in the dorsal horn, suggesting a presynaptic localization of these potassium channels. Furthermore, nerve ligation caused accumulation of both subunits on both sides of the lesion, providing evidence for anterograde and retrograde fast axonal transport. Conclusions Our data support the hypothesis that reduced GIRK function is associated with increased neuronal excitability and causes sensory disturbances in post-injury conditions, including neuropathic pain. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12990-015-0044-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Lyu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001, Harbin, China. .,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jan Mulder
- Department of Neuroscience, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Swapnali Barde
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Kristoffer Sahlholm
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Hugo Zeberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Johanna Nilsson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Peter Århem
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Kaj Fried
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Tie-Jun Sten Shi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001, Harbin, China. .,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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85
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Stuhrman K, Roseberry AG. Neurotensin inhibits both dopamine- and GABA-mediated inhibition of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons. J Neurophysiol 2015; 114:1734-45. [PMID: 26180119 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00279.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine is an essential neurotransmitter that plays an important role in a number of different physiological processes and disorders. There is substantial evidence that the neuropeptide neurotensin interacts with the mesolimbic dopamine system and can regulate dopamine neuron activity. In these studies we have used whole cell patch-clamp electrophysiology in brain slices from mice to examine how neurotensin regulates dopamine neuron activity by examining the effect of neurotensin on the inhibitory postsynaptic current generated by somatodendritic dopamine release (D2R IPSC) in ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons. Neurotensin inhibited the D2R IPSC and activated an inward current in VTA dopamine neurons that appeared to be at least partially mediated by activation of a transient receptor potential C-type channel. Neither the inward current nor the inhibition of the D2R IPSC was affected by blocking PKC or calcium release from intracellular stores, and the inhibition of the D2R IPSC was greater with neurotensin compared with activation of other Gq-coupled receptors. Interestingly, the effects of neurotensin were not specific to D2R signaling as neurotensin also inhibited GABAB inhibitory postsynaptic currents in VTA dopamine neurons. Finally, the effects of neurotensin were significantly larger when intracellular Ca(2+) was strongly buffered, suggesting that reduced intracellular calcium facilitates these effects. Overall these results suggest that neurotensin may inhibit the D2R and GABAB IPSCs downstream of receptor activation, potentially through regulation of G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channels. These studies provide an important advance in our understanding of dopamine neuron activity and how it is controlled by neurotensin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Stuhrman
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia; The Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Aaron G Roseberry
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia; The Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia; and The Center for Obesity Reversal, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
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86
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Roseberry AG. Acute fasting increases somatodendritic dopamine release in the ventral tegmental area. J Neurophysiol 2015; 114:1072-82. [PMID: 26084913 DOI: 10.1152/jn.01008.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasting and food restriction alter the activity of the mesolimbic dopamine system to affect multiple reward-related behaviors. Food restriction decreases baseline dopamine levels in efferent target sites and enhances dopamine release in response to rewards such as food and drugs. In addition to releasing dopamine from axon terminals, dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) also release dopamine from their soma and dendrites, and this somatodendritic dopamine release acts as an autoinhibitory signal to inhibit neighboring VTA dopamine neurons. It is unknown whether acute fasting also affects dopamine release, including the local inhibitory somatodendritic dopamine release in the VTA. In these studies, I have tested whether fasting affects the inhibitory somatodendritic dopamine release within the VTA by examining whether an acute 24-h fast affects the inhibitory postsynaptic current mediated by evoked somatodendritic dopamine release (D2R IPSC). Fasting increased the contribution of the first action potential to the overall D2R IPSC and increased the ratio of repeated D2R IPSCs evoked at short intervals. Fasting also reduced the effect of forskolin on the D2R IPSC and led to a significantly bigger decrease in the D2R IPSC in low extracellular calcium. Finally, fasting resulted in an increase in the D2R IPSCs when a more physiologically relevant train of D2R IPSCs was used. Taken together, these results indicate that fasting caused a change in the properties of somatodendritic dopamine release, possibly by increasing dopamine release, and that this increased release can be sustained under conditions where dopamine neurons are highly active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron G Roseberry
- Department of Biology, Center for Obesity Reversal, and Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
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87
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Eisenstein SA, Bischoff AN, Gredysa DM, Antenor-Dorsey JAV, Koller JM, Al-Lozi A, Pepino MY, Klein S, Perlmutter JS, Moerlein SM, Black KJ, Hershey T. Emotional Eating Phenotype is Associated with Central Dopamine D2 Receptor Binding Independent of Body Mass Index. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11283. [PMID: 26066863 PMCID: PMC4464302 DOI: 10.1038/srep11283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PET studies have provided mixed evidence regarding central D2/D3 dopamine receptor binding and its relationship with obesity as measured by body mass index (BMI). Other aspects of obesity may be more tightly coupled to the dopaminergic system. We characterized obesity-associated behaviors and determined if these related to central D2 receptor (D2R) specific binding independent of BMI. Twenty-two obese and 17 normal-weight participants completed eating- and reward-related questionnaires and underwent PET scans using the D2R-selective and nondisplaceable radioligand (N-[11C]methyl)benperidol. Questionnaires were grouped by domain (eating related to emotion, eating related to reward, non-eating behavior motivated by reward or sensitivity to punishment). Normalized, summed scores for each domain were compared between obese and normal-weight groups and correlated with striatal and midbrain D2R binding. Compared to normal-weight individuals, the obese group self-reported higher rates of eating related to both emotion and reward (p < 0.001), greater sensitivity to punishment (p = 0.06), and lower non-food reward behavior (p < 0.01). Across normal-weight and obese participants, self-reported emotional eating and non-food reward behavior positively correlated with striatal (p < 0.05) and midbrain (p < 0.05) D2R binding, respectively. In conclusion, an emotional eating phenotype may reflect altered central D2R function better than other commonly used obesity-related measures such as BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Eisenstein
- 1] Departments of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA [2] Departments of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Allison N Bischoff
- Departments of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Danuta M Gredysa
- Departments of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jo Ann V Antenor-Dorsey
- Departments of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jonathan M Koller
- Departments of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Amal Al-Lozi
- Departments of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marta Y Pepino
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Samuel Klein
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joel S Perlmutter
- 1] Departments of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA [2] Departments of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA [3] Departments of Anatomy &Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA [4] Departments of Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA [5] Departments of Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Stephen M Moerlein
- 1] Departments of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA [2] Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kevin J Black
- 1] Departments of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA [2] Departments of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA [3] Departments of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA [4] Departments of Anatomy &Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tamara Hershey
- 1] Departments of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA [2] Departments of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA [3] Departments of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Paredes RM, Piccart E, Navaira E, Cruz D, Javors MA, Koek W, Beckstead MJ, Walss-Bass C. Physiological and behavioral effects of amphetamine in BACE1(-/-) mice. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2015; 14:411-8. [PMID: 25912880 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
β-Site APP-cleaving Enzyme 1 (BACE1) is a protease that has been linked to schizophrenia, a severe mental illness that is potentially characterized by enhanced dopamine (DA) release in the striatum. Here, we used acute amphetamine administration to stimulate neuronal activity and investigated the neurophysiological and locomotor-activity response in BACE1-deficient (BACE1(-/-) ) mice. We measured locomotor activity at baseline and after treatment with amphetamine (3.2 and 10 mg/kg). While baseline locomotor activity did not vary between groups, BACE1(-/-) mice exhibited reduced sensitivity to the locomotor-enhancing effects of amphetamine. Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to measure DA and DA metabolites in the striatum, we found no significant differences in BACE1(-/-) compared with wild-type mice. To determine if DA neuron excitability is altered in BACE1(-/-) mice, we performed patch-clamp electrophysiology in putative DA neurons from brain slices that contained the substantia nigra. Pacemaker firing rate was slightly increased in slices from BACE1(-/-) mice. We next measured G protein-coupled potassium currents produced by activation of D2 autoreceptors, which strongly inhibit firing of these neurons. The maximal amplitude and decay times of D2 autoreceptor currents were not altered in BACE1(-/-) mice, indicating no change in D2 autoreceptor-sensitivity and DA transporter-mediated reuptake. However, amphetamine (30 µm)-induced potassium currents produced by efflux of DA were enhanced in BACE1(-/-) mice, perhaps indicating increased vesicular DA content in the midbrain. This suggests a plausible mechanism to explain the decreased sensitivity to amphetamine-induced locomotion, and provides evidence that decreased availability of BACE1 can produce persistent adaptations in the dopaminergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Madelaine Paredes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio
| | - E Piccart
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio
| | - E Navaira
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio
| | - D Cruz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio
| | - M A Javors
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio
| | - W Koek
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio
| | - M J Beckstead
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio
| | - C Walss-Bass
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Ortinski PI, Briand LA, Pierce RC, Schmidt HD. Cocaine-seeking is associated with PKC-dependent reduction of excitatory signaling in accumbens shell D2 dopamine receptor-expressing neurons. Neuropharmacology 2015; 92:80-9. [PMID: 25596492 PMCID: PMC4346508 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Stimulation of D1-like dopamine receptors (D1DRs) or D2-like dopamine receptors (D2DRs) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell reinstates cocaine seeking in rats, an animal model of relapse. D2DRs and D1DRs activate protein kinase C (PKC) and recent studies indicate that activation of PKC in the NAc plays an important role in the reinstatement of drug seeking induced by a systemic cocaine priming injection. In the present study, pharmacological inhibition of PKC in the NAc shell attenuated cocaine seeking induced by intra-accumbens shell microinjection of a D2DR agonist, but not a D1DR agonist. D1DRs and D2DRs are primarily expressed on different accumbens medium spiny (MSN) neurons. Neuronal signaling and activity were assessed in these two populations of NAc neurons with transgenic mice expressing fluorescent labels under the control of D1DR and D2DR promoters. Following the extinction of cocaine self-administration, bath application of a PKC inhibitor produced similar effects on single evoked excitatory and inhibitory post-synaptic currents in D1DR- and D2DR-positive MSNs in the NAc shell. However, inhibition of PKC preferentially improved the ability of excitatory, but not inhibitory, synapses to sustain responding to brief train of stimuli specifically in D2DR-positive MSNs. This effect did not appear to involve modulation of presynaptic release mechanisms. Taken together, these findings indicate that the reinstatement of cocaine seeking is at least partially due to D2DR-dependent increases in PKC signaling in the NAc shell, which reduce excitatory synaptic efficacy in D2DR-expressing MSNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel I Ortinski
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Lisa A Briand
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - R Christopher Pierce
- Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Heath D Schmidt
- Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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90
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Cocaine increases dopaminergic neuron and motor activity via midbrain α1 adrenergic signaling. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:1151-62. [PMID: 25374094 PMCID: PMC4367457 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine reinforcement is mediated by increased extracellular dopamine levels in the forebrain. This neurochemical effect was thought to require inhibition of dopamine reuptake, but cocaine is still reinforcing even in the absence of the dopamine transporter. Here, we demonstrate that the rapid elevation in dopamine levels and motor activity elicited by cocaine involves α1 receptor activation within the ventral midbrain. Activation of α1 receptors increases dopaminergic neuron burst firing by decreasing the calcium-activated potassium channel current (SK), as well as elevates dopaminergic neuron pacemaker firing through modulation of both SK and the hyperpolarization-activated cation currents (Ih). Furthermore, we found that cocaine increases both the pacemaker and burst-firing frequency of rat ventral-midbrain dopaminergic neurons through an α1 adrenergic receptor-dependent mechanism within the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra pars compacta. These results demonstrate the mechanism underlying the critical role of α1 adrenergic receptors in the regulation of dopamine neurotransmission and behavior by cocaine.
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91
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Understanding opioid reward. Trends Neurosci 2015; 38:217-25. [PMID: 25637939 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Opioids are the most potent analgesics in clinical use; however, their powerful rewarding properties can lead to addiction. The scientific challenge is to retain analgesic potency while limiting the development of tolerance, dependence, and addiction. Both rewarding and analgesic actions of opioids depend upon actions at the mu opioid (MOP) receptor. Systemic opioid reward requires MOP receptor function in the midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA) which contains dopaminergic neurons. VTA dopaminergic neurons are implicated in various aspects of reward including reward prediction error, working memory, and incentive salience. It is now clear that subsets of VTA neurons have different pharmacological properties and participate in separate circuits. The degree to which MOP receptor agonists act on different VTA circuits depends upon the behavioral state of the animal, which can be altered by manipulations such as food deprivation or prior exposure to MOP receptor agonists.
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92
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Sharpe AL, Varela E, Bettinger L, Beckstead MJ. Methamphetamine self-administration in mice decreases GIRK channel-mediated currents in midbrain dopamine neurons. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18:pyu073. [PMID: 25522412 PMCID: PMC4376542 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyu073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methamphetamine is a psychomotor stimulant with abuse liability and a substrate for catecholamine uptake transporters. Acute methamphetamine elevates extracellular dopamine, which in the midbrain can activate D2 autoreceptors to increase a G-protein gated inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) conductance that inhibits dopamine neuron firing. These studies examined the neurophysiological consequences of methamphetamine self-administration on GIRK channel-mediated currents in dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. METHODS Male DBA/2J mice were trained to self-administer intravenous methamphetamine. A dose response was conducted as well as extinction and cue-induced reinstatement. In a second study, after at least 2 weeks of stable self-administration of methamphetamine, electrophysiological brain slice recordings were conducted on dopamine neurons from self-administering and control mice. RESULTS In the first experiment, ad libitum-fed, nonfood-trained mice exhibited a significant increase in intake and locomotion following self-administration as the concentration of methamphetamine per infusion was increased (0.0015-0.15mg/kg/infusion). Mice exhibited extinction in responding and cue-induced reinstatement. In the second experiment, dopamine cells in both the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area from adult mice with a history of methamphetamine self-administration exhibited significantly smaller D2 and GABAB receptor-mediated currents compared with control mice, regardless of whether their daily self-administration sessions had been 1 or 4 hours. Interestingly, the effects of methamphetamine self-administration were not present when intracellular calcium was chelated by including BAPTA in the recording pipette. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that methamphetamine self-administration decreases GIRK channel-mediated currents in dopaminergic neurons and that this effect may be calcium dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Sharpe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Feik School of Pharmacy, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, Texas (Dr Sharpe, L. Bettinger); Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas (Dr Sharpe, E. Varela, and Dr Beckstead); Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas (Dr Beckstead)
| | - Erika Varela
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Feik School of Pharmacy, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, Texas (Dr Sharpe, L. Bettinger); Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas (Dr Sharpe, E. Varela, and Dr Beckstead); Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas (Dr Beckstead)
| | - Lynne Bettinger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Feik School of Pharmacy, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, Texas (Dr Sharpe, L. Bettinger); Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas (Dr Sharpe, E. Varela, and Dr Beckstead); Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas (Dr Beckstead)
| | - Michael J Beckstead
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Feik School of Pharmacy, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, Texas (Dr Sharpe, L. Bettinger); Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas (Dr Sharpe, E. Varela, and Dr Beckstead); Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas (Dr Beckstead).
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93
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Abstract
The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is required for the rewarding and motivational actions of opioids and activation of dopamine neurons has been implicated in these effects. The canonical model posits that opioid activation of VTA dopamine neurons is indirect, through inhibition of GABAergic inputs. However, VTA dopamine neurons also express postsynaptic μ-opioid peptide (MOP) receptors. We report here that in Sprague Dawley rat, the MOP receptor-selective agonist DAMGO (0.5-3 μM) depolarized or increased the firing rate of 87 of 451 VTA neurons (including 22 of 110 dopamine neurons). This DAMGO excitation occurs in the presence of GABAA receptor blockade and its EC50 value is two orders of magnitude lower than for presynaptic inhibition of GABA release on to VTA neurons. Consistent with a postsynaptic channel opening, excitations were accompanied by a decrease in input resistance. Excitations were blocked by CdCl2 (100 μM, n = 5) and ω-agatoxin-IVA (100 nM, n = 3), nonselective and Cav2.1 Ca(2+) channel blockers, respectively. DAMGO also produced a postsynaptic inhibition in 233 of 451 VTA neurons, including 45 of 110 dopamine neurons. The mean reversal potential of the inhibitory current was -78 ± 7 mV and inhibitions were blocked by the K(+) channel blocker BaCl2 (100 μM, n = 7). Blockade of either excitation or inhibition unmasked the opposite effect, suggesting that MOP receptors activate concurrent postsynaptic excitatory and inhibitory processes in most VTA neurons. These results provide a novel direct mechanism for MOP receptor control of VTA dopamine neurons.
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94
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de Velasco EMF, McCall N, Wickman K. GIRK Channel Plasticity and Implications for Drug Addiction. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2015; 123:201-38. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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95
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Fanarioti E, Mavrikaki M, Panagis G, Mitsacos A, Nomikos GG, Giompres P. Behavioral and neurochemical changes in mesostriatal dopaminergic regions of the rat after chronic administration of the cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55,212-2. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 18:pyu097. [PMID: 25522428 PMCID: PMC4438542 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyu097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endocannabinoid system interacts extensively with other neurotransmitter systems and has been implicated in a variety of functions, including regulation of basal ganglia circuits and motor behavior. The present study examined the effects of repeated administration of the nonselective cannabinoid receptor 1 agonist WIN55,212-2 on locomotor activity and on binding and mRNA levels of dopamine receptors and transporters and GABAA receptors in mesostriatal dopaminergic regions of the rat. METHODS Rats received systemic injections of WIN55,212-2 (0, 0.1, 0.3, or 1mg/kg, intraperitoneally) for 20 consecutive days. Locomotor activity was measured on days 1, 10, and 20. Following the last measurement, rats were euthanized and prepared for in vitro binding and in situ hybridization experiments. RESULTS Acutely, 0.3 and 1mg/kg of WIN55,212-2 produced hypolocomotion, which was sustained for the next 2 measurements, compared to vehicle. Repeated administration of WIN55,212-2 decreased the mRNA levels of the D2 autoreceptors in substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area and increased D1 receptor mRNA and binding in nucleus accumbens. Furthermore, both dopamine receptor and transporter binding and mRNA levels were decreased in substantia nigra. Moreover, repeated administration of WIN55,212-2 decreased GABAA receptor binding levels in dorsal striatum and substantia nigra. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that chronic WIN55,212-2 administration results in sustained effects on locomotor activity, similar to those observed after acute administration, and modulates the dopaminergic and GABAergic systems in a region-, dose-, and neurotransmitter-selective manner.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Basal Ganglia/drug effects
- Basal Ganglia/metabolism
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Benzoxazines/administration & dosage
- Benzoxazines/pharmacology
- Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists/administration & dosage
- Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics
- Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism
- Dopaminergic Neurons/drug effects
- Dopaminergic Neurons/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Male
- Morpholines/administration & dosage
- Morpholines/pharmacology
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Naphthalenes/administration & dosage
- Naphthalenes/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/metabolism
- Receptors, GABA-A/genetics
- Receptors, GABA-A/metabolism
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Fanarioti
- University of Patras, Department of Biology, Laboratory of Human and Animal Physiology, Patras, Greece (Drs Fanarioti and Giompres); University of Crete, Department of Psychology, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Rethymno, Crete, Greece (Drs Mavrikaki and Panagis); University of Patras, Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Physiology, Patras (Dr Mitsacos); Takeda Development Center Americas Inc., Deerfield, IL (Dr Nomikos)
| | - Maria Mavrikaki
- University of Patras, Department of Biology, Laboratory of Human and Animal Physiology, Patras, Greece (Drs Fanarioti and Giompres); University of Crete, Department of Psychology, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Rethymno, Crete, Greece (Drs Mavrikaki and Panagis); University of Patras, Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Physiology, Patras (Dr Mitsacos); Takeda Development Center Americas Inc., Deerfield, IL (Dr Nomikos)
| | - George Panagis
- University of Patras, Department of Biology, Laboratory of Human and Animal Physiology, Patras, Greece (Drs Fanarioti and Giompres); University of Crete, Department of Psychology, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Rethymno, Crete, Greece (Drs Mavrikaki and Panagis); University of Patras, Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Physiology, Patras (Dr Mitsacos); Takeda Development Center Americas Inc., Deerfield, IL (Dr Nomikos)
| | - Ada Mitsacos
- University of Patras, Department of Biology, Laboratory of Human and Animal Physiology, Patras, Greece (Drs Fanarioti and Giompres); University of Crete, Department of Psychology, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Rethymno, Crete, Greece (Drs Mavrikaki and Panagis); University of Patras, Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Physiology, Patras (Dr Mitsacos); Takeda Development Center Americas Inc., Deerfield, IL (Dr Nomikos)
| | - George G Nomikos
- University of Patras, Department of Biology, Laboratory of Human and Animal Physiology, Patras, Greece (Drs Fanarioti and Giompres); University of Crete, Department of Psychology, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Rethymno, Crete, Greece (Drs Mavrikaki and Panagis); University of Patras, Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Physiology, Patras (Dr Mitsacos); Takeda Development Center Americas Inc., Deerfield, IL (Dr Nomikos)
| | - Panagiotis Giompres
- University of Patras, Department of Biology, Laboratory of Human and Animal Physiology, Patras, Greece (Drs Fanarioti and Giompres); University of Crete, Department of Psychology, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Rethymno, Crete, Greece (Drs Mavrikaki and Panagis); University of Patras, Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Physiology, Patras (Dr Mitsacos); Takeda Development Center Americas Inc., Deerfield, IL (Dr Nomikos).
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96
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Borgkvist A, Mosharov EV, Sulzer D. Calcium currents regulate dopamine autoreceptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 137:2113-5. [PMID: 25057130 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Borgkvist
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology and Pharmacology, Columbia University, USA
| | - Eugene V Mosharov
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology and Pharmacology, Columbia University, USA
| | - David Sulzer
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology and Pharmacology, Columbia University, USA
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97
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Masi A, Narducci R, Landucci E, Moroni F, Mannaioni G. MPP(+) -dependent inhibition of Ih reduces spontaneous activity and enhances EPSP summation in nigral dopamine neurons. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:130-42. [PMID: 23323755 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+) ), a potent parkinsonizing agent in primates and rodents, is a blocker of mitochondrial complex I, therefore MPP(+) -induced parkinsonism is believed to depend largely on mitochondrial impairment. However, it has recently been proposed that other mechanisms may participate in MPP(+) -induced toxicity. We tackled this issue by probing the effects of an acute application of MPP(+) on substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) dopamine (DA) neurons. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effects of MPP(+) on SNc DA neurons in acute midbrain slices were investigated with electrophysiology techniques. KEY RESULTS MPP(+) (50 μM) was able to (i) hyperpolarize SNc DA neurons by ∼6 mV; (ii) cause an abrupt and marked (over 50%) reduction of the spontaneous activity; and (iii) inhibit the hyperpolarization-activated inward current (Ih ). MPP(+) shifted Ih activation curve towards negative potentials by ∼11 mV both in Wistar rats and in C57/BL6 mice. Inhibition was voltage- and concentration-dependent (Imax = 47%, IC50 = 7.74 μM). MPP(+) slowed Ih activation kinetics at all potentials. These effects were not dependent on (i) block of mitochondrial complex I/fall of ATP levels; (ii) activation of type 2 DA receptor; and (iii) alteration of cAMP metabolism. Finally, MPP(+) -dependent inhibition of Ih facilitated temporal summation of evoked EPSPs in SNc DA, but not in CA1 hippocampal neurons. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Reduced functionality of Ih in SNc DA neurons, via increased responsiveness towards synaptic excitation, might play a role in MPP(+) -induced parkinsonism and, possibly, in the pathogenesis of human Parkinson's.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Masi
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health - Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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98
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The timing of dopamine- and noradrenaline-mediated transmission reflects underlying differences in the extent of spillover and pooling. J Neurosci 2014; 34:7645-56. [PMID: 24872568 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0166-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic transmission typically occurs through the spillover activation of extrasynaptic receptors. This study examined the mechanisms underlying somatodendritic dopamine and noradrenaline transmission and found that the extent of spillover and pooling varied dramatically between these two transmitters. In the mouse ventral tegmental area, the time course of D2-receptor-mediated IPSCs (D2-IPSCs) was consistent between cells and was unaffected by altering stimulation intensity, probability of release, or the extent of diffusion. Blocking dopamine reuptake with cocaine extended the time course of D2-IPSCs and suggested that transporters strongly limited spillover. As a result, individual release sites contributed independently to the duration of D2-IPSCs. In contrast, increasing the release of noradrenaline in the rat locus ceruleus prolonged the duration of α2-receptor-mediated IPSCs even when reuptake was intact. Spillover and subsequent pooling of noradrenaline activated distal α2-receptors, which prolonged the duration of α2-IPSCs when multiple release sites were activated synchronously. By using the rapid application of agonists onto large macropatches, we determined the concentration profile of agonists underlying the two IPSCs. Incorporating the results into a model simulating extracellular diffusion predicted that the functional range of noradrenaline diffusion was nearly fivefold greater in the locus ceruleus than dopamine in the midbrain. This study demonstrates that catecholamine synapses differentially regulate the extent of spillover and pooling to control the timing of local inhibition and suggests diversity in the roles of uptake and diffusion in governing metabotropic transmission.
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99
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Abstract
Dopamine (DA) regulates emotional and motivational behavior through the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway. Changes in DA signaling in mesolimbic neurotransmission are widely believed to modify reward-related behaviors and are therefore closely associated with drug addiction. Recent evidence now suggests that as with drug addiction, obesity with compulsive eating behaviors involves reward circuitry of the brain, particularly the circuitry involving dopaminergic neural substrates. Increasing amounts of data from human imaging studies, together with genetic analysis, have demonstrated that obese people and drug addicts tend to show altered expression of DA D2 receptors in specific brain areas, and that similar brain areas are activated by food-related and drug-related cues. This review focuses on the functions of the DA system, with specific focus on the physiological interpretation and the role of DA D2 receptor signaling in food addiction. [BMB Reports 2013; 46(11): 519-526]
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja-Hyun Baik
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
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100
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Abstract
G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels contribute to the resting membrane potential of many neurons, including dopamine (DA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). VTA DA neurons are bistable, firing in two modes: one characterized by bursts of action potentials, the other by tonic firing at a lower frequency. Here we provide evidence that these firing modes drive bidirectional plasticity of GIRK channel-mediated currents. In acute midbrain slices of mice, we observed that in vitro burst activation of VTA DA neurons potentiated GIRK currents whereas tonic firing depressed these currents. This plasticity was not specific to the metabotropic receptor activating the GIRK channels, as direct activation of GIRK channels by nonhydrolyzable GTP also potentiated the currents. The plasticity of GIRK currents required NMDA receptor and CaMKII activation, and involved protein trafficking through specific PDZ domains of GIRK2c and GIRK3 subunit isoforms. Prolonged tonic firing may thus enhance the probability to switch into burst-firing mode, which then potentiates GIRK currents and favors the return to baseline. In conclusion, activity-dependent GIRK channel plasticity may represent a slow destabilization process favoring the switch between the two firing modes of VTA DA neurons.
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