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Gao J, Xu X, Huang K, Liang Z. Fungal G-Protein-Coupled Receptors: A Promising Mediator of the Impact of Extracellular Signals on Biosynthesis of Ochratoxin A. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:631392. [PMID: 33643259 PMCID: PMC7907439 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.631392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are transmembrane receptors involved in transducing signals from the external environment inside the cell, which enables fungi to coordinate cell transport, metabolism, and growth to promote their survival, reproduction, and virulence. There are 14 classes of GPCRs in fungi involved in sensing various ligands. In this paper, the synthesis of mycotoxins that are GPCR-mediated is discussed with respect to ligands, environmental stimuli, and intra-/interspecific communication. Despite their apparent importance in fungal biology, very little is known about the role of ochratoxin A (OTA) biosynthesis by Aspergillus ochraceus and the ligands that are involved. Fortunately, increasing evidence shows that the GPCR that involves the AF/ST (sterigmatocystin) pathway in fungi belongs to the same genus. Therefore, we speculate that GPCRs play an important role in a variety of environmental signals and downstream pathways in OTA biosynthesis. The verification of this inference will result in a more controllable GPCR target for control of fungal contamination in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, China
| | - Xinge Xu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kunlun Huang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Liang
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, China.,College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Senthivinayagam S, Serbulea V, Upchurch CM, Polanowska-Grabowska R, Mendu SK, Sahu S, Jayaguru P, Aylor KW, Chordia MD, Steinberg L, Oberholtzer N, Uchiyama S, Inada N, Lorenz UM, Harris TE, Keller SR, Meher AK, Kadl A, Desai BN, Kundu BK, Leitinger N. Adaptive thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue involves activation of pannexin-1 channels. Mol Metab 2021; 44:101130. [PMID: 33248294 PMCID: PMC7779784 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is specialized in thermogenesis. The conversion of energy into heat in brown adipocytes proceeds via stimulation of β-adrenergic receptor (βAR)-dependent signaling and activation of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). We have previously demonstrated a functional role for pannexin-1 (Panx1) channels in white adipose tissue; however, it is not known whether Panx1 channels play a role in the regulation of brown adipocyte function. Here, we tested the hypothesis that Panx1 channels are involved in brown adipocyte activation and thermogenesis. METHODS In an immortalized brown pre-adipocytes cell line, Panx1 currents were measured using patch-clamp electrophysiology. Flow cytometry was used for assessment of dye uptake and luminescence assays for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release, and cellular temperature measurement was performed using a ratiometric fluorescence thermometer. We used RNA interference and expression plasmids to manipulate expression of wild-type and mutant Panx1. We used previously described adipocyte-specific Panx1 knockout mice (Panx1Adip-/-) and generated brown adipocyte-specific Panx1 knockout mice (Panx1BAT-/-) to study pharmacological or cold-induced thermogenesis. Glucose uptake into brown adipose tissue was quantified by positron emission tomography (PET) analysis of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) content. BAT temperature was measured using an implantable telemetric temperature probe. RESULTS In brown adipocytes, Panx1 channel activity was induced either by apoptosis-dependent caspase activation or by β3AR stimulation via a novel mechanism that involves Gβγ subunit binding to Panx1. Inactivation of Panx1 channels in cultured brown adipocytes resulted in inhibition of β3AR-induced lipolysis, UCP-1 expression, and cellular thermogenesis. In mice, adiponectin-Cre-dependent genetic deletion of Panx1 in all adipose tissue depots resulted in defective β3AR agonist- or cold-induced thermogenesis in BAT and suppressed beigeing of white adipose tissue. UCP1-Cre-dependent Panx1 deletion specifically in brown adipocytes reduced the capacity for adaptive thermogenesis without affecting beigeing of white adipose tissue and aggravated diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that Gβγ-dependent Panx1 channel activation is involved in β3AR-induced thermogenic regulation in brown adipocytes. Identification of Panx1 channels in BAT as novel thermo-regulatory elements downstream of β3AR activation may have therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vlad Serbulea
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Clint M Upchurch
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | | | - Suresh K Mendu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Srabani Sahu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Prathiba Jayaguru
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Kevin W Aylor
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Mahendra D Chordia
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Limor Steinberg
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Nathaniel Oberholtzer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Seichii Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Inada
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ulrike M Lorenz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, Center for Cell Clearance, the Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, USA
| | - Thurl E Harris
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Susanna R Keller
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Akshaya K Meher
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Alexandra Kadl
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Bimal N Desai
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Bijoy K Kundu
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Norbert Leitinger
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA; Robert M Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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53
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Birgül Iyison N, Shahraki A, Kahveci K, Düzgün MB, Gün G. Are insect GPCRs ideal next‐generation pesticides: opportunities and challenges. FEBS J 2021; 288:2727-2745. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Necla Birgül Iyison
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Institute of Graduate Studies in Science and Engineering Boğaziçi University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Aida Shahraki
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Institute of Graduate Studies in Science and Engineering Boğaziçi University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Kübra Kahveci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Institute of Graduate Studies in Science and Engineering Boğaziçi University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Mustafa Barbaros Düzgün
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Institute of Graduate Studies in Science and Engineering Boğaziçi University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Gökhan Gün
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Institute of Graduate Studies in Science and Engineering Boğaziçi University Istanbul Turkey
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Khater M, Wei Z, Xu X, Huang W, Lokeshwar BL, Lambert NA, Wu G. G protein βγ translocation to the Golgi apparatus activates MAPK via p110γ-p101 heterodimers. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100325. [PMID: 33493514 PMCID: PMC7949113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus (GA) is a cellular organelle that plays a critical role in the processing of proteins for secretion. Activation of G protein-coupled receptors at the plasma membrane (PM) induces the translocation of G protein βγ dimers to the GA. However, the functional significance of this translocation is largely unknown. Here, we study PM-GA translocation of all 12 Gγ subunits in response to chemokine receptor CXCR4 activation and demonstrate that Gγ9 is a unique Golgi-translocating Gγ subunit. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout of Gγ9 abolishes activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), two members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family, by CXCR4. We show that chemically induced recruitment to the GA of Gβγ dimers containing different Gγ subunits activates ERK1/2, whereas recruitment to the PM is ineffective. We also demonstrate that pharmacological inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ (PI3Kγ) and depletion of its subunits p110γ and p101 abrogate ERK1/2 activation by CXCR4 and Gβγ recruitment to the GA. Knockout of either Gγ9 or PI3Kγ significantly suppresses prostate cancer PC3 cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. Collectively, our data demonstrate a novel function for Gβγ translocation to the GA, via activating PI3Kγ heterodimers p110γ-p101, to spatiotemporally regulate mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by G protein-coupled receptors and ultimately control tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Khater
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Zhe Wei
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Bal L Lokeshwar
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nevin A Lambert
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Guangyu Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.
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55
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Cheon M, Park H, Chung C. Protein kinase C mediates neuropeptide Y-induced reduction in inhibitory neurotransmission in the lateral habenula. Neuropharmacology 2020; 180:108295. [PMID: 32882226 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is one of peptide neuromodulators, well known for orexigenic, anxiolytic and antidepressant effects. We previously reported that NPY decreases GABAergic transmission in the lateral habenula (LHb). In the current study, we aim to investigate the underlying signaling pathways that mediate inhibitory action of NPY in the LHb by employing whole-cell patch clamp recording with pharmacological interventions. Here, we revealed that Y1 receptors (Y1Rs) but not Y2Rs mediate NPY-induced decrease of GABAergic transmission in the LHb. Surprisingly, NPY-induced decrease of inhibitory transmission in the LHb was not dependent on adenylyl cyclase (AC)/protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent pathway as reported in other brain areas. Instead, pharmacological blockade of phospholipase C (PLC) or protein kinase C (PKC) activity abolished the decrease of GABAergic transmission by NPY in the LHb. Our findings suggest that Y1Rs in the LHb may trigger the activation of PLC/PKC-dependent pathway but not the classical AC/PKA-dependent pathway to decrease inhibitory transmission of the LHb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myunghyun Cheon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea
| | - Hoyong Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea
| | - ChiHye Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea.
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Behrendt M, Gruss F, Enzeroth R, Dembla S, Zhao S, Crassous PA, Mohr F, Nys M, Louros N, Gallardo R, Zorzini V, Wagner D, Economou A, Rousseau F, Schymkowitz J, Philipp SE, Rohacs T, Ulens C, Oberwinkler J. The structural basis for an on-off switch controlling Gβγ-mediated inhibition of TRPM3 channels. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:29090-29100. [PMID: 33122432 PMCID: PMC7682392 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2001177117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
TRPM3 channels play important roles in the detection of noxious heat and in inflammatory thermal hyperalgesia. The activity of these ion channels in somatosensory neurons is tightly regulated by µ-opioid receptors through the signaling of Gβγ proteins, thereby reducing TRPM3-mediated pain. We show here that Gβγ directly binds to a domain of 10 amino acids in TRPM3 and solve a cocrystal structure of this domain together with Gβγ. Using these data and mutational analysis of full-length proteins, we pinpoint three amino acids in TRPM3 and their interacting partners in Gβ1 that are individually necessary for TRPM3 inhibition by Gβγ. The 10-amino-acid Gβγ-interacting domain in TRPM3 is subject to alternative splicing. Its inclusion in or exclusion from TRPM3 channel proteins therefore provides a mechanism for switching on or off the inhibitory action that Gβγ proteins exert on TRPM3 channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Behrendt
- Institut für Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), Philipps-Universität Marburg and Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Gruss
- Laboratory of Structural Neurobiology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Raissa Enzeroth
- Institut für Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), Philipps-Universität Marburg and Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sandeep Dembla
- Institut für Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), Philipps-Universität Marburg and Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Siyuan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Pierre-Antoine Crassous
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Florian Mohr
- Institut für Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Mieke Nys
- Laboratory of Structural Neurobiology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nikolaos Louros
- Switch Laboratory, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rodrigo Gallardo
- Switch Laboratory, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Valentina Zorzini
- Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Doris Wagner
- Institut für Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Anastassios Economou
- Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frederic Rousseau
- Switch Laboratory, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joost Schymkowitz
- Switch Laboratory, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephan E Philipp
- Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität des Saarlandes, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Tibor Rohacs
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Chris Ulens
- Laboratory of Structural Neurobiology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Johannes Oberwinkler
- Institut für Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany;
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), Philipps-Universität Marburg and Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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Chung YK, Wong YH. Re‐examining the ‘Dissociation Model’ of G protein activation from the perspective of Gβγ signaling. FEBS J 2020; 288:2490-2501. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Kwan Chung
- Division of Life Science and Biotechnology Research Institute Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong China
| | - Yung Hou Wong
- Division of Life Science and Biotechnology Research Institute Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience the Molecular Neuroscience Center Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Kowloon China
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58
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Hosio M, Jaks V, Lagus H, Vuola J, Ogawa R, Kankuri E. Primary Ciliary Signaling in the Skin-Contribution to Wound Healing and Scarring. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:578384. [PMID: 33282860 PMCID: PMC7691485 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.578384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia (PC) are solitary, post-mitotic, microtubule-based, and membrane-covered protrusions that are found on almost every mammalian cell. PC are specialized cellular sensory organelles that transmit environmental information to the cell. Signaling through PC is involved in the regulation of a variety of cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, and migration. Conversely, defective, or abnormal PC signaling can contribute to the development of various pathological conditions. Our knowledge of the role of PC in organ development and function is largely based on ciliopathies, a family of genetic disorders with mutations affecting the structure and function of PC. In this review, we focus on the role of PC in their major signaling pathways active in skin cells, and their contribution to wound healing and scarring. To provide comprehensive insights into the current understanding of PC functions, we have collected data available in the literature, including evidence across cell types, tissues, and animal species. We conclude that PC are underappreciated subcellular organelles that significantly contribute to both physiological and pathological processes of the skin development and wound healing. Thus, PC assembly and disassembly and PC signaling may serve as attractive targets for antifibrotic and antiscarring therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayu Hosio
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Viljar Jaks
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Dermatology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Heli Lagus
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Wound Healing Centre, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jyrki Vuola
- Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rei Ogawa
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Esko Kankuri
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Srivastava D, Yadav RP, Inamdar SM, Huang Z, Sokolov M, Boyd K, Artemyev NO. Transducin Partners Outside the Phototransduction Pathway. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:589494. [PMID: 33173469 PMCID: PMC7591391 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.589494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transducin mediates signal transduction in a classical G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) phototransduction cascade. Interactions of transducin with the receptor and the effector molecules had been extensively investigated and are currently defined at the atomic level. However, partners and functions of rod transducin α (Gαt 1) and βγ (Gβ1γ1) outside the visual pathway are not well-understood. In particular, light-induced redistribution of rod transducin from the outer segment to the inner segment and synaptic terminal (IS/ST) allows Gαt1 and/or Gβ1γ1 to modulate synaptic transmission from rods to rod bipolar cells (RBCs). Protein-protein interactions underlying this modulation are largely unknown. We discuss known interactors of transducin in the rod IS/ST compartment and potential pathways leading to the synaptic effects of light-dispersed Gαt1 and Gβ1γ1. Furthermore, we show that a prominent non-GPCR guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) and a chaperone of Gα subunits, resistance to inhibitors of cholinesterase 8A (Ric-8A) protein, is expressed throughout the retina including photoreceptor cells. Recent structures of Ric-8A alone and in complexes with Gα subunits have illuminated the structural underpinnings of the Ric-8A activities. We generated a mouse model with conditional knockout of Ric-8A in rods in order to begin defining the functional roles of the protein in rod photoreceptors and the retina. Our analysis suggests that Ric-8A is not an obligate chaperone of Gαt1. Further research is needed to investigate probable roles of Ric-8A as a GEF, trafficking chaperone, or a mediator of the synaptic effects of Gαt1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj Srivastava
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Ravi P Yadav
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Shivangi M Inamdar
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Zhen Huang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Maxim Sokolov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Biochemistry and Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Kimberly Boyd
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Nikolai O Artemyev
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
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60
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Diao XT, Yao L, Ma JJ, Zhang TY, Bai HH, Suo ZW, Yang X, Hu XD. Analgesic action of adenosine A1 receptor involves the dephosphorylation of glycine receptor α1ins subunit in spinal dorsal horn of mice. Neuropharmacology 2020; 176:108219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Barnett ME, Knapp BI, Bidlack JM. Unique Pharmacological Properties of the Kappa Opioid Receptor Signaling Through G αz as Shown with Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Tranfer. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 98:462-474. [PMID: 32958572 DOI: 10.1124/mol.120.119404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid receptors (ORs) convert extracellular messages to signaling events by coupling to the heterotrimeric G proteins, Gα•βγ Classic pharmacological methods, such as [35S]GTPγS binding and inhibition of cyclic AMP production, allow for general opioid characterization, but they are subject to the varying endogenous Gα proteins in a given cell type. Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) technology offers new insight by allowing the direct observation of Gα subunit-specific effects on opioid pharmacology. Using a Venus-tagged Gβγ and nanoluciferase-tagged truncated G protein receptor kinase 3, an increase in BRET signal correlated with OR activation mediated by a specific Gα protein. The magnitude of the BRET signal was normalized to the maximum response obtained with 10 µM 2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-methyl-N-[(1R,2R)-2-pyrrolidin-1-ylcyclohexyl]acetamide (U50,488) for the kappa OR (KOR). Opioids reached equilibrium with the KOR, and concentration-response curves were generated. Although the full agonists U50,488, salvinorin A, nalfurafine, and dynorphin peptides were equally efficacious regardless of the Gα subunit present, the concentration-response curves were leftward shifted when the KOR was signaling through Gαz compared with other Gαi/o subunits. In contrast, the Gα subunit distinctly affected both the efficacy and potency of partial kappa agonists, such as the benzomorphans, and the classic mu opioid antagonists, naloxone, naltrexone, and nalmefene. For example, (-)pentazocine had EC50 values of 7.3 and 110 nM and maximal stimulation values of 79% and 35% when the KOR signaled through Gαz and Gαi1, respectively. Together, these observations suggest KOR pharmacology varies based on the specific Gα subunit coupled to the KOR. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Opioid receptors couple to various heterotrimeric Gαβγ proteins to convert extracellular cues to precise intracellular events. This paper focuses on how the various inhibitory Gα subunits influence the pharmacology of full and partial agonists at the kappa opioid receptor. Using a bioluminescent assay, the efficacy and potency of kappa opioids was determined. Opioid signaling was more potent through Gαz compared with other Gα proteins. These observations suggest that Gαz may impact opioid pharmacology and cellular physiology more than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam E Barnett
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Brian I Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Jean M Bidlack
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
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The constitutive activity of the viral-encoded G protein-coupled receptor US28 supports a complex signalling network contributing to cancer development. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:1493-1504. [PMID: 32779712 PMCID: PMC7458396 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
US28 is a viral G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) encoded by the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). This receptor, expressed both during lytic replication and viral latency, is required for latency. US28 is binding to a wide variety of chemokines but also exhibits a particularly high constitutive activity robustly modulating a wide network of cellular pathways altering the host cell environment to benefit HCMV infection. Several studies suggest that US28-mediated signalling may contribute to cancer progression. In this review, we discuss the unique structural characteristics that US28 acquired through evolution that confer a robust constitutive activity to this viral receptor. We also describe the wide downstream signalling network activated by this constitutive activation of US28 and discuss how these signalling pathways may promote and support important cellular aspects of cancer.
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Zhang X, Min X, Wang S, Sun N, Kim KM. Mdm2-mediated ubiquitination of β-arrestin2 in the nucleus occurs in a Gβγ- and clathrin-dependent manner. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 178:114049. [PMID: 32450252 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The fate and activity of β-arrestin2, a key player in the regulation of desensitization and endocytosis of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), are regulated by mouse double minute 2 homolog (Mdm2)-mediated ubiquitination. However, details of the molecular mechanisms of β-arrestin2 ubiquitination remain unclear. Studies on β-arrestin2 and Mdm2 mutants with modified nucleocytoplasmic shuttling properties have revealed that β-arrestin2 ubiquitination occurs in the nucleus in a Gβγ- and clathrin-dependent manner. The nuclear entry of both β-arrestin2 and Mdm2 commonly relies on the presence of importin complex but can occur independently of each other. Gβγ and clathrin regulated the nuclear entry of β-arrestin2 by mediating the interaction between β-arrestin2 and importin β1. In contrast, Akt-mediated phosphorylation of two serine residues of Mdm2 partly regulated the nuclear entry of Mdm2. Ubiquitinated β-arrestin2 along with Mdm2 translocated to the cytoplasm where they play various functional roles including receptor endocytosis and ubiquitination of other cytoplasmic proteins. The nuclear export of Mdm2 required nuclear entry and interaction of β-arrestin2 with Mdm2. Ubiquitination was required for the translocation of β-arrestin2 toward activated receptors on the plasma membrane and for its endocytic activity. The current study revealed the cellular components and processes involved in the ubiquitination of β-arrestin2, and these findings could be quintessential for providing directions and detailed strategies for the manipulation of GPCR functions and development of GPCR-related therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiao Min
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Shujie Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Ningning Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Man Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju 61186, Republic of Korea.
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64
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Moreau E, Mikulska-Ruminska K, Goulu M, Perrier S, Deshayes C, Stankiewicz M, Apaire-Marchais V, Nowak W, Lapied B. Orthosteric muscarinic receptor activation by the insect repellent IR3535 opens new prospects in insecticide-based vector control. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6842. [PMID: 32321987 PMCID: PMC7176678 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63957-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The insect repellent IR3535 is one of the important alternative in the fight against mosquito-borne disease such as malaria, dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever and Zika. Using a multidisciplinary approach, we propose the development of an innovative insecticide-based vector control strategy using an unexplored property of IR3535. We have demonstrated that in insect neurosecretory cells, very low concentration of IR3535 induces intracellular calcium rise through cellular mechanisms involving orthosteric/allosteric sites of the M1-muscarinic receptor subtype, G protein βγ subunits, background potassium channel inhibition generating depolarization, which induces voltage-gated calcium channel activation. The resulting internal calcium concentration elevation increases nicotinic receptor sensitivity to the neonicotinoid insecticide thiacloprid. The synergistic interaction between IR3535 and thiacloprid contributes to significantly increase the efficacy of the treatment while reducing concentrations. In this context, IR3535, used as a synergistic agent, seems to promise a new approach in the optimization of the integrated vector management for vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eléonore Moreau
- Laboratoire Signalisation Fonctionnelle des Canaux Ioniques et des Récepteurs (SiFCIR), UPRES EA 2647, USC INRA 1330, SFR QUASAV 4207, UFR Sciences, Université d'Angers, 2 boulevard Lavoisier, 49045, Angers, cedex, France
| | - Karolina Mikulska-Ruminska
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, N. Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Mathilde Goulu
- Laboratoire Signalisation Fonctionnelle des Canaux Ioniques et des Récepteurs (SiFCIR), UPRES EA 2647, USC INRA 1330, SFR QUASAV 4207, UFR Sciences, Université d'Angers, 2 boulevard Lavoisier, 49045, Angers, cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Perrier
- Laboratoire Signalisation Fonctionnelle des Canaux Ioniques et des Récepteurs (SiFCIR), UPRES EA 2647, USC INRA 1330, SFR QUASAV 4207, UFR Sciences, Université d'Angers, 2 boulevard Lavoisier, 49045, Angers, cedex, France
| | - Caroline Deshayes
- Laboratoire Signalisation Fonctionnelle des Canaux Ioniques et des Récepteurs (SiFCIR), UPRES EA 2647, USC INRA 1330, SFR QUASAV 4207, UFR Sciences, Université d'Angers, 2 boulevard Lavoisier, 49045, Angers, cedex, France
| | - Maria Stankiewicz
- Faculty of Biological and Veternary Sciences, N. Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Véronique Apaire-Marchais
- Laboratoire Signalisation Fonctionnelle des Canaux Ioniques et des Récepteurs (SiFCIR), UPRES EA 2647, USC INRA 1330, SFR QUASAV 4207, UFR Sciences, Université d'Angers, 2 boulevard Lavoisier, 49045, Angers, cedex, France
| | - Wieslaw Nowak
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, N. Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Bruno Lapied
- Laboratoire Signalisation Fonctionnelle des Canaux Ioniques et des Récepteurs (SiFCIR), UPRES EA 2647, USC INRA 1330, SFR QUASAV 4207, UFR Sciences, Université d'Angers, 2 boulevard Lavoisier, 49045, Angers, cedex, France.
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65
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Del Rosario JS, Yudin Y, Su S, Hartle CM, Mirshahi T, Rohacs T. Gi-coupled receptor activation potentiates Piezo2 currents via Gβγ. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e49124. [PMID: 32227462 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201949124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanically activated Piezo2 channels are key players in somatosensory touch, but their regulation by cellular signaling pathways is poorly understood. Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons express a variety of G-protein-coupled receptors that modulate the function of sensory ion channels. Gi-coupled receptors are generally considered inhibitory, as they usually decrease excitability. Paradoxically, activation of Gi-coupled receptors in DRG neurons sometimes induces mechanical hypersensitivity, the mechanism of which is not well understood. Here, we find that activation of Gi-coupled receptors potentiates mechanically activated currents in DRG neurons and heterologously expressed Piezo2 channels, but inhibits Piezo1 currents in heterologous systems in a Gβγ-dependent manner. Pharmacological inhibition of kinases downstream of Gβγ, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) also abolishes the potentiation of Piezo2 currents. Local injection of sumatriptan, an agonist of the Gi-coupled serotonin 1B/1D receptors, increases mechanical sensitivity in mice, and the effect is abolished by inhibiting PI3K and MAPK. Hence, our studies illustrate an indirect mechanism of action of Gβγ to sensitize Piezo2 currents and alter mechanosensitivity after activation of Gi-coupled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Smith Del Rosario
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Yevgen Yudin
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Songxue Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Cassandra M Hartle
- Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Tooraj Mirshahi
- Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Tibor Rohacs
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
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Abstract
Glucose-induced (physiological) insulin secretion from the islet β-cell involves interplay between cationic (i.e., changes in intracellular calcium) and metabolic (i.e., generation of hydrophobic and hydrophilic second messengers) events. A large body of evidence affirms support for novel regulation, by G proteins, of specific intracellular signaling events, including actin cytoskeletal remodeling, transport of insulin-containing granules to the plasma membrane for fusion, and secretion of insulin into the circulation. This article highlights the following aspects of GPCR-G protein biology of the islet. First, it overviews our current understanding of the identity of a wide variety of G protein regulators and their modulatory roles in GPCR-G protein-effector coupling, which is requisite for optimal β-cell function under physiological conditions. Second, it describes evidence in support of novel, noncanonical, GPCR-independent mechanisms of activation of G proteins in the islet. Third, it highlights the evidence indicating that abnormalities in G protein function lead to islet β-cell dysregulation and demise under the duress of metabolic stress and diabetes. Fourth, it summarizes observations of potential beneficial effects of GPCR agonists in preventing/halting metabolic defects in the islet β-cell under various pathological conditions (e.g., metabolic stress and inflammation). Lastly, it identifies knowledge gaps and potential avenues for future research in this evolving field of translational islet biology. Published 2020. Compr Physiol 10:453-490, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjaneyulu Kowluru
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Center for Translational Research in Diabetes, Biomedical Research Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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67
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Greenwood IA, Stott JB. The Gβ1 and Gβ3 Subunits Differentially Regulate Rat Vascular Kv7 Channels. Front Physiol 2020; 10:1573. [PMID: 31992990 PMCID: PMC6971187 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the vasculature Kv7 channels are key regulators of basal tone and contribute to a variety of receptor mediated vasorelaxants. The Kv7.4 isoform, abundant within the vasculature, is key to these processes and was recently shown to have an obligatory requirement of G-protein βγ subunits for its voltage dependent activity. There is an increasing appreciation that with 5 Gβ subunits and 12 Gγ subunits described in mammalian cells that different Gβxγx combinations can confer selectivity in Gβγ effector stimulation. Therefore, we aimed to characterize the Gβ subunit(s) which basally regulate Kv7.4 channels and native vascular Kv7 channels. In Chinese Hamster Ovary cells overexpressing Kv7.4 and different Gβx subunits only Gβ1, Gβ3, and Gβ5 enhanced Kv7.4 currents, increasing the activation kinetics and negatively shifting the voltage dependence of activation. In isolated rat renal artery myocytes, proximity ligation assay detected an interaction of Kv7.4 with Gβ1 and Gβ3 subunits, but not other isoforms. Morpholino directed knockdown of Gβ1 in rat renal arteries did not alter Kv7 dependent currents but reduced Kv7.4 protein expression. Knockdown of Gβ3 in rat renal arteries resulted in decreased basal K+ currents which were not sensitive to pharmacological inhibition of Kv7 channels. These studies implicate the Gβ1 subunit in the synthesis or stability of Kv7.4 proteins, whilst revealing that the Gβ3 isoform is responsible for the basal activity of Kv7 channels in native rat renal myocytes. These findings demonstrate that different Gβ subunits have important individual roles in ion channel regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain A Greenwood
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer B Stott
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
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68
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Sensing Extracellular Calcium - An Insight into the Structure and Function of the Calcium-Sensing Receptor (CaSR). ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1131:1031-1063. [PMID: 31646544 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12457-1_41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a G protein-coupled receptor that plays a key role in calcium homeostasis, by sensing free calcium levels in blood and regulating parathyroid hormone secretion in response. The CaSR is highly expressed in parathyroid gland and kidney where its role is well characterised, but also in other tissues where its function remains to be determined. The CaSR can be activated by a variety of endogenous ligands, as well as by synthetic modulators such as Cinacalcet, used in the clinic to treat secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with chronic kidney disease. The CaSR couples to multiple G proteins, in a tissue-specific manner, activating several signalling pathways and thus regulating diverse intracellular events. The multifaceted nature of this receptor makes it a valuable therapeutic target for calciotropic and non-calciotropic diseases. It is therefore essential to understand the complexity behind the pharmacology, trafficking, and signalling characteristics of this receptor. This review provides an overview of the latest knowledge about the CaSR and discusses future hot topics in this field.
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69
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Brust TF. Biased Ligands at the Kappa Opioid Receptor: Fine-Tuning Receptor Pharmacology. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2020; 271:115-135. [PMID: 33140224 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The kappa opioid receptor (KOR) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that can signal through multiple signaling pathways. KOR agonists are known to relieve pain and itch, as well as induce dysphoria, sedation, hallucinations, and diuresis. As is the case with many other GPCRs, specific signaling pathways downstream of the KOR have been linked to certain physiological responses induced by the receptor. Those studies motivated the search and discovery of a number of KOR ligands that preferentially activate one signaling pathway over another. Such compounds are termed functionally selective or biased ligands, and may present a way of inducing desired receptor effects with reduced adverse reactions. In this chapter, I review the molecular intricacies of KOR signaling and discuss the studies that have used biased signaling through the KOR as a way to selectively modulate in vivo physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarsis F Brust
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lloyd L. Gregory School of Pharmacy, Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, FL, USA.
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70
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The Emerging Role of Gβ Subunits in Human Genetic Diseases. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121567. [PMID: 31817184 PMCID: PMC6952978 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental stimuli are perceived and transduced inside the cell through the activation of signaling pathways. One common type of cell signaling transduction network is initiated by G-proteins. G-proteins are activated by G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and transmit signals from hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling factors, thus controlling a number of biological processes that include synaptic transmission, visual photoreception, hormone and growth factors release, regulation of cell contraction and migration, as well as cell growth and differentiation. G-proteins mainly act as heterotrimeric complexes, composed of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. In the last few years, whole exome sequencing and biochemical studies have shown causality of disease-causing variants in genes encoding G-proteins and human genetic diseases. This review focuses on the G-protein β subunits and their emerging role in the etiology of genetically inherited rare diseases in humans.
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71
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Smrcka AV, Fisher I. G-protein βγ subunits as multi-functional scaffolds and transducers in G-protein-coupled receptor signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:4447-4459. [PMID: 31435698 PMCID: PMC6842434 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03275-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
G-protein βγ subunits are key participants in G-protein signaling. These subunits facilitate interactions between receptors and G proteins that are critical for the G protein activation cycle at the plasma membrane. In addition, they play roles in directly transducing signals to an ever expanding range of downstream targets, including integral membrane and cytosolic proteins. Emerging data indicate that Gβγ may play additional roles at intracellular compartments including endosomes, the Golgi apparatus, and the nucleus. Here, we discuss the molecular and structural basis for their ability to coordinate this wide range of cellular activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan V Smrcka
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA.
| | - Isaac Fisher
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, 14629, USA
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72
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Mystek P, Rysiewicz B, Gregrowicz J, Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M, Polit A. Gγ and Gα Identity Dictate a G-Protein Heterotrimer Plasma Membrane Targeting. Cells 2019; 8:E1246. [PMID: 31614907 PMCID: PMC6829862 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G-proteins along with G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) regulate many biochemical functions by relaying the information from the plasma membrane to the inside of the cell. The lipid modifications of Gα and Gγ subunits, together with the charged regions on the membrane interaction surface, provide a peculiar pattern for various heterotrimeric complexes. In a previous study, we found that Gαs and Gαi3 prefer different types of membrane-anchor and subclass-specific lipid domains. In the present report, we examine the role of distinct Gγ subunits in the membrane localization and spatiotemporal dynamics of Gαs and Gαi3 heterotrimers. We characterized lateral diffusion and G-protein subunit interactions in living cells using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) microscopy and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) detected by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), respectively. The interaction of Gγ subunits with specific lipids was confirmed, and thus the modulation of heterotrimeric G-protein localization. However, the Gα subunit also modulates trimer localization, and so the membrane distribution of heterotrimeric G-proteins is not dependent on Gγ only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Mystek
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Beata Rysiewicz
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Jan Gregrowicz
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Marta Dziedzicka-Wasylewska
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Polit
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
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Stott JB, Barrese V, Suresh M, Masoodi S, Greenwood IA. Investigating the Role of G Protein βγ in Kv7-Dependent Relaxations of the Rat Vasculature. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:2091-2102. [PMID: 30002060 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Objective- In renal arteries, inhibitors of G protein βγ subunits (Gβγ) reduce Kv7 activity and inhibit Kv7-dependent receptor-mediated vasorelaxations. However, the mechanisms underlying receptor-mediated relaxation are artery specific. Consequently, the aim of this study was to ascertain the role of Gβγ in Kv7-dependent vasorelaxations of the rat vasculature. Approach and Results- Isometric tension recording was performed in isolated rat renal, mesenteric, and cerebral arteries to study isoproterenol and calcitonin gene-related peptide relaxations. Kv7.4 was knocked down via morpholino transfection while inhibition of Gβγ was investigated with gallein and M119K. Proximity ligation assay was performed on isolated myocytes to study the association between Kv7.4 and G protein β subunits or signaling intermediaries. Isoproterenol or calcitonin gene-related peptide-induced relaxations were attenuated by Kv7.4 knockdown in all arteries studied. Inhibition of Gβγ with gallein or M119K had no effect on isoproterenol-mediated relaxations in mesenteric artery but had a marked effect on calcitonin gene-related peptide-induced responses in mesenteric artery and cerebral artery and isoproterenol responses in renal artery. Isoproterenol increased association with Kv7.4 and Rap1a in mesenteric artery which were not sensitive to gallein, whereas in renal artery, isoproterenol increased Kv7.4-AKAP (A-kinase anchoring protein) associations in a gallein-sensitive manner. Conclusions- The Gβγ-Kv7 relationship differs between vessels and is an essential requirement for AKAP, but not Rap-mediated regulation of the channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B Stott
- From the Vascular Biology Research Centre, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, St George's University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Barrese
- From the Vascular Biology Research Centre, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, St George's University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Malavika Suresh
- From the Vascular Biology Research Centre, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, St George's University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Shirou Masoodi
- From the Vascular Biology Research Centre, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, St George's University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Iain A Greenwood
- From the Vascular Biology Research Centre, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, St George's University of London, United Kingdom
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Schoos A, Gabriel C, Knab VM, Fux DA. Activation of HIF-1 α by δ-Opioid Receptors Induces COX-2 Expression in Breast Cancer Cells and Leads to Paracrine Activation of Vascular Endothelial Cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 370:480-489. [PMID: 31300611 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.257501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioids promote tumor angiogenesis in mammary malignancies, but the underlying signaling mechanism is largely unknown. The current study investigated the hypothesis that stimulation of δ-opioid receptors (DOR) in breast cancer (BCa) cells activates the hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), which triggers synthesis and release of diverse angiogenic factors. Immunoblotting revealed that incubation of human MCF-7 and T47D breast cancer cells with the DOR agonist d-Ala2,d-Leu5-enkephalin (DADLE) resulted in a transient accumulation and thus activation of HIF-1α DADLE-induced HIF-1α activation preceded PI3K/Akt stimulation and was blocked by the DOR antagonist naltrindole and naloxone, pertussis toxin, different phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors, and the Akt inhibitor Akti-1/2. Whereas DADLE exposure had no effect on the expression and secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in BCa cells, an increased abundance of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was detected. DADLE-induced COX-2 expression was also observed in three-dimensional cultured MCF-7 cells and impaired by PI3K/Akt inhibitors and the HIF-1α inhibitor echinomycin. Supernatant from DADLE-treated MCF-7 cells triggered sprouting of endothelial (END) cells, which was blocked when MCF-7 cells were pretreated with echinomycin or the COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib. Also no sprouting was observed when END cells were exposed to the PGE2 receptor antagonist PF-04418948. The findings together indicate that DOR stimulation in BCa cells leads to PI3K/Akt-dependent HIF-1α activation and COX-2 expression, which trigger END cell sprouting by paracrine activation of PGE2 receptors. These findings provide a potential mechanism of opioid-driven tumor angiogenesis and thus therapeutic targets to combat the tumor-angiogenic opioid effect. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Opioids are indispensable analgesics for treating cancer-related pain. However, opioids were found to promote tumor growth and metastasis, which questions the use of these potent pain-relieving drugs in cancer patients. Enhanced tumor vascularization after opioid treatment implies that tumor progression results from angiogenic opioid effects. Thus, understanding the signaling mechanism of opioid-driven tumor angiogenesis helps to identify therapeutic targets to combat these undesired tumor effects. The present study reveals that stimulation of δ-opioid receptors in breast cancer cells leads to an activation of HIF-1α and expression of COX-2 via PI3K/Akt stimulation, which results in a paracrine activation of vascular endothelial cells by prostaglandin E2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Schoos
- Division Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.S., V.M.K., D.A.F.) and Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (C.G.), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cordula Gabriel
- Division Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.S., V.M.K., D.A.F.) and Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (C.G.), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vanessa M Knab
- Division Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.S., V.M.K., D.A.F.) and Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (C.G.), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela A Fux
- Division Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.S., V.M.K., D.A.F.) and Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (C.G.), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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75
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Yudin Y, Rohacs T. The G-protein-biased agents PZM21 and TRV130 are partial agonists of μ-opioid receptor-mediated signalling to ion channels. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:3110-3125. [PMID: 31074038 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Opioids remain the most efficient medications against severe pain; they act on receptors that couple to heterotrimeric G-proteins in the Gαi/o family. Opioids exert many of their acute effects through modulating ion channels via Gβγ subunits. Many of their side effects are attributed to β-arrestin recruitment. Several biased agonists that do not recruit β-arrestins, but activate G-protein-dependent pathways, have recently been developed. While these compounds have been proposed to be full agonists of G-protein signalling in several high throughput pharmacological assays, their effects were not studied on ion channel targets. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Here, we used patch-clamp electrophysiology and Ca2+ imaging to test the effects of TRV130, PZM21, and herkinorin, three G-protein-biased agonists of μ-opioid receptors, on ion channel targets of Gαi/o /Gβγ signalling. We also studied G-protein dissociation using a FRET-based assay. KEY RESULTS All three biased agonists induced smaller activation of G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying K+ channels (Kir 3.2) and smaller inhibition of transient receptor potential melastatin (TRPM3) channels than the full μ receptor agonist DAMGO. Co-application of TRV130 or PZM21, but not herkinorin, alleviated the effects of DAMGO on both channels. PZM21 and TRV130 also decreased the effect of morphine on Kir 3.2 channels. The CaV 2.2 channel was also inhibited less by PZM21 and TRV130 than by DAMGO. We also found that TRV130, PZM21, and herkinorin were less effective than DAMGO at inducing dissociation of the Gαi /Gβγ complex. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS TRV130, PZM21, and potentially herkinorin are partial agonists of μ receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgen Yudin
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Tibor Rohacs
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
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Tsai CJ, Marino J, Adaixo R, Pamula F, Muehle J, Maeda S, Flock T, Taylor NMI, Mohammed I, Matile H, Dawson RJP, Deupi X, Stahlberg H, Schertler G. Cryo-EM structure of the rhodopsin-Gαi-βγ complex reveals binding of the rhodopsin C-terminal tail to the gβ subunit. eLife 2019; 8:e46041. [PMID: 31251171 PMCID: PMC6629373 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the largest membrane protein families in eukaryotes are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). GPCRs modulate cell physiology by activating diverse intracellular transducers, prominently heterotrimeric G proteins. The recent surge in structural data has expanded our understanding of GPCR-mediated signal transduction. However, many aspects, including the existence of transient interactions, remain elusive. We present the cryo-EM structure of the light-sensitive GPCR rhodopsin in complex with heterotrimeric Gi. Our density map reveals the receptor C-terminal tail bound to the Gβ subunit of the G protein, providing a structural foundation for the role of the C-terminal tail in GPCR signaling, and of Gβ as scaffold for recruiting Gα subunits and G protein-receptor kinases. By comparing available complexes, we found a small set of common anchoring points that are G protein-subtype specific. Taken together, our structure and analysis provide new structural basis for the molecular events of the GPCR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Ju Tsai
- Division of Biology and Chemistry / Laboratory of Biomolecular ResearchPaul Scherrer InstituteVilligenSwitzerland
| | - Jacopo Marino
- Division of Biology and Chemistry / Laboratory of Biomolecular ResearchPaul Scherrer InstituteVilligenSwitzerland
| | - Ricardo Adaixo
- Center for Cellular Imaging and NanAnalytics (C-CINA), BiozentrumUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Filip Pamula
- Division of Biology and Chemistry / Laboratory of Biomolecular ResearchPaul Scherrer InstituteVilligenSwitzerland
| | - Jonas Muehle
- Division of Biology and Chemistry / Laboratory of Biomolecular ResearchPaul Scherrer InstituteVilligenSwitzerland
| | - Shoji Maeda
- Division of Biology and Chemistry / Laboratory of Biomolecular ResearchPaul Scherrer InstituteVilligenSwitzerland
| | - Tilman Flock
- Division of Biology and Chemistry / Laboratory of Biomolecular ResearchPaul Scherrer InstituteVilligenSwitzerland
- Department of BiologyETH ZurichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Nicholas MI Taylor
- Center for Cellular Imaging and NanAnalytics (C-CINA), BiozentrumUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Inayatulla Mohammed
- Center for Cellular Imaging and NanAnalytics (C-CINA), BiozentrumUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Hugues Matile
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Therapeutic modalities, Roche Innovation Center BaselHoffmann-La Roche LtdBaselSwitzerland
| | - Roger JP Dawson
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Therapeutic modalities, Roche Innovation Center BaselHoffmann-La Roche LtdBaselSwitzerland
| | - Xavier Deupi
- Division of Biology and Chemistry / Laboratory of Biomolecular ResearchPaul Scherrer InstituteVilligenSwitzerland
- Condensed Matter Theory GroupPaul Scherrer InstituteVilligenSwitzerland
| | - Henning Stahlberg
- Center for Cellular Imaging and NanAnalytics (C-CINA), BiozentrumUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Gebhard Schertler
- Division of Biology and Chemistry / Laboratory of Biomolecular ResearchPaul Scherrer InstituteVilligenSwitzerland
- Department of BiologyETH ZurichZürichSwitzerland
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Emery MA, Eitan S. Members of the same pharmacological family are not alike: Different opioids, different consequences, hope for the opioid crisis? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 92:428-449. [PMID: 30790677 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Pain management is the specialized medical practice of modulating pain perception and thus easing the suffering and improving the life quality of individuals suffering from painful conditions. Since this requires the modulation of the activity of endogenous systems involved in pain perception, and given the large role that the opioidergic system plays in pain perception, opioids are currently the most effective pain treatment available and are likely to remain relevant for the foreseeable future. This contributes to the rise in opioid use, misuse, and overdose death, which is currently characterized by public health officials in the United States as an epidemic. Historically, the majority of preclinical rodent studies were focused on morphine. This has resulted in our understanding of opioids in general being highly biased by our knowledge of morphine specifically. However, recent in vitro studies suggest that direct extrapolation of research findings from morphine to other opioids is likely to be flawed. Notably, these studies suggest that different opioid analgesics (opioid agonists) engage different downstream signaling effects within the cell, despite binding to and activating the same receptors. This recognition implies that, in contrast to the historical status quo, different opioids cannot be made equivalent by merely dose adjustment. Notably, even at equianalgesic doses, different opioids could result in different beneficial and risk outcomes. In order to foster further translational research regarding drug-specific differences among opioids, here we review basic research elucidating differences among opioids in pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, their capacity for second messenger pathway activation, and their interactions with the immune system and the dopamine D2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Emery
- Behavioral and Cellular Neuroscience, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4235 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience (TAMIN), College Station, TX, USA
| | - Shoshana Eitan
- Behavioral and Cellular Neuroscience, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4235 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience (TAMIN), College Station, TX, USA.
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van der Vorst EPC, Peters LJF, Müller M, Gencer S, Yan Y, Weber C, Döring Y. G-Protein Coupled Receptor Targeting on Myeloid Cells in Atherosclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:531. [PMID: 31191301 PMCID: PMC6540917 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the underlying cause of the majority of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), is a lipid-driven, inflammatory disease of the large arteries. Gold standard therapy with statins and the more recently developed proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors have improved health conditions among CVD patients by lowering low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Nevertheless, a substantial part of these patients is still suffering and it seems that 'just' lipid lowering is insufficient. The results of the Canakinumab Anti-inflammatory Thrombosis Outcome Study (CANTOS) have now proven that inflammation is a key driver of atherosclerosis and that targeting inflammation improves CVD outcomes. Therefore, the identification of novel drug targets and development of novel therapeutics that block atherosclerosis-specific inflammatory pathways have to be promoted. The inflammatory processes in atherosclerosis are facilitated by a network of immune cells and their subsequent responses. Cell networking is orchestrated by various (inflammatory) mediators which interact, bind and induce signaling. Over the last years, G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) emerged as important players in recognizing these mediators, because of their diverse functions in steady state but also and specifically during chronic inflammatory processes - such as atherosclerosis. In this review, we will therefore highlight a selection of these receptors or receptor sub-families mainly expressed on myeloid cells and their role in atherosclerosis. More specifically, we will focus on chemokine receptors, both classical and atypical, formyl-peptide receptors, the chemerin receptor 23 and the calcium-sensing receptor. When information is available, we will also describe the consequences of their targeting which may hold promising options for future treatment of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiel P. C. van der Vorst
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research/Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Munich Heart Alliance, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Linsey J. F. Peters
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Madeleine Müller
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Selin Gencer
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yi Yan
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Heart Alliance, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Munich, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Döring
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Heart Alliance, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Munich, Germany
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79
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Sensing and transduction of nutritional and chemical signals in filamentous fungi: Impact on cell development and secondary metabolites biosynthesis. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107392. [PMID: 31034961 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi respond to hundreds of nutritional, chemical and environmental signals that affect expression of primary metabolism and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. These signals are sensed at the membrane level by G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). GPCRs contain usually seven transmembrane domains, an external amino terminal fragment that interacts with the ligand, and an internal carboxy terminal end interacting with the intracellular G protein. There is a great variety of GPCRs in filamentous fungi involved in sensing of sugars, amino acids, cellulose, cell-wall components, sex pheromones, oxylipins, calcium ions and other ligands. Mechanisms of signal transduction at the membrane level by GPCRs are discussed, including the internalization and compartmentalisation of these sensor proteins. We have identified and analysed the GPCRs in the genome of Penicillium chrysogenum and compared them with GPCRs of several other filamentous fungi. We have found 66 GPCRs classified into 14 classes, depending on the ligand recognized by these proteins, including most previously proposed classes of GPCRs. We have found 66 putative GPCRs, representatives of twelve of the fourteen previously proposed classes of GPCRs, depending on the ligand recognized by these proteins. A staggering fortytwo putative members of the new GPCR class XIV, the so-called Pth11 sensors of cellulosic material as reported for Neurospora crassa and some other fungi, were identified. Several GPCRs sensing sex pheromones, known in yeast and in several fungi, were also identified in P. chrysogenum, confirming the recent unravelling of the hidden sexual capacity of this species. Other sensing mechanisms do not involve GPCRs, including the two-component systems (HKRR), the HOG signalling system and the PalH mediated pH transduction sensor. GPCR sensor proteins transmit their signals by interacting with intracellular heterotrimeric G proteins, that are well known in several fungi, including P. chrysogenum. These G proteins are inactive in the GDP containing heterotrimeric state, and become active by nucleotide exchange, allowing the separation of the heterotrimeric protein in active Gα and Gβγ dimer subunits. The conversion of GTP in GDP is mediated by the endogenous GTPase activity of the G proteins. Downstream of the ligand interaction, the activated Gα protein and also the Gβ/Gγ dimer, transduce the signals through at least three different cascades: adenylate cyclase/cAMP, MAPK kinase, and phospholipase C mediated pathways.
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80
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Optical approaches for single-cell and subcellular analysis of GPCR-G protein signaling. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:4481-4508. [PMID: 30927013 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01774-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), G proteins, and their signaling associates are major signal transducers that control the majority of cellular signaling and regulate key biological functions including immune, neurological, cardiovascular, and metabolic processes. These pathways are targeted by over one-third of drugs on the market; however, the current understanding of their function is limited and primarily derived from cell-destructive approaches providing an ensemble of static, multi-cell information about the status and composition of molecules. Spatiotemporal behavior of molecules involved is crucial to understanding in vivo cell behaviors both in health and disease, and the advent of genetically encoded fluorescence proteins and small fluorophore-based biosensors has facilitated the mapping of dynamic signaling in cells with subcellular acuity. Since we and others have developed optogenetic methods to regulate GPCR-G protein signaling in single cells and subcellular regions using dedicated wavelengths, the desire to develop and adopt optogenetically amenable assays to measure signaling has motivated us to take a broader look at the available optical tools and approaches compatible with measuring single-cell and subcellular GPCR-G protein signaling. Here we review such key optical approaches enabling the examination of GPCR, G protein, secondary messenger, and downstream molecules such as kinase and lipid signaling in living cells. The methods reviewed employ both fluorescence and bioluminescence detection. We not only further elaborate the underlying principles of these sensors but also discuss the experimental criteria and limitations to be considered during their use in single-cell and subcellular signal mapping.
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81
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Gavriilidou AFM, Hunziker H, Mayer D, Vuckovic Z, Veprintsev DB, Zenobi R. Insights into the Basal Activity and Activation Mechanism of the β1 Adrenergic Receptor Using Native Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:529-537. [PMID: 30511235 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-2110-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the absence of orthosteric ligands, most G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) exist in an equilibrium of different conformational states. This equilibrium is shifted by an agonist towards the active state or by an inverse agonist towards the inactive state. The basal activity of the receptor, and its ability to activate intracellular signaling pathways, is defined by the probability that a fraction of the receptor adopts the active state in the absence of ligand. Despite breakthroughs in native MS of membrane proteins, GPCR-transducing complexes have not been studied by this approach until very recently. Here, we investigated different conformational states of the turkey β1 adrenergic receptor (tβ1AR) in complex with two transducing partners: a G protein mimicking nanobody, Nb80, and an engineered truncated Gs protein (miniGs), in the presence of the full agonist isoprenaline by native MS. Interestingly, complex formation with both transducing partners was also observed in the absence of agonist, and allowed us to quantify basal activity of tβ1AR. We followed the stepwise disassembly of the transducing complexes by increasing the concentration of the inverse agonist S32212 in the presence of a constant concentration of isoprenaline. This allowed us to determine the relative binding affinity of S32212 in comparison to isoprenaline by native MS. Our approach provides a fast and sensitive way to detect complexes, study their stability in the presence of different ligands, and determine relative ligand affinities. Native mass spectrometry thus has the potential to become a useful tool to screen for orthosteric and allosteric GPCR drugs. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agni F M Gavriilidou
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- OMass Technologies Ltd The Schrodinger Building, Heatly Road, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, OX4 4GE, UK
| | - Hanna Hunziker
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Mayer
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ziva Vuckovic
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dmitry B Veprintsev
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland.
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK.
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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82
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The in vivo specificity of synaptic Gβ and Gγ subunits to the α 2a adrenergic receptor at CNS synapses. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1718. [PMID: 30737458 PMCID: PMC6368627 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37222-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
G proteins are major transducers of signals from G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). They are made up of α, β, and γ subunits, with 16 Gα, 5 Gβ and 12 Gγ subunits. Though much is known about the specificity of Gα subunits, the specificity of Gβγs activated by a given GPCR and that activate each effector in vivo is not known. Here, we examined the in vivo Gβγ specificity of presynaptic α2a-adrenergic receptors (α2aARs) in both adrenergic (auto-α2aARs) and non-adrenergic neurons (hetero-α2aARs) for the first time. With a quantitative MRM proteomic analysis of neuronal Gβ and Gγ subunits, and co-immunoprecipitation of tagged α2aARs from mouse models including transgenic FLAG-α2aARs and knock-in HA-α2aARs, we investigated the in vivo specificity of Gβ and Gγ subunits to auto-α2aARs and hetero-α2aARs activated with epinephrine to understand the role of Gβγ specificity in diverse physiological functions such as anesthetic sparing, and working memory enhancement. We detected Gβ2, Gγ2, Gγ3, and Gγ4 with activated auto α2aARs, whereas we found Gβ4 and Gγ12 preferentially interacted with activated hetero-α2aARs. Further understanding of in vivo Gβγ specificity to various GPCRs offers new insights into the multiplicity of genes for Gβ and Gγ, and the mechanisms underlying GPCR signaling through Gβγ subunits.
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83
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Zurawski Z, Yim YY, Alford S, Hamm HE. The expanding roles and mechanisms of G protein-mediated presynaptic inhibition. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:1661-1670. [PMID: 30710014 PMCID: PMC6364771 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.tm118.004163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout the past five decades, tremendous advancements have been made in our understanding of G protein signaling and presynaptic inhibition, many of which were published in the Journal of Biological Chemistry under the tenure of Herb Tabor as Editor-in-Chief. Here, we identify these critical advances, including the formulation of the ternary complex model of G protein-coupled receptor signaling and the discovery of Gβγ as a critical signaling component of the heterotrimeric G protein, along with the nature of presynaptic inhibition and its physiological role. We provide an overview for the discovery and physiological relevance of the two known Gβγ-mediated mechanisms for presynaptic inhibition: first, the action of Gβγ on voltage-gated calcium channels to inhibit calcium influx to the presynaptic active zone and, second, the direct binding of Gβγ to the SNARE complex to displace synaptotagmin downstream of calcium entry, which has been demonstrated to be important in neurons and secretory cells. These two mechanisms act in tandem with each other in a synergistic manner to provide more complete spatiotemporal control over neurotransmitter release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zack Zurawski
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7308
| | - Yun Young Yim
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600
| | - Simon Alford
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7308
| | - Heidi E Hamm
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600.
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Druggable Targets in Cyclic Nucleotide Signaling Pathways in Apicomplexan Parasites and Kinetoplastids against Disabling Protozoan Diseases in Humans. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20010138. [PMID: 30609697 PMCID: PMC6337498 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell signaling in eukaryotes is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism to respond and adapt to various environmental changes. In general, signal sensation is mediated by a receptor which transfers the signal to a cascade of effector proteins. The cyclic nucleotides 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and 3′,5′-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) are intracellular messengers mediating an extracellular stimulus to cyclic nucleotide-dependent kinases driving a change in cell function. In apicomplexan parasites and kinetoplastids, which are responsible for a variety of neglected, tropical diseases, unique mechanisms of cyclic nucleotide signaling are currently identified. Collectively, cyclic nucleotides seem to be essential for parasitic proliferation and differentiation. However, there is no a genomic evidence for canonical G-proteins in these parasites while small GTPases and secondary effector proteins with structural differences to host orthologues occur. Database entries encoding G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are still without functional proof. Instead, signals from the parasite trigger GPCR-mediated signaling in the host during parasite invasion and egress. The role of cyclic nucleotide signaling in the absence of G-proteins and GPCRs, with a particular focus on small GTPases in pathogenesis, is reviewed here. Due to the absence of G-proteins, apicomplexan parasites and kinetoplastids may use small GTPases or their secondary effector proteins and host canonical G-proteins during infection. Thus, the feasibility of targeting cyclic nucleotide signaling pathways in these parasites, will be an enormous challenge for the identification of selective, pharmacological inhibitors since canonical host proteins also contribute to pathogenesis.
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) are the largest group of cell surface receptors, which link cells to their environment. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can act as important cellular signaling molecules. The family of NADPH oxidases generates ROS in response to activated cell surface receptors. Recent Advances: Various signaling pathways linking GPCRs and activation of NADPH oxidases have been characterized. CRITICAL ISSUES Still, a more detailed analysis of G proteins involved in the GPCR-mediated activation of NADPH oxidases is needed. In addition, a more precise discrimination of NADPH oxidase activation due to either upregulation of subunit expression or post-translational subunit modifications is needed. Also, the role of noncanonical modulators of NADPH oxidase activation in the response to GPCRs awaits further analyses. FUTURE DIRECTIONS As GPCRs are one of the most popular classes of investigational drug targets, further detailing of G protein-coupled mechanisms in the activation mechanism of NADPH oxidases as well as better understanding of the link between newly identified NADPH oxidase interaction partners and GPCR signaling will provide new opportunities for improved efficiency and decreased off target effects of therapies targeting GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Petry
- 1 Experimental and Molecular Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich , TU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Agnes Görlach
- 1 Experimental and Molecular Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich , TU Munich, Munich, Germany .,2 DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) , Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
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87
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Goswami S. G protein-coupled receptor signaling in cardiovascular system: Specificity versus diversity. JOURNAL OF THE PRACTICE OF CARDIOVASCULAR SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/jpcs.jpcs_37_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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88
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Koelle MR. Neurotransmitter signaling through heterotrimeric G proteins: insights from studies in C. elegans. WORMBOOK : THE ONLINE REVIEW OF C. ELEGANS BIOLOGY 2018; 2018:1-52. [PMID: 26937633 PMCID: PMC5010795 DOI: 10.1895/wormbook.1.75.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters signal via G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) to modulate activity of neurons and muscles. C. elegans has ∼150 G protein coupled neuropeptide receptor homologs and 28 additional GPCRs for small-molecule neurotransmitters. Genetic studies in C. elegans demonstrate that neurotransmitters diffuse far from their release sites to activate GPCRs on distant cells. Individual receptor types are expressed on limited numbers of cells and thus can provide very specific regulation of an individual neural circuit and behavior. G protein coupled neurotransmitter receptors signal principally via the three types of heterotrimeric G proteins defined by the G alpha subunits Gαo, Gαq, and Gαs. Each of these G alpha proteins is found in all neurons plus some muscles. Gαo and Gαq signaling inhibit and activate neurotransmitter release, respectively. Gαs signaling, like Gαq signaling, promotes neurotransmitter release. Many details of the signaling mechanisms downstream of Gαq and Gαs have been delineated and are consistent with those of their mammalian orthologs. The details of the signaling mechanism downstream of Gαo remain a mystery. Forward genetic screens in C. elegans have identified new molecular components of neural G protein signaling mechanisms, including Regulators of G protein Signaling (RGS proteins) that inhibit signaling, a new Gαq effector (the Trio RhoGEF domain), and the RIC-8 protein that is required for neuronal Gα signaling. A model is presented in which G proteins sum up the variety of neuromodulator signals that impinge on a neuron to calculate its appropriate output level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Koelle
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven CT 06520 USA
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Abstract
Modulation of neurotransmitter exocytosis by activated Gi/o coupled G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) is a universal regulatory mechanism used both to avoid overstimulation and to influence circuitry. One of the known modulation mechanisms is the interaction between Gβγ and the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNAREs). There are 5 Gβ and 12 Gγ subunits, but specific Gβγs activated by a given GPCR and the specificity to effectors, such as SNARE, in vivo are not known. Although less studied, Gβγ binding to the exocytic fusion machinery (i.e. SNARE) provides a more direct regulatory mechanism for neurotransmitter release. Here, we review some recent insights in the architecture of the synaptic terminal, modulation of synaptic transmission, and implications of G protein modulation of synaptic transmission in diseases. Numerous presynaptic proteins are involved in the architecture of synaptic terminals, particularly the active zone, and their importance in the regulation of exocytosis is still not completely understood. Further understanding of the Gβγ-SNARE interaction and the architecture and mechanisms of exocytosis may lead to the discovery of novel therapeutic targets to help patients with various disorders such as hypertension, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and acute/chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Young Yim
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville 37232-6600, TN, United States
| | - Zack Zurawski
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville 37232-6600, TN, United States
| | - Heidi Hamm
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville 37232-6600, TN, United States.
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90
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Dai WL, Liu XT, Bao YN, Yan B, Jiang N, Yu BY, Liu JH. Selective blockade of spinal D2DR by levo-corydalmine attenuates morphine tolerance via suppressing PI3K/Akt-MAPK signaling in a MOR-dependent manner. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-12. [PMID: 30429454 PMCID: PMC6235923 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0175-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphine tolerance remains a challenge in the management of chronic pain in the clinic. As shown in our previous study, the dopamine D2 receptor (D2DR) expressed in spinal cord neurons might be involved in morphine tolerance, but the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In the present study, selective spinal D2DR blockade attenuated morphine tolerance in mice by inhibiting phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/serine–threonine kinase (Akt)-mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling in a μ opioid receptor (MOR)-dependent manner. Levo-corydalmine (l-CDL), which exhibited micromolar affinity for D2DR in D2/CHO-K1 cell lines in this report and effectively alleviated bone cancer pain in our previous study, attenuated morphine tolerance in rats with chronic bone cancer pain at nonanalgesic doses. Furthermore, the intrathecal administration of l-CDL obviously attenuated morphine tolerance, and the effect was reversed by a D2DR agonist in mice. Spinal D2DR inhibition and l-CDL also inhibited tolerance induced by the MOR agonist DAMGO. l-CDL and a D2DR small interfering RNA (siRNA) decreased the increase in levels of phosphorylated Akt and MAPK in the spinal cord; these changes were abolished by a PI3K inhibitor. In addition, the activated Akt and MAPK proteins in mice exhibiting morphine tolerance were inhibited by a MOR antagonist. Intrathecal administration of a PI3K inhibitor also attenuated DAMGO-induced tolerance. Based on these results, l-CDL antagonized spinal D2DR to attenuate morphine tolerance by inhibiting PI3K/Akt-dependent MAPK phosphorylation through MOR. These findings provide insights into a more versatile treatment for morphine tolerance. By blocking dopamine receptors located in the spinal cord, a compound found in a traditional Chinese herbal medicine may help mitigate tolerance to morphine, a common problem among cancer patients who regularly take the opioid painkiller. A team led by Ji-Hua Liu and Bo-Yang Yu from China Pharmaceutical University in Nanjing had previously showed that inhibiting dopamine D2 receptors in spinal neurons prevented mice from developing morphine tolerance, but it wasn’t clear why. They have now demonstrated that blocking D2 receptors prevents the relay of cellular signals from morphine-binding “μ-opioid” receptors to mediators of drug tolerance. Levo-corydalmine, a compound isolated from the Asian Corydalis plant, binds and inhibits D2 receptors. When administered directly into the spinal cords of mice and rats, it blocked downstream signaling, reducing morphine tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ling Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China
| | - Xin-Tong Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China
| | - Yi-Ni Bao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China
| | - Bing Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China
| | - Bo-Yang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China.
| | - Ji-Hua Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China.
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91
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Structural basis of Gip1 for cytosolic sequestration of G protein in wide-range chemotaxis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4635. [PMID: 30401901 PMCID: PMC6219514 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein interacting protein 1 (Gip1) binds and sequesters heterotrimeric G proteins in the cytosolic pool, thus regulating G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signalling for eukaryotic chemotaxis. Here, we report the underlying structural basis of Gip1 function. The crystal structure reveals that the region of Gip1 that binds to the G protein has a cylinder-like fold with a central hydrophobic cavity composed of six α-helices. Mutagenesis and biochemical analyses indicate that the hydrophobic cavity and the hydrogen bond network at the entrance of the cavity are essential for complex formation with the geranylgeranyl modification on the Gγ subunit. Mutations of the cavity impair G protein sequestration and translocation to the membrane from the cytosol upon receptor stimulation, leading to defects in chemotaxis at higher chemoattractant concentrations. These results demonstrate that the Gip1-dependent regulation of G protein shuttling ensures wide-range gradient sensing in eukaryotic chemotaxis. Gip1 sequesters heterotrimeric G proteins in the cytosolic pool which regulates G protein-coupled receptor signalling for eukaryotic chemotaxis. Here the authors provide the crystal structure of Gip1's G protein-binding region and show that mutations in this region lead to G protein sequestration and ultimately chemotaxis defects.
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92
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Nelson M, Adams T, Ojo C, Carroll MA, Catapane EJ. Manganese toxicity is targeting an early step in the dopamine signal transduction pathway that controls lateral cilia activity in the bivalve mollusc Crassostrea virginica. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 213:1-6. [PMID: 30010023 PMCID: PMC6103847 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Manganese is a neurotoxin causing manganism, a Parkinson-like clinical disorder. Manganese has been shown to interfere with dopaminergic neurotransmission, but the neurotoxic mechanism involved is not fully resolved. In the bivalve mollusc Crassostrea virginica also known as the eastern oyster, beating rates of lateral cilia of the gill are controlled by dopaminergic-serotonergic innervation originating from their cerebral and visceral ganglia. Terminal release of dopamine activates D2-like receptors on these gill cells inhibiting adenylyl cyclase and slowing cilia beating rates. In C. virginica, manganese treatment disrupts this dopaminergic innervation of the gill, preventing the normal cilio-inhibitory response of lateral cells to dopamine. In this study an adenylyl cyclase activator (forskolin) and two different inhibitors (MDL-12,330A and SQ 22,536) were used to determine if manganese had any effects on the adenylyl cyclase step of the dopamine D2 receptor signal transduction pathway. The results showed that neither the adenylyl cyclase activator nor the inhibitors were affected by manganese in the control of lateral ciliary activity. This suggests that in C. virginica the mechanism of manganese toxicity on the dopaminergic control of lateral ciliary activity is targeting an early step in the D2R signal transduction pathway, which may involve interference with D2 receptor activation or alternatively some other downstream signaling activity that does not affect adenylyl cyclase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Nelson
- Department of Biology, Medgar Evers College, 1638 Bedford Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA
| | - Trevon Adams
- Department of Biology, Medgar Evers College, 1638 Bedford Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA
| | - Christiana Ojo
- Department of Biology, Medgar Evers College, 1638 Bedford Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA
| | - Margaret A Carroll
- Department of Biology, Medgar Evers College, 1638 Bedford Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA
| | - Edward J Catapane
- Department of Biology, Medgar Evers College, 1638 Bedford Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA.
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93
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Yudin Y, Rohacs T. Inhibitory G i/O-coupled receptors in somatosensory neurons: Potential therapeutic targets for novel analgesics. Mol Pain 2018; 14:1744806918763646. [PMID: 29580154 PMCID: PMC5882016 DOI: 10.1177/1744806918763646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia and trigeminal ganglia are responsible for sensing mechanical and thermal stimuli, as well as detecting tissue damage. These neurons express ion channels that respond to thermal, mechanical, or chemical cues, conduct action potentials, and mediate transmitter release. These neurons also express a large number of G-protein coupled receptors, which are major transducers for extracellular signaling molecules, and their activation usually modulates the primary transduction pathways. Receptors that couple to phospholipase C via heterotrimeric Gq/11 proteins and those that activate adenylate cyclase via Gs are considered excitatory; they positively regulate somatosensory transduction and they play roles in inflammatory sensitization and pain, and in some cases also in inducing itch. On the other hand, receptors that couple to Gi/o proteins, such as opioid or GABAB receptors, are generally inhibitory. Their activation counteracts the effect of Gs-stimulation by inhibiting adenylate cyclase, as well as exerts effects on ion channels, usually resulting in decreased excitability. This review will summarize knowledge on Gi-coupled receptors in sensory neurons, focusing on their roles in ion channel regulation and discuss their potential as targets for analgesic and antipruritic medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgen Yudin
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Tibor Rohacs
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
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94
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Gutiérrez-López TY, Orduña-Castillo LB, Hernández-Vásquez MN, Vázquez-Prado J, Reyes-Cruz G. Calcium sensing receptor activates the NLRP3 inflammasome via a chaperone-assisted degradative pathway involving Hsp70 and LC3-II. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 505:1121-1127. [PMID: 30316511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) activates the NLRP3 inflammasome with consequences on homeostatic responses. However, little is known about how this process is orchestrated. Since proteolysis of critical regulators of NLRP3 inflammasome contribute to its activation, we aimed to understand how CaSR stimulates proteolytic pathways to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome. We found that proteasome and lysosome-dependent mechanisms are activated by CaSR to promote the degradation of important regulators of NLRP inflammasome. The pathway involves Gαq/PLC/PKC and Gβγ/PI3K signaling cascades and IRAK1 ubiquitination. In addition, CaSR stimulates Hsp70 expression activating a chaperone-assisted protein degradation that dictates the fate of ASC, NLRP3 (NOD-like receptor family protein 3), IRAK1 and TRAF6 proteins, turning on the NLRP3 inflammasome. In response to CaSR signaling, these proteins are degraded through the combination of CUPS (chaperone-assisted ubiquitin proteasome pathway) and CAEMI (chaperone-assisted endosomal microautophagy) systems being integrated by autophagosomes (chaperone-assisted macroautophagy, CAMA), as indicated by LC3-II, a classical marker for autophagy, that is induced in the process. Furthermore, CaSR triggers the proteolytic cleavage of pro-IL-1β (IL-1β, 31 kDa) into mature IL-1β (IL-1β, 17 kDa), via the proteasome. Taken together, our results indicate that CaSR promotes NLRP3 inflammasome activation and proteolytic maturation of IL-1β by inducing CUPS and CAEMI, chaperone-assisted degradation pathways. Overall, these results support the inclusion of CaSR as an activator of homeostasis-altering molecular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Yareli Gutiérrez-López
- Departments of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN (Cinvestav-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - José Vázquez-Prado
- Departments of Pharmacology, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN (Cinvestav-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Reyes-Cruz
- Departments of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN (Cinvestav-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico.
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95
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Abstract
Chemogenetic technologies enable selective pharmacological control of specific cell populations. An increasing number of approaches have been developed that modulate different signaling pathways. Selective pharmacological control over G protein-coupled receptor signaling, ion channel conductances, protein association, protein stability, and small molecule targeting allows modulation of cellular processes in distinct cell types. Here, we review these chemogenetic technologies and instances of their applications in complex tissues in vivo and ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Atasoy
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Regenerative-Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Istanbul Medipol University , Istanbul , Turkey ; and Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute , Ashburn, Virginia
| | - Scott M Sternson
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Regenerative-Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Istanbul Medipol University , Istanbul , Turkey ; and Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute , Ashburn, Virginia
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96
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Choudhury N, Sikdar SK. 17β-estradiol potentiates TREK1 channel activity through G protein-coupled estrogen receptor. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 183:94-105. [PMID: 29883692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
TWIK-related potassium channel 1 (TREK1), a two-pore domain potassium channel, is modulated by various hormones and neurotransmitters by activation of membrane receptor - coupled second messengers. 17β-estradiol is a neuromodulator capable of regulating several cellular processes including the activity of ion channels, in a rapid and non-genomic manner. The G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) is known to facilitate rapid actions of 17β-estradiol, though its role in modulation of ion channels is not widely explored. Several studies have shown both TREK1 and 17β-estradiol to be neuromodulatory but the interaction between them is not known. In the present study, using single channel cell-attached patch clamp electrophysiology in HEK293 cells, we show that 17β-estradiol increases the activity of hTREK1 channel by acting through hGPER and increasing the channel opening probability within minutes. The potentiation induced by 17β-estradiol is pertussis toxin - sensitive involving action of Gβγ subunits while the inhibitory effect of cAMP-PKA pathway on TREK1 is reduced. Protein phosphatases were also found to be important for the action of 17β-estradiol, which in concert with reduced activity of PKA, may alter the phosphorylation state of the channel and thus increase channel activity. Mutational studies revealed the serines at positions 315 and 348 in the C-terminal domain of hTREK1 to be the target sites for dephosphorylation induced by 17β-estradiol action through hGPER. Elucidation of the pathway for the potentiating action of 17β-estradiol via hGPER on hTREK1 channel activity will help us understand better one of the many possible neuroprotective mechanisms of 17β-estradiol and hTREK1 channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasreen Choudhury
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, Karnataka, India.
| | - Sujit Kumar Sikdar
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, Karnataka, India.
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97
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Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest class of drug targets, largely owing to their druggability, diversity and physiological efficacy. Many drugs selectively target specific subtypes of GPCRs, but high specificity for individual GPCRs may not be desirable in complex multifactorial disease states in which multiple receptors may be involved. One approach is to target G protein subunits rather than the GPCRs directly. This approach has the potential to achieve broad efficacy by blocking pathways shared by multiple GPCRs. Additionally, because many GPCRs couple to multiple G protein signalling pathways, blocking specific G protein subunits can 'bias' GPCR signals by inhibiting only a subset of these signals. Molecules that target G protein α or βγ-subunits have been developed and show strong efficacy in multiple preclinical disease models and biased inhibition of G protein signalling. In this Review, we discuss the development and characterization of G protein α and βγ-subunit ligands and the preclinical evidence that this exciting new approach has potential for therapeutic efficacy in a number of indications, such as pain, thrombosis, asthma and heart failure.
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98
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Zhou Y, Chen L, Zhou X, Pei Y, Wei S, Mehmood A, Xiang YK, Wang D. Profiling of Differential Expression of Genes in Mice Carrying Both Mutant Presenilin 1 and Amyloid Precursor Protein Transgenes with or without Knockout of B 2 Adrenergic Receptor Gene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 7. [PMID: 31058201 DOI: 10.4172/2329-9533.1000155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a lifelong progressive neurodegenerativa disease related with accumulation of amyloid β peptide (Aβ) produced by processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in the brain. In spite of several-decades effort on AD, there is still no medicine used to intervene with its pathological processes. Our previous studies made in transgenic animal models harboring familial AD genes of mutant presenilin 1 and amyloid precursor protein (APP) showed that β2AR gene knock-out (β2AR-KO) is beneficial in senile AD animals. Consistently, an epidemiological study lasted for two decades showed that the sole usage of β blockers as antihypertensive medicines is associated with fewer brain lesions and less brain shrinkage seen in senile AD patients. In order to understand why senile β2AR-KO AD mice had better learning and memory, genomic effects of β2AR-KO in the double transgenic AD mice were investigated. In the analysis, major genomic significance of β2AR-KO was directed to influence protein-processing and presentation involving membrane structure and MHC class I and II protein complex, and lysosome and hydrolase activity for protein degradation, which are critical for accumulation of amyloid β peptide, the hallmark of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhou
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Pharmacology, Hainan Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570208, China.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.,Amber Glen Alzheimer's Association, 1704 Amber Ln, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Lintao Chen
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Pharmacology, Hainan Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570208, China.,Collage of Biology, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570208, China
| | - Xi Zhou
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Pharmacology, Hainan Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570208, China.,Collage of Biology, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570208, China
| | - Yechun Pei
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Pharmacology, Hainan Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570208, China.,Collage of Biology, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570208, China
| | - Shuangshuang Wei
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Pharmacology, Hainan Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570208, China.,Collage of Biology, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570208, China
| | - Anum Mehmood
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Pharmacology, Hainan Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570208, China.,Collage of Biology, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570208, China
| | - Yang K Xiang
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA95616, USA
| | - Dayong Wang
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Pharmacology, Hainan Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570208, China.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.,Collage of Biology, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570208, China
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99
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Endocytosis of G Protein-Coupled Receptors and Their Ligands: Is There a Role in Metal Trafficking? Cell Biochem Biophys 2018; 76:329-337. [PMID: 30022374 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-018-0850-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of metal dysregulation in many neurodegenerative and neurocognitive disorders has compelled many studying such diseases to investigate the mechanisms underlying metal regulation in the central nervous system. Metal homoeostasis is often complex, with sophisticated, multilayered pathways in operation. G protein-coupled receptors are omnipresent on cell membranes and have intriguing mechanisms of endocytosis and trafficking that may be useful in metal homoeostasis. Indeed, many receptors and/or their cognate ligands are able to bind metals, and in many cases metals are considered to have neuromodulatory roles as a result of receptor binding. In this mini-review, we outline the structural and functional aspects of G protein-coupled receptors with a focus on the mechanisms leading to endocytosis and cellular trafficking. We further highlight how this may help in the trafficking of metal ions, notably copper.
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100
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Lavenus S, Simard É, Besserer-Offroy É, Froehlich U, Leduc R, Grandbois M. Label-free cell signaling pathway deconvolution of angiotensin type 1 receptor reveals time-resolved G-protein activity and distinct AngII and AngIIIIV responses. Pharmacol Res 2018; 136:108-120. [PMID: 29959993 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (AngII) type 1 receptor (AT1R) is a G protein-coupled receptor known for its role in numerous physiological processes and its implication in many vascular diseases. Its functions are mediated through G protein dependent and independent signaling pathways. AT1R has several endogenous peptidic agonists, all derived from angiotensinogen, as well as several synthetic ligands known to elicit biased signaling responses. Here, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was used as a cell-based and label-free technique to quantify, in real time, the response of HEK293 cells stably expressing the human AT1R. The goal was to take advantage of the integrative nature of this assay to identify specific signaling pathways in the features of the response profiles generated by numerous endogenous and synthetic ligands of AT1R. First, we assessed the contributions of Gq, G12/13, Gi, Gβγ, ERK1/2 and β-arrestins pathways in the cellular responses measured by SPR where Gq, G12/Rho/ROCK together with β-arrestins and ERK1/2 were found to play significant roles. More specifically, we established a major role for G12 in the early events of the AT1R-dependent response, which was followed by a robust ERK1/2 component associated to the later phase of the signal. Interestingly, endogenous AT1R ligands (AngII, AngIII and AngIV) exhibited distinct responses signatures with a significant increase of the ERK1/2-like components for both AngIII and AngIV, which points toward possibly distinct physiological roles for the later. We also tested AT1R biased ligands, all of which affected both the early and later events. Our results support SPR-based integrative cellular assays as a powerful approach to delineate the contribution of specific signaling pathways for a given cell response and reveal response differences associated with ligands with distinct pharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Lavenus
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H5N4, Canada; Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H5N4, Canada.
| | - Élie Simard
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H5N4, Canada; Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H5N4, Canada.
| | - Élie Besserer-Offroy
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H5N4, Canada; Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H5N4, Canada.
| | - Ulrike Froehlich
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H5N4, Canada; Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H5N4, Canada.
| | - Richard Leduc
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H5N4, Canada; Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H5N4, Canada.
| | - Michel Grandbois
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H5N4, Canada; Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H5N4, Canada.
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