51
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Mitochondrial-Targeted Therapy for Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031912. [PMID: 35163838 PMCID: PMC8837080 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthracyclines, such as doxorubicin, are effective chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer, but their clinical use is associated with severe and potentially life-threatening cardiotoxicity. Despite decades of research, treatment options remain limited. The mitochondria is commonly considered to be the main target of doxorubicin and mitochondrial dysfunction is the hallmark of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Here, we review the pathogenic mechanisms of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and present an update on cardioprotective strategies for this disorder. Specifically, we focus on strategies that can protect the mitochondria and cover different therapeutic modalities encompassing small molecules, post-transcriptional regulators, and mitochondrial transfer. We also discuss the shortcomings of existing models of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and explore advances in the use of human pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes as a platform to facilitate the identification of novel treatments against this disorder.
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Ormerod JOM, Ormondroyd E, Li Y, Taylor J, Wei J, Guo W, Wang R, Sarton CNS, McGuire K, Dreau HMP, Taylor JC, Ginks MR, Rajappan K, Chen SRW, Watkins H. Provocation Testing and Therapeutic Response in a Newly Described Channelopathy: RyR2 Calcium Release Deficiency Syndrome. CIRCULATION. GENOMIC AND PRECISION MEDICINE 2022; 15:e003589. [PMID: 34949103 DOI: 10.1161/circgen.121.003589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A novel familial arrhythmia syndrome, cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) calcium release deficiency syndrome (CRDS), has recently been described. We evaluated a large and well characterized family to assess provocation testing, risk factor stratification and response to therapy in CRDS. METHODS We present a family with multiple unheralded sudden cardiac deaths and aborted cardiac arrests, primarily in children and young adults, with no clear phenotype on standard clinical testing. RESULTS Genetic analysis, including whole genome sequencing, firmly established that a missense mutation in RYR2, Ala4142Thr, was the underlying cause of disease in the family. Functional study of the variant in a cell model showed RyR2 loss-of-function, indicating that the family was affected by CRDS. EPS (Electrophysiological Study) was undertaken in 9 subjects known to carry the mutation, including a survivor of aborted sudden cardiac death, and the effects of flecainide alone and in combination with metoprolol were tested. There was a clear gradation in inducibility of nonsustained and sustained ventricular arrhythmia between subjects at EPS, with the survivor of aborted sudden cardiac death being the most inducible subject. Administration of flecainide substantially reduced arrhythmia inducibility in this subject and abolished arrhythmia in all others. Finally, the effects of additional metoprolol were tested; it increased inducibility in 4/9 subjects. CONCLUSIONS The Ala4142Thr mutation of RYR2 causes the novel heritable arrhythmia syndrome CRDS, which is characterized by familial sudden death in the absence of prior symptoms or a recognizable phenotype on ambulatory monitoring or exercise stress testing. We increase the experience of a specific EPS protocol in human subjects and show that it is helpful in establishing the clinical status of gene carriers, with potential utility for risk stratification. Our data provide evidence that flecainide is protective in human subjects with CRDS, consistent with the effect previously shown in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian O M Ormerod
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (J.O.M.O., E.O., H.W.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom.,Cardiac Rhythm Management Service, Oxford Heart Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom (J.O.M.O., M.R.G., K.R.)
| | - Elizabeth Ormondroyd
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (J.O.M.O., E.O., H.W.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yanhui Li
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, AB, Canada (Y.L., J.W., W.G., R.W., S.R.W.C.).,Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Hypertension, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Y.L.)
| | - John Taylor
- Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories, Cardiac Service, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, The Churchill Hospital, United Kingdom (J.T., C.N.S.S., K.M., J.C.T.)
| | - Jinhong Wei
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, AB, Canada (Y.L., J.W., W.G., R.W., S.R.W.C.)
| | - Wenting Guo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, AB, Canada (Y.L., J.W., W.G., R.W., S.R.W.C.)
| | - Ruiwu Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, AB, Canada (Y.L., J.W., W.G., R.W., S.R.W.C.)
| | - Caroline N S Sarton
- Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories, Cardiac Service, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, The Churchill Hospital, United Kingdom (J.T., C.N.S.S., K.M., J.C.T.)
| | - Karen McGuire
- Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories, Cardiac Service, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, The Churchill Hospital, United Kingdom (J.T., C.N.S.S., K.M., J.C.T.)
| | - Helene M P Dreau
- Molecular Diagnostic Centre, Department of Oncology (H.M.P.D.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny C Taylor
- Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics (J.C.T., H.W.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories, Cardiac Service, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, The Churchill Hospital, United Kingdom (J.T., C.N.S.S., K.M., J.C.T.)
| | - Matthew R Ginks
- Cardiac Rhythm Management Service, Oxford Heart Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom (J.O.M.O., M.R.G., K.R.)
| | - Kim Rajappan
- Cardiac Rhythm Management Service, Oxford Heart Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom (J.O.M.O., M.R.G., K.R.)
| | - S R Wayne Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, AB, Canada (Y.L., J.W., W.G., R.W., S.R.W.C.)
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (J.O.M.O., E.O., H.W.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics (J.C.T., H.W.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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53
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Tanaka S, Yamamoto T, Mikawa M, Nawata J, Fujii S, Nakamura Y, Kato T, Fukuda M, Suetomi T, Uchinoumi H, Oda T, Okuda S, Okamura T, Kobayashi S, Yano. M. Stabilization of RyR2 maintains right ventricular function, reduces the development of ventricular arrhythmias, and improves prognosis in pulmonary hypertension. Heart Rhythm 2022; 19:986-997. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Cruz-Garcia Y, Barkovits K, Kohlhaas M, Pickel S, Gulentz M, Heindl C, Pfeiffer K, Eder-Negrin P, Maack C, Marcus K, Kuhn M, Miranda-Laferte E. Nanoenviroments of the β-Subunit of L-Type Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels in Adult Cardiomyocytes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:724778. [PMID: 35047492 PMCID: PMC8762238 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.724778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In cardiomyocytes, Ca2+ influx through L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (LTCCs) following membrane depolarization regulates crucial Ca2+-dependent processes including duration and amplitude of the action potentials and excitation-contraction coupling. LTCCs are heteromultimeric proteins composed of the Cavα1, Cavβ, Cavα2δ and Cavγ subunits. Here, using ascorbate peroxidase (APEX2)-mediated proximity labeling and quantitative proteomics, we identified 61 proteins in the nanoenvironments of Cavβ2 in cardiomyocytes. These proteins are involved in diverse cellular functions such as cellular trafficking, cardiac contraction, sarcomere organization and excitation-contraction coupling. Moreover, pull-down assays and co-immunoprecipitation analyses revealed that Cavβ2 interacts with the ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2) in adult cardiomyocytes, probably coupling LTCCs and the RyR2 into a supramolecular complex at the dyads. This interaction is mediated by the Src-homology 3 domain of Cavβ2 and is necessary for an effective pacing frequency-dependent increase of the Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release mechanism in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katalin Barkovits
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Medical Proteome Analysis, Center for Proteindiagnostics (PRODI), Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael Kohlhaas
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Simone Pickel
- Institute of Physiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michelle Gulentz
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Heindl
- Institute of Physiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kathy Pfeiffer
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Medical Proteome Analysis, Center for Proteindiagnostics (PRODI), Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Petra Eder-Negrin
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Maack
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Marcus
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Medical Proteome Analysis, Center for Proteindiagnostics (PRODI), Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Michaela Kuhn
- Institute of Physiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Erick Miranda-Laferte
- Institute of Physiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Institut für Biologische Informationsprozesse, Molekular- und Zellphysiologie (IBI-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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55
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Abstract
Junctophilins (JPHs) comprise a family of structural proteins that connect the plasma membrane to intracellular organelles such as the endo/sarcoplasmic reticulum. Tethering of these membrane structures results in the formation of highly organized subcellular junctions that play important signaling roles in all excitable cell types. There are four JPH isoforms, expressed primarily in muscle and neuronal cell types. Each JPH protein consists of 6 'membrane occupation and recognition nexus' (MORN) motifs, a joining region connecting these to another set of 2 MORN motifs, a putative alpha-helical region, a divergent region exhibiting low homology between JPH isoforms, and a carboxy-terminal transmembrane region anchoring into the ER/SR membrane. JPH isoforms play essential roles in developing and maintaining subcellular membrane junctions. Conversely, inherited mutations in JPH2 cause hypertrophic or dilated cardiomyopathy, while trinucleotide expansions in the JPH3 gene cause Huntington Disease-Like 2. Loss of JPH1 protein levels can cause skeletal myopathy, while loss of cardiac JPH2 levels causes heart failure and atrial fibrillation, among other disease. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of the JPH gene family, phylogeny, and evolutionary analysis of JPH genes and other MORN domain proteins. JPH biogenesis, membrane tethering, and binding partners will be discussed, as well as functional roles of JPH isoforms in excitable cells. Finally, potential roles of JPH isoform deficits in human disease pathogenesis will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan E Lehnart
- Cellular Biophysics and Translational Cardiology Section, Heart Research Center Göttingen, University Medical Center Göttingen, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xander H T Wehrens
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States; Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Medicine (Cardiology), Pediatrics (Cardiology), Neuroscience, and Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
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56
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The function and regulation of calsequestrin-2: implications in calcium-mediated arrhythmias. Biophys Rev 2022; 14:329-352. [PMID: 35340602 PMCID: PMC8921388 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00914-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac arrhythmias are life-threatening events in which the heart develops an irregular rhythm. Mishandling of Ca2+ within the myocytes of the heart has been widely demonstrated to be an underlying mechanism of arrhythmogenesis. This includes altered function of the ryanodine receptor (RyR2)-the primary Ca2+ release channel located to the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). The spontaneous leak of SR Ca2+ via RyR2 is a well-established contributor in the development of arrhythmic contractions. This leak is associated with increased channel activity in response to changes in SR Ca2+ load. RyR2 activity can be regulated through several avenues, including interactions with numerous accessory proteins. One such protein is calsequestrin-2 (CSQ2), which is the primary Ca2+-buffering protein within the SR. The capacity of CSQ2 to buffer Ca2+ is tightly associated with the ability of the protein to polymerise in response to changing Ca2+ levels. CSQ2 can itself be regulated through phosphorylation and glycosylation modifications, which impact protein polymerisation and trafficking. Changes in CSQ2 modifications are implicated in cardiac pathologies, while mutations in CSQ2 have been identified in arrhythmic patients. Here, we review the role of CSQ2 in arrhythmogenesis including evidence for the indirect and direct regulation of RyR2 by CSQ2, and the consequences of a loss of functional CSQ2 in Ca2+ homeostasis and Ca2+-mediated arrhythmias. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12551-021-00914-6.
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Horie M, Ohno S, Ai T. Pandora will never regret having opened her box: reappraisal of genes associated with CPVT and SQTS. Eur Heart J 2021; 43:1511-1513. [PMID: 34864954 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Horie
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Ohtsu, Japan
| | - Seiko Ohno
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Ohtsu, Japan.,Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Ai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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58
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Cardiac ryanodine receptor N-terminal region biosensors identify novel inhibitors via FRET-based high-throughput screening. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101412. [PMID: 34793835 PMCID: PMC8689225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The N-terminal region (NTR) of ryanodine receptor (RyR) channels is critical for the regulation of Ca2+ release during excitation–contraction (EC) coupling in muscle. The NTR hosts numerous mutations linked to skeletal (RyR1) and cardiac (RyR2) myopathies, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target. Here, we constructed two biosensors by labeling the mouse RyR2 NTR at domains A, B, and C with FRET pairs. Using fluorescence lifetime (FLT) detection of intramolecular FRET signal, we developed high-throughput screening (HTS) assays with these biosensors to identify small-molecule RyR modulators. We then screened a small validation library and identified several hits. Hits with saturable FRET dose–response profiles and previously unreported effects on RyR were further tested using [3H]ryanodine binding to isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles to determine effects on intact RyR opening in its natural membrane. We identified three novel inhibitors of both RyR1 and RyR2 and two RyR1-selective inhibitors effective at nanomolar Ca2+. Two of these hits activated RyR1 only at micromolar Ca2+, highlighting them as potential enhancers of excitation–contraction coupling. To determine whether such hits can inhibit RyR leak in muscle, we further focused on one, an FDA-approved natural antibiotic, fusidic acid (FA). In skinned skeletal myofibers and permeabilized cardiomyocytes, FA inhibited RyR leak with no detrimental effect on skeletal myofiber excitation–contraction coupling. However, in intact cardiomyocytes, FA induced arrhythmogenic Ca2+ transients, a cautionary observation for a compound with an otherwise solid safety record. These results indicate that HTS campaigns using the NTR biosensor can identify compounds with therapeutic potential.
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Gaburjáková M, Gaburjáková J, Krejčíová E, Kosnáč D, Kosnáčová H, Nagy Š, Polák Š, Sabo M, Trnka M, Kopáni M. Blocking effect of ferritin on the ryanodine receptor-isoform 2. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 712:109031. [PMID: 34534540 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.109031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Iron, an essential element for most living organism, participates in a wide variety of physiological processes. Disturbance in iron homeostasis has been associated with numerous pathologies, particularly in the heart and brain, which are the most susceptible organs. Under iron-overload conditions, the generation of reactive oxygen species leads to impairment in Ca2+ signaling, fundamentally implicated in cardiac and neuronal physiology. Since iron excess is accompanied by increased expression of iron-storage protein, ferritin, we examined whether ferritin has an effect on the ryanodine receptor - isoform 2 (RYR2), which is one of the major components of Ca2+ signaling. Using the method of planar lipid membranes, we show that ferritin induced an abrupt, permanent blockage of the RYR2 channel. The ferritin effect was strongly voltage dependent and competitively antagonized by cytosolic TEA+, an impermeant RYR2 blocker. Our results collectively indicate that monomeric ferritin highly likely blocks the RYR2 channel by a direct electrostatic interaction within the wider region of the channel permeation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gaburjáková
- Centre of Biosciences, Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Gaburjáková
- Centre of Biosciences, Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Krejčíová
- Centre of Biosciences, Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Daniel Kosnáč
- Institute of Medical Physics, Biophysics, Informatics and Telemedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Simulation and Virtual Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Helena Kosnáčová
- Department of Simulation and Virtual Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia; Slovak Academy of Sciences, Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Štefan Nagy
- Institute of Materials and Machine Mechanics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Štefan Polák
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Sabo
- Institute of Medical Physics, Biophysics, Informatics and Telemedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Trnka
- Institute of Medical Physics, Biophysics, Informatics and Telemedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Kopáni
- Institute of Medical Physics, Biophysics, Informatics and Telemedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Gluvic Z, Obradovic M, Stewart AJ, Essack M, Pitt SJ, Samardzic V, Soskic S, Gojobori T, Isenovic ER. Levothyroxine Treatment and the Risk of Cardiac Arrhythmias - Focus on the Patient Submitted to Thyroid Surgery. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:758043. [PMID: 34803920 PMCID: PMC8600254 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.758043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Levothyroxine (LT4) is used to treat frequently encountered endocrinopathies such as thyroid diseases. It is regularly used in clinical (overt) hypothyroidism cases and subclinical (latent) hypothyroidism cases in the last decade. Suppressive LT4 therapy is also part of the medical regimen used to manage thyroid malignancies after a thyroidectomy. LT4 treatment possesses dual effects: substituting new-onset thyroid hormone deficiency and suppressing the local and distant malignancy spreading in cancer. It is the practice to administer LT4 in less-than-high suppressive doses for growth control of thyroid nodules and goiter, even in patients with preserved thyroid function. Despite its approved safety for clinical use, LT4 can sometimes induce side-effects, more often recorded with patients under treatment with LT4 suppressive doses than in unintentionally LT4-overdosed patients. Cardiac arrhythmias and the deterioration of osteoporosis are the most frequently documented side-effects of LT4 therapy. It also lowers the threshold for the onset or aggravation of cardiac arrhythmias for patients with pre-existing heart diseases. To improve the quality of life in LT4-substituted patients, clinicians often prescribe higher doses of LT4 to reach low normal TSH levels to achieve cellular euthyroidism. In such circumstances, the risk of cardiac arrhythmias, particularly atrial fibrillation, increases, and the combined use of LT4 and triiodothyronine further complicates such risk. This review summarizes the relevant available data related to LT4 suppressive treatment and the associated risk of cardiac arrhythmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Gluvic
- Clinic for Internal Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Zemun Clinical Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milan Obradovic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Alan J. Stewart
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Magbubah Essack
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samantha J. Pitt
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Vladimir Samardzic
- Clinic for Internal Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Zemun Clinical Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Soskic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Takashi Gojobori
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esma R. Isenovic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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61
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Sleiman Y, Lacampagne A, Meli AC. "Ryanopathies" and RyR2 dysfunctions: can we further decipher them using in vitro human disease models? Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:1041. [PMID: 34725342 PMCID: PMC8560800 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04337-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of intracellular calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis is fundamental to maintain normal functions in many cell types. The ryanodine receptor (RyR), the largest intracellular calcium release channel located on the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum (SR/ER), plays a key role in the intracellular Ca2+ handling. Abnormal type 2 ryanodine receptor (RyR2) function, associated to mutations (ryanopathies) or pathological remodeling, has been reported, not only in cardiac diseases, but also in neuronal and pancreatic disorders. While animal models and in vitro studies provided valuable contributions to our knowledge on RyR2 dysfunctions, the human cell models derived from patients’ cells offer new hope for improving our understanding of human clinical diseases and enrich the development of great medical advances. We here discuss the current knowledge on RyR2 dysfunctions associated with mutations and post-translational remodeling. We then reviewed the novel human cellular technologies allowing the correlation of patient’s genome with their cellular environment and providing approaches for personalized RyR-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Sleiman
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Alain Lacampagne
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Albano C Meli
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, Montpellier, France.
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62
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Wilson AD, Hu J, Sigalas C, Venturi E, Valdivia HH, Valdivia CR, Lei M, Musgaard M, Sitsapesan R. The V2475F CPVT1 mutation yields distinct RyR2 channel populations that differ in their responses to cytosolic Ca 2+ and Mg 2. J Physiol 2021; 599:5179-5201. [PMID: 34676560 DOI: 10.1113/jp281707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia type 1 (CPVT1) is a lethal genetic disease causing arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in children and young adults and is linked to mutations in the cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2). The effects of CPVT1 mutations on RyR2 ion-channel function are often investigated using purified recombinant RyR2 channels homozygous for the mutation. However, CPVT1 patients are heterozygous for the disease, so this approach does not reveal the true changes to RyR2 function across the entire RyR2 population of channels in the heart. We therefore investigated the native cardiac RyR2 single-channel abnormalities in mice heterozygous for the CPVT1 mutation, V2475F(+/-)-RyR2, and applied molecular modelling techniques to investigate the possible structural changes that could initiate any altered function. We observed that increased sensitivity of cardiac V2475F(+/-)-RyR2 channels to both activating and inactivating levels of cytosolic Ca2+ , plus attenuation of Mg2+ inhibition, were the most marked changes. Severity of abnormality was not uniform across all channels, giving rise to multiple sub-populations with differing functional characteristics. For example, 46% of V2475F(+/-)-RyR2 channels exhibited reduced Mg2+ inhibition and 23% were actually activated by Mg2+ . Using homology modelling, we discovered that V2475 is situated at a hinge between two regions of the RyR2 helical domain 1 (HD1). Our model proposes that detrimental functional changes to RyR2 arise because mutation at this critical site reduces the angle between these regions. Our results demonstrate the necessity of characterising the total heterozygous population of CPVT1-mutated channels in order to understand CPVT1 phenotypes in patients. KEY POINTS: RyR2 mutations can cause type-1 catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT1), a lethal, autosomal-dominant arrhythmic disease. However, the changes in RyR2 ion-channel function that result from the many different patient mutations are rarely investigated in detail and often only recombinant RyR2, homozygous for the mutation, is studied. As CPVT1 is a heterozygous disease and the tetrameric RyR2 channels expressed in the heart will contain varying numbers of mutated monomers, we have investigated the range of RyR2 single-channel abnormalities found in the hearts of mice heterozygous for the CPVT1 mutation, V2475F(+/-)-RyR2. Specific alterations to ligand regulation of V2475F(+/-)-RyR2 were observed. Multiple sub-populations of channels exhibited varying degrees of abnormality. In particular, an increased sensitivity to activating and inactivating cytosolic [Ca2+ ], and reduced sensitivity to Mg2+ inhibition were evident. Our results provide mechanistic insight into the changes to RyR2 gating that destabilise sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ -release causing life-threatening arrhythmias in V2475F(+/-)-CPVT1 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jianshu Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Elisa Venturi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Héctor H Valdivia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, USA
| | - Carmen R Valdivia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, USA
| | - Ming Lei
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maria Musgaard
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Kobayashi T, Kurebayashi N, Murayama T. The Ryanodine Receptor as a Sensor for Intracellular Environments in Muscles. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910795. [PMID: 34639137 PMCID: PMC8509754 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The ryanodine receptor (RyR) is a Ca2+ release channel in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal and cardiac muscles and plays a key role in excitation-contraction coupling. The activity of the RyR is regulated by the changes in the level of many intracellular factors, such as divalent cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+), nucleotides, associated proteins, and reactive oxygen species. Since these intracellular factors change depending on the condition of the muscle, e.g., exercise, fatigue, or disease states, the RyR channel activity will be altered accordingly. In this review, we describe how the RyR channel is regulated under various conditions and discuss the possibility that the RyR acts as a sensor for changes in the intracellular environments in muscles.
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Chen L, He Y, Wang X, Ge J, Li H. Ventricular voltage-gated ion channels: Detection, characteristics, mechanisms, and drug safety evaluation. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e530. [PMID: 34709746 PMCID: PMC8516344 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac voltage-gated ion channels (VGICs) play critical roles in mediating cardiac electrophysiological signals, such as action potentials, to maintain normal heart excitability and contraction. Inherited or acquired alterations in the structure, expression, or function of VGICs, as well as VGIC-related side effects of pharmaceutical drug delivery can result in abnormal cellular electrophysiological processes that induce life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias or even sudden cardiac death. Hence, to reduce possible heart-related risks, VGICs must be acknowledged as important targets in drug discovery and safety studies related to cardiac disease. In this review, we first summarize the development and application of electrophysiological techniques that are employed in cardiac VGIC studies alone or in combination with other techniques such as cryoelectron microscopy, optical imaging and optogenetics. Subsequently, we describe the characteristics, structure, mechanisms, and functions of various well-studied VGICs in ventricular myocytes and analyze their roles in and contributions to both physiological cardiac excitability and inherited cardiac diseases. Finally, we address the implications of the structure and function of ventricular VGICs for drug safety evaluation. In summary, multidisciplinary studies on VGICs help researchers discover potential targets of VGICs and novel VGICs in heart, enrich their knowledge of the properties and functions, determine the operation mechanisms of pathological VGICs, and introduce groundbreaking trends in drug therapy strategies, and drug safety evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular DiseasesShanghai Xuhui District Central Hospital & Zhongshan‐xuhui Hospital, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yue He
- Department of CardiologyShanghai Xuhui District Central Hospital & Zhongshan‐xuhui HospitalShanghaiChina
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Institute of Clinical Science, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Junbo Ge
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular DiseasesShanghai Xuhui District Central Hospital & Zhongshan‐xuhui Hospital, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular DiseasesShanghai Xuhui District Central Hospital & Zhongshan‐xuhui Hospital, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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Gerull B, Brodehl A. Insights Into Genetics and Pathophysiology of Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2021; 18:378-390. [PMID: 34478111 PMCID: PMC8616880 DOI: 10.1007/s11897-021-00532-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a genetic disease characterized by life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (SCD) in apparently healthy young adults. Mutations in genes encoding for cellular junctions can be found in about half of the patients. However, disease onset and severity, risk of arrhythmias, and outcome are highly variable and drug-targeted treatment is currently unavailable. Recent Findings This review focuses on advances in clinical risk stratification, genetic etiology, and pathophysiological concepts. The desmosome is the central part of the disease, but other intercalated disc and associated structural proteins not only broaden the genetic spectrum but also provide novel molecular and cellular insights into the pathogenesis of ACM. Signaling pathways and the role of inflammation will be discussed and targets for novel therapeutic approaches outlined. Summary Genetic discoveries and experimental-driven preclinical research contributed significantly to the understanding of ACM towards mutation- and pathway-specific personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Gerull
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC), Department of Medicine I, University Clinic Würzburg, Am Schwarzenberg 15, 97078, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Andreas Brodehl
- Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, Erich and Hanna Klessmann Institute, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
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Cely-Ortiz A, Felice JI, Díaz-Zegarra LA, Valverde CA, Federico M, Palomeque J, Wehrens XHT, Kranias EG, Aiello EA, Lascano EC, Negroni JA, Mattiazzi A. Determinants of Ca2+ release restitution: Insights from genetically altered animals and mathematical modeling. J Gen Physiol 2021; 152:152125. [PMID: 32986800 PMCID: PMC7594441 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201912512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Each heartbeat is followed by a refractory period. Recovery from refractoriness is known as Ca2+ release restitution (CRR), and its alterations are potential triggers of Ca2+ arrhythmias. Although the control of CRR has been associated with SR Ca2+ load and RYR2 Ca2+ sensitivity, the relative role of some of the determinants of CRR remains largely undefined. An intriguing point, difficult to dissect and previously neglected, is the possible independent effect of SR Ca2+ content versus the velocity of SR Ca2+ refilling on CRR. To assess these interrogations, we used isolated myocytes with phospholamban (PLN) ablation (PLNKO), knock-in mice with pseudoconstitutive CaMKII phosphorylation of RYR2 S2814 (S2814D), S2814D crossed with PLNKO mice (SDKO), and a previously validated human cardiac myocyte model. Restitution of cytosolic Ca2+ (Fura-2 AM) and L-type calcium current (ICaL; patch-clamp) was evaluated with a two-pulse (S1/S2) protocol. CRR and ICaL restitution increased as a function of the (S2-S1) coupling interval, following an exponential curve. When SR Ca2+ load was increased by increasing extracellular [Ca2+] from 2.0 to 4.0 mM, CRR and ICaL restitution were enhanced, suggesting that ICaL restitution may contribute to the faster CRR observed at 4.0 mM [Ca2+]. In contrast, ICaL restitution did not differ among the different mouse models. For a given SR Ca2+ load, CRR was accelerated in S2814D myocytes versus WT, but not in PLNKO and SDKO myocytes versus WT and S2814D, respectively. The model mimics all experimental data. Moreover, when the PLN ablation-induced decrease in RYR2 expression was corrected, the model revealed that CRR was accelerated in PLNKO and SDKO versus WT and S2814D myocytes, consistent with the enhanced velocity of refilling, SR [Ca2+] recovery, and CRR. We speculate that refilling rate might enhance CRR independently of SR Ca2+ load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Cely-Ortiz
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Centro Científico Tecnológico-La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Juan I Felice
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Centro Científico Tecnológico-La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Leandro A Díaz-Zegarra
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Centro Científico Tecnológico-La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Carlos A Valverde
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Centro Científico Tecnológico-La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Marilén Federico
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Centro Científico Tecnológico-La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Julieta Palomeque
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Centro Científico Tecnológico-La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Xander H T Wehrens
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Medicine (in Cardiology), Neuroscience, Pediatrics, Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Houston, TX
| | - Evangelia G Kranias
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Ernesto A Aiello
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Centro Científico Tecnológico-La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Elena C Lascano
- Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Trasplante y Bioingeniería, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Favaloro, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge A Negroni
- Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Trasplante y Bioingeniería, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Favaloro, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Mattiazzi
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Centro Científico Tecnológico-La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
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67
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Chirasani VR, Pasek DA, Meissner G. Structural and functional interactions between the Ca 2+-, ATP-, and caffeine-binding sites of skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor (RyR1). J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101040. [PMID: 34352272 PMCID: PMC8408527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ryanodine receptor type 1 (RyR1) releases Ca2+ ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle cells to initiate muscle contraction. Multiple endogenous and exogenous effectors regulate RyR1, such as ATP, Ca2+, caffeine (Caf), and ryanodine. Cryo-EM identified binding sites for the three coactivators Ca2+, ATP, and Caf. However, the mechanism of coregulation and synergy between these activators remains to be determined. Here, we used [3H]ryanodine ligand-binding assays and molecular dynamics simulations to test the hypothesis that both the ATP- and Caf-binding sites communicate with the Ca2+-binding site to sensitize RyR1 to Ca2+. We report that either phosphomethylphosphonic acid adenylate ester (AMPPCP), a nonhydrolyzable ATP analog, or Caf can activate RyR1 in the absence or the presence of Ca2+. However, enhanced RyR1 activation occurred in the presence of Ca2+, AMPPCP, and Caf. In the absence of Ca2+, Na+ inhibited [3H]ryanodine binding without impairing RyR1 activation by AMPPCP and Caf. Computational analysis suggested that Ca2+-, ATP-, and Caf-binding sites modulate RyR1 protein stability through interactions with the carboxyterminal domain and other domains in the activation core. In the presence of ATP and Caf but the absence of Ca2+, Na+ is predicted to inhibit RyR1 by interacting with the Ca2+-binding site. Our data suggested that ATP and Caf binding affected the conformation of the Ca2+-binding site, and conversely, Ca2+ binding affected the conformation of the ATP- and Caf-binding sites. We conclude that Ca2+, ATP, and Caf regulate RyR1 through a network of allosteric interactions involving the Ca2+-, ATP-, and Caf-binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkat R Chirasani
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
| | - Daniel A Pasek
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gerhard Meissner
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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68
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Bi G, Zhou JM. Regulation of Cell Death and Signaling by Pore-Forming Resistosomes. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 59:239-263. [PMID: 33957051 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-095952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) are the largest class of immune receptors in plants. They play a key role in the plant surveillance system by monitoring pathogen effectors that are delivered into the plant cell. Recent structural biology and biochemical analyses have uncovered how NLRs are activated to form oligomeric resistosomes upon the recognition of pathogen effectors. In the resistosome, the signaling domain of the NLR is brought to the center of a ringed structure to initiate immune signaling and regulated cell death (RCD). The N terminus of the coiled-coil (CC) domain of the NLR protein HOPZ-ACTIVATED RESISTANCE 1 likely forms a pore in the plasma membrane to trigger RCD in a way analogous to animal pore-forming proteins that trigger necroptosis or pyroptosis. NLRs that carry TOLL-INTERLEUKIN1-RECEPTOR as a signaling domain may also employ pore-forming resistosomes for RCD execution. In addition, increasing evidence supports intimate connections between NLRs and surface receptors in immune signaling. These new findings are rapidly advancing our understanding of the plant immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhi Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Chami M, Checler F. Targeting Post-Translational Remodeling of Ryanodine Receptor: A New Track for Alzheimer's Disease Therapy? Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 17:313-323. [PMID: 32096743 DOI: 10.2174/1567205017666200225102941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Pathologic calcium (Ca2+) signaling linked to Alzheimer's Disease (AD) involves the intracellular Ca2+ release channels/ryanodine receptors (RyRs). RyRs are macromolecular complexes where the protein-protein interactions between RyRs and several regulatory proteins impact the channel function. Pharmacological and genetic approaches link the destabilization of RyRs macromolecular complexes to several human pathologies including brain disorders. In this review, we discuss our recent data, which demonstrated that enhanced neuronal RyR2-mediated Ca2+ leak in AD is associated with posttranslational modifications (hyperphosphorylation, oxidation, and nitrosylation) leading to RyR2 macromolecular complex remodeling, and dissociation of the stabilizing protein Calstabin2 from the channel. We describe RyR macromolecular complex structure and discuss the molecular mechanisms and signaling cascade underlying neuronal RyR2 remodeling in AD. We provide evidence linking RyR2 dysfunction with β-adrenergic signaling cascade that is altered in AD. RyR2 remodeling in AD leads to histopathological lesions, alteration of synaptic plasticity, learning and memory deficits. Targeting RyR macromolecular complex remodeling should be considered as a new therapeutic window to treat/or prevent AD setting and/or progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounia Chami
- Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, IPMC, Sophia Antipolis, F-06560, France.,CNRS, IPMC, Sophia Antipolis, F-06560, France
| | - Frédéric Checler
- Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, IPMC, Sophia Antipolis, F-06560, France.,CNRS, IPMC, Sophia Antipolis, F-06560, France
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Woll KA, Van Petegem F. Calcium Release Channels: Structure and Function of IP3 Receptors and Ryanodine Receptors. Physiol Rev 2021; 102:209-268. [PMID: 34280054 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00033.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+-release channels are giant membrane proteins that control the release of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic and sarcoplasmic reticulum. The two members, ryanodine receptors (RyRs) and inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate Receptors (IP3Rs), are evolutionarily related and are both activated by cytosolic Ca2+. They share a common architecture, but RyRs have evolved additional modules in the cytosolic region. Their massive size allows for the regulation by tens of proteins and small molecules, which can affect the opening and closing of the channels. In addition to Ca2+, other major triggers include IP3 for the IP3Rs, and depolarization of the plasma membrane for a particular RyR subtype. Their size has made them popular targets for study via electron microscopic methods, with current structures culminating near 3Å. The available structures have provided many new mechanistic insights int the binding of auxiliary proteins and small molecules, how these can regulate channel opening, and the mechanisms of disease-associated mutations. They also help scrutinize previously proposed binding sites, as some of these are now incompatible with the structures. Many questions remain around the structural effects of post-translational modifications, additional binding partners, and the higher-order complexes these channels can make in situ. This review summarizes our current knowledge about the structures of Ca2+-release channels and how this informs on their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie A Woll
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Filip Van Petegem
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Val‐Blasco A, Gil‐Fernández M, Rueda A, Pereira L, Delgado C, Smani T, Ruiz Hurtado G, Fernández‐Velasco M. Ca 2+ mishandling in heart failure: Potential targets. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 232:e13691. [PMID: 34022101 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+ mishandling is a common feature in several cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure (HF). In many cases, impairment of key players in intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis has been identified as the underlying mechanism of cardiac dysfunction and cardiac arrhythmias associated with HF. In this review, we summarize primary novel findings related to Ca2+ mishandling in HF progression. HF research has increasingly focused on the identification of new targets and the contribution of their role in Ca2+ handling to the progression of the disease. Recent research studies have identified potential targets in three major emerging areas implicated in regulation of Ca2+ handling: the innate immune system, bone metabolism factors and post-translational modification of key proteins involved in regulation of Ca2+ handling. Here, we describe their possible contributions to the progression of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Angélica Rueda
- Department of Biochemistry Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV‐IPN) México City Mexico
| | - Laetitia Pereira
- INSERM UMR‐S 1180 Laboratory of Ca Signaling and Cardiovascular Physiopathology University Paris‐Saclay Châtenay‐Malabry France
| | - Carmen Delgado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols Madrid Spain
- Department of Metabolism and Cell Signalling Biomedical Research Institute "Alberto Sols" CSIC‐UAM Madrid Spain
| | - Tarik Smani
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV) Madrid Spain
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics University of Seville Seville Spain
- Group of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology Institute of Biomedicine of Seville University Hospital of Virgen del Rocío, University of Seville, CSIC Seville Spain
| | - Gema Ruiz Hurtado
- Cardiorenal Translational Laboratory Institute of Research i+12 University Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid Spain
- CIBER‐CV University Hospita1 12 de Octubre Madrid Spain
| | - Maria Fernández‐Velasco
- La Paz University Hospital Health Research Institute IdiPAZ Madrid Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV) Madrid Spain
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Blancard M, Touat-Hamici Z, Aguilar-Sanchez Y, Yin L, Vaksmann G, Roux-Buisson N, Fressart V, Denjoy I, Klug D, Neyroud N, Ramos-Franco J, Gomez AM, Guicheney P. A Type 2 Ryanodine Receptor Variant in the Helical Domain 2 Associated with an Impairment of the Adrenergic Response. J Pers Med 2021; 11:579. [PMID: 34202968 PMCID: PMC8235491 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11060579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is triggered by exercise or acute emotion in patients with normal resting electrocardiogram. The major disease-causing gene is RYR2, encoding the cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2). We report a novel RYR2 variant, p.Asp3291Val, outside the four CPVT mutation hotspots, in three CPVT families with numerous sudden deaths. This missense variant was first identified in a four-generation family, where eight sudden cardiac deaths occurred before the age of 30 in the context of adrenergic stress. All affected subjects harbored at least one copy of the RYR2 variant. Three affected sisters were homozygous for the variant. The same variant was found in two additional CPVT families. It is located in the helical domain 2 and changes a negatively charged amino acid widely conserved through evolution. Functional analysis of D3291V channels revealed a normal response to cytosolic Ca2+, a markedly reduced luminal Ca2+ sensitivity and, more importantly, an absence of normal response to 8-bromo-cAMP and forskolin stimulation in both transfected HEK293 and HL-1 cells. Our data support that the D3291V-RyR2 is a loss-of-function RyR2 variant responsible for an atypical form of CPVT inducing a mild dysfunction in basal conditions but leading potentially to fatal events through its unresponsiveness to adrenergic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malorie Blancard
- Inserm, UMRS 1166, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France; (Z.T.-H.); (N.N.); (P.G.)
| | - Zahia Touat-Hamici
- Inserm, UMRS 1166, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France; (Z.T.-H.); (N.N.); (P.G.)
| | - Yuriana Aguilar-Sanchez
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (Y.A.-S.); (J.R.-F.)
| | - Liheng Yin
- Inserm, UMRS 1180, Université Paris Saclay, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (L.Y.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Guy Vaksmann
- Service de Cardiologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Privé de la Louvière, 59042 Lille, France;
| | | | | | - Isabelle Denjoy
- Département de Cardiologie, Centre de Référence des Maladies Cardiaques Héréditaires, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, 75018 Paris, France;
| | - Didier Klug
- Hôpital Cardiologique, CHRU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France;
| | - Nathalie Neyroud
- Inserm, UMRS 1166, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France; (Z.T.-H.); (N.N.); (P.G.)
| | - Josefina Ramos-Franco
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (Y.A.-S.); (J.R.-F.)
| | - Ana Maria Gomez
- Inserm, UMRS 1180, Université Paris Saclay, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (L.Y.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Pascale Guicheney
- Inserm, UMRS 1166, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France; (Z.T.-H.); (N.N.); (P.G.)
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73
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Yin L, Zahradnikova A, Rizzetto R, Boncompagni S, Rabesahala de Meritens C, Zhang Y, Joanne P, Marqués-Sulé E, Aguilar-Sánchez Y, Fernández-Tenorio M, Villejoubert O, Li L, Wang YY, Mateo P, Nicolas V, Gerbaud P, Lai FA, Perrier R, Álvarez JL, Niggli E, Valdivia HH, Valdivia CR, Ramos-Franco J, Zorio E, Zissimopoulos S, Protasi F, Benitah JP, Gómez AM. Impaired Binding to Junctophilin-2 and Nanostructural Alteration in CPVT Mutation. Circ Res 2021; 129:e35-e52. [PMID: 34111951 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.319094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Liheng Yin
- Signaling and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology - UMR-S 1180, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France (L.Y., A.Z., R.R., P.J., E.M.-S., O.V., L.L., Y.Y.W., P.M., P.G., R.P., J.L.A., J.-P.B., A.M.G.)
| | - Alexandra Zahradnikova
- Signaling and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology - UMR-S 1180, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France (L.Y., A.Z., R.R., P.J., E.M.-S., O.V., L.L., Y.Y.W., P.M., P.G., R.P., J.L.A., J.-P.B., A.M.G.)
| | - Riccardo Rizzetto
- Signaling and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology - UMR-S 1180, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France (L.Y., A.Z., R.R., P.J., E.M.-S., O.V., L.L., Y.Y.W., P.M., P.G., R.P., J.L.A., J.-P.B., A.M.G.)
| | - Simona Boncompagni
- CAST, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (DNICS), Medicine and Ageing Sciences (DMSI), University Gabriele d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy (S.B., F.P.)
| | | | - Yadan Zhang
- Swansea University Medical School, Institute of Life Science, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK (C.R.d.M., Y.Z., S.Z.)
| | - Pierre Joanne
- Signaling and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology - UMR-S 1180, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France (L.Y., A.Z., R.R., P.J., E.M.-S., O.V., L.L., Y.Y.W., P.M., P.G., R.P., J.L.A., J.-P.B., A.M.G.)
| | - Elena Marqués-Sulé
- Signaling and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology - UMR-S 1180, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France (L.Y., A.Z., R.R., P.J., E.M.-S., O.V., L.L., Y.Y.W., P.M., P.G., R.P., J.L.A., J.-P.B., A.M.G.).,Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (E.M.-S.)
| | - Yuriana Aguilar-Sánchez
- Physiology and Biophysics, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA (Y.A.-S., J.R.-F.)
| | | | - Olivier Villejoubert
- Signaling and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology - UMR-S 1180, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France (L.Y., A.Z., R.R., P.J., E.M.-S., O.V., L.L., Y.Y.W., P.M., P.G., R.P., J.L.A., J.-P.B., A.M.G.)
| | - Linwei Li
- Signaling and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology - UMR-S 1180, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France (L.Y., A.Z., R.R., P.J., E.M.-S., O.V., L.L., Y.Y.W., P.M., P.G., R.P., J.L.A., J.-P.B., A.M.G.)
| | - Yue Yi Wang
- Signaling and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology - UMR-S 1180, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France (L.Y., A.Z., R.R., P.J., E.M.-S., O.V., L.L., Y.Y.W., P.M., P.G., R.P., J.L.A., J.-P.B., A.M.G.)
| | - Philippe Mateo
- Signaling and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology - UMR-S 1180, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France (L.Y., A.Z., R.R., P.J., E.M.-S., O.V., L.L., Y.Y.W., P.M., P.G., R.P., J.L.A., J.-P.B., A.M.G.)
| | | | - Pascale Gerbaud
- Signaling and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology - UMR-S 1180, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France (L.Y., A.Z., R.R., P.J., E.M.-S., O.V., L.L., Y.Y.W., P.M., P.G., R.P., J.L.A., J.-P.B., A.M.G.)
| | - F Anthony Lai
- College of Medicine, Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, & Biomedical Research Centre, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar (F.A.L.)
| | | | - Julio L Álvarez
- Signaling and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology - UMR-S 1180, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France (L.Y., A.Z., R.R., P.J., E.M.-S., O.V., L.L., Y.Y.W., P.M., P.G., R.P., J.L.A., J.-P.B., A.M.G.).,Institute of Cardiology, Havana, Cuba (J.L.A.)
| | - Ernst Niggli
- Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (M.F.-T., E.N.)
| | - Héctor H Valdivia
- Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin (H.H.V., C.R.V.)
| | - Carmen R Valdivia
- Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin (H.H.V., C.R.V.)
| | - Josefina Ramos-Franco
- Physiology and Biophysics, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA (Y.A.-S., J.R.-F.)
| | - Esther Zorio
- Cardiology Department and Unidad de Cardiopatías Familiares, Muerte Súbita y Mecanismos de Enfermedad (CaFaMuSMe), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain (E.Z.).,Center for Biomedical Network Research on Cardiovascular diseases (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain (E.Z.)
| | - Spyros Zissimopoulos
- Swansea University Medical School, Institute of Life Science, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK (C.R.d.M., Y.Z., S.Z.)
| | - Feliciano Protasi
- CAST, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (DNICS), Medicine and Ageing Sciences (DMSI), University Gabriele d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy (S.B., F.P.)
| | - Jean-Pierre Benitah
- Signaling and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology - UMR-S 1180, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France (L.Y., A.Z., R.R., P.J., E.M.-S., O.V., L.L., Y.Y.W., P.M., P.G., R.P., J.L.A., J.-P.B., A.M.G.)
| | - Ana M Gómez
- Signaling and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology - UMR-S 1180, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France (L.Y., A.Z., R.R., P.J., E.M.-S., O.V., L.L., Y.Y.W., P.M., P.G., R.P., J.L.A., J.-P.B., A.M.G.)
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74
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Simultaneous detection of reciprocal interactions between calmodulin, Ca2+ and molecular targets: a focus on the calmodulin-RyR2 complex. Biochem J 2021; 478:487-491. [PMID: 33544125 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In a recent issue of Biochemical Journal, Brohus et al. (Biochem. J.476, 193-209) investigated the interaction between the ubiquitous intracellular Ca2+-sensor calmodulin (CaM) and peptides that mimic different structural regions of the cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) at different Ca2+ concentrations. For the purpose, a novel bidimensional titration assay based on changes in fluorescence anisotropy was designed. The study identified the CaM domains that selectively bind to a specific CaM-binding domain in RyR2 and demonstrated that the interaction occurs essentially under Ca2+-saturating conditions. This study provides an elegant and experimentally accessible framework for detailed molecular investigations of the emerging life-threatening arrhythmia diseases associated with mutations in the genes encoding CaM. Furthermore, by allowing the measurement of the equilibrium dissociation constant in a protein-protein complex as a function of [Ca2+], the methodology presented by Brohus et al. may have broad applicability to the study of Ca2+ signalling.
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75
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Guo W, Wei J, Estillore JP, Zhang L, Wang R, Sun B, Chen SRW. RyR2 disease mutations at the C-terminal domain intersubunit interface alter closed-state stability and channel activation. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100808. [PMID: 34022226 PMCID: PMC8214192 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are ion channels that mediate the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum/endoplasmic reticulum, mutations of which are implicated in a number of human diseases. The adjacent C-terminal domains (CTDs) of cardiac RyR (RyR2) interact with each other to form a ring-like tetrameric structure with the intersubunit interface undergoing dynamic changes during channel gating. This mobile CTD intersubunit interface harbors many disease-associated mutations. However, the mechanisms of action of these mutations and the role of CTD in channel function are not well understood. Here, we assessed the impact of CTD disease-associated mutations P4902S, P4902L, E4950K, and G4955E on Ca2+− and caffeine-mediated activation of RyR2. The G4955E mutation dramatically increased both the Ca2+-independent basal activity and Ca2+-dependent activation of [3H]ryanodine binding to RyR2. The P4902S and E4950K mutations also increased Ca2+ activation but had no effect on the basal activity of RyR2. All four disease mutations increased caffeine-mediated activation of RyR2 and reduced the threshold for activation and termination of spontaneous Ca2+ release. G4955D dramatically increased the basal activity of RyR2, whereas G4955K mutation markedly suppressed channel activity. Similarly, substitution of P4902 with a negatively charged residue (P4902D), but not a positively charged residue (P4902K), also dramatically increased the basal activity of RyR2. These data suggest that electrostatic interactions are involved in stabilizing the CTD intersubunit interface and that the G4955E disease mutation disrupts this interface, and thus the stability of the closed state. Our studies shed new insights into the mechanisms of action of RyR2 CTD disease mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Guo
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jinhong Wei
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - John Paul Estillore
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lin Zhang
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ruiwu Wang
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bo Sun
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.
| | - S R Wayne Chen
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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76
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Tian CJ, Zhang JH, Liu J, Ma Z, Zhen Z. Ryanodine receptor and immune-related molecules in diabetic cardiomyopathy. ESC Heart Fail 2021; 8:2637-2646. [PMID: 34013670 PMCID: PMC8318495 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.13431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycaemia is a major aetiological factor in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Excessive hyperglycaemia increases the levels of reactive carbonyl species (RCS), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in the heart and causes derangements in calcium homeostasis, inflammation and immune‐system disorders. Ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2) plays a key role in excitation–contraction coupling during heart contractions, including rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the heart. Cardiac inflammation has been indicated in part though interleukin 1 (IL‐1) signals, supporting a role for B and T lymphocytes in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Some of the post‐translational modifications of the ryanodine receptor (RyR) by RCS, ROS and RNS stress are known to affect its gating and Ca2+ sensitivity, which contributes to RyR dysregulation in diabetic cardiomyopathy. RyRs and immune‐related molecules are important signalling species in many physiological and pathophysiological processes in various heart and cardiovascular diseases. However, little is known regarding the mechanistic relationship between RyRs and immune‐related molecules in diabetes, as well as the mechanisms mediating complex communication among cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts and immune cells. This review highlights new findings on the complex cellular communications in the pathogenesis and progression of diabetic cardiomyopathy. We discuss potential therapeutic applications targeting RyRs and immune‐related molecules in diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Ju Tian
- College of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Jing-Hua Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinfeng Liu
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuang Ma
- College of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Zhong Zhen
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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77
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Fitness Costs of Chlorantraniliprole Resistance Related to the SeNPF Overexpression in the Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22095027. [PMID: 34068540 PMCID: PMC8126017 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22095027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spodopteraexigua, a multifeeding insect pest, has developed a high level of resistance to chlorantraniliprole, which is a benzoylurea insecticide that targets the ryanodine receptors (RyRs). Herein, the resistant strain (SE-Sel) and sensitive strain (SE-Sus) were obtained by bidirectional screening for six generations. The potential oviposited eggs and oviposition rate of the SE-Sel strain were dramatically lower than those of the SE-Sus strain; on the contrary, the weights of prepupae and preadult were significantly increased. As a post-mating response, the higher number of non-oviposited eggs in the SE-Sel strain was caused by a lower mating rate. In addition, the expression levels of vitellogenin (SeVg) and its receptor (SeVgR) in the SE-Sel strain were consistently lower than those in the SE-Sus strain. An RyRI4743M mutation, contributing to the resistance to chlorantraniliprole, was located in the S3 transmembrane segments and might have affected the release of calcium ions; it led to the upregulated expression of the neuropeptide SeNPF and its receptor SeNPFR, and the mating and oviposition rate were significantly recovered when the SeNPF was knocked down though RNA interference (RNAi) in the male adult of the SE-Sel strain. Moreover, the expression of the juvenile hormone-binding proteins SeJHBWDS3 and SeJHBAN in the male adult of the SE-Sel strain was significantly decreased, which proved the existence of a fitness cost from another angle. Therefore, these results indicate that the fitness cost accompanied by chlorantraniliprole resistance in S. exigua may be related to the decrease in mating desire due to SeNPF overexpression.
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78
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Liu C, Zhang A, Yan N, Song C. Atomistic Details of Charge/Space Competition in the Ca 2+ Selectivity of Ryanodine Receptors. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:4286-4291. [PMID: 33909426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are ion channels responsible for the fast release of Ca2+ from the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol and show a selectivity of Ca2+ over monovalent cations. By utilizing a recently developed multisite Ca2+ model in molecular dynamic simulations, we show that multiple cations accumulate in the upper selectivity filter of RyRs, and the small size and high valence of Ca2+ make it preferable to K+ in competition for space in this confined region of negative electrostatic potential. The presence of Ca2+ in the upper selectivity filter significantly increases the energy barrier of K+ permeation, while the presence of K+ has little impact on the Ca2+ permeation. Our results provide the atomistic details of the charge/space competition mechanism for the ion selectivity of RyRs, which ensures the robustness of their Ca2+ release function. The mechanism could be utilized in protein- and nanoengineering for valence selectivity of ion species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhong Liu
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Nieng Yan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Chen Song
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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79
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Genome-wide association study of antipsychotic-induced sinus bradycardia in Chinese schizophrenia patients. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249997. [PMID: 33914752 PMCID: PMC8084176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) play a critical role in current treatment of schizophrenia (SCZ). It has been observed that sinus bradycardia, rare but in certain situations life threatening adverse drug reaction, can be induced by SGAs across different schizophrenia populations. However, the roles of genetic factors in this phenomenon have not been studied yet. In the present study, a genome-wide association study of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was performed on Chinese Han SCZ patients to identify susceptibility loci that were associated with sinus bradycardia induced by SGAs. This study applied microarray to obtain genotype profiles of 88 Han Chinese SCZ patients. Our results found that there were no SNPs had genome-wide significant association with sinus bradycardia induced by SGAs. The top GWAS hit located in gene KIAA0247, which mainly regulated by the tumor suppressor P53 and thus plays a role in carcinogenesis based on resent research and it should not be a susceptibility locus to sinus bradycardia induced by SGAs. Using gene-set functional analysis, we tested that if top 500 SNPs mapped genes were relevant to sinus bradycardia. The result of gene prioritization analysis showed CTNNA3 was strongly correlated with sinus bradycardia, hinting it was a susceptibility gene of this ADR. Our study provides a preliminary study of genetic variants associated with sinus bradycardia induced by SGAs in Han Chinese SCZ patients. The discovery of a possible susceptibility gene shed light on further study of this adverse drug reaction in Han Chinese SCZ patients.
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80
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Identification of loss-of-function RyR2 mutations associated with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation and sudden death. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:228220. [PMID: 33825858 PMCID: PMC8062958 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20210209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) are linked to catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT). Most CPVT RyR2 mutations characterized are gain-of-function (GOF), indicating enhanced RyR2 function as a major cause of CPVT. Loss-of-function (LOF) RyR2 mutations have also been identified and are linked to a distinct entity of cardiac arrhythmia termed RyR2 Ca2+ release deficiency syndrome (CRDS). Exercise stress testing (EST) is routinely used to diagnose CPVT, but it is ineffective for CRDS. There is currently no effective diagnostic tool for CRDS in humans. An alternative strategy to assess the risk for CRDS is to directly determine the functional impact of the associated RyR2 mutations. To this end, we have functionally screened 18 RyR2 mutations that are associated with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation (IVF) or sudden death. We found two additional RyR2 LOF mutations E4146K and G4935R. The E4146K mutation markedly suppressed caffeine activation of RyR2 and abolished store overload induced Ca2+ release (SOICR) in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells. E4146K also severely reduced cytosolic Ca2+ activation and abolished luminal Ca2+ activation of single RyR2 channels. The G4935R mutation completely abolished caffeine activation of and [3H]ryanodine binding to RyR2. Co-expression studies showed that the G4935R mutation exerted dominant negative impact on the RyR2 wildtype (WT) channel. Interestingly, the RyR2-G4935R mutant carrier had a negative EST, and the E4146K carrier had a family history of sudden death during sleep, which are different from phenotypes of typical CPVT. Thus, our data further support the link between RyR2 LOF and a new entity of cardiac arrhythmias distinct from CPVT.
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81
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Ma S, Ma T, Ren M, Li H, Ma Z. Insecticidal action of the botanical insecticide wilforine on Mythimna separata (Walker) related with the changes of ryanodine receptor expression. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 213:112025. [PMID: 33578098 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The detailed molecular mechanism of wilforine, a novel botanical insecticidal component, remains unclear, except for the knowledge that it affects the calcium signaling pathway. The aim of the current study was to examine the underlying molecular mechanism of wilforine in Mythimna separata (Walker) by transcriptome and RNA interference (RNAi), with chlorantraniliprole as control. RNA sequencing showed that the relative expression of genes related to the calcium signaling pathway and muscle contraction in M. separata treated with wilforine significantly changed and was further validated by qRT-PCR. Interestingly, the expression level of the ryanodine receptor (MsRyR) gene was downregulated by wilforine at relatively high concentrations and long treatment time, contrary to that observed using chlorantraniliprole. Furthermore, a putative MsRyR was cloned using a 16,258-bp contiguous sequence containing a 308-bp 5'-untranslated region and 578-bp 3'-untranslated region by RT-PCR and RACE. The results of the RNAi experiment showed that injection of dsMsRyR significantly reduced MsRyR mRNA levels, and growth and development were inhibited. Importantly, silencing of the MsRyR gene resulted in decreased susceptibility to both wilforine and chlorantraniliprole. Together with the results of our previous studies on toxic symptoms and muscle tissue lesions between wilforine and chlorantraniliprole, we propose that RyR Ca2+ release channel dysfunction is closely related with significant lethal mechanisms of wilforine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China; College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei Province 071001, China
| | - Ting Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Meiru Ren
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei Province 071001, China
| | - Hai Li
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Zhiqing Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China.
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82
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Yang L, Li RC, Xiang B, Li YC, Wang LP, Guo YB, Liang JH, Wang XT, Hou T, Xing X, Zhou ZQ, Ye H, Feng RQ, Lakatta EG, Chai Z, Wang SQ. Transcriptional regulation of intermolecular Ca 2+ signaling in hibernating ground squirrel cardiomyocytes: The myocardin-junctophilin axis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2025333118. [PMID: 33785600 PMCID: PMC8040632 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2025333118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The contraction of heart cells is controlled by the intermolecular signaling between L-type Ca2+ channels (LCCs) and ryanodine receptors (RyRs), and the nanodistance between them depends on the interaction between junctophilin-2 (JPH2) in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and caveolin-3 (CAV3) in the transversal tubule (TT). In heart failure, decreased expression of JPH2 compromises LCC-RyR communication leading to deficient blood-pumping power. In the present study, we found that JPH2 and CAV3 transcription was concurrently regulated by serum response factor (SRF) and myocardin. In cardiomyocytes from torpid ground squirrels, compared with those from euthermic counterparts, myocardin expression was up-regulated, which boosted both JPH2 and CAV3 expression. Transmission electron microscopic imaging showed that the physical coupling between TTs and SRs was tightened during hibernation and after myocardin overexpression. Confocal Ca2+ imaging under the whole-cell patch clamp condition revealed that these changes enhanced the efficiency of LCC-RyR intermolecular signaling and fully compensated the adaptive down-regulation of LCCs, maintaining the power of heart contraction while avoiding the risk of calcium overload during hibernation. Our finding not only revealed an essential molecular mechanism underlying the survival of hibernating mammals, but also demonstrated a "reverse model of heart failure" at the molecular level, suggesting a strategy for treating heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Rong-Chang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bin Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi-Chen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Li-Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yun-Bo Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jing-Hui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiao-Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tingting Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xin Xing
- College of Life Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Zeng-Quan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Haihong Ye
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ren-Qing Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Edward G Lakatta
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Zhen Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shi-Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China
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83
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Shauer A, Shor O, Wei J, Elitzur Y, Kucherenko N, Wang R, Chen SRW, Einav Y, Luria D. Novel RyR2 Mutation (G3118R) Is Associated With Autosomal Recessive Ventricular Fibrillation and Sudden Death: Clinical, Functional, and Computational Analysis. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e017128. [PMID: 33686871 PMCID: PMC8174198 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.017128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background The cardiac ryanodine receptor type 2 (RyR2) is a large homotetramer, located in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), which releases Ca2+ from the SR during systole. The molecular mechanism underlying Ca2+ sensing and gating of the RyR2 channel in health and disease is only partially elucidated. Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia (CPVT1) is the most prevalent syndrome caused by RyR2 mutations. Methods and Results This study involves investigation of a family with 4 cases of ventricular fibrillation and sudden death and physiological tests in HEK 293 cells and normal mode analysis (NMA) computation. We found 4 clinically affected members who were homozygous for a novel RyR2 mutation, G3118R, whereas their heterozygous relatives are asymptomatic. G3118R is located in the periphery of the protein, far from the mutation hotspot regions. HEK293 cells harboring G3118R mutation inhibited Ca2+ release in response to increasing doses of caffeine, but decreased the termination threshold for store‐overload‐induced Ca2+ release, thus increasing the fractional Ca2+ release in response to increasing extracellular Ca2+. NMA showed that G3118 affects RyR2 tetramer in a dose‐dependent manner, whereas in the model of homozygous mutant RyR2, the highest entropic values are assigned to the pore and the central regions of the protein. Conclusions RyR2 G3118R is related to ventricular fibrillation and sudden death in recessive mode of inheritance and has an effect of gain of function on the protein. Despite a peripheral location, it has an allosteric effect on the stability of central and pore regions in a dose‐effect manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Shauer
- Heart Institute Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center Jerusalem Israel
| | - Oded Shor
- Heart Institute Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center Jerusalem Israel
| | - Jinhong Wei
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology The Libin Cardiovascular Institute of AlbertaUniversity of Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Yair Elitzur
- Heart Institute Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center Jerusalem Israel
| | - Nataly Kucherenko
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Ruiwu Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology The Libin Cardiovascular Institute of AlbertaUniversity of Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - S R Wayne Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology The Libin Cardiovascular Institute of AlbertaUniversity of Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Yulia Einav
- Faculty of Engineering Holon Institute of Technology Holon Israel
| | - David Luria
- Heart Institute Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center Jerusalem Israel
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84
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Touat-Hamici Z, Blancard M, Ma R, Lin L, Iddir Y, Denjoy I, Leenhardt A, Yuchi Z, Guicheney P. A SPRY1 domain cardiac ryanodine receptor variant associated with short-coupled torsade de pointes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5243. [PMID: 33664309 PMCID: PMC7970841 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84373-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic ventricular fibrillation (IVF) causes sudden death in young adult patients without structural or ischemic heart disease. Most IVF cases are sporadic and some patients present with short-coupled torsade de pointes, the genetics of which are poorly understood. A man who had a first syncope at the age of 35 presented with frequent short-coupled premature ventricular beats with bursts of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia and then died suddenly. By exome sequencing, we identified three rare variants: p.I784F in the SPRY1 of the ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2), p.A96S in connexin 40 (Cx40), reported to affect electrical coupling and cardiac conduction, and a nonsense p.R244X in the cardiac-specific troponin I-interacting kinase (TNNI3K). We assessed intracellular Ca2+ handling in WT and mutant human RYR2 transfected HEK293 cells by fluorescent microscopy and an enhanced store overload-induced Ca2+ release in response to cytosolic Ca2+ was observed in RyR2-I784F cells. In addition, crystal structures and thermal melting temperatures revealed a conformational change in the I784F-SPRY1 domain compared to the WT-domain. The novel RyR2-I784F variant in SPRY1 domain causes a leaky channel under non-stress conditions. The presence of several variants affecting Ca2+ handling and cardiac conduction suggests a possible oligogenic origin for the ectopies originating from Purkinje fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahia Touat-Hamici
- INSERM, UMRS 1166, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne-Université, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Cardiovasculaires et Métaboliques, 91, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Malorie Blancard
- INSERM, UMRS 1166, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne-Université, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Cardiovasculaires et Métaboliques, 91, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ruifang Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Lianyun Lin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yasmine Iddir
- INSERM, UMRS 1166, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne-Université, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Cardiovasculaires et Métaboliques, 91, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
- Département d'Oncologie Pédiatrique Laboratoire RTOP «Recherche Translationnelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique»-INSERM U830, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Denjoy
- Département de Cardiologie et Centre de Référence des Maladies Cardiaques Héréditaires, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, 75018, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, INSERM, U1166, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Leenhardt
- Département de Cardiologie et Centre de Référence des Maladies Cardiaques Héréditaires, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, 75018, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, INSERM, U1166, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Zhiguang Yuchi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Pascale Guicheney
- INSERM, UMRS 1166, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne-Université, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Cardiovasculaires et Métaboliques, 91, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France.
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
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85
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Greene D, Shiferaw Y. Mechanistic link between CaM-RyR2 interactions and the genesis of cardiac arrhythmia. Biophys J 2021; 120:1469-1482. [PMID: 33617831 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we develop a computational model of the interaction between ryanodine receptor type 2 (RyR2) and calmodulin (CaM) to explore the mechanistic link between CaM-RyR2 interactions and cardiac arrhythmia. Our starting point is a biophysically based computational model of CaM binding to a single RyR2 subunit, which reproduces single-channel RyR2 measurements in lipid bilayers. We then integrate this CaM-RyR2 model into a spatially distributed whole-cell model of Ca cycling, which is used to investigate the relationship between CaM and Ca cycling homeostasis. We show that a reduction in CaM concentration leads to a substantial increase in the rate of spontaneous Ca sparks, and this induces a marked reduction in sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca load during steady-state pacing. Also, we show that a reduction in CaM modifies the RyR2 open probability, which makes the cell more prone to Ca wave propagation. These results indicate that aberrant Ca cycling activity during pacing is determined by the interplay between sarcoplasmic reticulum load reduction and the threshold for Ca wave propagation. Based on these results, we show that when CaM is reduced, Ca waves can occur in a cell and induce action potential perturbations that are arrhythmogenic. Thus, this study outlines a novel, to our knowledge, mechanistic link between CaM-RyR2 binding kinetics and the induction of arrhythmias in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- D'Artagnan Greene
- Department of Physics, California State University Northridge, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yohannes Shiferaw
- Department of Physics, California State University Northridge, Los Angeles, California.
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86
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Pathological conformations of disease mutant Ryanodine Receptors revealed by cryo-EM. Nat Commun 2021; 12:807. [PMID: 33547325 PMCID: PMC7864917 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21141-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ryanodine Receptors (RyRs) are massive channels that release Ca2+ from the endoplasmic and sarcoplasmic reticulum. Hundreds of mutations are linked to malignant hyperthermia (MH), myopathies, and arrhythmias. Here, we explore the first MH mutation identified in humans by providing cryo-EM snapshots of the pig homolog, R615C, showing that it affects an interface between three solenoid regions. We also show the impact of apo-calmodulin (apoCaM) and how it can induce opening by bending of the bridging solenoid, mediated by its N-terminal lobe. For R615C RyR1, apoCaM binding abolishes a pathological ‘intermediate’ conformation, distributing the population to a mixture of open and closed channels, both different from the structure without apoCaM. Comparisons show that the mutation primarily affects the closed state, inducing partial movements linked to channel activation. This shows that disease mutations can cause distinct pathological conformations of the RyR and facilitate channel opening by disrupting interactions between different solenoid regions. Ryanodine Receptors (RyRs) release Ca2+ from the endoplasmic and sarcoplasmic reticulum. Mutations in RyR are linked to malignant hyperthermia (MH), myopathies, and arrhythmias. Here, a collection of cryoEM structures provides insights into the molecular consequences of MHrelated RyR mutation R615C, and how apoCaM opens RyR1.
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87
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Gong D, Yan N, Ledford HA. Structural Basis for the Modulation of Ryanodine Receptors. Trends Biochem Sci 2020; 46:489-501. [PMID: 33353849 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Historically, ryanodine receptors (RyRs) have presented unique challenges for high-resolution structural determination despite long-standing interest in their role in excitation-contraction coupling. Owing to their large size (nearly 2.2 MDa), high-resolution structures remained elusive until the advent of cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) techniques. In recent years, structures for both RyR1 and RyR2 have been solved at near-atomic resolution. Furthermore, recent reports have delved into their more complex structural associations with key modulators - proteins such as the dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR), FKBP12/12.6, and calmodulin (CaM), as well as ions and small molecules including Ca2+, ATP, caffeine, and PCB95. This review addresses the modulation of RyR1 and RyR2, in addition to the impact of such discoveries on intracellular Ca2+ dynamics and biophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deshun Gong
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province/Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Transformation Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Nieng Yan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | - Hannah A Ledford
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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88
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Wu Y, Zhao W, Ye F, Huang S, Chen H, Zhou R, Jiang W. Tetrandrine attenuates left ventricular dysfunction in rats with myocardial infarction. Exp Ther Med 2020; 21:119. [PMID: 33335582 PMCID: PMC7739846 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine whether tetrandrine could attenuate left ventricular dysfunction and remodeling in rats with myocardial infarction. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups (n=5/group) as follows: i) Healthy control group; ii) sham operation group; iii) myocardial infarction model group; iv) myocardial infarction + low-dose tetrandrine group (10 mg/kg); v) myocardial infarction + medium-dose tetrandrine group (50 mg/kg); and vi) myocardial infarction + high-dose tetrandrine group (80 mg/kg). Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVIDd), left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVIDs), ejection fraction (EF%) and left ventricular fractional shortening rate (FS%) were measured using ultrasonography. The pathological changes were observed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Left ventricular tissue section TUNEL staining was also performed. Furthermore, the triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the arterial blood were examined by biochemical testing. Expression levels of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis-related proteins including ryanodine receptor calmodulin, CaM-dependent protein kinase IIδ, protein kinase A, FK506 binding protein 12.6 were measured using western blot analysis. Ultrasonography results showed that in the myocardial infarction model rats, the levels of LVIDd and LVIDs were significantly higher; however, the levels of EF% and FS% were lower compared with those in the sham operation group, which was alleviated by tetrandrine. H&E results showed that tetrandrine alleviated the pathological characteristics of myocardial infarction model rats. Furthermore, tetrandrine significantly inhibited myocardial cell apoptosis in rats with myocardial infarction. Tetrandrine significantly inhibited the levels of TG, TC and LDL and increased the levels of HDL in the arterial blood of rats with myocardial infarction. These findings revealed that tetrandrine could attenuate left ventricular dysfunction in rats with myocardial infarction, which might be associated with intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyang Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Fanhao Ye
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Shiwei Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Wenbing Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
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89
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Chami M, Checler F. Alterations of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Calcium Signaling Molecular Components in Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122577. [PMID: 33271984 PMCID: PMC7760721 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustained imbalance in intracellular calcium (Ca2+) entry and clearance alters cellular integrity, ultimately leading to cellular homeostasis disequilibrium and cell death. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Beside the major pathological features associated with AD-linked toxic amyloid beta (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau), several studies suggested the contribution of altered Ca2+ handling in AD development. These studies documented physical or functional interactions of Aβ with several Ca2+ handling proteins located either at the plasma membrane or in intracellular organelles including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), considered the major intracellular Ca2+ pool. In this review, we describe the cellular components of ER Ca2+ dysregulations likely responsible for AD. These include alterations of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors’ (IP3Rs) and ryanodine receptors’ (RyRs) expression and function, dysfunction of the sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) activity and upregulation of its truncated isoform (S1T), as well as presenilin (PS1, PS2)-mediated ER Ca2+ leak/ER Ca2+ release potentiation. Finally, we highlight the functional consequences of alterations of these ER Ca2+ components in AD pathology and unravel the potential benefit of targeting ER Ca2+ homeostasis as a tool to alleviate AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounia Chami
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-4939-53457; Fax: +33-4939-53408
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90
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Kohno M, Kobayashi S, Yamamoto T, Yoshitomi R, Kajii T, Fujii S, Nakamura Y, Kato T, Uchinoumi H, Oda T, Okuda S, Watanabe K, Mizukami Y, Yano M. Enhancing calmodulin binding to cardiac ryanodine receptor completely inhibits pressure-overload induced hypertrophic signaling. Commun Biol 2020; 3:714. [PMID: 33244105 PMCID: PMC7691336 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01443-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is a well-known major risk factor for poor prognosis in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Dysregulation of intracellular Ca2+ is involved in the pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy. However, the precise mechanism underlying cardiac hypertrophy remains elusive. Here, we investigate whether pressure-overload induced hypertrophy can be induced by destabilization of cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) through calmodulin (CaM) dissociation and subsequent Ca2+ leakage, and whether it can be genetically rescued by enhancing the binding affinity of CaM to RyR2. In the very initial phase of pressure-overload induced cardiac hypertrophy, when cardiac contractile function is preserved, reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated RyR2 destabilization already occurs in association with relaxation dysfunction. Further, stabilizing RyR2 by enhancing the binding affinity of CaM to RyR2 completely inhibits hypertrophic signaling and improves survival. Our study uncovers a critical missing link between RyR2 destabilization and cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiaki Kohno
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Division of Cardiology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kobayashi
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Division of Cardiology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamamoto
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Yoshitomi
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Division of Cardiology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Toshiro Kajii
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Division of Cardiology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shohei Fujii
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Division of Cardiology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Nakamura
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Division of Cardiology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Kato
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Division of Cardiology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Uchinoumi
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Division of Cardiology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Oda
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Division of Cardiology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shinichi Okuda
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Division of Cardiology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Institute of Gene Research, Yamaguchi University Science Research Center, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Yoichi Mizukami
- Institute of Gene Research, Yamaguchi University Science Research Center, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Masafumi Yano
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Division of Cardiology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan.
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91
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Maurocalcin and its analog MCaE12A facilitate Ca2+ mobilization in cardiomyocytes. Biochem J 2020; 477:3985-3999. [PMID: 33034621 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ryanodine receptors are responsible for the massive release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum that triggers heart muscle contraction. Maurocalcin (MCa) is a 33 amino acid peptide toxin known to target skeletal ryanodine receptor. We investigated the effect of MCa and its analog MCaE12A on isolated cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2), and showed that they increase RyR2 sensitivity to cytoplasmic calcium concentrations promoting channel opening and decreases its sensitivity to inhibiting calcium concentrations. By measuring intracellular Ca2+ transients, calcium sparks and contraction on cardiomyocytes isolated from adult rats or differentiated from human-induced pluripotent stem cells, we demonstrated that MCaE12A passively penetrates cardiomyocytes and promotes the abnormal opening of RyR2. We also investigated the effect of MCaE12A on the pacemaker activity of sinus node cells from different mice lines and showed that, MCaE12A improves pacemaker activity of sinus node cells obtained from mice lacking L-type Cav1.3 channel, or following selective pharmacologic inhibition of calcium influx via Cav1.3. Our results identify MCaE12A as a high-affinity modulator of RyR2 and make it an important tool for RyR2 structure-to-function studies as well as for manipulating Ca2+ homeostasis and dynamic of cardiac cells.
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92
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Multisite phosphorylation of the cardiac ryanodine receptor: a random or coordinated event? Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:1793-1807. [PMID: 33078311 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02473-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Many proteins are phosphorylated at more than one phosphorylation site to achieve precise tuning of protein function and/or integrate a multitude of signals into the activity of one protein. Increasing the number of phosphorylation sites significantly broadens the complexity of molecular mechanisms involved in processing multiple phosphorylation sites by one or more distinct kinases. The cardiac ryanodine receptor (RYR2) is a well-established multiple phospho-target of kinases activated in response to β-adrenergic stimulation because this Ca2+ channel is a critical component of Ca2+ handling machinery which is responsible for β-adrenergic enhancement of cardiac contractility. Our review presents a selective overview of the extensive, often conflicting, literature which focuses on identifying reliable lines of evidence to establish if multiple RYR2 phosphorylation is achieved randomly or in a specific sequence, and whether phosphorylation at individual sites is functionally specific and additive or similar and can therefore be substituted.
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93
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Gowen BH, Reyes MV, Joseph LC, Morrow JP. Mechanisms of Chronic Metabolic Stress in Arrhythmias. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9101012. [PMID: 33086602 PMCID: PMC7603089 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9101012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac arrhythmias are responsible for many cardiovascular disease-related deaths worldwide. While arrhythmia pathogenesis is complex, there is increasing evidence for metabolic causes. Obesity, diabetes, and chronically consuming high-fat foods significantly increase the likelihood of developing arrhythmias. Although these correlations are well established, mechanistic explanations connecting a high-fat diet (HFD) to arrhythmogenesis are incomplete, although oxidative stress appears to be critical. This review investigates the metabolic changes that occur in obesity and after HFD. Potential therapies to prevent or treat arrhythmias are discussed, including antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John P. Morrow
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-212-305-5553; Fax: +1-212-305-4648
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94
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Sleiman Y, Souidi M, Kumar R, Yang E, Jaffré F, Zhou T, Bernardin A, Reiken S, Cazorla O, Kajava AV, Moreau A, Pasquié JL, Marks AR, Lerman BB, Chen S, Cheung JW, Evans T, Lacampagne A, Meli AC. Modeling polymorphic ventricular tachycardia at rest using patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. EBioMedicine 2020; 60:103024. [PMID: 32980690 PMCID: PMC7519379 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While mutations in the cardiac type 2 ryanodine receptor (RyR2) have been linked to exercise-induced or catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), its association with polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (PMVT) occurring at rest is unclear. We aimed at constructing a patient-specific human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) model of PMVT occurring at rest linked to a single point mutation in RyR2. Methods Blood samples were obtained from a patient with PMVT at rest due to a heterozygous RyR2-H29D mutation. Patient-specific hiPSCs were generated from the blood samples, and the hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (CMs) were generated via directed differentiation. Using CRIPSR/Cas9 technology, isogenic controls were generated by correcting the RyR2-H29D mutation. Using patch-clamp, fluorescent confocal microscopy and video-image-based analysis, the molecular and functional properties of RyR2-H29D hiPSC—CMs and control hiPSC—CMs were compared. Findings RyR2-H29D hiPSC—CMs exhibit intracellular sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ leak through RyR2 under physiological pacing. RyR2-H29D enhances the contribution of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors to excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) that exacerbates abnormal Ca2+ release in RyR2-H29D hiPSC—CMs. RyR2-H29D hiPSC—CMs exhibit shorter action potentials, delayed afterdepolarizations, arrhythmias and aberrant contractile properties compared to isogenic controls. The RyR2-H29D mutation causes post-translational remodeling that is fully reversed with isogenic controls. Interpretation To conclude, in a model based on a RyR2 point mutation that is associated with short-coupled PMVT at rest, RyR2-H29D hiPSC—CMs exhibited aberrant intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, shortened action potentials, arrhythmias and abnormal contractile properties. Funding French Muscular Dystrophy Association (AFM; project 16,073, MNM2 2012 and 20,225), “Fondation de la Recherche Médicale” (FRM; SPF20130526710), “Institut National pour la Santé et la Recherche Médicale” (INSERM), National Institutes of Health (ARM; R01 HL145473) and New York State Department of Health (NYSTEM C029156).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Sleiman
- PhyMedExp, Inserm, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Monia Souidi
- PhyMedExp, Inserm, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Ritu Kumar
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ellen Yang
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Fabrice Jaffré
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ting Zhou
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Albin Bernardin
- PhyMedExp, Inserm, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Steve Reiken
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Clyde and Helen Wu Center for Molecular Cardiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States
| | - Olivier Cazorla
- PhyMedExp, Inserm, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Adrien Moreau
- PhyMedExp, Inserm, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Luc Pasquié
- PhyMedExp, Inserm, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Department of Cardiology, CHU of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Andrew R Marks
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Clyde and Helen Wu Center for Molecular Cardiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States
| | - Bruce B Lerman
- Division of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Shuibing Chen
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jim W Cheung
- Division of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Todd Evans
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alain Lacampagne
- PhyMedExp, Inserm, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Albano C Meli
- PhyMedExp, Inserm, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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95
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Dridi H, Kushnir A, Zalk R, Yuan Q, Melville Z, Marks AR. Reply to 'Mechanisms of ryanodine receptor 2 dysfunction in heart failure'. Nat Rev Cardiol 2020; 17:749-750. [PMID: 32901149 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-020-00444-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haikel Dridi
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Clyde and Helen Wu Center for Molecular Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Kushnir
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Clyde and Helen Wu Center for Molecular Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ran Zalk
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Qi Yuan
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Clyde and Helen Wu Center for Molecular Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zephan Melville
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Clyde and Helen Wu Center for Molecular Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew R Marks
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Clyde and Helen Wu Center for Molecular Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
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96
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Bauerová-Hlinková V, Hajdúchová D, Bauer JA. Structure and Function of the Human Ryanodine Receptors and Their Association with Myopathies-Present State, Challenges, and Perspectives. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184040. [PMID: 32899693 PMCID: PMC7570887 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac arrhythmias are serious, life-threatening diseases associated with the dysregulation of Ca2+ influx into the cytoplasm of cardiomyocytes. This dysregulation often arises from dysfunction of ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2), the principal Ca2+ release channel. Dysfunction of RyR1, the skeletal muscle isoform, also results in less severe, but also potentially life-threatening syndromes. The RYR2 and RYR1 genes have been found to harbor three main mutation “hot spots”, where mutations change the channel structure, its interdomain interface properties, its interactions with its binding partners, or its dynamics. In all cases, the result is a defective release of Ca2+ ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the myocyte cytoplasm. Here, we provide an overview of the most frequent diseases resulting from mutations to RyR1 and RyR2, briefly review some of the recent experimental structural work on these two molecules, detail some of the computational work describing their dynamics, and summarize the known changes to the structure and function of these receptors with particular emphasis on their N-terminal, central, and channel domains.
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97
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Guo W, Sun B, Estillore JP, Wang R, Chen SRW. The central domain of cardiac ryanodine receptor governs channel activation, regulation, and stability. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:15622-15635. [PMID: 32878990 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural analyses identified the central domain of ryanodine receptor (RyR) as a transducer converting conformational changes in the cytoplasmic platform to the RyR gate. The central domain is also a regulatory hub encompassing the Ca2+-, ATP-, and caffeine-binding sites. However, the role of the central domain in RyR activation and regulation has yet to be defined. Here, we mutated five residues that form the Ca2+ activation site and 10 residues with negatively charged or oxygen-containing side chains near the Ca2+ activation site. We also generated eight disease-associated mutations within the central domain of RyR2. We determined the effect of these mutations on Ca2+, ATP, and caffeine activation and Mg2+ inhibition of RyR2. Mutating the Ca2+ activation site markedly reduced the sensitivity of RyR2 to Ca2+ and caffeine activation. Unexpectedly, Ca2+ activation site mutation E3848A substantially enhanced the Ca2+-independent basal activity of RyR2, suggesting that E3848A may also affect the stability of the closed state of RyR2. Mutations in the Ca2+ activation site also abolished the effect of ATP/caffeine on the Ca2+-independent basal activity, suggesting that the Ca2+ activation site is also a critical determinant of ATP/caffeine action. Mutating residues with negatively charged or oxygen-containing side chains near the Ca2+ activation site significantly altered Ca2+ and caffeine activation and reduced Mg2+ inhibition. Furthermore, disease-associated RyR2 mutations within the central domain significantly enhanced Ca2+ and caffeine activation and reduced Mg2+ inhibition. Our data demonstrate that the central domain plays an important role in channel activation, channel regulation, and closed state stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Guo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - John Paul Estillore
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ruiwu Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - S R Wayne Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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98
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Dashwood A, Cheesman E, Beard N, Haqqani H, Wong YW, Molenaar P. Understanding How Phosphorylation and Redox Modifications Regulate Cardiac Ryanodine Receptor Type 2 Activity to Produce an Arrhythmogenic Phenotype in Advanced Heart Failure. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:563-582. [PMID: 32832863 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a global pandemic with significant mortality and morbidity. Despite current medications, 50% of individuals die within 5 years of diagnosis. Of these deaths, 30-50% will be a result of sudden cardiac death from ventricular arrhythmias. This review discusses two stress-induced mechanisms, phosphorylation from chronic β-adrenoceptor (β-AR) stimulation and thiol modifications from oxidative stress, and how they modulate the cardiac ryanodine receptor type 2 (RyR2) and foster an arrhythmogenic phenotype. Calcium (Ca2+) is the ubiquitous secondary messenger of excitation-contraction coupling and provides a common pathway for contractile dysfunction and arrhythmia genesis. In a healthy heart, Ca2+ is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) by RyR2. The open probability of RyR2 is under the dynamic influence of co-proteins, ions, and kinases that are in strict balance to ensure normal physiological functioning. In HF, chronic β-AR activity and production of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species provide two stress-induced mechanisms uncoupling RyR2 control, resulting in pathological diastolic SR Ca2+ leak. This increased cytosolic [Ca2+] promotes Ca2+ extrusion via the local Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, resulting in net sarcolemmal depolarization, delayed after depolarization and ventricular arrhythmia. Experimental models researching oxidative stress and phosphorylation have aimed to identify how post-translational modifications to the RyR2 macromolecular complex, and the associated Na+/Ca2+ cycling proteins, result in pathological Ca2+ handling and diastolic leak. However, the causative molecular changes remain controversial and undefined. Through understanding the molecular mechanisms that produce an arrhythmic phenotype, novel therapeutic targets to treat HF and prevent its malignant course can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Dashwood
- Heart Lung Institute, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, Brisbane, Queensland 4032, Australia.,Cardio-Vascular Molecular & Therapeutics Translational Research Group, Northside Clinical School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4032, Australia.,Griffith University, Southport, Queensland 4215, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Cheesman
- Cardio-Vascular Molecular & Therapeutics Translational Research Group, Northside Clinical School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4032, Australia
| | - Nicole Beard
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia.,Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory 2617, Australia
| | - Haris Haqqani
- Heart Lung Institute, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, Brisbane, Queensland 4032, Australia.,Cardio-Vascular Molecular & Therapeutics Translational Research Group, Northside Clinical School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4032, Australia
| | - Yee Weng Wong
- Heart Lung Institute, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, Brisbane, Queensland 4032, Australia.,Cardio-Vascular Molecular & Therapeutics Translational Research Group, Northside Clinical School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4032, Australia
| | - Peter Molenaar
- Cardio-Vascular Molecular & Therapeutics Translational Research Group, Northside Clinical School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4032, Australia.,Queensland University of Technology (QUT), School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
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99
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium mishandling: central tenet in heart failure? Biophys Rev 2020; 12:865-878. [PMID: 32696300 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-020-00736-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitation-contraction coupling links excitation of the sarcolemmal surface membrane to mechanical contraction. In the heart this link is established via a Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release process, which, following sarcolemmal depolarisation, prompts Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) though the ryanodine receptor (RyR2). This substantially raises the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration to trigger systole. In diastole, Ca2+ is removed from the cytoplasm, primarily via the sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-dependent ATPase (SERCA) pump on the SR membrane, returning Ca2+ to the SR store. Ca2+ movement across the SR is thus fundamental to the systole/diastole cycle and plays an essential role in maintaining cardiac contractile function. Altered SR Ca2+ homeostasis (due to disrupted Ca2+ release, storage, and reuptake pathways) is a central tenet of heart failure and contributes to depressed contractility, impaired relaxation, and propensity to arrhythmia. This review will focus on the molecular mechanisms that underlie asynchronous Ca2+ cycling around the SR in the failing heart. Further, this review will illustrate that the combined effects of expression changes and disruptions to RyR2 and SERCA2a regulatory pathways are critical to the pathogenesis of heart failure.
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100
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Iyer KA, Hu Y, Nayak AR, Kurebayashi N, Murayama T, Samsó M. Structural mechanism of two gain-of-function cardiac and skeletal RyR mutations at an equivalent site by cryo-EM. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabb2964. [PMID: 32832689 PMCID: PMC7439390 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb2964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in ryanodine receptors (RyRs), intracellular Ca2+ channels, are associated with deadly disorders. Despite abundant functional studies, the molecular mechanism of RyR malfunction remains elusive. We studied two single-point mutations at an equivalent site in the skeletal (RyR1 R164C) and cardiac (RyR2 R176Q) isoforms using ryanodine binding, Ca2+ imaging, and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) of the full-length protein. Loss of the positive charge had greater effect on the skeletal isoform, mediated via distortion of a salt bridge network, a molecular latch inducing rotation of a cytoplasmic domain, and partial progression to open-state traits of the large cytoplasmic assembly accompanied by alteration of the Ca2+ binding site, which concur with the major "hyperactive" feature of the mutated channel. Our cryo-EM studies demonstrated the allosteric effect of a mutation situated ~85 Å away from the pore and identified an isoform-specific structural effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita A. Iyer
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Yifan Hu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ashok R. Nayak
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Nagomi Kurebayashi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Murayama
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Montserrat Samsó
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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