51
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Kim J, Kim HS, Chung JH. Molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial DNA release and activation of the cGAS-STING pathway. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:510-519. [PMID: 36964253 PMCID: PMC10037406 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-00965-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to constituting the genetic material of an organism, DNA is a tracer for the recognition of foreign pathogens and a trigger of the innate immune system. cGAS functions as a sensor of double-stranded DNA fragments and initiates an immune response via the adaptor protein STING. The cGAS-STING pathway not only defends cells against various DNA-containing pathogens but also modulates many pathological processes caused by the immune response to the ectopic localization of self-DNA, such as cytosolic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and extranuclear chromatin. In addition, macrophages can cause inflammation by forming a class of protein complexes called inflammasomes, and the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome requires the release of oxidized mtDNA. In innate immunity related to inflammasomes, mtDNA release is mediated by macropores that are formed on the outer membrane of mitochondria via VDAC oligomerization. These macropores are specifically formed in response to mitochondrial stress and tissue damage, and the inhibition of VDAC oligomerization mitigates this inflammatory response. The rapidly expanding area of research on the mechanisms by which mtDNA is released and triggers inflammation has revealed new treatment strategies not only for inflammation but also, surprisingly, for neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghan Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, 06591, South Korea.
| | - Ho-Shik Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, 06591, South Korea
| | - Jay H Chung
- Laboratory of Obesity and Aging Research, Cardiovascular Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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52
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Patel DJ, Yu Y, Xie W. cGAMP-activated cGAS-STING signaling: its bacterial origins and evolutionary adaptation by metazoans. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2023; 30:245-260. [PMID: 36894694 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-00933-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
The metazoan cGAMP-activated cGAS-STING innate immunity pathway is triggered in response to genomic instability and DNA damage, thereby providing host defense against microbial pathogens. This pathway also impacts on autophagy, cellular senescence and antitumor immunity, while its overactivation triggers autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Metazoan cGAS generates cGAMP containing distinct combinations of 3'-5' and 2'-5' linkages, which target the adaptor protein STING and activate the innate immune response through a signaling cascade leading to upregulation of cytokine and interferon production. This Review highlights a structure-based mechanistic perspective of recent advances in cGAMP-activated cGAS-STING innate immune signaling by focusing on the cGAS sensor, cGAMP second messenger and STING adaptor components, thereby elucidating the specificity, activation, regulation and signal transduction features of the pathway. In addition, the Review addresses progress towards identification of inhibitors and activators targeting cGAS and STING, as well as strategies developed by pathogens to evade cGAS-STING immunity. Most importantly, it highlights cyclic nucleotide second messengers as ancient signaling molecules that elicit a potent innate immune response that originated in bacteria and evolved through evolutionary adaptation to metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinshaw J Patel
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - You Yu
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wei Xie
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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53
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Abstract
Numerous mitochondrial constituents and metabolic products can function as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and promote inflammation when released into the cytosol or extracellular milieu. Several safeguards are normally in place to prevent mitochondria from eliciting detrimental inflammatory reactions, including the autophagic disposal of permeabilized mitochondria. However, when the homeostatic capacity of such systems is exceeded or when such systems are defective, inflammatory reactions elicited by mitochondria can become pathogenic and contribute to the aetiology of human disorders linked to autoreactivity. In addition, inefficient inflammatory pathways induced by mitochondrial DAMPs can be pathogenic as they enable the establishment or progression of infectious and neoplastic disorders. Here we discuss the molecular mechanisms through which mitochondria control inflammatory responses, the cellular pathways that are in place to control mitochondria-driven inflammation and the pathological consequences of dysregulated inflammatory reactions elicited by mitochondrial DAMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Marchi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Emma Guilbaud
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen W G Tait
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Takahiro Yamazaki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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54
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Du Y, Hu Z, Luo Y, Wang HY, Yu X, Wang RF. Function and regulation of cGAS-STING signaling in infectious diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1130423. [PMID: 36825026 PMCID: PMC9941744 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1130423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacious detection of pathogens and prompt induction of innate immune signaling serve as a crucial component of immune defense against infectious pathogens. Over the past decade, DNA-sensing receptor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and its downstream signaling adaptor stimulator of interferon genes (STING) have emerged as key mediators of type I interferon (IFN) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) responses in health and infection diseases. Moreover, both cGAS-STING pathway and pathogens have developed delicate strategies to resist each other for their survival. The mechanistic and functional comprehension of the interplay between cGAS-STING pathway and pathogens is opening the way for the development and application of pharmacological agonists and antagonists in the treatment of infectious diseases. Here, we briefly review the current knowledge of DNA sensing through the cGAS-STING pathway, and emphatically highlight the potent undertaking of cGAS-STING signaling pathway in the host against infectious pathogenic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Du
- Department of Medicine, and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Research Center of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yien Luo
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Helen Y. Wang
- Department of Medicine, and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Single Cell Technology and Application, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rong-Fu Wang
- Department of Medicine, and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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55
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Mosallanejad K, Kennedy SN, Bahleda KM, Slavik KM, Zhou W, Govande AA, Hancks DC, Kranzusch PJ, Kagan JC. Species-specific self-DNA detection mechanisms by mammalian cyclic GMP-AMP synthases. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eabp9765. [PMID: 36662885 PMCID: PMC10176704 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abp9765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which innate immune receptors mediate self-nonself discrimination are unclear. In this study, we found species-specific molecular determinants of self-DNA reactivity by cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (GMP-AMP) synthase (cGAS). Human cGAS contained a catalytic domain that was intrinsically self-DNA reactive and stimulated interferon responses in diverse cell types. This reactivity was prevented by an upstream amino (N)-terminal domain. The cGAS proteins from several nonhuman primate species exhibited a similar pattern of self-DNA reactivity in cells, but chimpanzee cGAS was inactive even when its amino-terminal domain was deleted. In contrast, the N terminus of mouse cGAS promoted self-DNA reactivity. When expressed within tumors, only self-DNA-reactive cGAS proteins protected mice from tumor-induced lethality. In vitro studies of DNA- or chromatin-induced cGAS activation did not reveal species-specific activities that correlate with self-DNA reactivity observed in macrophages. Cell biological analysis revealed that self-DNA reactivity by human cGAS, but not mouse cGAS, correlated with localization to mitochondria. We found that epitope tag positions affected self-DNA reactivity in cells and that DNA present in cell lysates undermines the reliability of cGAS biochemical fractionations. These studies reveal species-specific diversity of cGAS functions, even within the primate lineage, and highlight experimental considerations for the study of this innate immune receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Mosallanejad
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephanie N. Kennedy
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kristin M. Bahleda
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kailey M. Slavik
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Present address: Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Apurva A. Govande
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dustin C. Hancks
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75235 USA
| | - Philip J. Kranzusch
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan C. Kagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Pan J, Fei CJ, Hu Y, Wu XY, Nie L, Chen J. Current understanding of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway: Structure, regulatory mechanisms, and related diseases. Zool Res 2023; 44:183-218. [PMID: 36579404 PMCID: PMC9841179 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system protects the host from external pathogens and internal damage in various ways. The cGAS-STING signaling pathway, comprised of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), stimulator of interferon genes (STING), and downstream signaling adaptors, plays an essential role in protective immune defense against microbial DNA and internal damaged-associated DNA and is responsible for various immune-related diseases. After binding with DNA, cytosolic cGAS undergoes conformational change and DNA-linked liquid-liquid phase separation to produce 2'3'-cGAMP for the activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized STING. However, further studies revealed that cGAS is predominantly expressed in the nucleus and strictly tethered to chromatin to prevent binding with nuclear DNA, and functions differently from cytosolic-localized cGAS. Detailed delineation of this pathway, including its structure, signaling, and regulatory mechanisms, is of great significance to fully understand the diversity of cGAS-STING activation and signaling and will be of benefit for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and cancer. Here, we review recent progress on the above-mentioned perspectives of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway and discuss new avenues for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Bioengineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
| | - Chen-Jie Fei
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Bioengineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
| | - Yang Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Bioengineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Bioengineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
| | - Li Nie
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Bioengineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China. E-mail:
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Bioengineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China. E-mail:
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57
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Moreno-Andrés D, Holl K, Antonin W. The second half of mitosis and its implications in cancer biology. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 88:1-17. [PMID: 36436712 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The nucleus undergoes dramatic structural and functional changes during cell division. With the entry into mitosis, in human cells the nuclear envelope breaks down, chromosomes rearrange into rod-like structures which are collected and segregated by the spindle apparatus. While these processes in the first half of mitosis have been intensively studied, much less is known about the second half of mitosis, when a functional nucleus reforms in each of the emerging cells. Here we review our current understanding of mitotic exit and nuclear reformation with spotlights on the links to cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Moreno-Andrés
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Kristin Holl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wolfram Antonin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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58
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Song JX, Villagomes D, Zhao H, Zhu M. cGAS in nucleus: The link between immune response and DNA damage repair. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1076784. [PMID: 36591232 PMCID: PMC9797516 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1076784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As the first barrier of host defense, innate immunity sets up the parclose to keep out external microbial or virus attacks. Depending on the type of pathogens, several cytoplasm pattern recognition receptors exist to sense the attacks from either foreign or host origins, triggering the immune response to battle with the infections. Among them, cGAS-STING is the major pathway that mainly responds to microbial DNA, DNA virus infections, or self-DNA, which mainly comes from genome instability by-product or released DNA from the mitochondria. cGAS was initially found functional in the cytoplasm, although intriguing evidence indicates that cGAS exists in the nucleus where it is involved in the DNA damage repair process. Because the close connection between DNA damage response and immune response and cGAS recognizes DNA in length-dependent but DNA sequence-independent manners, it is urgent to clear the function balance of cGAS in the nucleus versus cytoplasm and how it is shielded from recognizing the host origin DNA. Here, we outline the current conception of immune response and the regulation mechanism of cGAS in the nucleus. Furthermore, we will shed light on the potential mechanisms that are restricted to be taken away from self-DNA recognition, especially how post-translational modification regulates cGAS functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xian Song
- Institute for Translation Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Deana Villagomes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Hongchang Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Min Zhu
- Institute for Translation Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China,*Correspondence: Min Zhu,
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59
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Fang R, Jiang Q, Yu X, Zhao Z, Jiang Z. Recent advances in the activation and regulation of the cGAS-STING pathway. Adv Immunol 2022; 156:55-102. [PMID: 36410875 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The cGAS-STING pathway is responsible for cytoplasmic double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) -triggered innate immunity and involved in the pathology of various diseases including infection, autoimmune diseases, neurodegeneration and cancer. Understanding the activation and regulatory mechanisms of this pathway is critical to develop therapeutic strategies toward these diseases. Here, we review the signal transduction, cellular functions and regulations of cGAS and STING, particularly highlighting the latest understandings on the activation of cGAS by dsDNA and/or Manganese (Mn2+), STING trafficking, sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs)-induced STING polymerization and activation, and also regulation of the cGAS-STING pathway by different biocondensates formed via phase separation of proteins from host cells and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Fang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qifei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengfan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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60
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Shi C, Yang X, Hou Y, Jin X, Guo L, Zhou Y, Zhang C, Yin H. USP15 promotes cGAS activation through deubiquitylation and liquid condensation. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:11093-11108. [PMID: 36243958 PMCID: PMC9638925 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) is recognized as a danger signal by cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), which triggers innate immune responses. cGAS activity must be properly regulated to maintain immune homeostasis. However, the mechanism by which cGAS activation is controlled remains to be better understood. In this study, we identified USP15 as a cGAS-interacting partner. USP15 promoted DNA-induced cGAS activation and downstream innate immune responses through a positive feedback mechanism. Specifically, USP15 deubiquitylated cGAS and promoted its activation. In the absence of DNA, USP15 drove cGAS dimerization and liquid condensation through the USP15 intrinsic disordered region (IDR), which prepared cGAS for a rapid response to DNA. Upon DNA stimulation, USP15 was induced to express and boost cGAS activation, functioning as an efficient amplifier in innate immune signal transduction. In summary, the positive role played by USP15-mediated cGAS activation may be a novel regulatory mechanism in the fine-tuning of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yanfei Hou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100082, China
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xue Jin
- Peking University–Tsinghua University–National Institute of Biological Science (PTN) Joint Graduate Program, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lerui Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100082, China
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100082, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100082, China
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100082, China
| | - Conggang Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100082, China
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hang Yin
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +86 1062786005; Fax: +86 1062786005;
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61
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Kloeber JA, Lou Z. Critical DNA damaging pathways in tumorigenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 85:164-184. [PMID: 33905873 PMCID: PMC8542061 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The acquisition of DNA damage is an early driving event in tumorigenesis. Premalignant lesions show activated DNA damage responses and inactivation of DNA damage checkpoints promotes malignant transformation. However, DNA damage is also a targetable vulnerability in cancer cells. This requires a detailed understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing DNA integrity. Here, we review current work on DNA damage in tumorigenesis. We discuss DNA double strand break repair, how repair pathways contribute to tumorigenesis, and how double strand breaks are linked to the tumor microenvironment. Next, we discuss the role of oncogenes in promoting DNA damage through replication stress. Finally, we discuss our current understanding on DNA damage in micronuclei and discuss therapies targeting these DNA damage pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake A Kloeber
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA; Mayo Clinic Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Zhenkun Lou
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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62
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Post-Translational Modifications of cGAS-STING: A Critical Switch for Immune Regulation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193043. [PMID: 36231006 PMCID: PMC9563579 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune mechanisms initiate immune responses via pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), a member of the PRRs, senses diverse pathogenic or endogenous DNA and activates innate immune signaling pathways, including the expression of stimulator of interferon genes (STING), type I interferon, and other inflammatory cytokines, which, in turn, instructs the adaptive immune response development. This groundbreaking discovery has rapidly advanced research on host defense, cancer biology, and autoimmune disorders. Since cGAS/STING has enormous potential in eliciting an innate immune response, understanding its functional regulation is critical. As the most widespread and efficient regulatory mode of the cGAS-STING pathway, post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as the covalent linkage of functional groups to amino acid chains, are generally considered a regulatory mechanism for protein destruction or renewal. In this review, we discuss cGAS-STING signaling transduction and its mechanism in related diseases and focus on the current different regulatory modalities of PTMs in the control of the cGAS-STING-triggered innate immune and inflammatory responses.
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63
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Acharya D, Reis R, Volcic M, Liu G, Wang MK, Chia BS, Nchioua R, Groß R, Münch J, Kirchhoff F, Sparrer KMJ, Gack MU. Actin cytoskeleton remodeling primes RIG-I-like receptor activation. Cell 2022; 185:3588-3602.e21. [PMID: 36113429 PMCID: PMC9680832 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The current dogma of RNA-mediated innate immunity is that sensing of immunostimulatory RNA ligands is sufficient for the activation of intracellular sensors and induction of interferon (IFN) responses. Here, we report that actin cytoskeleton disturbance primes RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) activation. Actin cytoskeleton rearrangement induced by virus infection or commonly used reagents to intracellularly deliver RNA triggers the relocalization of PPP1R12C, a regulatory subunit of the protein phosphatase-1 (PP1), from filamentous actin to cytoplasmic RLRs. This allows dephosphorylation-mediated RLR priming and, together with the RNA agonist, induces effective RLR downstream signaling. Genetic ablation of PPP1R12C impairs antiviral responses and enhances susceptibility to infection with several RNA viruses including SARS-CoV-2, influenza virus, picornavirus, and vesicular stomatitis virus. Our work identifies actin cytoskeleton disturbance as a priming signal for RLR-mediated innate immunity, which may open avenues for antiviral or adjuvant design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj Acharya
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA; Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Rebecca Reis
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Meta Volcic
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - GuanQun Liu
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA; Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - May K Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bing Shao Chia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rayhane Nchioua
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Groß
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Münch
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Michaela U Gack
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA; Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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64
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Regulation of cGAS Activity and Downstream Signaling. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182812. [PMID: 36139387 PMCID: PMC9496985 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a predominant and ubiquitously expressed cytosolic onfirmedDNA sensor that activates innate immune responses by producing a second messenger, cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), and the stimulator of interferon genes (STING). cGAS contains a highly disordered N-terminus, which can sense genomic/chromatin DNA, while the C terminal of cGAS binds dsDNA liberated from various sources, including mitochondria, pathogens, and dead cells. Furthermore, cGAS cellular localization dictates its response to foreign versus self-DNA. Recent evidence has also highlighted the importance of dsDNA-induced post-translational modifications of cGAS in modulating inflammatory responses. This review summarizes and analyzes cGAS activity regulation based on structure, sub-cellular localization, post-translational mechanisms, and Ca2+ signaling. We also discussed the role of cGAS activation in different diseases and clinical outcomes.
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65
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Skopelja-Gardner S, An J, Elkon KB. Role of the cGAS-STING pathway in systemic and organ-specific diseases. Nat Rev Nephrol 2022; 18:558-572. [PMID: 35732833 PMCID: PMC9214686 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-022-00589-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cells are equipped with numerous sensors that recognize nucleic acids, which probably evolved for defence against viruses. Once triggered, these sensors stimulate the production of type I interferons and other cytokines that activate immune cells and promote an antiviral state. The evolutionary conserved enzyme cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is one of the most recently identified DNA sensors. Upon ligand engagement, cGAS dimerizes and synthesizes the dinucleotide second messenger 2',3'-cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), which binds to the endoplasmic reticulum protein stimulator of interferon genes (STING) with high affinity, thereby unleashing an inflammatory response. cGAS-binding DNA is not restricted by sequence and must only be >45 nucleotides in length; therefore, cGAS can also be stimulated by self genomic or mitochondrial DNA. This broad specificity probably explains why the cGAS-STING pathway has been implicated in a number of autoinflammatory, autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases; this pathway might also be activated during acute and chronic kidney injury. Therapeutic manipulation of the cGAS-STING pathway, using synthetic cyclic dinucleotides or inhibitors of cGAMP metabolism, promises to enhance immune responses in cancer or viral infections. By contrast, inhibitors of cGAS or STING might be useful in diseases in which this pro-inflammatory pathway is chronically activated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jie An
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Keith B Elkon
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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66
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Abstract
Virtually all cell types have the same DNA, yet each type exhibits its own cell-specific pattern of gene expression. During the brief period of mitosis, the chromosomes exhibit changes in protein composition and modifications, a marked condensation, and a consequent reduction in transcription. Yet as cells exit mitosis, they reactivate their cell-specific programs with high fidelity. Initially, the field focused on the subset of transcription factors that are selectively retained in, and hence bookmark, chromatin in mitosis. However, recent studies show that many transcription factors can be retained in mitotic chromatin and that, surprisingly, such retention can be due to nonspecific chromatin binding. Here, we review the latest studies focusing on low-level transcription via promoters, rather than enhancers, as contributing to mitotic memory, as well as new insights into chromosome structure dynamics, histone modifications, cell cycle signaling, and nuclear envelope proteins that together ensure the fidelity of gene expression through a round of mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Ito
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
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67
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Nofi CP, Wang P, Aziz M. Chromatin-Associated Molecular Patterns (CAMPs) in sepsis. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:700. [PMID: 35961978 PMCID: PMC9372964 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05155-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Several molecular patterns have been identified that recognize pattern recognition receptors. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are commonly used terminologies to classify molecules originating from pathogen and endogenous molecules, respectively, to heighten the immune response in sepsis. Herein, we focus on a subgroup of endogenous molecules that may be detected as foreign and similarly trigger immune signaling pathways. These chromatin-associated molecules, i.e., chromatin containing nuclear DNA and histones, extracellular RNA, mitochondrial DNA, telomeric repeat-containing RNA, DNA- or RNA-binding proteins, and extracellular traps, may be newly classified as chromatin-associated molecular patterns (CAMPs). Herein, we review the release of CAMPs from cells, their mechanism of action and downstream immune signaling pathways, and targeted therapeutic approaches to mitigate inflammation and tissue injury in inflammation and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen P. Nofi
- grid.250903.d0000 0000 9566 0634Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY USA ,Elmezi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY USA ,grid.512756.20000 0004 0370 4759Department of Surgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY USA
| | - Ping Wang
- grid.250903.d0000 0000 9566 0634Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY USA ,Elmezi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY USA ,grid.512756.20000 0004 0370 4759Department of Surgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY USA ,grid.512756.20000 0004 0370 4759Department of Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY USA
| | - Monowar Aziz
- grid.250903.d0000 0000 9566 0634Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY USA ,Elmezi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY USA ,grid.512756.20000 0004 0370 4759Department of Surgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY USA ,grid.512756.20000 0004 0370 4759Department of Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY USA
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68
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Precise electrical gating of the single-molecule Mizoroki-Heck reaction. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4552. [PMID: 35931699 PMCID: PMC9355990 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32351-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise tuning of chemical reactions with predictable and controllable manners, an ultimate goal chemists desire to achieve, is valuable in the scientific community. This tunability is necessary to understand and regulate chemical transformations at both macroscopic and single-molecule levels to meet demands in potential application scenarios. Herein, we realise accurate tuning of a single-molecule Mizoroki-Heck reaction via applying gate voltages as well as complete deciphering of its detailed intrinsic mechanism by employing an in-situ electrical single-molecule detection, which possesses the capability of single-event tracking. The Mizoroki-Heck reaction can be regulated in different dimensions with a constant catalyst molecule, including the molecular orbital gating of Pd(0) catalyst, the on/off switching of the Mizoroki-Heck reaction, the promotion of its turnover frequency, and the regulation of each elementary reaction within the Mizoroki-Heck catalytic cycle. These results extend the tuning scope of chemical reactions from the macroscopic view to the single-molecule approach, inspiring new insights into designing different strategies or devices to unveil reaction mechanisms and discover novel phenomena.
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69
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Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING, also known as TMEM173) constitute the major signaling pathway in vertebrates that senses non-self DNA and elicits potent immune responses. At the core of this pathway, cGAS senses double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and synthesizes cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP). cGAMP serves as a second messenger that relays its signal to downstream innate immune responses through STING. One of the major consequences triggered by the cGAS-STING pathway is the production of antiviral cytokines of the type I interferon family, which in turn induce expression of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) with diverse antiviral functions. Recent studies have also revealed functional homologs across phylogenetic kingdoms with innate defense functions, suggesting an ancient evolutionary origin of cGAS-STING signaling. Aberrant activation of the cGAS-STING pathway by host DNA can lead to sterile inflammation associated with tissue damage, degeneration as well as premature aging. In this primer, we will introduce the basic principles of cGAS-STING signaling in the vertebrate system and highlight recent discoveries regarding its connection to other fundamental cellular processes in the context of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqi Sun
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Veit Hornung
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.
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70
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Guo X, Hintzsche H, Xu W, Ni J, Xue J, Wang X. Interplay of cGAS with micronuclei: Regulation and diseases. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2022; 790:108440. [PMID: 35970331 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2022.108440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In higher eukaryotes, sophisticate regulation of genome function requires all chromosomes to be packed into a single nucleus. Micronucleus (MN), the dissociative nucleus-like structure frequently observed in aging and multiple disease settings, has critical, yet under-recognized, pathophysiological functions. Micronuclei (MNi) have recently emerged as major sources of cytosolic DNA that can activate the cGAS-STING axis in a cell-intrinsic manner. However, MNi induced from different genotoxic stressors display great heterogeneity in binding or activating cGAS and the signaling responses downstream of the MN-induced cGAS-STING axis have divergent outcomes including autoimmunity, autoinflammation, metastasis, or cell death. Thus, full characterization of molecular network underpinning the interplay of cGAS and MN is important to elucidate the pathophysiological roles of immunogenic MN and design improved drugs that selectively target cancer via boosting the MN-derived cGAS-STING axis. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the mechanisms for self-DNA discrimination by cGAS. We focus on discussing how MN immunogencity is dictated by multiple mechanisms including integrity of micronuclear envelope, state of nucleosome and DNA, competitive factors, damaged mitochondrial DNA and micronucleophagy. We also describe emerging links between immunogenic MN and human diseases including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and COVID-19. Particularly, we explore the exciting concept of inducing immunogenic MN as a therapeutic approach in treating cancer. We propose a new theoretical framework to describe immunogenic MN as a biological sensor to modulate cellular processes in response to genotoxic stress and provide perspectives on developing novel experimental approaches to unravel the complexity of MN immunogenicity regulation and immunogenic MN pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihan Guo
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China.
| | - Henning Hintzsche
- Department of Food Safety, Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, Germany.
| | - Weijiang Xu
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Juan Ni
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Jinglun Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China.
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71
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Mosallanejad K, Kagan JC. Control of innate immunity by the
cGAS‐STING
pathway. Immunol Cell Biol 2022; 100:409-423. [PMID: 35485309 PMCID: PMC9250635 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Within the cytoplasm of mammalian cells is a protein called cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), which acts to defend against infection and other threats to the host. cGAS operates in this manner through its ability to detect a molecular occurrence that should not exist in healthy cells - the existence of DNA in the cytosol. Upon DNA binding, cGAS synthesizes cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), a cyclic dinucleotide that activates the endoplasmic reticulum-localized protein stimulator of interferon genes (STING). STING-mediated signaling culminates in host defensive responses typified by inflammatory cytokine and interferon expression, and the induction of autophagy. Studies over the past several years have established a consensus in the field of the enzymatic activities of cGAS in vitro, as it relates to DNA-induced production of cGAMP. However, much additional work is needed to understand the regulation of cGAS functions within cells, where multiple sources of DNA can create a problem of self and non-self discrimination. In this review, we provide an overview of how the cGAS-STING pathway mediates innate immune responses during infection and other cellular stresses. We then highlight recent progress in the understanding of the increasingly diverse ways in which this DNA-sensing machinery is regulated inside cells, including how cGAS remains inactive to host-derived DNA under conditions of homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Mosallanejad
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology Boston Children's Hospital Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology Boston Children's Hospital Boston MA 02115 USA
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72
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Deng Y, Wang Y, Li L, Miao EA, Liu P. Post-Translational Modifications of Proteins in Cytosolic Nucleic Acid Sensing Signaling Pathways. Front Immunol 2022; 13:898724. [PMID: 35795661 PMCID: PMC9250978 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.898724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response is the first-line host defense against pathogens. Cytosolic nucleic acids, including both DNA and RNA, represent a special type of danger signal to initiate an innate immune response. Activation of cytosolic nucleic acid sensors is tightly controlled in order to achieve the high sensitivity needed to combat infection while simultaneously preventing false activation that leads to pathologic inflammatory diseases. In this review, we focus on post-translational modifications of key cytosolic nucleic acid sensors that can reversibly or irreversibly control these sensor functions. We will describe phosphorylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, neddylation, acetylation, methylation, succinylation, glutamylation, amidation, palmitoylation, and oxidation modifications events (including modified residues, modifying enzymes, and modification function). Together, these post-translational regulatory modifications on key cytosolic DNA/RNA sensing pathway members reveal a complicated yet elegantly controlled multilayer regulator network to govern innate immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Deng
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Lupeng Li
- Department of Immunology and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Edward A. Miao
- Department of Immunology and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Pengda Liu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Pengda Liu,
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73
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Nuclear soluble cGAS senses double-stranded DNA virus infection. Commun Biol 2022; 5:433. [PMID: 35538147 PMCID: PMC9090744 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03400-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA sensor cGAS detects cytosolic DNA and instigates type I interferon (IFN) expression. Recent studies find that cGAS also localizes in the nucleus and binds the chromatin. Despite the mechanism controlling nuclear cGAS activation is well elucidated, whether nuclear cGAS participates in DNA sensing is unclear. Here, we report that herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection caused the release of cGAS from the chromatin into the nuclear soluble fraction. Like its cytosolic counterpart, the leaked nuclear soluble cGAS also sensed viral DNA, produced cGAMP, and induced mRNA expression of type I IFN and interferon-stimulated genes. Consistently, the nuclear soluble cGAS limited HSV-1 infection. Furthermore, enzyme-deficient mutation (D307A) or cGAS inhibitor RU.251 abolished nuclear cGAS-mediated innate immune responses, suggesting that enzymatic activity is also required for nuclear soluble cGAS. Taken all together, our study demonstrates that nuclear soluble cGAS acts as a nuclear DNA sensor detecting nuclear-replicating DNA viruses.
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74
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Yang X, Shi C, Li H, Shen S, Su C, Yin H. MARCH8 attenuates cGAS-mediated innate immune responses through ubiquitylation. Sci Signal 2022; 15:eabk3067. [PMID: 35503863 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abk3067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) binds to microbial and self-DNA in the cytosol and synthesizes cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), which activates stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and downstream mediators to elicit an innate immune response. Regulation of cGAS activity is essential for immune homeostasis. Here, we identified the E3 ubiquitin ligase MARCH8 (also known as MARCHF8, c-MIR, and RNF178) as a negative regulator of cGAS-mediated signaling. The immune response to double-stranded DNA was attenuated by overexpression of MARCH8 and enhanced by knockdown or knockout of MARCH8. MARCH8 interacted with the enzymatically active core of cGAS through its conserved RING-CH domain and catalyzed the lysine-63 (K63)-linked polyubiquitylation of cGAS at Lys411. This polyubiquitylation event inhibited the DNA binding ability of cGAS, impaired cGAMP production, and attenuated the downstream innate immune response. Furthermore, March8-deficient mice were less susceptible than their wild-type counterparts to herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection. Together, our findings reveal a mechanism underlying the functional regulation of cGAS and the fine-tuning of the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xikang Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chengrui Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongpeng Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Siqi Shen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chaofei Su
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hang Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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75
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Shi C, Yang X, Liu Y, Li H, Chu H, Li G, Yin H. ZDHHC18 negatively regulates cGAS-mediated innate immunity through palmitoylation. EMBO J 2022; 41:e109272. [PMID: 35438208 PMCID: PMC9156970 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021109272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Double-stranded DNA is recognized as a danger signal by cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase (cGAS), triggering innate immune responses. Palmitoylation is an important post-translational modification (PTM) catalyzed by DHHC-palmitoyl transferases, which participate in the regulation of diverse biological processes. However, whether palmitoylation regulates cGAS function has not yet been explored. Here, we found that palmitoylation of cGAS at C474 restricted its enzymatic activity in the presence of double-stranded DNA. cGAS palmitoylation was catalyzed mainly by the palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC18 and double-stranded DNA promoted this modification. Mechanistically, palmitoylation of cGAS reduced the interaction between cGAS and double-stranded DNA, further inhibiting cGAS dimerization. Consistently, ZDHHC18 negatively regulated cGAS activation in human and mouse cell lines. In a more biologically relevant model system, Zdhhc18-deficient mice were found to be resistant to infection by DNA viruses, in agreement with the observation that ZDHHC18 negatively regulated cGAS mediated innate immune responses in human and mouse primary cells. In summary, the negative role of ZDHHC18-mediated cGAS palmitoylation may be a novel regulatory mechanism in the fine-tuning of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengrui Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKey Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)Department of ChemistryTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural BiologyTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina,Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xikang Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKey Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)Department of ChemistryTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural BiologyTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina,Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Ye Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and DesignState Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction DynamicsDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalianChina
| | - Hongpeng Li
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKey Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)Department of ChemistryTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural BiologyTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina,Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina,School of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Huiying Chu
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and DesignState Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction DynamicsDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalianChina
| | - Guohui Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and DesignState Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction DynamicsDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalianChina
| | - Hang Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKey Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)Department of ChemistryTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural BiologyTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina,Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
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76
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Li J, Bakhoum SF. The pleiotropic roles of cGAS-STING signaling in the tumor microenvironment. J Mol Cell Biol 2022; 14:6552964. [PMID: 35325182 PMCID: PMC9354322 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic DNA is prevalent in cells constituting the tumor microenvironment (TME) and can activate the cyclic guanosine monophosphate–adenosine monophosphate synthase (cGAS)–stimulator of interferon genes (STING) innate immune pathway. The initiation, transmission, and execution of the cGAS–STING pathway can take place among different cell types within the TME and thus cGAS–STING may play opposing roles in driving tumor progression in addition to its tumor cell-intrinsic role. Herein, we review recent advances in the cGAS–STING field with a focus on its crosstalk with other signaling pathways in the TME. Future efforts to depict a more detailed picture of the roles of cGAS–STING signaling in the TME will help design a better cancer treatment regime by targeting the cGAS–STING pathway more precisely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Samuel F Bakhoum
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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77
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Garland KM, Sheehy TL, Wilson JT. Chemical and Biomolecular Strategies for STING Pathway Activation in Cancer Immunotherapy. Chem Rev 2022; 122:5977-6039. [PMID: 35107989 PMCID: PMC8994686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The stimulator of interferon genes (STING) cellular signaling pathway is a promising target for cancer immunotherapy. Activation of the intracellular STING protein triggers the production of a multifaceted array of immunostimulatory molecules, which, in the proper context, can drive dendritic cell maturation, antitumor macrophage polarization, T cell priming and activation, natural killer cell activation, vascular reprogramming, and/or cancer cell death, resulting in immune-mediated tumor elimination and generation of antitumor immune memory. Accordingly, there is a significant amount of ongoing preclinical and clinical research toward further understanding the role of the STING pathway in cancer immune surveillance as well as the development of modulators of the pathway as a strategy to stimulate antitumor immunity. Yet, the efficacy of STING pathway agonists is limited by many drug delivery and pharmacological challenges. Depending on the class of STING agonist and the desired administration route, these may include poor drug stability, immunocellular toxicity, immune-related adverse events, limited tumor or lymph node targeting and/or retention, low cellular uptake and intracellular delivery, and a complex dependence on the magnitude and kinetics of STING signaling. This review provides a concise summary of the STING pathway, highlighting recent biological developments, immunological consequences, and implications for drug delivery. This review also offers a critical analysis of an expanding arsenal of chemical strategies that are being employed to enhance the efficacy, safety, and/or clinical utility of STING pathway agonists and lastly draws attention to several opportunities for therapeutic advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M Garland
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235 United States
| | - Taylor L Sheehy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235 United States
| | - John T Wilson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235 United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235 United States
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232 United States
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232 United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232 United States
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232 United States
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78
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Huérfano S, Šroller V, Bruštíková K, Horníková L, Forstová J. The Interplay between Viruses and Host DNA Sensors. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040666. [PMID: 35458396 PMCID: PMC9027975 DOI: 10.3390/v14040666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA virus infections are often lifelong and can cause serious diseases in their hosts. Their recognition by the sensors of the innate immune system represents the front line of host defence. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of innate immunity responses is an important prerequisite for the design of effective antivirotics. This review focuses on the present state of knowledge surrounding the mechanisms of viral DNA genome sensing and the main induced pathways of innate immunity responses. The studies that have been performed to date indicate that herpesviruses, adenoviruses, and polyomaviruses are sensed by various DNA sensors. In non-immune cells, STING pathways have been shown to be activated by cGAS, IFI16, DDX41, or DNA-PK. The activation of TLR9 has mainly been described in pDCs and in other immune cells. Importantly, studies on herpesviruses have unveiled novel participants (BRCA1, H2B, or DNA-PK) in the IFI16 sensing pathway. Polyomavirus studies have revealed that, in addition to viral DNA, micronuclei are released into the cytosol due to genotoxic stress. Papillomaviruses, HBV, and HIV have been shown to evade DNA sensing by sophisticated intracellular trafficking, unique cell tropism, and viral or cellular protein actions that prevent or block DNA sensing. Further research is required to fully understand the interplay between viruses and DNA sensors.
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79
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Abdisalaam S, Mukherjee S, Bhattacharya S, Kumari S, Sinha D, Ortega J, Li GM, Sadek H, Krishnan S, Asaithamby A. NBS1-CtIP-mediated DNA end resection suppresses cGAS binding to micronuclei. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:2681-2699. [PMID: 35189637 PMCID: PMC8934670 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase (cGAS) is activated in cells with defective DNA damage repair and signaling (DDR) factors, but a direct role for DDR factors in regulating cGAS activation in response to micronuclear DNA is still poorly understood. Here, we provide novel evidence that Nijmegen breakage syndrome 1 (NBS1) protein, a well-studied DNA double-strand break (DSB) sensor-in coordination with Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM), a protein kinase, and Carboxy-terminal binding protein 1 interacting protein (CtIP), a DNA end resection factor-functions as an upstream regulator that prevents cGAS from binding micronuclear DNA. When NBS1 binds to micronuclear DNA via its fork-head-associated domain, it recruits CtIP and ATM via its N- and C-terminal domains, respectively. Subsequently, ATM stabilizes NBS1's interaction with micronuclear DNA, and CtIP converts DSB ends into single-strand DNA ends; these two key events prevent cGAS from binding micronuclear DNA. Additionally, by using a cGAS tripartite system, we show that cells lacking NBS1 not only recruit cGAS to a major fraction of micronuclear DNA but also activate cGAS in response to these micronuclear DNA. Collectively, our results underscore how NBS1 and its binding partners prevent cGAS from binding micronuclear DNA, in addition to their classical functions in DDR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim Abdisalaam
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Shibani Mukherjee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Souparno Bhattacharya
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sharda Kumari
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Debapriya Sinha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Janice Ortega
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Guo-Min Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Hesham A Sadek
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sunil Krishnan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32082, USA
| | - Aroumougame Asaithamby
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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80
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Long ZJ, Wang JD, Xu JQ, Lei XX, Liu Q. cGAS/STING cross-talks with cell cycle and potentiates cancer immunotherapy. Mol Ther 2022; 30:1006-1017. [PMID: 35121107 PMCID: PMC8899703 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The correct duplication and transfer of genetic material to daughter cells is the major event of cell division. Dysfunction of DNA replication or chromosome segregation presents challenges in cancer initiation and development as well as opportunities for cancer treatment. Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) of the innate immune system detects cytoplasmic DNA and mediates downstream immune responses through the molecule stimulator of interferon genes (STING). However, how cytosolic DNA sensor cGAS participates in guaranteeing accurate cell division and preventing tumorigenesis is still unclear. Recent evidence indicates malfunction of cGAS/STING pathway in cancer progression. Cell cycle-targeted therapy synergizes with immunotherapy via cGAS/STING activation, leading to promising therapeutic benefit. Here, we review the interactions between cell cycle regulation and cGAS/STING signaling, thus enabling us to understand the role of cGAS/STING in cancer initiation, development, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Jie Long
- Department of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, China; Institute of Hematology, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, China.
| | - Jun-Dan Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, China,Institute of Hematology, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Jue-Qiong Xu
- Department of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, China,Institute of Hematology, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Xin-Xing Lei
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou 510060, China,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Quentin Liu
- Department of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, China; Institute of Hematology, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou 510060, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou 510060, China.
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81
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Harapas CR, Idiiatullina E, Al-Azab M, Hrovat-Schaale K, Reygaerts T, Steiner A, Laohamonthonkul P, Davidson S, Yu CH, Booty L, Masters SL. Organellar homeostasis and innate immune sensing. Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 22:535-549. [PMID: 35197578 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00682-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A cell is delimited by numerous borders that define specific organelles. The walls of some organelles are particularly robust, such as in mitochondria or endoplasmic reticulum, but some are more fluid such as in phase-separated stress granules. Either way, all organelles can be damaged at times, leading their contents to leak out into the surrounding environment. Therefore, an elegant way to construct an innate immune defence system is to recognize host molecules that do not normally reside within a particular compartment. Here, we provide several examples where organellar homeostasis is lost, leading to the activation of a specific innate immune sensor; these include NLRP3 activation owing to a disrupted trans-Golgi network, Pyrin activation due to cytoskeletal damage, and cGAS-STING activation following the leakage of nuclear or mitochondrial DNA. Frequently, organelle damage is observed downstream of pathogenic infection but it can also occur in sterile settings as associated with auto-inflammatory disease. Therefore, understanding organellar homeostasis is central to efforts that will identify new innate immune pathways, and therapeutics that balance organellar homeostasis, or target the breakdown pathways that trigger innate immune sensors, could be useful treatments for infection and chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra R Harapas
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Elina Idiiatullina
- Immunology Laboratory, Guangzhou Institute of Paediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mahmoud Al-Azab
- Immunology Laboratory, Guangzhou Institute of Paediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Katja Hrovat-Schaale
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Thomas Reygaerts
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Annemarie Steiner
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Institute of Structural Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Pawat Laohamonthonkul
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sophia Davidson
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Chien-Hsiung Yu
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lee Booty
- Immunology Network, Immunology Research Unit, GSK, Stevenage, UK
| | - Seth L Masters
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Immunology Laboratory, Guangzhou Institute of Paediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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82
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Gan Y, Li X, Han S, Liang Q, Ma X, Rong P, Wang W, Li W. The cGAS/STING Pathway: A Novel Target for Cancer Therapy. Front Immunol 2022; 12:795401. [PMID: 35046953 PMCID: PMC8761794 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.795401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As a DNA receptor, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) plays a crucial role in the immune system by recognizing abnormal DNA in the cytoplasm and activating the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway. This signaling cascade reaction leads to an immune response produced by type I interferon and other immune mediators. Recent advances in research have enhanced our current understanding of the potential role of the cGAS/STING pathway in anticancer therapy; however, in some cases, chronic STING activation may promote tumorigenesis. The present review article discusses the biological mechanisms of the cGAS/STING pathway, its dichotomous role in tumors, and the latest advances with respect to STING agonists and antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gan
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuangze Han
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qi Liang
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Institute, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoqian Ma
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Institute, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Pengfei Rong
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Institute, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Institute, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Institute, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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83
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Ritchie C, Carozza JA, Li L. Biochemistry, Cell Biology, and Pathophysiology of the Innate Immune cGAS-cGAMP-STING Pathway. Annu Rev Biochem 2022; 91:599-628. [PMID: 35287475 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-040320-101629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the decade since the discovery of the innate immune cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)- 2'3'-cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP)- stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway, its proper activation and dysregulation have been rapidly implicated in many aspects of human disease. Understanding the biochemical, cellular, and regulatory mechanisms of this pathway is critical to developing therapeutic strategies that either harness it to boost defense or inhibit it to prevent unwanted inflammation. In this review, we first discuss how the second messenger cGAMP is synthesized by cGAS in response to double-stranded DNA and cGAMP's subsequent activation of cell-type-dependent STING signaling cascades with differential physiological consequences. We then review how cGAMP as an immunotransmitter mediates tightly controlled cell-cell communication by being exported from producing cells and imported into responding cells via cell-type-specific transporters. Finally, we review mechanisms by which the cGAS-cGAMP-STING pathway responds to different sources of mislocalized double-stranded DNA in pathogen defense, cancer, and autoimmune diseases. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biochemistry, Volume 91 is June 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Ritchie
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA;
| | - Jacqueline A Carozza
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA; .,Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Lingyin Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA;
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84
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Wang D, Zhao H, Shen Y, Chen Q. A Variety of Nucleic Acid Species Are Sensed by cGAS, Implications for Its Diverse Functions. Front Immunol 2022; 13:826880. [PMID: 35185917 PMCID: PMC8854490 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.826880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) recognizes double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) derived from invading pathogens and induces an interferon response via activation of the key downstream adaptor protein stimulator of interferon genes (STING). This is the most classic biological function of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway and is critical for preventing pathogenic microorganism invasion. In addition, cGAS can interact with various types of nucleic acids, including cDNA, DNA : RNA hybrids, and circular RNA, to contribute to a diverse set of biological functions. An increasing number of studies have revealed an important relationship between the cGAS-STING signaling pathway and autophagy, cellular senescence, antitumor immunity, inflammation, and autoimmune diseases. This review details the mechanism of action of cGAS as it interacts with different types of nucleic acids, its rich biological functions, and the potential for targeting this pathway to treat various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qi Chen
- *Correspondence: Yangkun Shen, ; Qi Chen,
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85
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Guey B, Ablasser A. Emerging dimensions of cellular cGAS-STING signaling. Curr Opin Immunol 2022; 74:164-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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86
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Zhang ZD, Zhong B. Regulation and function of the cGAS-MITA/STING axis in health and disease. CELL INSIGHT 2022; 1:100001. [PMID: 37192983 PMCID: PMC10120319 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellin.2021.100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune systems detect pathogens via pattern-recognition receptors including nucleic acid sensors and non-nucleic acid sensors. Cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS, also known as MB21D1) is a cytosolic DNA sensor that recognizes double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and catalyzes the synthesis of 2',3'-cGAMP. Subsequently, 2',3'-cGAMP binds to the adaptor protein mediator of IRF3 activation (MITA, also known as STING, MPYS, ERIS, and TMEM173) to activate downstream signaling cascades. The cGAS-MITA/STING signaling critically mediates immune responses against DNA viruses, retroviruses, bacteria, and protozoan parasites. In addition, recent discoveries have extended our understanding of the roles of the cGAS-MITA/STING pathway in autoimmune diseases and cancers. Here, we summarize the identification and activation of cGAS and MITA/STING, present the updated functions and regulatory mechanisms of cGAS-MITA/STING signaling and provide a comprehensive understanding of the cGAS-MITA/STING axis in autoimmune diseases and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Dong Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Wuhan Research Center for Infectious Diseases and Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Bo Zhong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Department of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Wuhan Research Center for Infectious Diseases and Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
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87
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When breaks get hot: inflammatory signaling in BRCA1/2-mutant cancers. Trends Cancer 2022; 8:174-189. [PMID: 35000881 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Genomic instability and inflammation are intricately connected hallmark features of cancer. DNA repair defects due to BRCA1/2 mutation instigate immune signaling through the cGAS/STING pathway. The subsequent inflammatory signaling provides both tumor-suppressive as well as tumor-promoting traits. To prevent clearance by the immune system, genomically instable cancer cells need to adapt to escape immune surveillance. Currently, it is unclear how genomically unstable cancers, including BRCA1/2-mutant tumors, are rewired to escape immune clearance. Here, we summarize the mechanisms by which genomic instability triggers inflammatory signaling and describe adaptive mechanisms by which cancer cells can 'fly under the radar' of the immune system. Additionally, we discuss how therapeutic activation of the immune system may improve treatment of genomically instable cancers.
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88
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Impaired Antiviral Responses to Extracellular Double-Stranded RNA and Cytosolic DNA, but Not to Interferon-α Stimulation, in TRIM56-Deficient Cells. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010089. [PMID: 35062293 PMCID: PMC8777648 DOI: 10.3390/v14010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiologic function of tripartite motif protein 56 (TRIM56), a ubiquitously expressed E3 ligase classified within the large TRIM protein family, remains elusive. Gene knockdown studies have suggested TRIM56 as a positive regulator of the type I interferon (IFN-I) antiviral response elicited via the Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathways, which detect and respond to danger signals-extracellular double-stranded (ds) RNA and cytosolic dsDNA, respectively. However, to what extent these pathways depend on TRIM56 in human cells is unclear. In addition, it is debatable whether TRIM56 plays a part in controlling the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) resulting from IFN-I based antiviral treatment. In this study, we created HeLa-derived TRIM56 null cell lines by gene editing and used these cell models to comprehensively examine the impact of endogenous TRIM56 on innate antiviral responses. Our results showed that TRIM56 knockout severely undermined the upregulation of ISGs by extracellular dsRNA and that loss of TRIM56 weakened the response to cytosolic dsDNA. ISG induction and ISGylation following IFN-α stimulation, however, were not compromised by TRIM56 deletion. Using a vesicular stomatitis virus-based antiviral bioactivity assay, we demonstrated that IFN-α could efficiently establish an antiviral state in TRIM56 null cells, providing direct evidence that TRIM56 is not required for the general antiviral action of IFN-I. Altogether, these data ascertain the contributions of TRIM56 to TLR3- and cGAS-STING-dependent antiviral pathways in HeLa cells and add to our understanding of the roles this protein plays in innate immunity.
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89
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Liu H, Wang F, Cao Y, Dang Y, Ge B. OUP accepted manuscript. J Mol Cell Biol 2022; 14:6583286. [PMID: 35536585 PMCID: PMC9475664 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjac031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors are critical for the sensing of pathogen-associated molecular patterns or danger-associated molecular patterns and subsequent mounting of innate immunity and shaping of adaptive immunity. The identification of 2′3′-cyclic guanosine monophosphate–adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) as a major cytosolic DNA receptor is a milestone in the field of DNA sensing. The engagement of cGAS by double-stranded DNA from different origins, including invading pathogens, damaged mitochondria, ruptured micronuclei, and genomic DNA results in the generation of cGAMP and activation of stimulator of interferon genes, which thereby activates innate immunity mainly characterized by the activation of type I interferon response. In recent years, great progress has been made in understanding the subcellular localization and novel functions of cGAS. In this review, we particularly focus on summarizing the multifaceted roles of cGAS in regulating senescence, autophagy, cell stemness, apoptosis, angiogenesis, cell proliferation, antitumor effect, DNA replication, DNA damage repair, micronucleophagy, as well as cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fei Wang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yajuan Cao
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yifang Dang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Baoxue Ge
- Correspondence to: Baoxue Ge, E-mail:
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90
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Phosphoproteomic responses of TORC1 target kinases reveal discrete and convergent mechanisms that orchestrate the quiescence program in yeast. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110149. [PMID: 34965436 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic TORC1 kinase assimilates diverse environmental cues, including growth factors and nutrients, to control growth by tuning anabolic and catabolic processes. In yeast, TORC1 stimulates protein synthesis in response to abundant nutrients primarily through its proximal effector kinase Sch9. Conversely, TORC1 inhibition following nutrient limitation unlocks various distally controlled kinases (e.g., Atg1, Gcn2, Npr1, Rim15, Slt2/Mpk1, and Yak1), which cooperate through poorly defined circuits to orchestrate the quiescence program. To better define the signaling landscape of the latter kinases, we use in vivo quantitative phosphoproteomics. Through pinpointing known and uncharted Npr1, Rim15, Slt2/Mpk1, and Yak1 effectors, our study examines the architecture of the distally controlled TORC1 kinase network. Accordingly, this is built on a combination of discrete, convergent, and multilayered feedback regulatory mechanisms, which likely ensure homeostatic control of and/or robust responses by TORC1 and its effector kinases under fluctuating nutritional conditions.
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91
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Ma Y, Wang X, Luo W, Xiao J, Song X, Wang Y, Shuai H, Ren Z, Wang Y. Roles of Emerging RNA-Binding Activity of cGAS in Innate Antiviral Response. Front Immunol 2021; 12:741599. [PMID: 34899698 PMCID: PMC8660693 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.741599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
cGAS, a DNA sensor in mammalian cells, catalyzes the generation of 2'-3'-cyclic AMP-GMP (cGAMP) once activated by the binding of free DNA. cGAMP can bind to STING, activating downstream TBK1-IRF-3 signaling to initiate the expression of type I interferons. Although cGAS has been considered a traditional DNA-binding protein, several lines of evidence suggest that cGAS is a potential RNA-binding protein (RBP), which is mainly supported by its interactions with RNAs, RBP partners, RNA/cGAS-phase-separations as well as its structural similarity with the dsRNA recognition receptor 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthase. Moreover, two influential studies reported that the cGAS-like receptors (cGLRs) of fly Drosophila melanogaster sense RNA and control 3'-2'-cGAMP signaling. In this review, we summarize and discuss in depth recent studies that identified or implied cGAS as an RBP. We also comprehensively summarized current experimental methods and computational tools that can identify or predict RNAs that bind to cGAS. Based on these discussions, we appeal that the RNA-binding activity of cGAS cannot be ignored in the cGAS-mediated innate antiviral response. It will be important to identify RNAs that can bind and regulate the activity of cGAS in cells with or without virus infection. Our review provides novel insight into the regulation of cGAS by its RNA-binding activity and extends beyond its DNA-binding activity. Our review would be significant for understanding the precise modulation of cGAS activity, providing the foundation for the future development of drugs against cGAS-triggering autoimmune diseases such as Aicardi-Gourtières syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Ma
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weisheng Luo
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ji Xiao
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Song
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hanlin Shuai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Heyuan, China
| | - Zhe Ren
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiliang Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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92
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Shang M, Lu K, Guan W, Cao S, Ren M, Zhou C. 2',3'-Cyclic GMP-AMP Dinucleotides for STING-Mediated Immune Modulation: Principles, Immunotherapeutic Potential, and Synthesis. ChemMedChem 2021; 17:e202100671. [PMID: 34807508 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The cGAS-STING pathway discovered ten years ago is an important component of the innate immune system. Activation of cGAS-STING triggers downstream signalling, such as TBK1-IRF3, NF-κB and autophagy, which in turn leads to antipathogen responses, durable antitumour immunity or autoimmune diseases. 2',3'-Cyclic GMP-AMP dinucleotides (2',3'-cGAMP), the key second messengers produced by cGAS, play a pivotal role in cGAS-STING signalling by binding and activating STING. Thus, 2',3'-cGAMP has immunotherapeutic potential, which in turn has stimulated research on the design and synthesis of 2',3'-cGAMP analogues for clinical applications over the past ten years. This review presents the discovery, metabolism, and function of 2',3'-cGAMP in the cGAS-STING innate immune signalling axis. The enzymatic and chemical syntheses of 2',3'-cGAMP analogues as STING-targeting therapeutics are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Kuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Wenli Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Shujie Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Mengtian Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Chuanzheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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93
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Chen M, Linstra R, van Vugt MATM. Genomic instability, inflammatory signaling and response to cancer immunotherapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1877:188661. [PMID: 34800547 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Genomic and chromosomal instability are hallmarks of cancer and shape the genomic composition of cancer cells, thereby determining their behavior and response to treatment. Various genetic and epigenetic alterations in cancer have been linked to genomic instability, including DNA repair defects, oncogene-induced replication stress, and spindle assembly checkpoint malfunction. A consequence of genomic and chromosomal instability is the leakage of DNA from the nucleus into the cytoplasm, either directly or through the formation and subsequent rupture of micronuclei. Cytoplasmic DNA subsequently activates cytoplasmic DNA sensors, triggering downstream pathways, including a type I interferon response. This inflammatory signaling has pleiotropic effects, including enhanced anti-tumor immunity and potentially results in sensitization of cancer cells to immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, cancers frequently evolve mechanisms to avoid immune clearance, including suppression of inflammatory signaling. In this review, we summarize inflammatory signaling pathways induced by various sources of genomic instability, adaptation mechanisms that suppress inflammatory signaling, and implications for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Renske Linstra
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel A T M van Vugt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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94
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Orr B, De Sousa F, Gomes AM, Afonso O, Ferreira LT, Figueiredo AC, Maiato H. An anaphase surveillance mechanism prevents micronuclei formation from frequent chromosome segregation errors. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109783. [PMID: 34758324 PMCID: PMC8595644 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Micronuclei are a hallmark of cancer and several other human disorders. Recently, micronuclei were implicated in chromothripsis, a series of massive genomic rearrangements that may drive tumor evolution and progression. Here, we show that Aurora B kinase mediates a surveillance mechanism that integrates error correction during anaphase with spatial control of nuclear envelope reassembly to prevent micronuclei formation. Using high-resolution live-cell imaging of human cancer and non-cancer cells, we uncover that anaphase lagging chromosomes are more frequent than previously anticipated, yet they rarely form micronuclei. Micronuclei formation from anaphase lagging chromosomes is prevented by a midzone-based Aurora B phosphorylation gradient that stabilizes kinetochore-microtubule attachments and assists spindle forces required for anaphase error correction while delaying nuclear envelope reassembly on lagging chromosomes, independently of microtubule density. We propose that a midzone-based Aurora B phosphorylation gradient actively monitors and corrects frequent chromosome segregation errors to prevent micronuclei formation during human cell division. Anaphase lagging chromosomes are frequent but rarely form micronuclei A midzone Aurora B activity gradient prevents micronuclei from segregation errors Midzone Aurora B assists spindle forces at the kinetochores to correct errors Aurora B spatially regulates nuclear envelope reformation on lagging chromosomes
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Orr
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipe De Sousa
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Gomes
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Olga Afonso
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luísa T Ferreira
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana C Figueiredo
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Helder Maiato
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Cell Division Group, Department of Biomedicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
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95
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Miller KN, Victorelli SG, Salmonowicz H, Dasgupta N, Liu T, Passos JF, Adams PD. Cytoplasmic DNA: sources, sensing, and role in aging and disease. Cell 2021; 184:5506-5526. [PMID: 34715021 PMCID: PMC8627867 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous cytoplasmic DNA (cytoDNA) species are emerging as key mediators of inflammation in diverse physiological and pathological contexts. Although the role of endogenous cytoDNA in innate immune activation is well established, the cytoDNA species themselves are often poorly characterized and difficult to distinguish, and their mechanisms of formation, scope of function and contribution to disease are incompletely understood. Here, we summarize current knowledge in this rapidly progressing field with emphases on similarities and differences between distinct cytoDNAs, their underlying molecular mechanisms of formation and function, interactions between cytoDNA pathways, and therapeutic opportunities in the treatment of age-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl N Miller
- Aging, Cancer and Immuno-oncology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Stella G Victorelli
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Hanna Salmonowicz
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences & Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK; International Institute of Molecular Mechanisms and Machines, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nirmalya Dasgupta
- Aging, Cancer and Immuno-oncology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tianhui Liu
- Aging, Cancer and Immuno-oncology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - João F Passos
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Peter D Adams
- Aging, Cancer and Immuno-oncology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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96
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Li X, Li X, Xie C, Cai S, Li M, Jin H, Wu S, Cui J, Liu H, Zhao Y. cGAS guards against chromosome end-to-end fusions during mitosis and facilitates replicative senescence. Protein Cell 2021; 13:47-64. [PMID: 34676498 PMCID: PMC8776970 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-021-00879-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a sensor of cytosolic DNA, the role of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) in innate immune response is well established, yet how its functions in different biological conditions remain to be elucidated. Here, we identify cGAS as an essential regulator in inhibiting mitotic DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair and protecting short telomeres from end-to-end fusion independent of the canonical cGAS-STING pathway. cGAS associates with telomeric/subtelomeric DNA during mitosis when TRF1/TRF2/POT1 are deficient on telomeres. Depletion of cGAS leads to mitotic chromosome end-to-end fusions predominantly occurring between short telomeres. Mechanistically, cGAS interacts with CDK1 and positions them to chromosome ends. Thus, CDK1 inhibits mitotic non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) by blocking the recruitment of RNF8. cGAS-deficient human primary cells are defective in entering replicative senescence and display chromosome end-to-end fusions, genome instability and prolonged growth arrest. Altogether, cGAS safeguards genome stability by controlling mitotic DSB repair to inhibit mitotic chromosome end-to-end fusions, thus facilitating replicative senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocui Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chen Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Sihui Cai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Mengqiu Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Heping Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shu Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jun Cui
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Haiying Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China. .,Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yong Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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97
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Bai J, Liu F. cGAS‒STING signaling and function in metabolism and kidney diseases. J Mol Cell Biol 2021; 13:728-738. [PMID: 34665236 PMCID: PMC8718186 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjab066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclic GMP‒AMP synthase (cGAS)‒stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway senses the presence of cytosolic DNA and, in turn, triggers downstream signaling to induce the expression of inflammatory and type I interferon genes in immune cells. Whereas the innate immune function of the cGAS‒STING pathway is well studied over the past years, emerging evidence suggests that this signaling pathway may have additional functions beyond innate immune surveillance. Consistent with this notion, dysregulation of the cGAS‒STING signaling pathway in adipocytes, hepatocytes, and renal proximal tubule epithelial cells are associated with metabolic dysfunction, impaired energy homeostasis, and kidney diseases. In this review, we summarize current understanding of the cGAS‒STING pathway in several metabolic diseases such as obesity, insulin resistance, alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases, as well as acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. We also review the interaction between the cGAS‒STING pathway and lipid metabolism. Lastly, we discuss potential mechanisms by which cGAS‒STING signaling regulates metabolism and point toward future avenues of research targeting the cGAS‒STING pathway as possible means to treat common metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juli Bai
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.,National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.,National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
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98
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Zhong L, Shu HB. Mitotic inactivation of the cGAS‒MITA/STING pathways. J Mol Cell Biol 2021; 13:721-727. [PMID: 34609492 PMCID: PMC8718187 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjab061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclic guanosine monophosphate‒adenosine monophosphate synthase (cGAS)‒mediator of interferon response factor 3 activation/stimulator of interferon genes (MITA/STING) axis has emerged as a major pathway, which senses microbial or mislocated cellular DNA in the cytosol to trigger innate immune responses. cGAS senses cytosolic DNA without a preference of self- or nonself-DNA. How the cGAS‒MITA/STING axis is inactivated upon nuclear envelope breakdown (NEBD) at mitotic entry in vertebrate cells to avoid self-DNA sensing remains unclear until very recently. In this review, we summarize the recent advances on how cGAS responds to chromosomes upon NEBD and the mechanisms involved in the inactivation of the cGAS‒MITA/STING pathways in mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Research Unit of Innate Immune and Inflammatory Diseases of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hong-Bing Shu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Research Unit of Innate Immune and Inflammatory Diseases of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
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99
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Lepelley A, Wai T, Crow YJ. Mitochondrial Nucleic Acid as a Driver of Pathogenic Type I Interferon Induction in Mendelian Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:729763. [PMID: 34512665 PMCID: PMC8428523 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.729763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response to viral infection involves the recognition of pathogen-derived nucleic acids by intracellular sensors, leading to type I interferon (IFN), and downstream IFN-stimulated gene, induction. Ineffective discrimination of self from non-self nucleic acid can lead to autoinflammation, a phenomenon implicated in an increasing number of disease states, and well highlighted by the group of rare genetic disorders referred to as the type I interferonopathies. To understand the pathogenesis of these monogenic disorders, and polyfactorial diseases associated with pathogenic IFN upregulation, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and dermatomyositis, it is important to define the self-derived nucleic acid species responsible for such abnormal IFN induction. Recently, attention has focused on mitochondria as a novel source of immunogenic self nucleic acid. Best appreciated for their function in oxidative phosphorylation, metabolism and apoptosis, mitochondria are double membrane-bound organelles that represent vestigial bacteria in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells, containing their own DNA and RNA enclosed within the inner mitochondrial membrane. There is increasing recognition that a loss of mitochondrial integrity and compartmentalization can allow the release of mitochondrial nucleic acid into the cytosol, leading to IFN induction. Here, we provide recent insights into the potential of mitochondrial-derived DNA and RNA to drive IFN production in Mendelian disease. Specifically, we summarize current understanding of how nucleic acids are detected as foreign when released into the cytosol, and then consider the findings implicating mitochondrial nucleic acid in type I interferonopathy disease states. Finally, we discuss the potential for IFN-driven pathology in primary mitochondrial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Lepelley
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroinflammation, Inserm UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Timothy Wai
- Mitochondrial Biology Group, Institut Pasteur CNRS UMR 3691, Paris, France
| | - Yanick J Crow
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroinflammation, Inserm UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Chen B, Rao X, Wang X, Luo Z, Wang J, Sheng S, Liu Y, Zhang N, Jin S, Chen H, Sun C, Xu T, Du Y. cGAS-STING Signaling Pathway and Liver Disease: From Basic Research to Clinical Practice. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:719644. [PMID: 34483930 PMCID: PMC8416453 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.719644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The cGAS-STING signaling pathway is an autoimmune inflammatory pathway that can trigger the expression of a series of inflammatory factors represented by type 1 interferon. Recent studies have found that the cGAS-STING signaling pathway played a significant role in liver physiology and was closely related to the progress of liver diseases. For example, activating the cGAS-STING signaling pathway could significantly inhibit hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication in vivo. Moreover, the cGAS-STING signaling pathway was also closely associated with tumor immunity in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This review summarized the role of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway in several common liver diseases, especially the current application of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway in liver disease treatment, and prospected its future research, which provided a new idea for understanding and treating liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangjie Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xianyue Rao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- First Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Heifei, China
| | - Zhipan Luo
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jianpeng Wang
- First Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Heifei, China
| | - Shuyan Sheng
- First Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Heifei, China
| | - Yuchen Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- First Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Heifei, China
| | - Shiyu Jin
- First Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Heifei, China
| | - Haosong Chen
- First Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Heifei, China
| | - Chenyu Sun
- AMITA Health Saint Joseph Hospital Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Tao Xu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China.,School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yingying Du
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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