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Zheng H, You L, Meng S, Wang D, Fu Z. Unraveling the mysteries of (L)WY-domain oomycete effectors. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:2898-2901. [PMID: 37973468 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Liyuan You
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Shuaijie Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Daowen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Zhengqing Fu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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52
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Zeng H, Zhu Q, Yuan P, Yan Y, Yi K, Du L. Calmodulin and calmodulin-like protein-mediated plant responses to biotic stresses. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:3680-3703. [PMID: 37575022 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a set of finely regulated mechanisms to respond to various biotic stresses. Transient changes in intracellular calcium (Ca2+ ) concentration have been well documented to act as cellular signals in coupling environmental stimuli to appropriate physiological responses with astonishing accuracy and specificity in plants. Calmodulins (CaMs) and calmodulin-like proteins (CMLs) are extensively characterized as important classes of Ca2+ sensors. The spatial-temporal coordination between Ca2+ transients, CaMs/CMLs and their target proteins is critical for plant responses to environmental stresses. Ca2+ -loaded CaMs/CMLs interact with and regulate a broad spectrum of target proteins, such as ion transporters (including channels, pumps, and antiporters), transcription factors, protein kinases, protein phosphatases, metabolic enzymes and proteins with unknown biological functions. This review focuses on mechanisms underlying how CaMs/CMLs are involved in the regulation of plant responses to diverse biotic stresses including pathogen infections and herbivore attacks. Recent discoveries of crucial functions of CaMs/CMLs and their target proteins in biotic stress resistance revealed through physiological, molecular, biochemical, and genetic analyses have been described, and intriguing insights into the CaM/CML-mediated regulatory network are proposed. Perspectives for future directions in understanding CaM/CML-mediated signalling pathways in plant responses to biotic stresses are discussed. The application of accumulated knowledge of CaM/CML-mediated signalling in biotic stress responses into crop cultivation would improve crop resistance to various biotic stresses and safeguard our food production in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houqing Zeng
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiuqing Zhu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peiguo Yuan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Keke Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liqun Du
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
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53
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Zhang J, Nirmala J, Chen S, Jost M, Steuernagel B, Karafiatova M, Hewitt T, Li H, Edae E, Sharma K, Hoxha S, Bhatt D, Antoniou-Kourounioti R, Dodds P, Wulff BBH, Dolezel J, Ayliffe M, Hiebert C, McIntosh R, Dubcovsky J, Zhang P, Rouse MN, Lagudah E. Single amino acid change alters specificity of the multi-allelic wheat stem rust resistance locus SR9. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7354. [PMID: 37963867 PMCID: PMC10645757 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42747-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Most rust resistance genes thus far isolated from wheat have a very limited number of functional alleles. Here, we report the isolation of most of the alleles at wheat stem rust resistance gene locus SR9. The seven previously reported resistance alleles (Sr9a, Sr9b, Sr9d, Sr9e, Sr9f, Sr9g, and Sr9h) are characterised using a synergistic strategy. Loss-of-function mutants and/or transgenic complementation are used to confirm Sr9b, two haplotypes of Sr9e (Sr9e_h1 and Sr9e_h2), Sr9g, and Sr9h. Each allele encodes a highly related nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) type immune receptor, containing an unusual long LRR domain, that confers resistance to a unique spectrum of isolates of the wheat stem rust pathogen. The only SR9 protein effective against stem rust pathogen race TTKSK (Ug99), SR9H, differs from SR9B by a single amino acid. SR9B and SR9G resistance proteins are also distinguished by only a single amino acid. The SR9 allelic series found in the B subgenome are orthologs of wheat stem rust resistance gene Sr21 located in the A subgenome with around 85% identity in protein sequences. Together, our results show that functional diversification of allelic variants at the SR9 locus involves single and multiple amino acid changes that recognize isolates of wheat stem rust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Zhang
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Plant Breeding Institute, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Cobbitty, NSW, 2570, Australia
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, National Wheat Innovation Centre, Centre for Crop Genome Engineering, and College of Agronomy, Longzi Lake Campus, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | | | - Shisheng Chen
- Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences at Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, 261000, China
| | - Matthias Jost
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | | | - Mirka Karafiatova
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, 77900, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tim Hewitt
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Hongna Li
- Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences at Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, 261000, China
| | - Erena Edae
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Keshav Sharma
- US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cereal Disease Laboratory, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Sami Hoxha
- Plant Breeding Institute, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Cobbitty, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - Dhara Bhatt
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Rea Antoniou-Kourounioti
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Peter Dodds
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Brande B H Wulff
- Plant Science Program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Centre for Desert Agriculture, KAUST, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jaroslav Dolezel
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, 77900, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | - Colin Hiebert
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden Research and Development Centre, 101 Route 100, Morden, MB, R6M 1Y5, Canada
| | - Robert McIntosh
- Plant Breeding Institute, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Cobbitty, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - Jorge Dubcovsky
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- Plant Breeding Institute, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Cobbitty, NSW, 2570, Australia.
| | - Matthew N Rouse
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
- US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cereal Disease Laboratory, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| | - Evans Lagudah
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
- Plant Breeding Institute, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Cobbitty, NSW, 2570, Australia.
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54
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Kim B, Yu W, Kim H, Dong Q, Choi S, Prokchorchick M, Macho AP, Sohn KH, Segonzac C. A plasma membrane nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptor mediates the recognition of the Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum effector RipY in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100640. [PMID: 37349986 PMCID: PMC10721487 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial wilt disease caused by several Ralstonia species is one of the most destructive diseases in Solanaceae crops. Only a few functional resistance genes against bacterial wilt have been cloned to date. Here, we show that the broadly conserved type III secreted effector RipY is recognized by the Nicotiana benthamiana immune system, leading to cell death induction, induction of defense-related gene expression, and restriction of bacterial pathogen growth. Using a multiplexed virus-induced gene-silencing-based N. benthamiana nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptor (NbNLR) library, we identified a coiled-coil (CC) nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptor (CNL) required for recognition of RipY, which we named RESISTANCE TO RALSTONIA SOLANACEARUM RIPY (RRS-Y). Genetic complementation assays in RRS-Y-silenced plants and stable rrs-y knockout mutants demonstrated that RRS-Y is sufficient to activate RipY-induced cell death and RipY-induced immunity to Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum. RRS-Y function is dependent on the phosphate-binding loop motif of the nucleotide-binding domain but independent of the characterized signaling components ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1, ACTIVATED DISEASE RESISTANCE 1, and N REQUIREMENT GENE 1 and the NLR helpers NB-LRR REQUIRED FOR HR-ASSOCIATED CELL DEATH-2, -3, and -4 in N. benthamiana. We further show that RRS-Y localization at the plasma membrane is mediated by two cysteine residues in the CC domain and is required for RipY recognition. RRS-Y also broadly recognizes RipY homologs across Ralstonia species. Lastly, we show that the C-terminal region of RipY is indispensable for RRS-Y activation. Together, our findings provide an additional effector/receptor pair system to deepen our understanding of CNL activation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyoung Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Wenjia Yu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Haseong Kim
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Qian Dong
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Sera Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Maxim Prokchorchick
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Alberto P Macho
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Kee Hoon Sohn
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Cécile Segonzac
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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55
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Wang MY, Chen JB, Wu R, Guo HL, Chen Y, Li ZJ, Wei LY, Liu C, He SF, Du MD, Guo YL, Peng YL, Jones JDG, Weigel D, Huang JH, Zhu WS. The plant immune receptor SNC1 monitors helper NLRs targeted by a bacterial effector. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:1792-1803.e7. [PMID: 37944492 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants deploy intracellular receptors to counteract pathogen effectors that suppress cell-surface-receptor-mediated immunity. To what extent pathogens manipulate intracellular receptor-mediated immunity, and how plants tackle such manipulation, remains unknown. Arabidopsis thaliana encodes three similar ADR1 class helper nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat receptors (ADR1, ADR1-L1, and ADR1-L2), which are crucial in plant immunity initiated by intracellular receptors. Here, we report that Pseudomonas syringae effector AvrPtoB suppresses ADR1-L1- and ADR1-L2-mediated cell death. ADR1, however, evades such suppression by diversifying into two ubiquitination sites targeted by AvrPtoB. The intracellular sensor SNC1 interacts with and guards the CCR domains of ADR1-L1/L2. Removal of ADR1-L1/L2 or delivery of AvrPtoB activates SNC1, which then signals through ADR1 to trigger immunity. Our work elucidates the long-sought-after function of SNC1 in defense, and also how plants can use dual strategies, sequence diversification, and a multi-layered guard-guardee system, to counteract pathogen's attack on core immunity functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jun-Bin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hai-Long Guo
- Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhen-Ju Li
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lu-Yang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chuang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sheng-Feng He
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mei-Da Du
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ya-Long Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - You-Liang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jonathan D G Jones
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jian-Hua Huang
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Wang-Sheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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56
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Xu B, Cerbu A, Lim D, Tralie CJ, Krasileva K. Structure-Aware Annotation of Leucine-rich Repeat Domains. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.27.562987. [PMID: 37961157 PMCID: PMC10634995 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.27.562987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Protein domain annotation is typically done by predictive models such as HMMs trained on sequence motifs. However, sequence-based annotation methods are prone to error, particularly in calling domain boundaries and motifs within them. These methods are limited by a lack of structural information accessible to the model. With the advent of deep learning-based protein structure prediction, existing sequenced-based domain annotation methods can be improved by taking into account the geometry of protein structures. We develop dimensionality reduction methods to annotate repeat units of the Leucine Rich Repeat solenoid domain. The methods are able to correct mistakes made by existing machine learning-based annotation tools and enable the automated detection of hairpin loops and structural anomalies in the solenoid. The methods are applied to 127 predicted structures of LRR-containing intracellular innate immune proteins in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and validated against a benchmark dataset of 172 manually-annotated LRR domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyan Xu
- Center for Computational Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A
- Department of Mathematics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A
| | - Alois Cerbu
- Department of Mathematics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A
| | - Daven Lim
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A
| | - Christopher J Tralie
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Ursinus College, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Ksenia Krasileva
- Center for Computational Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A
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57
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López-Márquez D, Del-Espino Á, Ruiz-Albert J, Bejarano ER, Brodersen P, Beuzón CR. Regulation of plant immunity via small RNA-mediated control of NLR expression. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6052-6068. [PMID: 37449766 PMCID: PMC10575705 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants use different receptors to detect potential pathogens: membrane-anchored pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) activated upon perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that elicit pattern-triggered immunity (PTI); and intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat proteins (NLRs) activated by detection of pathogen-derived effectors, activating effector-triggered immunity (ETI). The interconnections between PTI and ETI responses have been increasingly reported. Elevated NLR levels may cause autoimmunity, with symptoms ranging from fitness cost to developmental arrest, sometimes combined with run-away cell death, making accurate control of NLR dosage key for plant survival. Small RNA-mediated gene regulation has emerged as a major mechanism of control of NLR dosage. Twenty-two nucleotide miRNAs with the unique ability to trigger secondary siRNA production from target transcripts are particularly prevalent in NLR regulation. They enhance repression of the primary NLR target, but also bring about repression of NLRs only complementary to secondary siRNAs. We summarize current knowledge on miRNAs and siRNAs in the regulation of NLR expression with an emphasis on 22 nt miRNAs and propose that miRNA and siRNA regulation of NLR levels provides additional links between PTI and NLR defense pathways to increase plant responsiveness against a broad spectrum of pathogens and control an efficient deployment of defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego López-Márquez
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Ángel Del-Espino
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Depto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Málaga, Spain
| | - Javier Ruiz-Albert
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Depto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Málaga, Spain
| | - Eduardo R Bejarano
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Depto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Málaga, Spain
| | - Peter Brodersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Carmen R Beuzón
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Depto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Málaga, Spain
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58
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Zhou D, Chen X, Chen X, Xia Y, Liu J, Zhou G. Plant immune receptors interact with hemibiotrophic pathogens to activate plant immunity. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1252039. [PMID: 37876778 PMCID: PMC10591190 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1252039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogens pose a devastating threat to the productivity and yield of crops by causing destructive plant diseases in natural and agricultural environments. Hemibiotrophic pathogens have a variable-length biotrophic phase before turning to necrosis and are among the most invasive plant pathogens. Plant resistance to hemibiotrophic pathogens relies mainly on the activation of innate immune responses. These responses are typically initiated after the plant plasma membrane and various plant immune receptors detect immunogenic signals associated with pathogen infection. Hemibiotrophic pathogens evade pathogen-triggered immunity by masking themselves in an arms race while also enhancing or manipulating other receptors to promote virulence. However, our understanding of plant immune defenses against hemibiotrophic pathogens is highly limited due to the intricate infection mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the strategies that different hemibiotrophic pathogens interact with host immune receptors to activate plant immunity. We also discuss the significant role of the plasma membrane in plant immune responses, as well as the current obstacles and potential future research directions in this field. This will enable a more comprehensive understanding of the pathogenicity of hemibiotrophic pathogens and how distinct plant immune receptors oppose them, delivering valuable data for the prevention and management of plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Xingzhou Chen
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Xinggang Chen
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Yandong Xia
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Junang Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Guoying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
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59
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Contreras MP, Lüdke D, Pai H, Toghani A, Kamoun S. NLR receptors in plant immunity: making sense of the alphabet soup. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57495. [PMID: 37602936 PMCID: PMC10561179 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants coordinately use cell-surface and intracellular immune receptors to perceive pathogens and mount an immune response. Intracellular events of pathogen recognition are largely mediated by immune receptors of the nucleotide binding and leucine rich-repeat (NLR) classes. Upon pathogen perception, NLRs trigger a potent broad-spectrum immune reaction, usually accompanied by a form of programmed cell death termed the hypersensitive response. Some plant NLRs act as multifunctional singleton receptors which combine pathogen detection and immune signaling. However, NLRs can also function in higher order pairs and networks of functionally specialized interconnected receptors. In this article, we cover the basic aspects of plant NLR biology with an emphasis on NLR networks. We highlight some of the recent advances in NLR structure, function, and activation and discuss emerging topics such as modulator NLRs, pathogen suppression of NLRs, and NLR bioengineering. Multi-disciplinary approaches are required to disentangle how these NLR immune receptor pairs and networks function and evolve. Answering these questions holds the potential to deepen our understanding of the plant immune system and unlock a new era of disease resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Lüdke
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Hsuan Pai
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | | | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
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60
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Negi NP, Prakash G, Narwal P, Panwar R, Kumar D, Chaudhry B, Rustagi A. The calcium connection: exploring the intricacies of calcium signaling in plant-microbe interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1248648. [PMID: 37849843 PMCID: PMC10578444 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1248648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
The process of plant immune response is orchestrated by intracellular signaling molecules. Since plants are devoid of a humoral system, they develop extensive mechanism of pathogen recognition, signal perception, and intricate cell signaling for their protection from biotic and abiotic stresses. The pathogenic attack induces calcium ion accumulation in the plant cells, resulting in calcium signatures that regulate the synthesis of proteins of defense system. These calcium signatures induct different calcium dependent proteins such as calmodulins (CaMs), calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs), calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) and other signaling molecules to orchestrate the complex defense signaling. Using advanced biotechnological tools, the role of Ca2+ signaling during plant-microbe interactions and the role of CaM/CMLs and CDPKs in plant defense mechanism has been revealed to some extent. The Emerging perspectives on calcium signaling in plant-microbe interactions suggest that this complex interplay could be harnessed to improve plant resistance against pathogenic microbes. We present here an overview of current understanding in calcium signatures during plant-microbe interaction so as to imbibe a future direction of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Prabha Negi
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Geeta Prakash
- Department of Botany, Gargi College, New Delhi, India
| | - Parul Narwal
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Ruby Panwar
- Department of Botany, Gargi College, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Chia K, Carella P. Taking the lead: NLR immune receptor N-terminal domains execute plant immune responses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:496-501. [PMID: 37525357 PMCID: PMC10952240 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins are important intracellular immune receptors that activate robust plant immune responses upon detecting pathogens. Canonical NLRs consist of a conserved tripartite architecture that includes a central regulatory nucleotide-binding domain, C-terminal leucine-rich repeats, and variable N-terminal domains that directly participate in immune execution. In flowering plants, the vast majority of NLR N-terminal domains belong to the coiled-coil, Resistance to Powdery Mildew 8, or Toll/interleukin-1 receptor subfamilies, with recent structural and biochemical studies providing detailed mechanistic insights into their functions. In this insight review, we focus on the immune-related biochemistries of known plant NLR N-terminal domains and discuss the evolutionary diversity of atypical NLR domains in nonflowering plants. We further contrast these observations against the known diversity of NLR-related receptors from microbes to metazoans across the tree of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khong‐Sam Chia
- Cell and Developmental BiologyJohn Innes CentreColney LaneNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Philip Carella
- Cell and Developmental BiologyJohn Innes CentreColney LaneNorwichNR4 7UHUK
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62
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Crean EE, Bilstein-Schloemer M, Maekawa T, Schulze-Lefert P, Saur IML. A dominant-negative avirulence effector of the barley powdery mildew fungus provides mechanistic insight into barley MLA immune receptor activation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:5854-5869. [PMID: 37474129 PMCID: PMC10540733 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) recognize pathogen effectors to mediate plant disease resistance often involving host cell death. Effectors escape NLR recognition through polymorphisms, allowing the pathogen to proliferate on previously resistant host plants. The powdery mildew effector AVRA13-1 is recognized by the barley NLR MLA13 and activates host cell death. We demonstrate here that a virulent form of AVRA13, called AVRA13-V2, escapes MLA13 recognition by substituting a serine for a leucine residue at the C-terminus. Counterintuitively, this substitution in AVRA13-V2 resulted in an enhanced MLA13 association and prevented the detection of AVRA13-1 by MLA13. Therefore, AVRA13-V2 is a dominant-negative form of AVRA13 and has probably contributed to the breakdown of Mla13 resistance. Despite this dominant-negative activity, AVRA13-V2 failed to suppress host cell death mediated by the MLA13 autoactive MHD variant. Neither AVRA13-1 nor AVRA13-V2 interacted with the MLA13 autoactive variant, implying that the binding moiety in MLA13 that mediates association with AVRA13-1 is altered after receptor activation. We also show that mutations in the MLA13 coiled-coil domain, which were thought to impair Ca2+ channel activity and NLR function, instead resulted in MLA13 autoactive cell death. Our results constitute an important step to define intermediate receptor conformations during NLR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E Crean
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Takaki Maekawa
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
- Department for Plant Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Germany
| | - Paul Schulze-Lefert
- Department for Plant Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Germany
| | - Isabel M L Saur
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Germany
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Adachi H, Sakai T, Kourelis J, Pai H, Gonzalez Hernandez JL, Utsumi Y, Seki M, Maqbool A, Kamoun S. Jurassic NLR: Conserved and dynamic evolutionary features of the atypically ancient immune receptor ZAR1. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:3662-3685. [PMID: 37467141 PMCID: PMC10533333 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors generally exhibit hallmarks of rapid evolution, even at the intraspecific level. We used iterative sequence similarity searches coupled with phylogenetic analyses to reconstruct the evolutionary history of HOPZ-ACTIVATED RESISTANCE1 (ZAR1), an atypically conserved NLR that traces its origin to early flowering plant lineages ∼220 to 150 million yrs ago (Jurassic period). We discovered 120 ZAR1 orthologs in 88 species, including the monocot Colocasia esculenta, the magnoliid Cinnamomum micranthum, and most eudicots, notably the Ranunculales species Aquilegia coerulea, which is outside the core eudicots. Ortholog sequence analyses revealed highly conserved features of ZAR1, including regions for pathogen effector recognition and cell death activation. We functionally reconstructed the cell death activity of ZAR1 and its partner receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase (RLCK) from distantly related plant species, experimentally validating the hypothesis that ZAR1 evolved to partner with RLCKs early in its evolution. In addition, ZAR1 acquired novel molecular features. In cassava (Manihot esculenta) and cotton (Gossypium spp.), ZAR1 carries a C-terminal thioredoxin-like domain, and in several taxa, ZAR1 duplicated into 2 paralog families, which underwent distinct evolutionary paths. ZAR1 stands out among angiosperm NLR genes for having experienced relatively limited duplication and expansion throughout its deep evolutionary history. Nonetheless, ZAR1 also gave rise to noncanonical NLRs with integrated domains and degenerated molecular features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Adachi
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- Laboratory of Crop Evolution, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Mozume, Muko, Kyoto 617-0001, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sakai
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- Laboratory of Crop Evolution, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Mozume, Muko, Kyoto 617-0001, Japan
| | - Jiorgos Kourelis
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Hsuan Pai
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jose L Gonzalez Hernandez
- Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Yoshinori Utsumi
- Plant Genomic Network Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Motoaki Seki
- Plant Genomic Network Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Plant Epigenome Regulation Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12 Maioka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-0813, Japan
| | - Abbas Maqbool
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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Piau M, Schmitt-Keichinger C. The Hypersensitive Response to Plant Viruses. Viruses 2023; 15:2000. [PMID: 37896777 PMCID: PMC10612061 DOI: 10.3390/v15102000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant proteins with domains rich in leucine repeats play important roles in detecting pathogens and triggering defense reactions, both at the cellular surface for pattern-triggered immunity and in the cell to ensure effector-triggered immunity. As intracellular parasites, viruses are mostly detected intracellularly by proteins with a nucleotide binding site and leucine-rich repeats but receptor-like kinases with leucine-rich repeats, known to localize at the cell surface, have also been involved in response to viruses. In the present review we report on the progress that has been achieved in the last decade on the role of these leucine-rich proteins in antiviral immunity, with a special focus on our current understanding of the hypersensitive response.
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Kottur J, Malik R, Aggarwal AK. Nucleic Acid Mediated Activation of a Short Prokaryotic Argonaute Immune System. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.17.558117. [PMID: 37745538 PMCID: PMC10516056 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.17.558117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The continual pressure of invading DNA has led bacteria to develop numerous immune systems, including a short prokaryotic Argonaute (pAgo) TIR-APAZ system (SPARTA) that is activated by invading DNA to unleash its TIR domain for NAD(P)+ hydrolysis. To gain a molecular understanding of this activation process, we resolved a crystal structure of SPARTA heterodimer in the absence of guide RNA/target ssDNA at 2.66Å resolution and a cryo-EM structure of the SPARTA oligomer (tetramer of heterodimers) bound to guide RNA/target ssDNA at nominal 3.15-3.35Å resolution. The crystal structure provides a high-resolution view of the TIR-APAZ protein and the MID-PIWI domains of short pAgo - wherein, the APAZ domain emerges as equivalent to the N, L1 and L2 regions of long pAgos and the MID domain has a unique insertion (insert57). A comparison to cryo-EM structure reveals regions of the PIWI (loop10-9) and APAZ (helix αN) domains that reconfigure to relieve auto-inhibition to permit nucleic acid binding and transition to an active oligomer. Oligomerization is accompanied by the nucleation of the TIR domains in a parallel-strands arrangement for catalysis. Together, the structures provide a visualization of SPARTA before and after RNA/ssDNA binding and reveal the basis of SPARTA's active assembly leading to NAD(P)+ degradation and abortive infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jithesh Kottur
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Radhika Malik
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Aneel K. Aggarwal
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
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66
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Ivanov PA, Gasanova TV, Repina MN, Zamyatnin AA. Signaling and Resistosome Formation in Plant Innate Immunity to Viruses: Is There a Common Mechanism of Antiviral Resistance Conserved across Kingdoms? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13625. [PMID: 37686431 PMCID: PMC10487714 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-specific proteins, including coat proteins, movement proteins, replication proteins, and suppressors of RNA interference are capable of triggering the hypersensitive response (HR), which is a type of cell death in plants. The main cell death signaling pathway involves direct interaction of HR-inducing proteins with nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeats (NLR) proteins encoded by plant resistance genes. Singleton NLR proteins act as both sensor and helper. In other cases, NLR proteins form an activation network leading to their oligomerization and formation of membrane-associated resistosomes, similar to metazoan inflammasomes and apoptosomes. In resistosomes, coiled-coil domains of NLR proteins form Ca2+ channels, while toll-like/interleukin-1 receptor-type (TIR) domains form oligomers that display NAD+ glycohydrolase (NADase) activity. This review is intended to highlight the current knowledge on plant innate antiviral defense signaling pathways in an attempt to define common features of antiviral resistance across the kingdoms of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Ivanov
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia; (P.A.I.); (T.V.G.); (M.N.R.)
| | - Tatiana V. Gasanova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia; (P.A.I.); (T.V.G.); (M.N.R.)
| | - Maria N. Repina
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia; (P.A.I.); (T.V.G.); (M.N.R.)
| | - Andrey A. Zamyatnin
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius 354340, Krasnodar Region, Russia
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
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67
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Guo M, Zhu Y, Lin Z, Yang D, Zhang A, Guo C, Huang Z. Cryo-EM structure of the ssDNA-activated SPARTA complex. Cell Res 2023; 33:731-734. [PMID: 37491603 PMCID: PMC10474254 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-023-00850-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Guo
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yuwei Zhu
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhiying Lin
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Dehui Yang
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Anqi Zhang
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Changyou Guo
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhiwei Huang
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
- Westlake Center for Genome Editing, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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68
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Wang X, Li X, Yu G, Zhang L, Zhang C, Wang Y, Liao F, Wen Y, Yin H, Liu X, Wei Y, Li Z, Deng Z, Zhang H. Structural insights into mechanisms of Argonaute protein-associated NADase activation in bacterial immunity. Cell Res 2023; 33:699-711. [PMID: 37311833 PMCID: PMC10474274 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-023-00839-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a central metabolite in cellular processes. Depletion of NAD+ has been demonstrated to be a prevalent theme in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic immune responses. Short prokaryotic Argonaute proteins (Agos) are associated with NADase domain-containing proteins (TIR-APAZ or SIR2-APAZ) encoded in the same operon. They confer immunity against mobile genetic elements, such as bacteriophages and plasmids, by inducing NAD+ depletion upon recognition of target nucleic acids. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the activation of such prokaryotic NADase/Ago immune systems remain unknown. Here, we report multiple cryo-EM structures of NADase/Ago complexes from two distinct systems (TIR-APAZ/Ago and SIR2-APAZ/Ago). Target DNA binding triggers tetramerization of the TIR-APAZ/Ago complex by a cooperative self-assembly mechanism, while the heterodimeric SIR2-APAZ/Ago complex does not assemble into higher-order oligomers upon target DNA binding. However, the NADase activities of these two systems are unleashed via a similar closed-to-open transition of the catalytic pocket, albeit by different mechanisms. Furthermore, a functionally conserved sensor loop is employed to inspect the guide RNA-target DNA base pairing and facilitate the conformational rearrangement of Ago proteins required for the activation of these two systems. Overall, our study reveals the mechanistic diversity and similarity of Ago protein-associated NADase systems in prokaryotic immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshen Wang
- National key laboratory of blood science, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuzichao Li
- National key laboratory of blood science, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guimei Yu
- National key laboratory of blood science, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- National key laboratory of blood science, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chendi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Center for Antiviral Research, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fumeng Liao
- National key laboratory of blood science, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanan Wen
- National key laboratory of blood science, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hang Yin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yong Wei
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Zengqin Deng
- Center for Antiviral Research, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
- Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Heng Zhang
- National key laboratory of blood science, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
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69
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Mu B, Teng Z, Tang R, Lu M, Chen J, Xu X, Wen YQ. An effector of Erysiphe necator translocates to chloroplasts and plasma membrane to suppress host immunity in grapevine. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad163. [PMID: 37746307 PMCID: PMC10516348 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator) is a prevalent pathogen hampering grapevine growth in the vineyard. An arsenal of candidate secreted effector proteins (CSEPs) was encoded in the E. necator genome, but it is largely unclear what role CSEPs plays during the E. necator infection. In the present study, we identified a secreted effector CSEP080 of E. necator, which was located in plant chloroplasts and plasma membrane. Transient expressing CSEP080 promotes plant photosynthesis and inhibits INF1-induced cell death in tobacco leaves. We found that CSEP080 was a necessary effector for the E. necator pathogenicity, which interacted with grapevine chloroplast protein VviB6f (cytochrome b6-f complex iron-sulfur subunit), affecting plant photosynthesis. Transient silencing VviB6f increased the plant hydrogen peroxide production, and the plant resistance to powdery mildew. In addition, CSEP080 manipulated the VviPE (pectinesterase) to promote pectin degradation. Our results demonstrated the molecular mechanisms that an effector of E. necator translocates to host chloroplasts and plasma membrane, which suppresses with the grapevine immunity system by targeting the chloroplast protein VviB6f to suppress hydrogen peroxide accumulation and manipulating VviPE to promote pectin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhaolin Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruixin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mengjiao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinfu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiangnan Xu
- College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Weihui Road 23, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying-Qiang Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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70
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Huang S, Jia A, Ma S, Sun Y, Chang X, Han Z, Chai J. NLR signaling in plants: from resistosomes to second messengers. Trends Biochem Sci 2023; 48:776-787. [PMID: 37394345 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide binding and leucine-rich repeat-containing receptors (NLRs) have a critical role in plant immunity through direct or indirect recognition of pathogen effectors. Recent studies have demonstrated that such recognition induces formation of large protein complexes called resistosomes to mediate NLR immune signaling. Some NLR resistosomes activate Ca2+ influx by acting as Ca2+-permeable channels, whereas others function as active NADases to catalyze the production of nucleotide-derived second messengers. In this review we summarize these studies on pathogen effector-induced assembly of NLR resistosomes and resistosome-mediated production of the second messengers of Ca2+ and nucleotide derivatives. We also discuss downstream events and regulation of resistosome signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijia Huang
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Aolin Jia
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shoucai Ma
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chang
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhifu Han
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jijie Chai
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne 50674, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Cologne 50829, Germany; School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China.
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71
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Förderer A, Kourelis J. NLR immune receptors: structure and function in plant disease resistance. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:1473-1483. [PMID: 37602488 PMCID: PMC10586772 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) are a diverse family of intracellular immune receptors that play crucial roles in recognizing and responding to pathogen invasion in plants. This review discusses the overall model of NLR activation and provides an in-depth analysis of the different NLR domains, including N-terminal executioner domains, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) module, and the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain. Understanding the structure-function relationship of these domains is essential for developing effective strategies to improve plant disease resistance and agricultural productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Förderer
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jiorgos Kourelis
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UH Norwich, U.K
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72
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Kim S, Cho M, Kim TH. Novel Compounds Derived from DFPM Induce Root Growth Arrest through the Specific VICTR Alleles of Arabidopsis Accessions. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1797. [PMID: 37763201 PMCID: PMC10532556 DOI: 10.3390/life13091797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The small compound [5-(3,4-dichlorophenyl) furan-2-yl]-piperidine-1-ylmethanethione (DFPM) inhibits ABA responses by activating effector-triggered immune signal transduction in Arabidopsis. In addition to the known function of DFPM as an antagonist of ABA signaling, DFPM causes accession-specific root growth arrest in Arabidopsis Columbia-0 via the TIR-NLR protein VICTR (VARIATION IN COMPOUND TRIGGERED ROOT growth response) in an EDS1/PAD4/RAR1/SGT1B-dependent manner. Although DFPM could control the specific steps of various cellular responses, the functional residues for the activity of DFPM or the existence of a stronger version of DFPM modification have not been characterized thoroughly. This study analyzed twenty-two DFPM derivatives during root growth arrest, inhibition of ABA signaling, and induction of biotic signal transduction to determine critical residues that confer the specific activity of DFPM. Furthermore, this study identified two more Arabidopsis accessions that generate significant root growth arrest in response to DFPM derivatives dependent on multiple amino acid polymorphisms in the coding region of VICTR. The isolation of novel compounds, such as DFPM-5, and specific amino acid polymorphisms critical for the compound-induced responses will help determine the detailed regulatory mechanism for how DFPM regulates abiotic and biotic stress signaling interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seojung Kim
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
| | - Miri Cho
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Houn Kim
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
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73
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Nizan S, Amitzur A, Dahan-Meir T, Benichou JIC, Bar-Ziv A, Perl-Treves R. Mutagenesis of the melon Prv gene by CRISPR/Cas9 breaks papaya ringspot virus resistance and generates an autoimmune allele with constitutive defense responses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:4579-4596. [PMID: 37137337 PMCID: PMC10433930 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The majority of plant disease resistance (R) genes encode nucleotide binding-leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins. In melon, two closely linked NLR genes, Fom-1 and Prv, were mapped and identified as candidate genes that control resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis races 0 and 2, and to papaya ringspot virus (PRSV), respectively. In this study, we validated the function of Prv and showed that it is essential for providing resistance against PRSV infection. We generated CRISPR/Cas9 [clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9] mutants using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of a PRSV-resistant melon genotype, and the T1 progeny proved susceptible to PRSV, showing strong disease symptoms and viral spread upon infection. Three alleles having 144, 154, and ~3 kb deletions, respectively, were obtained, all of which caused loss of resistance. Interestingly, one of the Prv mutant alleles, prvΔ154, encoding a truncated product, caused an extreme dwarf phenotype, accompanied by leaf lesions, high salicylic acid levels, and defense gene expression. The autoimmune phenotype observed at 25 °C proved to be temperature dependent, being suppressed at 32 °C. This is a first report on the successful application of CRISPR/Cas9 to confirm R gene function in melon. Such validation opens up new opportunities for molecular breeding of disease resistance in this important vegetable crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahar Nizan
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Israel
| | - Arie Amitzur
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Israel
| | - Tal Dahan-Meir
- Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel
| | | | - Amalia Bar-Ziv
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Israel
| | - Rafael Perl-Treves
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Israel
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74
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Wu Y, Sun Y, Richet E, Han Z, Chai J. Structural basis for negative regulation of the Escherichia coli maltose system. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4925. [PMID: 37582800 PMCID: PMC10427625 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40447-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins from the signal transduction ATPases with numerous domains (STAND) family are known to play an important role in innate immunity. However, it remains less well understood how they function in transcriptional regulation. MalT is a bacterial STAND that controls the Escherichia coli maltose system. Inactive MalT is sequestered by different inhibitory proteins such as MalY. Here, we show that MalY interacts with one oligomerization interface of MalT to form a 2:2 complex. MalY represses MalT activity by blocking its oligomerization and strengthening ADP-mediated MalT autoinhibition. A loop region N-terminal to the nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) of MalT has a dual role in mediating MalT autoinhibition and activation. Structural comparison shows that ligand-binding induced oligomerization is required for stabilizing the C-terminal domains and conferring DNA-binding activity. Together, our study reveals the mechanism whereby a prokaryotic STAND is inhibited by a repressor protein and offers insights into signaling by STAND transcription activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuang Wu
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yue Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Evelyne Richet
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, INSERM U1306, Unité Biologie et génétique de la paroi bactérienne, Paris, France
| | - Zhifu Han
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jijie Chai
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.
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75
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Locci F, Wang J, Parker JE. TIR-domain enzymatic activities at the heart of plant immunity. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 74:102373. [PMID: 37150050 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Toll/interleukin-1/resistance (TIR) domain proteins contribute to innate immunity in all cellular kingdoms. TIR modules are activated by self-association and in plants, mammals and bacteria, some TIRs have enzymatic functions that are crucial for disease resistance and/or cell death. Many plant TIR-only proteins and pathogen effector-activated TIR-domain NLR receptors are NAD+ hydrolysing enzymes. Biochemical, structural and functional studies established that for both plant TIR-protein types, and certain bacterial TIRs, NADase activity generates bioactive signalling intermediates which promote resistance. A set of plant TIR-catalysed nucleotide isomers was discovered which bind to and activate EDS1 complexes, promoting their interactions with co-functioning helper NLRs. Analysis of TIR enzymes across kingdoms fills an important gap in understanding how pathogen disturbance induces TIR-regulated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Locci
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Junli Wang
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany; Cologne-Düsseldorf Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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76
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Chai J, Song W, Parker JE. New Biochemical Principles for NLR Immunity in Plants. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:468-475. [PMID: 37697447 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-23-0073-hh] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
While working for the United States Department of Agriculture on the North Dakota Agricultural College campus in Fargo, North Dakota, in the 1940s and 1950s, Harold H. Flor formulated the genetic principles for coevolving plant host-pathogen interactions that govern disease resistance or susceptibility. His 'gene-for-gene' legacy runs deep in modern plant pathology and continues to inform molecular models of plant immune recognition and signaling. In this review, we discuss recent biochemical insights to plant immunity conferred by nucleotide-binding domain/leucine-rich-repeat (NLR) receptors, which are major gene-for-gene resistance determinants in nature and cultivated crops. Structural and biochemical analyses of pathogen-activated NLR oligomers (resistosomes) reveal how different NLR subtypes converge in various ways on calcium (Ca2+) signaling to promote pathogen immunity and host cell death. Especially striking is the identification of nucleotide-based signals generated enzymatically by plant toll-interleukin 1 receptor (TIR) domain NLRs. These small molecules are part of an emerging family of TIR-produced cyclic and noncyclic nucleotide signals that steer immune and cell-death responses in bacteria, mammals, and plants. A combined genetic, molecular, and biochemical understanding of plant NLR activation and signaling provides exciting new opportunities for combatting diseases in crops. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijie Chai
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne 50674, Germany
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen Song
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne-Duesseldorf Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
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77
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Ni D, Lu X, Stahlberg H, Ekundayo B. Activation mechanism of a short argonaute-TIR prokaryotic immune system. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh9002. [PMID: 37467330 PMCID: PMC10355822 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh9002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Short prokaryotic argonaute (pAgo) and toll/interleukin-1 receptor/resistance protein (TIR)-analog of PAZ (APAZ) form a heterodimeric SPARTA complex that provides immunity to its prokaryotic host through an abortive infection mechanism. Monomeric SPARTA senses foreign RNA/DNA duplexes to assemble an active tetramer resulting in cell death by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (oxidized form) (NAD) depletion via an unknown mechanism. We report nine structures of SPARTA in different functional states at a resolution range of 4.2 to 2.9 angstroms, revealing its activation mechanism. Inactive SPARTA monomers bind to RNA/DNA duplexes to form symmetric dimers mediated by the association of Ago subunits. The initiation of tetramer assembly induces flexibility of the TIR domains enabling a symmetry-breaking rotational movement of a TIR domain in the dimer units which facilitates the TIR oligomerization, resulting in the formation of the substrate binding pocket and the activation of the SPARTA complex's NADase activity. Our findings provide detailed structural and mechanistic insights into activating a short argonaute defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongchun Ni
- Laboratory of Biological Electron Microscopy, IPHYS, SB, EPFL, and Dept. Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, UNIL, Cubotron, Rt. de la Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xuhang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Henning Stahlberg
- Laboratory of Biological Electron Microscopy, IPHYS, SB, EPFL, and Dept. Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, UNIL, Cubotron, Rt. de la Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Babatunde Ekundayo
- Laboratory of Biological Electron Microscopy, IPHYS, SB, EPFL, and Dept. Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, UNIL, Cubotron, Rt. de la Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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78
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Tamborski J, Seong K, Liu F, Staskawicz BJ, Krasileva KV. Altering Specificity and Autoactivity of Plant Immune Receptors Sr33 and Sr50 Via a Rational Engineering Approach. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:434-446. [PMID: 36867580 PMCID: PMC10561695 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-22-0154-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Many resistance genes deployed against pathogens in crops are intracellular nucleotide-binding (NB) leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptors (NLRs). The ability to rationally engineer the specificity of NLRs will be crucial in the response to newly emerging crop diseases. Successful attempts to modify NLR recognition have been limited to untargeted approaches or depended on previously available structural information or knowledge of pathogen-effector targets. However, this information is not available for most NLR-effector pairs. Here, we demonstrate the precise prediction and subsequent transfer of residues involved in effector recognition between two closely related NLRs without their experimentally determined structure or detailed knowledge about their pathogen effector targets. By combining phylogenetics, allele diversity analysis, and structural modeling, we successfully predicted residues mediating interaction of Sr50 with its cognate effector AvrSr50 and transferred recognition specificity of Sr50 to the closely related NLR Sr33. We created synthetic versions of Sr33 that contain amino acids from Sr50, including Sr33syn, which gained the ability to recognize AvrSr50 with 12 amino-acid substitutions. Furthermore, we discovered that sites in the LRR domain needed to transfer recognition specificity to Sr33 also influence autoactivity in Sr50. Structural modeling suggests these residues interact with a part of the NB-ARC domain, which we named the NB-ARC latch, to possibly maintain the inactive state of the receptor. Our approach demonstrates rational modifications of NLRs, which could be useful to enhance existing elite crop germplasm. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Tamborski
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A
| | - Kyungyong Seong
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A
| | - Furong Liu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, 2151 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A
| | - Brian J. Staskawicz
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, 2151 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A
| | - Ksenia V. Krasileva
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, 2151 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A
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79
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Iakovidis M, Chung EH, Saile SC, Sauberzweig E, El Kasmi F. The emerging frontier of plant immunity's core hubs. FEBS J 2023; 290:3311-3335. [PMID: 35668694 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ever-growing world population, increasingly frequent extreme weather events and conditions, emergence of novel devastating crop pathogens and the social strive for quality food products represent a huge challenge for current and future agricultural production systems. To address these challenges and find realistic solutions, it is becoming more important by the day to understand the complex interactions between plants and the environment, mainly the associated organisms, but in particular pathogens. In the past several years, research in the fields of plant pathology and plant-microbe interactions has enabled tremendous progress in understanding how certain receptor-based plant innate immune systems function to successfully prevent infections and diseases. In this review, we highlight and discuss some of these new ground-breaking discoveries and point out strategies of how pathogens counteract the function of important core convergence hubs of the plant immune system. For practical reasons, we specifically place emphasis on potential applications that can be detracted by such discoveries and what challenges the future of agriculture has to face, but also how these challenges could be tackled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Iakovidis
- Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology Department, Mediterranean Agricultural Institute of Chania, Greece
| | - Eui-Hwan Chung
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Svenja C Saile
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elke Sauberzweig
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Farid El Kasmi
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Germany
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80
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Joshi A, Song HG, Yang SY, Lee JH. Integrated Molecular and Bioinformatics Approaches for Disease-Related Genes in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2454. [PMID: 37447014 DOI: 10.3390/plants12132454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Modern plant pathology relies on bioinformatics approaches to create novel plant disease diagnostic tools. In recent years, a significant amount of biological data has been generated due to rapid developments in genomics and molecular biology techniques. The progress in the sequencing of agriculturally important crops has made it possible to develop a better understanding of plant-pathogen interactions and plant resistance. The availability of host-pathogen genome data offers effective assistance in retrieving, annotating, analyzing, and identifying the functional aspects for characterization at the gene and genome levels. Physical mapping facilitates the identification and isolation of several candidate resistance (R) genes from diverse plant species. A large number of genetic variations, such as disease-causing mutations in the genome, have been identified and characterized using bioinformatics tools, and these desirable mutations were exploited to develop disease resistance. Moreover, crop genome editing tools, namely the CRISPR (clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas9 (CRISPR-associated) system, offer novel and efficient strategies for developing durable resistance. This review paper describes some aspects concerning the databases, tools, and techniques used to characterize resistance (R) genes for plant disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpana Joshi
- Department of Bioenvironmental Chemistry, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agriculture Technology & Agri-Informatics, Shobhit Institute of Engineering & Technology, Meerut 250110, India
| | - Hyung-Geun Song
- Department of Bioenvironmental Chemistry, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Yeon Yang
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Lee
- Department of Bioenvironmental Chemistry, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
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81
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Wang W, Qin L, Zhang W, Tang L, Zhang C, Dong X, Miao P, Shen M, Du H, Cheng H, Wang K, Zhang X, Su M, Lu H, Li C, Gao Q, Zhang X, Huang Y, Liang C, Zhou JM, Chen YH. WeiTsing, a pericycle-expressed ion channel, safeguards the stele to confer clubroot resistance. Cell 2023; 186:2656-2671.e18. [PMID: 37295403 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots encounter numerous pathogenic microbes that often cause devastating diseases. One such pathogen, Plasmodiophora brassicae (Pb), causes clubroot disease and severe yield losses on cruciferous crops worldwide. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of WeiTsing (WTS), a broad-spectrum clubroot resistance gene from Arabidopsis. WTS is transcriptionally activated in the pericycle upon Pb infection to prevent pathogen colonization in the stele. Brassica napus carrying the WTS transgene displayed strong resistance to Pb. WTS encodes a small protein localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and its expression in plants induces immune responses. The cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of WTS revealed a previously unknown pentameric architecture with a central pore. Electrophysiology analyses demonstrated that WTS is a calcium-permeable cation-selective channel. Structure-guided mutagenesis indicated that channel activity is strictly required for triggering defenses. The findings uncover an ion channel analogous to resistosomes that triggers immune signaling in the pericycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China.
| | - Li Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Linghui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaojing Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Pei Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Meng Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huilong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hangyuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiangyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Min Su
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongwei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yun Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Chengzhi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China.
| | - Yu-Hang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China.
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82
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Berthelier J, Furci L, Asai S, Sadykova M, Shimazaki T, Shirasu K, Saze H. Long-read direct RNA sequencing reveals epigenetic regulation of chimeric gene-transposon transcripts in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3248. [PMID: 37277361 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38954-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs) are accumulated in both intergenic and intragenic regions in plant genomes. Intragenic TEs often act as regulatory elements of associated genes and are also co-transcribed with genes, generating chimeric TE-gene transcripts. Despite the potential impact on mRNA regulation and gene function, the prevalence and transcriptional regulation of TE-gene transcripts are poorly understood. By long-read direct RNA sequencing and a dedicated bioinformatics pipeline, ParasiTE, we investigated the transcription and RNA processing of TE-gene transcripts in Arabidopsis thaliana. We identified a global production of TE-gene transcripts in thousands of A. thaliana gene loci, with TE sequences often being associated with alternative transcription start sites or transcription termination sites. The epigenetic state of intragenic TEs affects RNAPII elongation and usage of alternative poly(A) signals within TE sequences, regulating alternative TE-gene isoform production. Co-transcription and inclusion of TE-derived sequences into gene transcripts impact regulation of RNA stability and environmental responses of some loci. Our study provides insights into TE-gene interactions that contributes to mRNA regulation, transcriptome diversity, and environmental responses in plants.
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Grants
- JP20H02995 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- JP22H00364 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- JP20H05909 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- JP20H05913 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Berthelier
- Plant Epigenetics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan.
| | - Leonardo Furci
- Plant Epigenetics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Shuta Asai
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Munissa Sadykova
- Plant Epigenetics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Tomoe Shimazaki
- Plant Epigenetics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Ken Shirasu
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Saze
- Plant Epigenetics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan.
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83
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Rao W, Wan L, Wang E. Plant immunity in soybean: progress, strategies, and perspectives. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2023; 43:52. [PMID: 37323469 PMCID: PMC10267034 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-023-01398-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the most important commercial crops worldwide. Soybean hosts diverse microbes, including pathogens that may cause diseases and symbionts that contribute to nitrogen fixation. Study on soybean-microbe interactions to understand pathogenesis, immunity, and symbiosis represents an important research direction toward plant protection in soybean. In terms of immune mechanisms, current research in soybean lags far behind that in the model plants Arabidopsis and rice. In this review, we summarized the shared and unique mechanisms involved in the two-tiered plant immunity and the virulence function of pathogen effectors between soybean and Arabidopsis, providing a molecular roadmap for future research on soybean immunity. We also discussed disease resistance engineering and future perspectives in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Rao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Wan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ertao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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84
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Liu Y, Zhang YM, Tang Y, Chen JQ, Shao ZQ. The evolution of plant NLR immune receptors and downstream signal components. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 73:102363. [PMID: 37094492 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Along with the emergence of green plants on this planet one billion years ago, the nucleotide binding site leucine-rich repeat (NLR) gene family originated and diverged into at least three subclasses. Two of them, with either characterized N-terminal toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) or coiled-coil (CC) domain, serve as major types of immune receptor of effector-triggered immunity (ETI) in plants, whereas the one having a N-terminal Resistance to powdery mildew8 (RPW8) domain, functions as signal transfer component to them. In this review, we briefly summarized the history of identification of diverse NLR subclasses across Viridiplantae lineages during the establishment of NLR category, and highlighted recent advances on the evolution of NLR genes and several key downstream signal components under the background of ecological adaption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yan-Mei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Yao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jian-Qun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Zhu-Qing Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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85
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Wan L. TIR enzymatic functions: signaling molecules and receptor mechanisms. ABIOTECH 2023; 4:172-175. [PMID: 37581018 PMCID: PMC10423176 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-023-00104-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved Toll/Interleukin-1 Receptor (TIR) domains across kingdoms of prokaryotes, plants, and animals play critical roles in innate immunity. Recent studies have revealed the enzymatic functions of TIRs, the structural bases of TIRs as holoenzymes, and the identity of TIR-generated small signaling molecules and their receptors, which significantly advanced our understanding on TIR-mediated immune signaling pathways. We reviewed the most up-to-date findings in TIR enzymatic functions from the perspectives of signaling molecules and receptor mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China
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86
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Maruta N, Sorbello M, Lim BYJ, McGuinness HY, Shi Y, Ve T, Kobe B. TIR domain-associated nucleotides with functions in plant immunity and beyond. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 73:102364. [PMID: 37086529 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
TIR (Toll/interlukin-1 receptor) domains are found in archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes, featured in proteins generally associated with immune functions. In plants, they are found in a large group of NLRs (nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors), NLR-like proteins and TIR-only proteins. They are also present in effector proteins from phytopathogenic bacteria that are associated with suppression of host immunity. TIR domains from plants and bacteria are enzymes that cleave NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, oxidized form) and other nucleotides. In dicot plants, TIR-derived signalling molecules activate downstream immune signalling proteins, the EDS1 (enhanced disease susceptibility 1) family proteins, and in turn helper NLRs. Recent work has brought major advances in understanding how TIR domains work, how they produce signalling molecules and how these products signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Maruta
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mitchell Sorbello
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Bryan Y J Lim
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Helen Y McGuinness
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Yun Shi
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Thomas Ve
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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87
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Jia A, Huang S, Ma S, Chang X, Han Z, Chai J. TIR-catalyzed nucleotide signaling molecules in plant defense. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 73:102334. [PMID: 36702016 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Toll and interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain is a conserved immune module in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Signaling regulated by TIR-only proteins or TIR domain-containing intracellular immune receptors is critical for plant immunity. Recent studies demonstrated that TIR domains function as enzymes encoding a variety of activities, which manifest different mechanisms for regulation of plant immunity. These enzymatic activities catalyze metabolism of NAD+, ATP and other nucleic acids, generating structurally diversified nucleotide metabolites. Signaling roles have been revealed for some TIR enzymatic products that can act as second messengers to induce plant immunity. Herein, we summarize our current knowledge about catalytic production of these nucleotide metabolites and their roles in plant immune signaling. We also highlight outstanding questions that are likely to be the focus of future investigations about TIR-produced signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aolin Jia
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shijia Huang
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shoucai Ma
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chang
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhifu Han
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Jijie Chai
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne 50674, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Cologne 50829, Germany.
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88
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Liu Q, Zhang C, Fang H, Yi L, Li M. Indispensable Biomolecules for Plant Defense Against Pathogens: NBS-LRR and "nitrogen pool" Alkaloids. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023:111752. [PMID: 37268110 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In a complex natural environment, plants have evolved intricate and subtle defense response regulatory mechanisms for survival. Plant specific defenses, including the disease resistance protein nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) protein and metabolite derived alkaloids, are key components of these complex mechanisms. The NBS-LRR protein can specifically recognize the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms to trigger the immune response mechanism. Alkaloids, synthesized from amino acids or their derivatives, can also inhibit pathogens. This study reviews NBS-LRR protein activation, recognition, and downstream signal transduction in plant protection, as well as the synthetic signaling pathways and regulatory defense mechanisms associated with alkaloids. In addition, we clarify the basic regulation mechanism and summarize their current applications and the development of future applications in biotechnology for these plant defense molecules. Studies on the NBS-LRR protein and alkaloid plant disease resistance molecules may provide a theoretical foundation for the cultivation of disease resistant crops and the development of botanical pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Inner Mongolia Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, China; Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Characteristic Geoherbs Resources Protection and Utilization, Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of The Planting and Development of Astragalus membranaceus of the Geoherbs, Baotou, China
| | - Chunhong Zhang
- Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Characteristic Geoherbs Resources Protection and Utilization, Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of The Planting and Development of Astragalus membranaceus of the Geoherbs, Baotou, China
| | - Huiyong Fang
- Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Letai Yi
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China.
| | - Minhui Li
- Inner Mongolia Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, China; Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Characteristic Geoherbs Resources Protection and Utilization, Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of The Planting and Development of Astragalus membranaceus of the Geoherbs, Baotou, China; Inner Mongolia Institute of Traditional Chinese and Mongolian Medicine, Hohhot, China.
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89
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Wein T, Johnson AG, Millman A, Lange K, Yirmiya E, Hadary R, Garb J, Steinruecke F, Hill AB, Kranzusch PJ, Sorek R. CARD-like domains mediate anti-phage defense in bacterial gasdermin systems. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.28.542683. [PMID: 37398489 PMCID: PMC10312443 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.28.542683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Caspase recruitment domains (CARDs) and pyrin domains are important facilitators of inflammasome activity and pyroptosis. Upon pathogen recognition by NLR proteins, CARDs recruit and activate caspases, which, in turn, activate gasdermin pore forming proteins to and induce pyroptotic cell death. Here we show that CARD-like domains are present in defense systems that protect bacteria against phage. The bacterial CARD is essential for protease-mediated activation of certain bacterial gasdermins, which promote cell death once phage infection is recognized. We further show that multiple anti-phage defense systems utilize CARD-like domains to activate a variety of cell death effectors. We find that these systems are triggered by a conserved immune evasion protein that phages use to overcome the bacterial defense system RexAB, demonstrating that phage proteins inhibiting one defense system can activate another. We also detect a phage protein with a predicted CARD-like structure that can inhibit the CARD-containing bacterial gasdermin system. Our results suggest that CARD domains represent an ancient component of innate immune systems conserved from bacteria to humans, and that CARD-dependent activation of gasdermins is conserved in organisms across the tree of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanita Wein
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Alex G. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Ma, USA
- Deparment of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adi Millman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Katharina Lange
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Erez Yirmiya
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Romi Hadary
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Jeremy Garb
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Felix Steinruecke
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aidan B. Hill
- Deparment of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philip J. Kranzusch
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Ma, USA
- Deparment of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rotem Sorek
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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90
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Sun Y, Ma S, Liu X, Wang GF. The maize ZmVPS23-like protein relocates the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat protein Rp1-D21 to endosomes and suppresses the defense response. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:2369-2390. [PMID: 36869653 PMCID: PMC10226561 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Plants often utilize nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins to perceive pathogen infections and trigger a hypersensitive response (HR). The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery is a conserved multisubunit complex that is essential for the biogenesis of multivesicular bodies and cargo protein sorting. VPS23 is a key component of ESCRT-I and plays important roles in plant development and abiotic stresses. ZmVPS23L, a homolog of VPS23-like in maize (Zea mays), was previously identified as a candidate gene in modulating HR mediated by the autoactive NLR protein Rp1-D21 in different maize populations. Here, we demonstrate that ZmVPS23L suppresses Rp1-D21-mediated HR in maize and Nicotiana benthamiana. Variation in the suppressive effect of HR by different ZmVPS23L alleles was correlated with variation in their expression levels. ZmVPS23 also suppressed Rp1-D21-mediated HR. ZmVPS23L and ZmVPS23 predominantly localized to endosomes, and they physically interacted with the coiled-coil domain of Rp1-D21 and mediated the relocation of Rp1-D21 from the nucleo-cytoplasm to endosomes. In summary, we demonstrate that ZmVPS23L and ZmVPS23 are negative regulators of Rp1-D21-mediated HR, likely by sequestrating Rp1-D21 in endosomes via physical interaction. Our findings reveal the role of ESCRT components in controlling plant NLR-mediated defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Shijun Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Xiangguo Liu
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Guan-Feng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
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91
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Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Ge X, Yuan Y, Jin Y, Wang Y, Zhao L, Han X, Hu W, Yang L, Gao C, Wei X, Li F, Yang Z. Genome-wide association analysis reveals a novel pathway mediated by a dual-TIR domain protein for pathogen resistance in cotton. Genome Biol 2023; 24:111. [PMID: 37165460 PMCID: PMC10170703 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-023-02950-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Verticillium wilt is one of the most devasting diseases for many plants, leading to global economic loss. Cotton is known to be vulnerable to its fungal pathogen, Verticillium dahliae, yet the related genetic mechanism remains unknown. RESULTS By genome-wide association studies of 419 accessions of the upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, we identify ten loci that are associated with resistance against Verticillium wilt. Among these loci, SHZDI1/SHZDP2/AYDP1 from chromosome A10 is located on a fragment introgressed from Gossypium arboreum. We characterize a large cluster of Toll/interleukin 1 (TIR) nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors in this fragment. We then identify a dual-TIR domain gene from this cluster, GhRVD1, which triggers an effector-independent cell death and is induced by Verticillium dahliae. We confirm that GhRVD1 is one of the causal gene for SHZDI1. Allelic variation in the TIR domain attenuates GhRVD1-mediated resistance against Verticillium dahliae. Homodimerization between TIR1-TIR2 mediates rapid immune response, while disruption of its αD- and αE-helices interface eliminates the autoactivity and self-association of TIR1-TIR2. We further demonstrate that GhTIRP1 inhibits the autoactivity and self-association of TIR1-TIR2 by competing for binding to them, thereby preventing the resistance to Verticillium dahliae. CONCLUSIONS We propose the first working model for TIRP1 involved self-association and autoactivity of dual-TIR domain proteins that confer compromised pathogen resistance of dual-TIR domain proteins in plants. The findings reveal a novel mechanism on Verticillium dahliae resistance and provide genetic basis for breeding in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Zhang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Yaning Zhang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Xiaoyang Ge
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Yuying Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Ye Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Lihong Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Xiao Han
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Lan Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Chenxu Gao
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Xi Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Fuguang Li
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China.
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, 831100, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Zhaoen Yang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China.
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92
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Ao K, Rohmann PFW, Huang S, Li L, Lipka V, Chen S, Wiermer M, Li X. Puncta-localized TRAF domain protein TC1b contributes to the autoimmunity of snc1. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:591-612. [PMID: 36799433 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Immune receptors play important roles in the perception of pathogens and initiation of immune responses in both plants and animals. Intracellular nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR)-type receptors constitute a major class of receptors in vascular plants. In the Arabidopsis thaliana mutant suppressor of npr1-1, constitutive 1 (snc1), a gain-of-function mutation in the NLR gene SNC1 leads to SNC1 overaccumulation and constitutive activation of defense responses. From a CRISPR/Cas9-based reverse genetics screen in the snc1 autoimmune background, we identified that mutations in TRAF CANDIDATE 1b (TC1b), a gene encoding a protein with four tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) domains, can suppress snc1 phenotypes. TC1b does not appear to be a general immune regulator as it is not required for defense mediated by other tested immune receptors. TC1b also does not physically associate with SNC1, affect SNC1 accumulation, or affect signaling of the downstream helper NLRs represented by ACTIVATED DISEASE RESISTANCE PROTEIN 1-L2 (ADR1-L2), suggesting that TC1b impacts snc1 autoimmunity in a unique way. TC1b can form oligomers and localizes to punctate structures of unknown function. The puncta localization of TC1b strictly requires its coiled-coil (CC) domain, whereas the functionality of TC1b requires the four TRAF domains in addition to the CC. Overall, we uncovered the TRAF domain protein TC1b as a novel positive contributor to plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Ao
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Philipp F W Rohmann
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Group, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Biochemistry of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shuai Huang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Lin Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Volker Lipka
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Central Microscopy Facility of the Faculty of Biology and Psychology, University of Goettingen, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - She Chen
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Marcel Wiermer
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Group, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Biochemistry of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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93
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Li S, Manik MK, Shi Y, Kobe B, Ve T. Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domains in bacterial and plant immunity. Curr Opin Microbiol 2023; 74:102316. [PMID: 37084552 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2023.102316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
The Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain is found in animal, plant, and bacterial immune systems. It was first described as a protein-protein interaction module mediating signalling downstream of the Toll-like receptor and interleukin-1 receptor families in animals. However, studies of the pro-neurodegenerative protein sterile alpha and TIR motif containing 1, plant immune receptors, and many bacterial TIR domain-containing proteins revealed that TIR domains have enzymatic activities and can produce diverse nucleotide products using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) or nucleic acids as substrates. Recent work has led to key advances in understanding how TIR domain enzymes work in bacterial and plant immune systems as well as the function of their signalling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulin Li
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mohammad K Manik
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Yun Shi
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas Ve
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia.
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94
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Vo KTX, Yi Q, Jeon JS. Engineering effector-triggered immunity in rice: Obstacles and perspectives. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:1143-1156. [PMID: 36305486 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Improving rice immunity is one of the most effective approaches to reduce yield loss by biotic factors, with the aim of increasing rice production by 2050 amidst limited natural resources. Triggering a fast and strong immune response to pathogens, effector-triggered immunity (ETI) has intrigued scientists to intensively study and utilize the mechanisms for engineering highly resistant plants. The conservation of ETI components and mechanisms across species enables the use of ETI components to generate broad-spectrum resistance in plants. Numerous efforts have been made to introduce new resistance (R) genes, widen the effector recognition spectrum and generate on-demand R genes. Although engineering ETI across plant species is still associated with multiple challenges, previous attempts have provided an enhanced understanding of ETI mechanisms. Here, we provide a survey of recent reports in the engineering of rice R genes. In addition, we suggest a framework for future studies of R gene-effector interactions, including genome-scale investigations in both rice and pathogens, followed by structural studies of R proteins and effectors, and potential strategies to use important ETI components to improve rice immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieu Thi Xuan Vo
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Qi Yi
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
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95
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Larson ER, Armstrong EM, Harper H, Knapp S, Edwards KJ, Grierson D, Poppy G, Chase MW, Jones JDG, Bastow R, Jellis G, Barnes S, Temple P, Clarke M, Oldroyd G, Grierson CS. One hundred important questions for plant science - reflecting on a decade of plant research. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:464-469. [PMID: 36924326 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Larson
- School of Biological Sciences, Bristol University, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Emily May Armstrong
- School of Biological Sciences, Bristol University, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Helen Harper
- School of Biological Sciences, Bristol University, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Sandra Knapp
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Keith J Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences, Bristol University, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Don Grierson
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, nr Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Guy Poppy
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Mark W Chase
- Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, London, TW9 3AE, UK
| | | | - Ruth Bastow
- Crop Health and Protection Ltd, York Biotech Campus, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Graham Jellis
- Agrifood Charities Partnership, The Bullock Building, University Way, Cranfield, Bedford, MK43 OGH, UK
| | | | - Paul Temple
- Wold Farm, Driffield, East Yorkshire, YO25 3BB, UK
| | - Matthew Clarke
- Bayer - Crop Science, Monsanto UK Ltd, 230 Science Park, Cambridge, CB4 0WB, UK
| | - Giles Oldroyd
- Crop Science Centre, Lawrence Weaver Road, Cambridge, CB3 0LE, UK
| | - Claire S Grierson
- School of Biological Sciences, Bristol University, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
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96
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Bernoux M, Chen J, Zhang X, Newell K, Hu J, Deslandes L, Dodds P. Subcellular localization requirements and specificities for plant immune receptor Toll-interleukin-1 receptor signaling. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 36932864 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent work shed light on how plant intracellular immune receptors of the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) family are activated upon pathogen effector recognition to trigger immune responses. Activation of Toll-interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing NLRs (TNLs) induces receptor oligomerization and close proximity of the TIR domain, which is required for TIR enzymatic activity. TIR-catalyzed small signaling molecules bind to EDS1 family heterodimers and subsequently activate downstream helper NLRs, which function as Ca2+ permeable channel to activate immune responses eventually leading to cell death. Subcellular localization requirements of TNLs and signaling partners are not well understood, although they are required to understand fully the mechanisms underlying NLR early signaling. TNLs show diverse subcellular localization while EDS1 shows nucleocytosolic localization. Here, we studied the impact of TIR and EDS1 mislocalization on the signaling activation of different TNLs. In Nicotiana benthamiana, our results suggest that close proximity of TIR domains isolated from flax L6 and Arabidopsis RPS4 and SNC1 TNLs drives signaling activation from different cell compartments. Nevertheless, both Golgi-membrane anchored L6 and nucleocytosolic RPS4 have the same requirements for EDS1 subcellular localization in Arabidopsis thaliana. By using mislocalized variants of EDS1, we found that autoimmune L6 and RPS4 TIR domain can induce seedling cell death when EDS1 is present in the cytosol. However, when EDS1 is restricted to the nucleus, both induce a stunting phenotype but no cell death. Our data point out the importance of thoroughly investigating the dynamics of TNLs and signaling partners subcellular localization to understand TNL signaling fully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Bernoux
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), UMR 2594/441 CNRS, INRAE, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Jian Chen
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Kim Newell
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Jian Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, People's Republic of China
| | - Laurent Deslandes
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), UMR 2594/441 CNRS, INRAE, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Peter Dodds
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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97
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Bayless AM, Chen S, Ogden SC, Xu X, Sidda JD, Manik MK, Li S, Kobe B, Ve T, Song L, Grant M, Wan L, Nishimura MT. Plant and prokaryotic TIR domains generate distinct cyclic ADPR NADase products. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade8487. [PMID: 36930706 PMCID: PMC10022894 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade8487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain proteins function in cell death and immunity. In plants and bacteria, TIR domains are often enzymes that produce isomers of cyclic adenosine 5'-diphosphate-ribose (cADPR) as putative immune signaling molecules. The identity and functional conservation of cADPR isomer signals is unclear. A previous report found that a plant TIR could cross-activate the prokaryotic Thoeris TIR-immune system, suggesting the conservation of plant and prokaryotic TIR-immune signals. Here, we generate autoactive Thoeris TIRs and test the converse hypothesis: Do prokaryotic Thoeris TIRs also cross-activate plant TIR immunity? Using in planta and in vitro assays, we find that Thoeris and plant TIRs generate overlapping sets of cADPR isomers and further clarify how plant and Thoeris TIRs activate the Thoeris system via producing 3'cADPR. This study demonstrates that the TIR signaling requirements for plant and prokaryotic immune systems are distinct and that TIRs across kingdoms generate a diversity of small-molecule products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Bayless
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Sisi Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Sam C. Ogden
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - John D. Sidda
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV47AL, UK
| | - Mohammad K. Manik
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Sulin Li
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas Ve
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Lijiang Song
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV47AL, UK
| | - Murray Grant
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV47AL, UK
| | - Li Wan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Marc T. Nishimura
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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98
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Contreras MP, Pai H, Tumtas Y, Duggan C, Yuen ELH, Cruces AV, Kourelis J, Ahn H, Lee K, Wu C, Bozkurt TO, Derevnina L, Kamoun S. Sensor NLR immune proteins activate oligomerization of their NRC helpers in response to plant pathogens. EMBO J 2023; 42:e111519. [PMID: 36579501 PMCID: PMC9975940 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors are important components of plant and metazoan innate immunity that can function as individual units or as pairs or networks. Upon activation, NLRs form multiprotein complexes termed resistosomes or inflammasomes. Although metazoan paired NLRs, such as NAIP/NLRC4, form hetero-complexes upon activation, the molecular mechanisms underpinning activation of plant paired NLRs, especially whether they associate in resistosome hetero-complexes, is unknown. In asterid plant species, the NLR required for cell death (NRC) immune receptor network is composed of multiple resistance protein sensors and downstream helpers that confer immunity against diverse plant pathogens. Here, we show that pathogen effector-activation of the NLR proteins Rx (confers virus resistance), and Bs2 (confers bacterial resistance) leads to oligomerization of their helper NLR, NRC2. Activated Rx does not oligomerize or enter into a stable complex with the NRC2 oligomer and remains cytoplasmic. In contrast, activated NRC2 oligomers accumulate in membrane-associated puncta. We propose an activation-and-release model for NLRs in the NRC immune receptor network. This points to a distinct activation model compared with mammalian paired NLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hsuan Pai
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Yasin Tumtas
- Department of Life SciencesImperial CollegeLondonUK
| | - Cian Duggan
- Department of Life SciencesImperial CollegeLondonUK
| | | | - Angel Vergara Cruces
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
- Present address:
John Innes CentreUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | | | - Hee‐Kyung Ahn
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Kim‐Teng Lee
- Institute of Plant and Microbial BiologyAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chih‐Hang Wu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial BiologyAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | | | - Lida Derevnina
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
- Present address:
Department of Plant Sciences, Crop Science CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
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99
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Ahn H, Lin X, Olave‐Achury AC, Derevnina L, Contreras MP, Kourelis J, Wu C, Kamoun S, Jones JDG. Effector-dependent activation and oligomerization of plant NRC class helper NLRs by sensor NLR immune receptors Rpi-amr3 and Rpi-amr1. EMBO J 2023; 42:e111484. [PMID: 36592032 PMCID: PMC9975942 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogens compromise crop yields. Plants have evolved robust innate immunity that depends in part on intracellular Nucleotide-binding, Leucine rich-Repeat (NLR) immune receptors that activate defense responses upon detection of pathogen-derived effectors. Most "sensor" NLRs that detect effectors require the activity of "helper" NLRs, but how helper NLRs support sensor NLR function is poorly understood. Many Solanaceae NLRs require NRC (NLR-Required for Cell death) class of helper NLRs. We show here that Rpi-amr3, a sensor NLR from Solanum americanum, detects AVRamr3 from the potato late blight pathogen, Phytophthora infestans, and activates oligomerization of helper NLRs NRC2 and NRC4 into high-molecular-weight resistosomes. In contrast, recognition of P. infestans effector AVRamr1 by another sensor NLR Rpi-amr1 induces formation of only the NRC2 resistosome. The activated NRC2 oligomer becomes enriched in membrane fractions. ATP-binding motifs of both Rpi-amr3 and NRC2 are required for NRC2 resistosome formation, but not for the interaction of Rpi-amr3 with its cognate effector. NRC2 resistosome can be activated by Rpi-amr3 upon detection of AVRamr3 homologs from other Phytophthora species. Mechanistic understanding of NRC resistosome formation will underpin engineering crops with durable disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee‐Kyung Ahn
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Xiao Lin
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | | | - Lida Derevnina
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
- Present address:
Department of Plant Sciences, Crop Science CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | | | - Chih‐Hang Wu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial BiologyAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
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100
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Wang Z, Yang L, Hua J. The intracellular immune receptor like gene SNC1 is an enhancer of effector-triggered immunity in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:874-884. [PMID: 36449532 PMCID: PMC9922396 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants contain many nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins that are postulated to function as intracellular immune receptors but do not yet have an identified function during plant-pathogen interactions. SUPPRESSOR OF NPR1-1, CONSTITUTIVE 1 (SNC1) is one such NLR protein of the Toll-interleukin 1 receptor (TIR) type, despite its well-characterized gain-of-function activity and its involvement in autoimmunity in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Here, we investigated the role of SNC1 in natural plant-pathogen interactions and genetically tested the importance of the enzymatic activities of its TIR domain for its function. The SNC1 loss-of-function mutants were more susceptible to avirulent bacterial pathogen strains of Pseudomonas syringae containing specific effectors, especially under constant light growth condition. The mutants also had reduced defense gene expression induction and hypersensitive responses upon infection by avirulent pathogens under constant light growth condition. In addition, genetic and biochemical studies supported that the TIR enzymatic activity of SNC1 is required for its gain-of-function activity. In sum, our study uncovers the role of SNC1 as an amplifier of plant defense responses during natural plant-pathogen interactions and indicates its use of enzymatic activity and intermolecular interactions for triggering autoimmune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixue Wang
- Plant Biology section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Leiyun Yang
- Plant Biology section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jian Hua
- Plant Biology section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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