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Type I interferon signaling, regulation and gene stimulation in chronic virus infection. Semin Immunol 2019; 43:101277. [PMID: 31155227 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type I Interferons (IFN-I) mediate numerous immune interactions during viral infections, from the establishment of an antiviral state to invoking and regulating innate and adaptive immune cells that eliminate infection. While continuous IFN-I signaling plays critical roles in limiting virus replication during both acute and chronic infections, sustained IFN-I signaling also leads to chronic immune activation, inflammation and, consequently, immune exhaustion and dysfunction. Thus, an understanding of the balance between the desirable and deleterious effects of chronic IFN-I signaling will inform our quest for IFN-based therapies for chronic viral infections as well as other chronic diseases, including cancer. As such the factors involved in induction, propagation and regulation of IFN-I signaling, from the initial sensing of viral nucleotides within the cell to regulatory downstream signaling factors and resulting IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) have received significant research attention. This review summarizes recent work on IFN-I signaling in chronic infections, and provides an update on therapeutic approaches being considered to counter such infections.
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Cao S, Woodrow KA. Nanotechnology approaches to eradicating HIV reservoirs. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 138:48-63. [PMID: 29879528 PMCID: PMC6279622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The advent of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has transformed HIV-1 infection into a controllable chronic disease, but these therapies are incapable of eradicating the virus to bring about an HIV cure. Multiple strategies have been proposed and investigated to eradicate latent viral reservoirs from various biological sanctuaries. However, due to the complexity of HIV infection and latency maintenance, a single drug is unlikely to eliminate all HIV reservoirs and novel strategies may be needed to achieve better efficacy while limiting systemic toxicity. In this review, we describe HIV latency in cellular and anatomical reservoirs, and present an overview of current strategies for HIV cure with a focus on their challenges for clinical translation. Then we provide a summary of nanotechnology solutions that have been used to address challenges in HIV cure by delivering physicochemically diverse agents for combination therapy or targeting HIV reservoir sites. We also review nanocarrier-based gene delivery and immunotherapy used in cancer treatment but may have potential applications in HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Cao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Kim A Woodrow
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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Gomez-Arteaga A, Margolskee E, Wei MT, van Besien K, Inghirami G, Horwitz S. Combined use of tofacitinib (pan-JAK inhibitor) and ruxolitinib (a JAK1/2 inhibitor) for refractory T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL) with a JAK3 mutation. Leuk Lymphoma 2019; 60:1626-1631. [PMID: 30997845 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2019.1594220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Gomez-Arteaga
- a Department of Medicine , Weill Cornell Medicine/New York Presbyterian Hospital , New York , NY , USA
| | - Elizabeth Margolskee
- b Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Weill Cornell Medicine/New York Presbyterian Hospital , New York , NY , USA
| | - Mike T Wei
- a Department of Medicine , Weill Cornell Medicine/New York Presbyterian Hospital , New York , NY , USA
| | - Koen van Besien
- a Department of Medicine , Weill Cornell Medicine/New York Presbyterian Hospital , New York , NY , USA
| | - Giorgio Inghirami
- b Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Weill Cornell Medicine/New York Presbyterian Hospital , New York , NY , USA
| | - Steven Horwitz
- c Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York , NY , USA
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New targets for HIV drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1139-1147. [PMID: 30885676 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent estimates suggest close to one million people per year die globally owing to HIV-related illnesses. Therefore, there is still a need to identify new targets to develop future treatments. Many of the more recently identified targets are host-related and these might be more difficult for the virus to develop drug resistance to. In addition, there are virus-related targets (capsid and RNAse H) that have yet to be exploited clinically. Several of the newer targets also address virulence factors, virus latency or target persistence. The targets highlighted in this review could represent the next generation of viable candidates for drug discovery projects as well as continue the search for a cure for this disease.
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Inhibitors of Signaling Pathways That Block Reversal of HIV-1 Latency. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.01744-18. [PMID: 30455231 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01744-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling pathways play a key role in HIV-1 latency. In this study, we used the 24ST1NLESG cell line of HIV-1 latency to screen a library of structurally diverse, medicinally active, cell permeable kinase inhibitors, which target a wide range of signaling pathways, to identify inhibitors of HIV-1 latency reversal. The screen was carried out in the absence or presence of three mechanistically distinct latency-reversing agents (LRAs), namely, prostratin, panobinostat, and JQ-1. We identified inhibitors that only blocked the activity of a specific LRA, as well as inhibitors that blocked the activity of all LRAs. For example, we identified 12 inhibitors targeted toward protein kinase C or downstream kinases that blocked the activity of prostratin. We also identified 12 kinase inhibitors that blocked the reversal of HIV-1 latency irrespective of the LRA used in the screen. Of these, danusertib, an Aurora kinase inhibitor, and PF-3758309, a PAK4 inhibitor, were the most potent. The 50% inhibitory concentrations in the 24ST1NLESG cells ranged from 40 to 147 nM for danusertib (selectivity indices, >150) and from 0.1 to 1 nM for PF-3758309 (selectivity indices, >3,300). Both danusertib and PF-3758309 inhibited latency reversal in CD4+ T cells isolated from HIV-1-infected donors. Collectively, our study describes a chemical approach that can be applied to elucidate the role of signaling pathways involved in LRA activity or the maintenance of HIV-1 latency and also identifies inhibitors of latent HIV-1 reactivation that could be used with antiretroviral therapy to reduce residual viremia.
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Leoz M, Kukanja P, Luo Z, Huang F, Cary DC, Peterlin BM, Fujinaga K. HEXIM1-Tat chimera inhibits HIV-1 replication. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007402. [PMID: 30395647 PMCID: PMC6245832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription of HIV provirus is a key step of the viral cycle, and depends on the recruitment of the cellular positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) to the HIV promoter. The viral transactivator Tat can displace P-TEFb from the 7SK small nuclear ribonucleoprotein, where it is bound and inactivated by HEXIM1, and bring it to TAR, which allows the stalled RNA polymerase II to transition to successful transcription elongation. In this study, we designed a chimeric inhibitor of HIV transcription by combining functional domains from HEXIM1 and Tat. The chimera (HT1) potently inhibited gene expression from the HIV promoter, by competing with Tat for TAR and P-TEFb binding, while keeping the latter inactive. HT1 inhibited spreading infection as well as viral reactivation in lymphocyte T cell line models of HIV latency, with little effect on cellular transcription and metabolism. This proof-of-concept study validates an innovative approach to interfering with HIV transcription via peptide mimicry and competition for RNA-protein interactions. HT1 represents a new candidate for HIV therapy, or HIV cure via the proposed block and lock strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Leoz
- Department of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Petra Kukanja
- Department of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Zeping Luo
- Department of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Daniele C. Cary
- Department of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - B. Matija Peterlin
- Department of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Koh Fujinaga
- Department of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Abstract
HIV integrates into the host genome to create a persistent viral reservoir. Stimulation of CD4+ memory T lymphocytes with common γc-chain cytokines renders these cells more susceptible to HIV infection, making them a key component of the reservoir itself. IL-15 is up-regulated during primary HIV infection, a time when the HIV reservoir established. Therefore, we investigated the molecular and cellular impact of IL-15 on CD4+ T-cell infection. We found that IL-15 stimulation induces SAM domain and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) phosphorylation due to cell cycle entry, relieving an early block to infection. Perturbation of the pathways downstream of IL-15 receptor (IL-15R) indicated that SAMHD1 phosphorylation after IL-15 stimulation is JAK dependent. Treating CD4+ T cells with Ruxolitinib, an inhibitor of JAK1 and JAK2, effectively blocked IL-15-induced SAMHD1 phosphorylation and protected CD4+ T cells from HIV infection. Using high-resolution single-cell immune profiling using mass cytometry by TOF (CyTOF), we found that IL-15 stimulation altered the composition of CD4+ T-cell memory populations by increasing proliferation of memory CD4+ T cells, including CD4+ T memory stem cells (TSCM). IL-15-stimulated CD4+ TSCM, harboring phosphorylated SAMHD1, were preferentially infected. We propose that IL-15 plays a pivotal role in creating a self-renewing, persistent HIV reservoir by facilitating infection of CD4+ T cells with stem cell-like properties. Time-limited interventions with JAK1 inhibitors, such as Ruxolitinib, should prevent the inactivation of the endogenous restriction factor SAMHD1 and protect this long-lived CD4+ T-memory cell population from HIV infection.
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Noël N, Jacquelin B, Huot N, Goujard C, Lambotte O, Müller-Trutwin M. Interferon-associated therapies toward HIV control: The back and forth. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 40:99-112. [PMID: 29555233 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) induces a persistent and incurable infection. However, the combined antiretroviral treatment (cART) has markedly changed the evolution of the infection and transformed a deadly disease into a manageable chronic infection. Withdrawal of cART generally leads though to resumption of the viral replication. The eradication of the virus from its cellular and anatomical reservoirs remains a goal-to-achieve for a cure. In this context, developing novel therapies contributing to this aim are an important field of research. Type I IFN has antiviral activity, which, before the presence of efficient anti-HIV drugs, has led to the testing of IFN-based therapeutic strategies during the early years of the pandemic. A historical overview of the results and its limitations that were put into light are reviewed here. In addition, several lessons could be drawn. For instance, the efficacy of the IFN-I depends on the timing of its administration and the context. Thus, the persistence of an endogenous IFN-signature, such as that generally observed in viremic patients, seems to be associated with a lower efficacy of IFN. Based on the lessons from previous trials, and in the context of cART and research for a cure, type I Interferon has regained interest and novel therapeutic approaches are currently tested in combination with cART, some with disappointing, other with encouraging results with regard to a reduction in the size of the HIV reservoir and/or delays in viral rebound after cessation of cART. Additional strategies are currently developed in addition to improve the antiviral function of the IFN-I, by using for instance other IFN subtypes than IFN-Iα2. In parallel, the development of innovative strategies aimed at counteracting the excessive activation of the IFN-pathways have been continued and their results are reviewed here as well. Altogether, the use of IFN-I in anti-HIV therapies has gone through distinct phases and many lessons could be drawn. Novel combinations are currently be tested that might provide interesting results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Noël
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation & Persistence, Paris, France; Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris, Service de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Hopitaux Universitaires Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; INSERM/CEA U1184, Immunologie des Maladies Virales et Autoimmunes, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
| | | | - Nicolas Huot
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation & Persistence, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Goujard
- Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris, Service de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Hopitaux Universitaires Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; CESP, INSERM U1018, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris, Service de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Hopitaux Universitaires Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; INSERM/CEA U1184, Immunologie des Maladies Virales et Autoimmunes, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Gavegnano C, Brehm JH, Dupuy FP, Talla A, Ribeiro SP, Kulpa DA, Cameron C, Santos S, Hurwitz SJ, Marconi VC, Routy JP, Sabbagh L, Schinazi RF, Sékaly RP. Novel mechanisms to inhibit HIV reservoir seeding using Jak inhibitors. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006740. [PMID: 29267399 PMCID: PMC5739511 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in the treatment of HIV infection with ART, elucidating strategies to overcome HIV persistence, including blockade of viral reservoir establishment, maintenance, and expansion, remains a challenge. T cell homeostasis is a major driver of HIV persistence. Cytokines involved in regulating homeostasis of memory T cells, the major hub of the HIV reservoir, trigger the Jak-STAT pathway. We evaluated the ability of tofacitinib and ruxolitinib, two FDA-approved Jak inhibitors, to block seeding and maintenance of the HIV reservoir in vitro. We provide direct demonstration for involvement of the Jak-STAT pathway in HIV persistence in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro; pSTAT5 strongly correlates with increased levels of integrated viral DNA in vivo, and in vitro Jak inhibitors reduce the frequency of CD4+ T cells harboring integrated HIV DNA. We show that Jak inhibitors block viral production from infected cells, inhibit γ-C receptor cytokine (IL-15)-induced viral reactivation from latent stores thereby preventing transmission of infectious particles to bystander activated T cells. These results show that dysregulation of the Jak-STAT pathway is associated with viral persistence in vivo, and that Jak inhibitors target key events downstream of γ-C cytokine (IL-2, IL-7 and IL-15) ligation to their receptors, impacting the magnitude of the HIV reservoir in all memory CD4 T cell subsets in vitro and ex vivo. Jak inhibitors represent a therapeutic modality to prevent key events of T cell activation that regulate HIV persistence and together, specific, potent blockade of these events may be integrated to future curative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Gavegnano
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Jessica H. Brehm
- Case Western Reserve University, Dept. of Pathology, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | | | - Aarthi Talla
- Case Western Reserve University, Dept. of Pathology, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Susan Pereira Ribeiro
- Case Western Reserve University, Dept. of Pathology, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Deanna A. Kulpa
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Cheryl Cameron
- Case Western Reserve University, Dept. of Pathology, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | | | - Selwyn J. Hurwitz
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Vincent C. Marconi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illnesses Service Research Institute, Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Laurent Sabbagh
- Université de Montréal, Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RFS); (RPS)
| | - Rafick Pierre Sékaly
- Case Western Reserve University, Dept. of Pathology, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RFS); (RPS)
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Ruxolitinib sensitizes ovarian cancer to reduced dose Taxol, limits tumor growth and improves survival in immune competent mice. Oncotarget 2017; 8:94040-94053. [PMID: 29212208 PMCID: PMC5706854 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chemotherapy initially reduces the tumor burden in patients with ovarian cancer. However, tumors recur in over 70% of patients, creating the need for novel therapeutic approaches. Methods We evaluated Ruxolitinib, an FDA-approved JAK 1/2 kinase inhibitor, as a potential adjunctive therapy for use with low-dose Taxol (Paclitaxel) by assessing the impact on in vitro proliferation and colony formation of ID8 cells or human TOV-112D ovarian cancer cells, as well as flow cytometric measurement of surface markers associated with cellular stress and stemness by ID8 cells. The syngeneic ID8 murine model of ovarian cancer was used to assess the impact of Ruxolitinib and Taxol, individually and in combination, on tumor initiation and growth, as well as capacity to extend survival. Results Ruxolitinib (≤10 μM) sensitized both ID8 and TOV-112D cells to low concentrations of Taxol (≤5 nM), limiting cell proliferation and colony formation in vitro. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that Taxol induced expression of stress and stemness markers including GRP78 and CD133 was significantly reduced by addition of Ruxolitinib. Finally, we demonstrated that a single administration of a low-dose of Taxol (10 mg/Kg) together with daily Ruxolitinib (30 mg/Kg; which is equivalent to plasma concentrations of ∼ 0.01 μM steady-state) limited ID8 tumor growth in vivo and significantly extended median survival up to 53.5% (median 70 v 107.5 days) as compared to control mice. Conclusion Together, these data support the use of Ruxolitinib in combination with low-dose Taxol as a therapeutic approach with the potential for improved efficacy and reduced side effects for patients with recurrent ovarian cancer.
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61
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Kwarteng A, Ahuno ST, Kwakye-Nuako G. The therapeutic landscape of HIV-1 via genome editing. AIDS Res Ther 2017; 14:32. [PMID: 28705213 PMCID: PMC5513397 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-017-0157-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Current treatment for HIV-1 largely relies on chemotherapy through the administration of antiretroviral drugs. While the search for anti-HIV-1 vaccine remain elusive, the use of highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) have been far-reaching and has changed HIV-1 into a manageable chronic infection. There is compelling evidence, including several side-effects of ARTs, suggesting that eradication of HIV-1 cannot depend solely on antiretrovirals. Gene therapy, an expanding treatment strategy, using RNA interference (RNAi) and programmable nucleases such as meganuclease, zinc finger nuclease (ZFN), transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas9) are transforming the therapeutic landscape of HIV-1. TALENS and ZFNS are structurally similar modular systems, which consist of a FokI endonuclease fused to custom-designed effector proteins but have been largely limited, particularly ZFNs, due to their complexity and cost of protein engineering. However, the newly developed CRISPR-Cas9 system, consists of a single guide RNA (sgRNA), which directs a Cas9 endonuclease to complementary target sites, and serves as a superior alternative to the previous protein-based systems. The techniques have been successfully applied to the development of better HIV-1 models, generation of protective mutations in endogenous/host cells, disruption of HIV-1 genomes and even reactivating latent viruses for better detection and clearance by host immune response. Here, we focus on gene editing-based HIV-1 treatment and research in addition to providing perspectives for refining these techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kwarteng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), PMB, Kumasi, Ghana
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Samuel Terkper Ahuno
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), PMB, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Godwin Kwakye-Nuako
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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JAK-STAT Signaling Pathways and Inhibitors Affect Reversion of Envelope-Mutated HIV-1. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00075-17. [PMID: 28202754 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00075-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV can spread by both cell-free and cell-to-cell transmission. Here, we show that many of the amino acid changes in Env that are close to the CD4 binding pocket can affect HIV replication. We generated a number of mutant viruses that were unable to infect T cells as cell-free viruses but were nevertheless able to infect certain T cell lines as cell-associated viruses, which was followed by reversion to the wild type. However, the activation of JAK-STAT signaling pathways caused the inhibition of such cell-to-cell infection as well as the reversion of multiple HIV Env mutants that displayed differences in their abilities to bind to the CD4 receptor. Specifically, two T cell activators, interleukin-2 (IL-2) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), both capable of activation of JAK-STAT pathways, were able to inhibit cell-to-cell viral transmission. In contrast, but consistent with the above result, a number of JAK-STAT and mTOR inhibitors actually promoted HIV-1 transmission and reversion. Hence, JAK-STAT signaling pathways may differentially affect the replication of a variety of HIV Env mutants in ways that differ from the role that these pathways play in the replication of wild-type viruses.IMPORTANCE Specific alterations in HIV Env close to the CD4 binding site can differentially change the ability of HIV to mediate infection for cell-free and cell-associated viruses. However, such differences are dependent to some extent on the types of target cells used. JAK-STAT signaling pathways are able to play major roles in these processes. This work sheds new light on factors that can govern HIV infection of target cells.
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63
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Spivak AM, Larragoite ET, Coletti ML, Macedo AB, Martins LJ, Bosque A, Planelles V. Janus kinase inhibition suppresses PKC-induced cytokine release without affecting HIV-1 latency reversal ex vivo. Retrovirology 2016; 13:88. [PMID: 27998278 PMCID: PMC5175306 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-016-0319-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the durable viral suppression afforded by antiretroviral therapy, HIV-1 eradication will require strategies to target latently infected cells that persist in infected individuals. Protein kinase C (PKC) activation is a promising strategy to reactivate latent proviruses and allow for subsequent recognition and clearance of infected cells by the immune system. Ingenol derivatives are PKC agonists that induce latency reversal but also lead to T cell activation and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which would be undesirable in vivo. In this work, we sought to identify compounds that would suppress pro-inflammatory cytokine production in the context of PKC activation. Design and methods We performed an in vitro screen to identify compounds that could dampen pro-inflammatory cytokine release associated with T cell activation, using IL-6 as a model cytokine. We then tested the ability of the most promising screening hit, the FDA-approved Janus Kinase (JAK) inhibitor ruxolitinib, to diminish release of multiple cytokines and its effect on latency reversal using cells from HIV-1-positive, aviremic participants. Results We demonstrate that co-administration of ruxolitinib with ingenol-3,20-dibenzoate significantly reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine release without impairing latency reversal ex vivo. Conclusion The combination of ingenol compounds and JAK inhibition represents a novel strategy for HIV-1 eradication. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-016-0319-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Spivak
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Erin T Larragoite
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Emma Eccles Jones Medical Research Building Room 2520, 15 North Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - McKenna L Coletti
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Emma Eccles Jones Medical Research Building Room 2520, 15 North Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Amanda B Macedo
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Emma Eccles Jones Medical Research Building Room 2520, 15 North Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Laura J Martins
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Emma Eccles Jones Medical Research Building Room 2520, 15 North Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Emma Eccles Jones Medical Research Building Room 2520, 15 North Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Vicente Planelles
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Emma Eccles Jones Medical Research Building Room 2520, 15 North Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
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Abstract
While highly active anti-retroviral therapy has greatly improved the lives of HIV-infected individuals, current treatments are unable to completely eradicate the virus. This is due to the presence of HIV latently infected cells which harbor transcriptionally silent HIV. Latent HIV does not replicate or produce viral proteins, thereby preventing efficient targeting by anti-retroviral drugs. Strategies to target the HIV latent reservoir include viral reactivation, enhancing host defense mechanisms, keeping latent HIV silent, and using gene therapy techniques to knock out or reactivate latent HIV. While research into each of these areas has yielded promising results, currently no one mechanism eradicates latent HIV. Instead, combinations of these approaches should be considered for a potential HIV functional cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele C Cary
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - B Matija Peterlin
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Carroll MB, Fields JH, Clerc PG. Rheumatoid arthritis in patients with HIV: management challenges. Open Access Rheumatol 2016; 8:51-59. [PMID: 27843370 PMCID: PMC5098761 DOI: 10.2147/oarrr.s87312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, HIV has been transformed from a once-uniformly fatal disease to now a manageable but complex multisystem illness. Before highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), reports suggested that HIV-infected patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) would experience remission of their disease. It has now become clear that RA can develop in HIV-infected patients at any time, independent of HAART. Choosing the right medication to treat symptoms related to RA while avoiding excess weakening of the immune system remains a clinical challenge. Agents such as hydroxychloroquine and sulfasalazine might best balance safety with efficacy, making them reasonable first choices for therapy in HIV-infected patients with RA. More immune suppressing agents such as methotrexate may balance safety with efficacy, but data are limited. Corticosteroids such as prednisone may also be reasonable but could increase the risk of osteonecrosis. Among biologic response modifiers, tumor necrosis factor α inhibitors may balance safety with efficacy, but perhaps when HIV replication is controlled with HAART. Monitoring RA disease activity remains challenging as only one retrospective study has been published in this area. Those with HIV infection and RA can experience comorbidities such as accelerated heart disease and osteoporosis, a consequence of the chronic inflammatory state that each illness generates. Although HIV-infected patients are at risk for developing the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome when starting HAART, it appears that immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome has a minimal effect on triggering the onset or the worsening of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Carroll
- Department of Rheumatology, Keesler Medical Center, Keesler Air Force Base, Biloxi, MS, USA
| | - Joshua H Fields
- Department of Rheumatology, Keesler Medical Center, Keesler Air Force Base, Biloxi, MS, USA
| | - Philip G Clerc
- Department of Rheumatology, Keesler Medical Center, Keesler Air Force Base, Biloxi, MS, USA
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Massanella M, Fromentin R, Chomont N. Residual inflammation and viral reservoirs: alliance against an HIV cure. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2016; 11:234-41. [PMID: 26575148 PMCID: PMC4743501 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW HIV persists in cellular and anatomical reservoirs during antiretroviral therapy (ART). Viral persistence is ensured by a variety of mechanisms including ongoing viral replication and proliferation of latently infected cells. In this review, we summarize recent findings establishing a link between the unresolved levels of inflammation observed in virally suppressed individuals on ART and the mechanisms responsible for HIV persistence. RECENT FINDINGS Residual levels of viral replication during ART are associated with persistent low levels of immune activation, suggesting that unresolved inflammation can promote the replenishment of the HIV reservoir in tissues. In addition, the recent findings that the latent HIV reservoir is maintained by continuous proliferation of latently infected cells provide another mechanism by which residual inflammation could contribute to HIV persistence. SUMMARY Residual inflammation during ART is likely to be a critical parameter contributing to HIV persistence. Therefore, reducing inflammation may be an efficient way to interfere with the maintenance of the HIV reservoir in virally suppressed individuals on ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Massanella
- Université de Montréal, Faculté de Médecine, Department of microbiology, infectiology and immunology, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Rémi Fromentin
- Université de Montréal, Faculté de Médecine, Department of microbiology, infectiology and immunology, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Université de Montréal, Faculté de Médecine, Department of microbiology, infectiology and immunology, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada
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67
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Haile WB, Gavegnano C, Tao S, Jiang Y, Schinazi RF, Tyor WR. The Janus kinase inhibitor ruxolitinib reduces HIV replication in human macrophages and ameliorates HIV encephalitis in a murine model. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 92:137-43. [PMID: 26851503 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of persistent HIV-1 infection in the central nervous system is increased activation of mononuclear phagocytes and surrounding astrogliosis, conferring persistent HIV-induced inflammation. This inflammation is believed to result in neuronal dysfunction and the clinical manifestations of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). The Jak/STAT pathway is activated in macrophages/myeloid cells upon HIV-1 infection, modulating many pro-inflammatory pathways that result in HAND, thereby representing an attractive cellular target. Thus, the impact of ruxolitinib, a Janus Kinase (Jak) 1/2 inhibitor that is FDA approved for myelofibrosis and polycythemia vera, was assessed for its potential to inhibit HIV-1 replication in macrophages and HIV-induced activation in monocytes/macrophages in culture. In addition, a murine model of HIV encephalitis (HIVE) was used to assess the impact of ruxolitinib on histopathological features of HIVE, brain viral load, as well as its ability to penetrate the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). Ruxolitinib was found to inhibit HIV-1 replication in macrophages, HIV-induced activation of monocytes (CD14/CD16) and macrophages (HLA-DR, CCR5, and CD163) without apparent toxicity. In vivo, systemically administered ruxolitinib was detected in the brain during HIVE in SCID mice and markedly inhibited astrogliosis. Together, these data indicate that ruxolitinib reduces HIV-induced activation and infiltration of monocytes/macrophages in vitro, reduces the replication of HIV in vitro, penetrates the BBB when systemically administered in mice and reduces astrogliosis in the brains of mice with HIVE. These data suggest that ruxolitinib will be useful as a novel therapeutic to treat humans with HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina Gavegnano
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Sijia Tao
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Yong Jiang
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA.
| | - William R Tyor
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30209, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA.
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Cleret-Buhot A, Zhang Y, Planas D, Goulet JP, Monteiro P, Gosselin A, Wacleche VS, Tremblay CL, Jenabian MA, Routy JP, El-Far M, Chomont N, Haddad EK, Sekaly RP, Ancuta P. Identification of novel HIV-1 dependency factors in primary CCR4(+)CCR6(+)Th17 cells via a genome-wide transcriptional approach. Retrovirology 2015; 12:102. [PMID: 26654242 PMCID: PMC4676116 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0226-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The HIV-1 infection is characterized by profound CD4(+) T cell destruction and a marked Th17 dysfunction at the mucosal level. Viral suppressive antiretroviral therapy restores Th1 but not Th17 cells. Although several key HIV dependency factors (HDF) were identified in the past years via genome-wide siRNA screens in cell lines, molecular determinants of HIV permissiveness in primary Th17 cells remain to be elucidated. RESULTS In an effort to orient Th17-targeted reconstitution strategies, we investigated molecular mechanisms of HIV permissiveness in Th17 cells. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling in memory CD4(+) T-cell subsets enriched in cells exhibiting Th17 (CCR4(+)CCR6(+)), Th1 (CXCR3(+)CCR6(-)), Th2 (CCR4(+)CCR6(-)), and Th1Th17 (CXCR3(+)CCR6(+)) features revealed remarkable transcriptional differences between Th17 and Th1 subsets. The HIV-DNA integration was superior in Th17 versus Th1 upon exposure to both wild-type and VSV-G-pseudotyped HIV; this indicates that post-entry mechanisms contribute to viral replication in Th17. Transcripts significantly enriched in Th17 versus Th1 were previously associated with the regulation of TCR signaling (ZAP-70, Lck, and CD96) and Th17 polarization (RORγt, ARNTL, PTPN13, and RUNX1). A meta-analysis using the NCBI HIV Interaction Database revealed a set of Th17-specific HIV dependency factors (HDFs): PARG, PAK2, KLF2, ITGB7, PTEN, ATG16L1, Alix/AIP1/PDCD6IP, LGALS3, JAK1, TRIM8, MALT1, FOXO3, ARNTL/BMAL1, ABCB1/MDR1, TNFSF13B/BAFF, and CDKN1B. Functional studies demonstrated an increased ability of Th17 versus Th1 cells to respond to TCR triggering in terms of NF-κB nuclear translocation/DNA-binding activity and proliferation. Finally, RNA interference studies identified MAP3K4 and PTPN13 as two novel Th17-specific HDFs. CONCLUSIONS The transcriptional program of Th17 cells includes molecules regulating HIV replication at multiple post-entry steps that may represent potential targets for novel therapies aimed at protecting Th17 cells from infection and subsequent depletion in HIV-infected subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Cleret-Buhot
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, R09.416, Montreal, QUÉBEC, H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, R09.416, Montreal, QUÉBEC, H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - Delphine Planas
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, R09.416, Montreal, QUÉBEC, H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | | | - Patricia Monteiro
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, R09.416, Montreal, QUÉBEC, H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - Annie Gosselin
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, R09.416, Montreal, QUÉBEC, H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - Vanessa Sue Wacleche
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, R09.416, Montreal, QUÉBEC, H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - Cécile L Tremblay
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, R09.416, Montreal, QUÉBEC, H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - Mohammad-Ali Jenabian
- Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Mohamed El-Far
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, R09.416, Montreal, QUÉBEC, H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, R09.416, Montreal, QUÉBEC, H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - Elias K Haddad
- Division of infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | | | - Petronela Ancuta
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, R09.416, Montreal, QUÉBEC, H2X 0A9, Canada.
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Venkatachari NJ, Zerbato JM, Jain S, Mancini AE, Chattopadhyay A, Sluis-Cremer N, Bar-Joseph Z, Ayyavoo V. Temporal transcriptional response to latency reversing agents identifies specific factors regulating HIV-1 viral transcriptional switch. Retrovirology 2015; 12:85. [PMID: 26438393 PMCID: PMC4594640 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0211-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Latent HIV-1 reservoirs are identified as one of the major challenges to achieve HIV-1 cure. Currently available strategies are associated with wide variability in outcomes both in patients and CD4+ T cell models. This underlines the critical need to develop innovative strategies to predict and recognize ways that could result in better reactivation and eventual elimination of latent HIV-1 reservoirs. Results and discussion In this study, we combined genome wide transcriptome datasets post activation with Systems Biology approach (Signaling and Dynamic Regulatory Events Miner, SDREM analyses) to reconstruct a dynamic signaling and regulatory network involved in reactivation mediated by specific activators using a latent cell line. This approach identified several critical regulators for each treatment, which were confirmed in follow-up validation studies using small molecule inhibitors. Results indicate that signaling pathways involving JNK and related factors as predicted by SDREM are essential for virus reactivation by suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid. ERK1/2 and NF-κB pathways have the foremost role in reactivation with prostratin and TNF-α, respectively. JAK-STAT pathway has a central role in HIV-1 transcription. Additional evaluation, using other latent J-Lat cell clones and primary T cell model, also confirmed that many of the cellular factors associated with latency reversing agents are similar, though minor differences are identified. JAK-STAT and NF-κB related pathways are critical for reversal of HIV-1 latency in primary resting T cells. Conclusion These results validate our combinatorial approach to predict the regulatory cellular factors and pathways responsible for HIV-1 reactivation in latent HIV-1 harboring cell line models. JAK-STAT have a role in reversal of latency in all the HIV-1 latency models tested, including primary CD4+ T cells, with additional cellular pathways such as NF-κB, JNK and ERK 1/2 that may have complementary role in reversal of HIV-1 latency. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-015-0211-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narasimhan J Venkatachari
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh/GSPH, Room A435, Crabtree Hall, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Jennifer M Zerbato
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Siddhartha Jain
- Lane Center for Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15217, USA.
| | - Allison E Mancini
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh/GSPH, Room A435, Crabtree Hall, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Ansuman Chattopadhyay
- Molecular Biology Information Service, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Nicolas Sluis-Cremer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Ziv Bar-Joseph
- Computer Science Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15217, USA.
| | - Velpandi Ayyavoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh/GSPH, Room A435, Crabtree Hall, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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Savarino A, Shytaj IL. Chloroquine and beyond: exploring anti-rheumatic drugs to reduce immune hyperactivation in HIV/AIDS. Retrovirology 2015; 12:51. [PMID: 26084487 PMCID: PMC4472405 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0178-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The restoration of the immune system prompted by antiretroviral therapy (ART) has allowed drastically reducing the mortality and morbidity of HIV infection. However, one main source of clinical concern is the persistence of immune hyperactivation in individuals under ART. Chronically enhanced levels of T-cell activation are associated with several deleterious effects which lead to faster disease progression and slower CD4+ T-cell recovery during ART. In this article, we discuss the rationale, and review the results, of the use of antimalarial quinolines, such as chloroquine and its derivative hydroxychloroquine, to counteract immune activation in HIV infection. Despite the promising results of several pilot trials, the most recent clinical data indicate that antimalarial quinolines are unlikely to exert a marked beneficial effect on immune activation. Alternative approaches will likely be required to reproducibly decrease immune activation in the setting of HIV infection. If the quinoline-based strategies should nevertheless be pursued in future studies, particular care must be devoted to the dosage selection, in order to maximize the chances to obtain effective in vivo drug concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Savarino
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Iart Luca Shytaj
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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71
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Louthrenoo W. Treatment considerations in patients with concomitant viral infection and autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2015; 29:319-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Banks HT, Flores KB, Hu S, Rosenberg E, Buzon M, Yu X, Lichterfeld M. Immuno-modulatory strategies for reduction of HIV reservoir cells. J Theor Biol 2015; 372:146-58. [PMID: 25701451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy is able to suppress the viral load to below the detection limit, but it is not able to eradicate HIV reservoirs. Thus, there is a critical need for a novel treatment to eradicate (or reduce) the reservoir in order to eliminate the need for a lifelong adherence to antiretroviral therapy, which is expensive and potentially toxic. In this paper, we investigate the possible pharmacological strategies or combinations of strategies that may be beneficial to reduce or possibly eradicate the latent reservoir. We do this via studies with a validated mathematical model, where the parameter values are obtained with newly acquired clinical data for HIV patients. Our findings indicate that the strategy of reactivating the reservoir combined with enhancement of the killing rate of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells is able to eradicate the reservoir. In addition, our analysis shows that a targeted suppression of the immune system is also a possible strategy to eradicate the reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Banks
- Center for Research in Scientific Computation, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8212, USA.
| | - Kevin B Flores
- Center for Research in Scientific Computation, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8212, USA
| | - Shuhua Hu
- Center for Research in Scientific Computation, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8212, USA
| | - Eric Rosenberg
- Harvard Medical School and Mass General Hospital, Ragon Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria Buzon
- Harvard Medical School and Mass General Hospital, Ragon Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xu Yu
- Harvard Medical School and Mass General Hospital, Ragon Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthias Lichterfeld
- Harvard Medical School and Mass General Hospital, Ragon Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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Bonczkowski P, De Spiegelaere W, Bosque A, White CH, Van Nuffel A, Malatinkova E, Kiselinova M, Trypsteen W, Witkowski W, Vermeire J, Verhasselt B, Martins L, Woelk CH, Planelles V, Vandekerckhove L. Replication competent virus as an important source of bias in HIV latency models utilizing single round viral constructs. Retrovirology 2014; 11:70. [PMID: 25142072 PMCID: PMC4156640 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-014-0070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The central memory T cell (TCM) model forms a unique HIV-1 latency model based on primary cells that closely resemble in vivo TCM. The virus employed in this model is based on an engineered vector incapable of replication after initial infection. We show that despite this strategy, replication competent viral particles are released into the culture medium due to recombination between overlapping sequences of the env deleted HIV genome that is co-transfected with intact env. This finding emphasizes the need for careful data analysis and interpretation if similar constructs are employed and urges for additional caution during laboratory work.
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Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is able to suppress HIV-1 replication indefinitely in individuals who have access to these medications, are able to tolerate these drugs, and are motivated to take them daily for life. However, ART is not curative. HIV-1 persists indefinitely during ART as quiescent integrated DNA within memory CD4(+) T cells and perhaps other long-lived cellular reservoirs. In this Review, we discuss the role of the immune system in the establishment and maintenance of the latent HIV-1 reservoir. A detailed understanding of how the host immune system shapes the size and distribution of the viral reservoir should lead to the development of a new generation of immune-based therapeutics, which may eventually contribute to a curative intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
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75
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Bjørn ME, Hasselbalch HC. [Constipation after delivery: double-blind comparative study of 2 laxative preparations]. Clin Case Rep 1975; 3:499-503. [PMID: 26185657 PMCID: PMC4498871 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammation-mediated comorbidities in myelofibrosis (MF) and related neoplasms (MPNs) likely reflect the concurrent immune deregulation and systemic inflammatory nature of the MPNs, emphasizing the link between chronic systemic inflammation, immune deregulation, and the malignant clone. JAK1-2 inhibitors in MF-patients reduce constitutional symptoms and splenomegaly, but also taget autoimmune and inflammation-mediated comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Emil Bjørn
- Department of Hematology, Roskilde University Hospital, RoskildeDenmark
- Institute for Inflammation Research (IIR), Department of Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Copenhagen University HospitalRigshospitalet, Denmark
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