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Čabarkapa I, Čolović R, Đuragić O, Popović S, Kokić B, Milanov D, Pezo L. Anti-biofilm activities of essential oils rich in carvacrol and thymol against Salmonella Enteritidis. BIOFOULING 2019; 35:361-375. [PMID: 31088182 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2019.1610169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the bioactive compounds in four essential oils (EO's) from Origanum heracleoticum, Origanum vulgare, Thymus vulgaris and Thymus serpyllum and to assess their antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity against Salmonella Enteritidis. Strains were previously characterized depending on the expression of the extracellular matrix components cellulose and curli fimbriae as rdar (red, dry and rough) and bdar morphotype (brown, dry and rough). This study revealed that the EO's and EOC's (carvacrol and thymol) investigated showed inhibition of biofilm formation at sub-minimum inhibitory concentration. Comparing the efficacy of EO's and EOC's in the inhibition of biofilm formation between the strains with different morphotype (rdar and bdar) did not show a statistically significant difference. Results related to the effectiveness of EO's and EOC's (the essential oil components, carvacrol and thymol) on eradication of preformed 48 h old biofilms indicated that biofilm reduction occurred in a dose-dependent manner over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Čabarkapa
- a University of Novi Sad, Institute of Food Technology , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Radmilo Čolović
- a University of Novi Sad, Institute of Food Technology , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Olivera Đuragić
- a University of Novi Sad, Institute of Food Technology , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Sanja Popović
- a University of Novi Sad, Institute of Food Technology , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Bojana Kokić
- a University of Novi Sad, Institute of Food Technology , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Dubravka Milanov
- b Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad", Rumenački put bb , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Lato Pezo
- c University of Belgrade, Institute of General and Physical Chemistry , Belgrade , Serbia
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52
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Bacterial Inactivation by Using Plastic Materials Activated with Combinations of Natural Antimicrobials. COATINGS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings8120460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural antimicrobials have gained interest as possible inhibitors of biofilm formation. The aim of the present study was to determine the efficacy of antimicrobials derived from essential oils (carvacrol, thymol) plus bacteriocin AS-48 immobilized on two plastic supports (low density polyethylene and polyethylene–polyamide films) on bacterial inactivation. The polyethylene–polyamide vacuum-packaging plastic film activated with a combination of thymol plus enterocin AS-48 was the most effective in reducing the concentrations of viable planktonic and sessile cells for Listeria innocua, Lactobacillus fructivorans, Bacillus coagulans, and Bacillus licheniformis. Results from the study highlight the potential of polyethylene–polyamide film activated with thymol plus enterocin AS-48 for reducing the viable cell concentrations of spoilage Gram-positive bacteria and Listeria in both planktonic and sessile states.
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Andrade JC, Morais Braga MFB, Guedes GMM, Tintino SR, Freitas MA, Quintans LJ, Jr., Menezes IRA, Coutinho HDM. Cholecalciferol, Ergosterol, and Cholesterol Enhance the Antibiotic Activity of Drugs. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2018; 88:244-250. [DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Background: This is the first report demonstrating the antibiotic-modifying activity of cholecalciferol. Aim: In this study, cholecalciferol was evaluated against multiresistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. Methods: The antibacterial and modulatory effects of cholecalciferol, ergosterol, and cholesterol (8–512 μg/mL) were evaluated by microdilution assay against multiresistant bacterial strains. Results: Cholecalciferol, when combined with aminoglycosides, was more effective against P. aeruginosa, reducing the concentration of amikacin and gentamicin necessary to inhibit bacterial growth from 156.25 to 39.06 μg/mL and from 39.06 to 9.76 μg/mL, respectively. It is possible that cholecalciferol, due to its lipid-soluble nature, had a lipophilic interaction with the cell membrane, enhancing antibiotic uptake. Cholesterol and ergosterol were used to see if the mechanism of action of cholecalciferol was similar to that of these lipid compounds. Ergosterol and cholesterol increased aminoglycoside activity, where the effect was greater with higher subinhibitory concentration of sterol. Conclusions: There is no reported study on the use of cholesterol and ergosterol as modulators of antibiotics or any other drug, making this the first study in this area highlighting the interaction between cholesterol, ergosterol, and cholecalciferol with regard to modifying aminoglycoside activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jr.
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, Brasil
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Vitanza L, Maccelli A, Marazzato M, Scazzocchio F, Comanducci A, Fornarini S, Crestoni ME, Filippi A, Fraschetti C, Rinaldi F, Aleandri M, Goldoni P, Conte MP, Ammendolia MG, Longhi C. Satureja montana L. essential oil and its antimicrobial activity alone or in combination with gentamicin. Microb Pathog 2018; 126:323-331. [PMID: 30458252 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many essential oils (EOs) are screened as potential sources of antimicrobial compounds. EOs from the genus Satureja have recognized biological properties, including analgesic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anticancer, and antimicrobial activity. This study aimed to obtain a metabolite profile of commercial essential oil of S. montana L. (SEO) and to evaluate its antimicrobial properties, both alone and combined with gentamicin towards Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial strains. Untargeted analyses based on direct infusion Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) and on GC-MS have provided a high metabolome coverage, allowing to identify carvacrol, cymene and thymol as the major components of commercial SEO. SEO exerted an antimicrobial activity and induced a synergistic interaction with gentamicin against both reference and clinical bacterial strains. A significant reduction of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes biofilm formation was induced by SEO. As a result of SEO treatment, clear morphological bacterial alterations were visualized by scanning electron microscopy: L. monocytogenes and S. aureus showed malformed cell surface or broken cells with pores formation, whereas E. coli displayed collapsed cell surface. These results encourage further studies about bactericidal and antibiotic synergistic effect of SEO for combined therapy in clinical setting as well as in agricultural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Vitanza
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Microbiology Section, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5 - 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Maccelli
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5 - 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Marazzato
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Microbiology Section, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5 - 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Scazzocchio
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Microbiology Section, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5 - 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Comanducci
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Microbiology Section, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5 - 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Simonetta Fornarini
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5 - 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Elisa Crestoni
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5 - 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonello Filippi
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5 - 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Fraschetti
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5 - 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Rinaldi
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Aleandri
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Microbiology Section, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5 - 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Goldoni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Microbiology Section, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5 - 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Conte
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Microbiology Section, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5 - 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Ammendolia
- National Center of Innovative Technologies in Public Health, National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena, 299 - 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Catia Longhi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Microbiology Section, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5 - 00185, Rome, Italy.
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Condò C, Anacarso I, Sabia C, Iseppi R, Anfelli I, Forti L, de Niederhäusern S, Bondi M, Messi P. Antimicrobial activity of spices essential oils and its effectiveness on mature biofilms of human pathogens. Nat Prod Res 2018; 34:567-574. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1490904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Condò
- Department of Life Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Immacolata Anacarso
- Department of Life Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Carla Sabia
- Department of Life Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Ramona Iseppi
- Department of Life Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Igor Anfelli
- Department of Life Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Luca Forti
- Department of Life Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Moreno Bondi
- Department of Life Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Patrizia Messi
- Department of Life Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Biofilm formation and potential virulence factors of Salmonella strains isolated from ready-to-eat shrimps. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204345. [PMID: 30235341 PMCID: PMC6147607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella species is an important foodborne pathogen with the non-typhoidal serovars such as Enteritidis and Typhimurium as the most predominant strains. This study examines the biofilm formation, phenotypic virulence factors and cell surface characteristics of Salmonella strains from ready-to-eat shrimps. The ready-to-eat shrimps were obtained from open markets between November 2016 and October 2017 in Edo and Delta States, Nigeria. The occurrence of Salmonella strains in this study was 210/1440 (14.58%) of the ready-to-eat shrimp’s samples. The identified strains comprise of Salmonella Enteritidis 11, Salmonella Typhimurium 14 and other Salmonella spp. 20. The 45 identified Salmonella strains revealed the following virulence properties: swimming and swarming motility 45(100%); S-layer 39(86.67%); haemolytic activity 40(88.89%); lipase activity 43(95.56%); protease activity 43(95.56%); gelatinase production 43(95.56%); and DNA degrading activity 41(91.11%). The variation in the formation of biofilm-based on the diversity of Salmonella species was observed with higher percentage of Salmonella Typhimurium strains as strong biofilms producers under different environmental conditions. For surface hydrophobicity using bacterial adherence to hydrocarbons, 25(55.56%) were hydrophilic while 20(44.44%) were moderately hydrophobic from the 45 Salmonella isolates. Using salting aggregation test for surface hydrophobicity, all selected isolates 45(100%) was hydrophilic. Autoaggregation index for the 12 selected Salmonella isolates ranged from 15.2–47.2%, while the autoaggragation index for the 12 selected test bacteria ranged from 26.2–71.3%. Coaggragation between the 12 selected test bacteria and 12 Salmonella isolates ranged from 12.5–81.0%. The occurrence of pathogenic species of Salmonella from ready-to-eat shrimps could be detrimental to the consumers. Findings on the physiological conditions of biofilms formed by the foodborne pathogenic Salmonella and the cell surface characteristics therein are crucial for the advancement of methods for controlling Salmonella from ready-to-eat foods.
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Rodrigues JBDS, Souza NTD, Scarano JOA, Sousa JMD, Lira MC, Figueiredo RCBQD, de Souza EL, Magnani M. Efficacy of using oregano essential oil and carvacrol to remove young and mature Staphylococcus aureus biofilms on food-contact surfaces of stainless steel. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Iñiguez-Moreno M, Gutiérrez-Lomelí M, Guerrero-Medina PJ, Avila-Novoa MG. Biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella spp. under mono and dual-species conditions and their sensitivity to cetrimonium bromide, peracetic acid and sodium hypochlorite. Braz J Microbiol 2018; 49:310-319. [PMID: 29100930 PMCID: PMC5913829 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was evaluated the biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus 4E and Salmonella spp. under mono and dual-species biofilms, onto stainless steel 316 (SS) and polypropylene B (PP), and their sensitivity to cetrimonium bromide, peracetic acid and sodium hypochlorite. The biofilms were developed by immersion of the surfaces in TSB by 10 d at 37°C. The results showed that in monospecies biofilms the type of surface not affected the cellular density (p>0.05). However, in dual-species biofilms on PP the adhesion of Salmonella spp. was favored, 7.61±0.13Log10CFU/cm2, compared with monospecies biofilms onto the same surface, 5.91±0.44Log10CFU/cm2 (p<0.05). The mono and dual-species biofilms were subjected to disinfection treatments; and the most effective disinfectant was peracetic acid (3500ppm), reducing by more than 5Log10CFU/cm2, while the least effective was cetrimonium bromide. In addition, S. aureus 4E and Salmonella spp. were more resistant to the disinfectants in mono than in dual-species biofilms (p<0.05). Therefore, the interspecies interactions between S. aureus 4E and Salmonella spp. had a negative effect on the antimicrobial resistance of each microorganism, compared with the monospecies biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maricarmen Iñiguez-Moreno
- Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas y de la Vida, Ocotlán, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Melesio Gutiérrez-Lomelí
- Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas y de la Vida, Ocotlán, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Pedro Javier Guerrero-Medina
- Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas y de la Vida, Ocotlán, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - María Guadalupe Avila-Novoa
- Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas y de la Vida, Ocotlán, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Scaffaro R, Lopresti F, D’Arrigo M, Marino A, Nostro A. Efficacy of poly(lactic acid)/carvacrol electrospun membranes against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans in single and mixed cultures. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8879-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Kang TW, Chandrasekaran G, Hwang EC, Kim HS, Lakshmanan VK. Characterization and antibacterial activity of PVA–PVP–CS carvacrol-loaded polymer composite films for urinary catheter. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2017.1417286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Taek Won Kang
- Department of Urology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Eu Chang Hwang
- Department of Urology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Su Kim
- Premedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Vinoth-Kumar Lakshmanan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Zacchino SA, Butassi E, Cordisco E, Svetaz LA. Hybrid combinations containing natural products and antimicrobial drugs that interfere with bacterial and fungal biofilms. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 37:14-26. [PMID: 29174600 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biofilms contribute to the pathogenesis of many chronic and difficult-to eradicate infections whose treatment is complicated due to the intrinsic resistance to conventional antibiotics. As a consequence, there is an urgent need for strategies that can be used for the prevention and treatment of biofilm-associated infections. The combination therapy comprising an antimicrobial drug with a low molecular weight (MW) natural product and an antimicrobial drug (antifungal or antibacterial) appeared as a good alternative to eradicate biofilms. PURPOSE The aims of this review were to perform a literature search on the different natural products that have showed the ability of potentiating the antibiofilm capacity of antimicrobial drugs, to analyze which are the antimicrobial drugs most used in combination, and to have a look on the microbial species most used to prepare biofilms. RESULTS Seventeen papers, nine on combinations against antifungal biofilms and eight against antibacterial biofilms were collected. Within the text, the following topics have been developed: breaf history of the discovery of biofilms; stages in the development of a biofilm; the most used methodologies to assess antibiofilm-activity; the natural products with capacity of eradicating biofilms when acting alone; the combinations of low MW natural products with antibiotics or antifungal drugs as a strategy for eradicating microbial biofilms and a list of the low MW natural products that potentiate the inhibition capacity of antifungal and antibacterial drugs against biofilms. CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES Regarding combinations against antifungal biofilms, eight over the nine collected works were carried out with in vitro studies while only one was performed with in vivo assays by using Caenorhabditis elegans nematode. All studies use biofilms of the Candida genus. A 67% of the potentiators were monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes and six over the nine works used FCZ as the antifungal drug. The activity of AmpB and Caspo was enhanced in one and two works respectively. Regarding combinations against bacterial biofilms, in vitro studies were performed in all works by using several different methods of higher variety than the used against fungal biofilms. Biofilms of both the gram (+) and gram (-) bacteria were prepared, although biofilm of Staphylococcus spp. were the most used in the collected works. Among the discovered potentiators of antibacterial drugs, 75% were terpenes, including mono, di- and triterpenes, and, among the atibacterial drugs, several structurally diverse types were used in the combinations: aminoglycosides, β-lactams, glucopeptides and fluoroquinolones. The potentiating capacity of natural products, mainly terpenes, on the antibiofilm effect of antimicrobial drugs opens a wide range of possibilities for the combination antimicrobial therapy. More in vivo studies on combinations of natural products with antimicrobial drugs acting against biofilms are highly required to cope the difficult to treat biofilm-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana A Zacchino
- Área Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Estefanía Butassi
- Área Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Estefanía Cordisco
- Área Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Laura A Svetaz
- Área Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
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Baygar T, Ugur A, Sarac N, Balci U, Ergun G. Functional denture soft liner with antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties. J Dent Sci 2017; 13:213-219. [PMID: 30895123 PMCID: PMC6388823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose Denture soft liners, especially used for elders who have poor disinfection habits, provide a favourable environment for accumulation and colonization of microorganisms. This in vitro study is aimed to investigate the effectiveness of natural carvacrol incorporation into soft lining material on the inhibition of oral pathogens. Materials and methods Antimicrobial susceptibility of carvacrol was primarily determined by disc diffusion method. Soft lining material was prepared as recommended by the manufacturer and 10 μL carvacrol was added aseptically to the soft liner discs. Inhibition zones for the control discs without carvacrol (C) and carvacrol-incorporated discs (CL) were determined by disc diffusion method. The biofilm inhibition percentages of carvacrol on soft liner was determined by MTT assay and also observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Results Carvacrol displayed great antimicrobial activity for yeast, Gram-negative and Gram-positive strains. The highest inhibition zone of carvacrol (41.33 ± 1.53 mm) was measured for Bacillus subtilis strain which is followed by Candida albicans and Streptococcus sanguis (34.00 ± 1.73 mm and 32.33 ± 0.58 mm, respectively). The inhibition zones were also similar for soft liner discs with carvacrol, with the highest inhibition zones against B. subtilis, Streptococcus mutans and C. albicans (43.67 ± 0.58 mm, 40.33 ± 0.58 mm and 38.33 ± 1.15 mm, respectively). Incorporation of carvacrol into the soft liner decreased (98.03 ± 0.2%) of the biofilm formation for C. albicans. Conclusion Carvacrol-incorporation obviously decreased the colonization and plaque formation of oral pathogens, especially C. albicans accumulation. Carvacrol may be useful as a promising agent for antibacterial and antifungal management for denture soft lining materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Baygar
- Material Research Laboratory, Research Laboratories Center, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Aysel Ugur
- Section of Medical Microbiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nurdan Sarac
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Uydu Balci
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Gulfem Ergun
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Gupta PD, Birdi TJ. Development of botanicals to combat antibiotic resistance. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2017; 8:266-275. [PMID: 28869082 PMCID: PMC5747506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of antibiotics in the previous century lead to reduction in mortality and morbidity due to infectious diseases but their inappropriate and irrational use has resulted in emergence of resistant microbial populations. Alteration of target sites, active efflux of drugs and enzymatic degradations are the strategies employed by the pathogenic bacteria to develop intrinsic resistance to antibiotics. This has led to an increased interest in medicinal plants since 25-50% of current pharmaceuticals are plant derived. Crude extracts of medicinal plants could serve as an alternate source of resistance modifying agents owing to the wide variety of secondary metabolites. These metabolites (alkaloids, tannins, polyphenols etc.) could act as potentials for antimicrobials and resistance modifiers. Plant extracts have the ability to bind to protein domains leading to modification or inhibition protein-protein interactions. This enables the herbals to also present themselves as effective modulators of host related cellular processes viz immune response, mitosis, apoptosis and signal transduction. Thus they may exert their activity not only by killing the microorganism but by affecting key events in the pathogenic process, thereby, the bacteria, fungi and viruses may have a reduced ability to develop resistance to botanicals. The article is meant to stimulate research wherein the cidal activity of the extract is not the only parameter considered but other mechanism of action by which plants can combat drug resistant microbes are investigated. The present article emphasizes on mechanisms involved in countering multi drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja D Gupta
- The Foundation for Medical Research, 84-A, R.G. Thadani Marg, Worli, Mumbai, 400 018, Maharashtra, India
| | - Tannaz J Birdi
- The Foundation for Medical Research, 84-A, R.G. Thadani Marg, Worli, Mumbai, 400 018, Maharashtra, India.
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Kasmi M, Aourach M, El Boukari M, Barrijal S, Essalmani H. [Effectiveness of aqueous extracts of aromatic and medicinal plants against tomato grey mould in Morocco]. C R Biol 2017; 340:386-393. [PMID: 28843645 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Grey mould is a major disease threatening the Moroccan tomato; this disease is often controlled by fungicides. However, the latter are a real danger to human health and environment. Thus, this study is part of the research of harmless alternatives such extracts of aromatic and medicinal plants (Lavandula officinalis, Thymus vulgaris, Cymbopogon citratus, and Melissa officinalis). In this study, the extracts of four medicinal and aromatic plants were tested for their antifungal potency in vitro and in vivo in order to select the most effective. The results show that, in vitro, the Lavandula officinalis, Thymus vulgaris and Cymbopogon citratus aqueous extracts all possess significant antifungal activity, whereas Melissa officinalis shows the least effective. Also in vivo only the aqueous extract of Cymbopogon citratus proves most effective against B. cinerea on tomato fruit. The test of the plants confirms that aqueous extracts of Cymbopogon citratus and Thymus vulgaris are most effective, while the aqueous extracts of Melissa officinalis and Lavandula officinalis always seem to be the least effective. Therefore, the aqueous extracts of Cymbopogon citratus and Thymus vulgaris are the most envisaged for the biological control of grey mould.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal Kasmi
- Laboratoire de valorisation biotechnologique des microorganismes, génomique et bioinformatique, département des sciences de la vie, faculté des sciences et techniques, université Abdelmalek-Essaadi, B.P. 416, Tanger, Maroc.
| | - Mohammed Aourach
- Laboratoire de valorisation biotechnologique des microorganismes, génomique et bioinformatique, département des sciences de la vie, faculté des sciences et techniques, université Abdelmalek-Essaadi, B.P. 416, Tanger, Maroc
| | - Mohammed El Boukari
- Laboratoire de valorisation biotechnologique des microorganismes, génomique et bioinformatique, département des sciences de la vie, faculté des sciences et techniques, université Abdelmalek-Essaadi, B.P. 416, Tanger, Maroc
| | - Said Barrijal
- Laboratoire de valorisation biotechnologique des microorganismes, génomique et bioinformatique, département des sciences de la vie, faculté des sciences et techniques, université Abdelmalek-Essaadi, B.P. 416, Tanger, Maroc
| | - Haiat Essalmani
- Laboratoire de valorisation biotechnologique des microorganismes, génomique et bioinformatique, département des sciences de la vie, faculté des sciences et techniques, université Abdelmalek-Essaadi, B.P. 416, Tanger, Maroc.
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66
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Makovcova J, Babak V, Kulich P, Masek J, Slany M, Cincarova L. Dynamics of mono- and dual-species biofilm formation and interactions between Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative bacteria. Microb Biotechnol 2017; 10:819-832. [PMID: 28401747 PMCID: PMC5481519 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms are not commonly found in the planktonic state but predominantly form dual- and multispecies biofilms in almost all natural environments. Bacteria in multispecies biofilms cooperate, compete or have neutral interactions according to the involved species. Here, the development of mono- and dual-species biofilms formed by Staphylococcus aureus and other foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis, potentially pathogenic Raoultella planticola and non-pathogenic Escherichia coli over the course of 24, 48 and 72 h was studied. Biofilm formation was evaluated by the crystal violet assay (CV), enumeration of colony-forming units (CFU cm-2 ) and visualization using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In general, Gram-negative bacterial species and S. aureus interacted in a competitive manner. The tested Gram-negative bacteria grew better in mixed dual-species biofilms than in their mono-species biofilms as determined using the CV assay, CFU ml-2 enumeration, and CLSM and SEM visualization. In contrast, the growth of S. aureus biofilms was reduced when cultured in dual-species biofilms. CLSM images revealed grape-like clusters of S. aureus and monolayers of Gram-negative bacteria in both mono- and dual-species biofilms. S. aureus clusters in dual-species biofilms were significantly smaller than clusters in S. aureus mono-species biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Makovcova
- Department of Food and Feed Safety, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Babak
- Department of Food and Feed Safety, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kulich
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Masek
- Department of Pharmacology and Immunotherapy, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Slany
- Department of Food and Feed Safety, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Cincarova
- Department of Food and Feed Safety, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
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Nostro A, Marino A, Ginestra G, Cellini L, Di Giulio M, Bisignano G. Effects of adaptation to carvacrol on Staphylococcus aureus in the planktonic and biofilm phases. BIOFOULING 2017; 33:470-480. [PMID: 28521511 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2017.1323080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The effect of exposure to sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations of carvacrol, for either 3-10 days, on direct (carvacrol) or cross-protection (cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, antibiotics) and the influence on planktonic and biofilm growth of four Staphylococcus aureus strains were reported. The sequential exposure to carvacrol resulted in a direct protection that was more evident in two of the four strains after 10 days. No significant cross-protection against cinnamaldehyde, eugenol and antibiotics was detected. An adaptive response was associated with a prolonged lag phase, a lower yield of bacteria, a colony phenotype likely to be associated to small colony variants and an increase in biofilm production. Generally, the biofilm of the adapted strains was less susceptible to subMICs of carvacrol compared to the biofilms of non-adapted strains. In contrast, it was demonstrated that in the case of mature biofilms the susceptibility was similar. The exposure of S. aureus to carvacrol at concentrations above the MIC resulted in a very low mutation frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Nostro
- a Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Andreana Marino
- a Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Giovanna Ginestra
- a Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Luigina Cellini
- b Department of Pharmacy , University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara , Chieti , Italy
| | - Mara Di Giulio
- b Department of Pharmacy , University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara , Chieti , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bisignano
- a Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
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68
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Borges A, Lopez-Romero JC, Oliveira D, Giaouris E, Simões M. Prevention, removal and inactivation of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus biofilms using selected monoterpenes of essential oils. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 123:104-115. [PMID: 28497526 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to investigate the antibiofilm potential of five essential oil (EO) components with cyclic (sabinene-SAB, carveol-C1, carvone-C2) and acyclic (citronellol-C3 and citronellal-C4) structures against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. METHODS AND RESULTS The selected EO components prevented biofilm set-up, with C3 and C4 causing remarkable effects. When applied against pre-established biofilms, they promoted high biomass removal and inactivation of biofilm cells. Moreover, no viable E. coli biofilm cells were detected after exposure to SAB at 5 × MIC and 10 × MIC, and a significant viability decrease was observed for both bacteria with the other EO components. SAB, C3 and C4 caused the most prominent effects apparently due to their octanol-water partition coefficient (Po/w), the number of rotatable bonds (n-ROTB) and the free hydroxyl groups. CONCLUSIONS The overall results demonstrated that the selected EO components, particularly SAB, C3 and C4 are of interest as new lead molecules to both prevent biofilm set-up and to control pre-established biofilms of E. coli and S. aureus. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The tested EO components exhibited prominent antibiofilm properties against E. coli and S. aureus providing a novel and effective alternative/complementary approach to counteract chronic infections and the transmission of diseases in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Borges
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - J C Lopez-Romero
- CIAD, Research Center for Food and Development, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - D Oliveira
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - E Giaouris
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Myrina, Lemnos Island, Greece
| | - M Simões
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Veras HN, Rodrigues FF, Botelho MA, Menezes IR, Coutinho HD, Costa JG. Enhancement of aminoglycosides and β-lactams antibiotic activity by essential oil of Lippia sidoides Cham. and the Thymol. ARAB J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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70
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Carvacrol as potential quorum sensing inhibitor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and biofilm production on stainless steel surfaces. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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71
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Antimicrobial activity of free and liposome-encapsulated thymol and carvacrol against Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus adhered to stainless steel. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 252:18-23. [PMID: 28436830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial activity of thymol, carvacrol and thymol/carvacrol liposomes (TCL) was evaluated against two bacterial pools, each one consisting of four strains of Staphylococcus aureus or Salmonella enterica. TCL were prepared using thin-film hydration, showing 270.20nm average diameter (polydispersity index of 0.33) and zeta potential of +39.99mV. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of thymol, carvacrol and TCL against S. aureus pool was 0.662mg/ml, while MIC for Salmonella pool was 0.331mg/ml for thymol and carvacrol, and for TCL was 0.662mg/ml. Bacterial pools (8.0logCFU/ml), allowed in contact on stainless steel AISI 304 coupons in UHT skim milk for 15min, resulted in adhered populations of 5.6-6.1logCFU/cm2. Adhered S. aureus (±6.1logCFU/cm2) were inhibited after 1-min and 10-min treatments using thymol or carvacrol at MIC and 2.0 MIC. Reductions of 1.47-1.76logCFU/cm2 and 1.87-2.04logCFU/cm2 were obtained using 0.5 MIC of thymol and carvacrol, respectively. A 10-min contact with free (MIC and 2.0 MIC) and encapsulated (MIC) antimicrobials inhibited attached Salmonella (±6.0logCFU/cm2); however, after 1-min of contact, 2.0 MIC of thymol and carvacrol were not able to inactivate adhered Salmonella MIC of TCL inactivated S. aureus and Salmonella after 10min; however, after 1-min contact, adhered S. aureus and Salmonella populations were decreased in 1.62logCFU/cm2 and 2.01logCFU/cm2, respectively. Considering antimicrobial concentrations and contact times, thymol, carvacrol, and TCL could be employed in food-contact surfaces to prevent biofilm formation at early stages of bacterial attachment. Further investigations should be performed considering long-term antibacterial effects of TCL.
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dos Santos Rodrigues JB, de Carvalho RJ, de Souza NT, de Sousa Oliveira K, Franco OL, Schaffner D, de Souza EL, Magnani M. Effects of oregano essential oil and carvacrol on biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus from food-contact surfaces. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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73
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Yahyaoui M, Gordobil O, Herrera Díaz R, Abderrabba M, Labidi J. Development of novel antimicrobial films based on poly(lactic acid) and essential oils. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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74
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Biofilm Formation by Environmental Isolates of Salmonella and Their Sensitivity to Natural Antimicrobials. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:509-16. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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75
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Abstract
Many plant essential oils, extracts, and individual chemical components have been demonstrated to possess antiviral efficacy against enveloped and/or non-enveloped viruses. In general, plant antimicrobials exhibit greater antiviral efficacy against enveloped viruses than non-enveloped viruses (though not in all cases). There appear to be multiple mechanisms of antiviral action for plant antimicrobials; nevertheless, the majority of antimicrobials appear to act either directly on the virus itself (e.g., on the envelope or capsid) or during the early stages of virus replication following internalization of the virus into its host cell.
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Hydrosol of Thymbra capitata Is a Highly Efficient Biocide against Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Biofilms. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:5309-19. [PMID: 27342550 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01351-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Salmonella is recognized as one of the most significant enteric foodborne bacterial pathogens. In recent years, the resistance of pathogens to biocides and other environmental stresses, especially when they are embedded in biofilm structures, has led to the search for and development of novel antimicrobial strategies capable of displaying both high efficiency and safety. In this direction, the aims of the present work were to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of hydrosol of the Mediterranean spice Thymbra capitata against both planktonic and biofilm cells of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and to compare its action with that of benzalkonium chloride (BC), a commonly used industrial biocide. In order to achieve this, the disinfectant activity following 6-min treatments was comparatively evaluated for both disinfectants by calculating the concentrations needed to achieve the same log reductions against both types of cells. Their bactericidal effect against biofilm cells was also comparatively determined by in situ and real-time visualization of cell inactivation through the use of time-lapse confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Interestingly, results revealed that hydrosol was almost equally effective against biofilms and planktonic cells, whereas a 200-times-higher concentration of BC was needed to achieve the same effect against biofilm compared to planktonic cells. Similarly, time-lapse CLSM revealed the significant advantage of the hydrosol to easily penetrate within the biofilm structure and quickly kill the cells, despite the three-dimensional (3D) structure of Salmonella biofilm. IMPORTANCE The results of this paper highlight the significant antimicrobial action of a natural compound, hydrosol of Thymbra capitata, against both planktonic and biofilm cells of a common foodborne pathogen. Hydrosol has numerous advantages as a disinfectant of food-contact surfaces. It is an aqueous solution which can easily be rinsed out from surfaces, it does not have the strong smell of the essential oil (EO) and it is a byproduct of the EO distillation procedure without any industrial application until now. Consequently, hydrosol obviously could be of great value to combat biofilms and thus to improve product safety not only for the food industries but probably also for many other industries which experience biofilm-related problems.
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77
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Akbas MY, Cag S. Use of organic acids for prevention and removal of Bacillus subtilis biofilms on food contact surfaces. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2016; 22:587-597. [DOI: 10.1177/1082013216633545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The efficacies of organic acid (citric, malic, and gallic acids) treatments at 1% and 2% concentrations on prevention and removal of Bacillus subtilis biofilms were investigated in this study. The analyses were conducted on microtitration plates and stainless steel coupons. The biofilm removal activities of these organic acids were compared with chlorine on both surfaces. The results showed that citric acid treatments were as powerful as chlorine treatments for prevention and removal of biofilms. The antibiofilm effects of malic acid treatments were higher than gallic acid and less than citric acid treatment. When the antibiofilm effects of these acids and chlorine on the two surfaces were compared, the prevention and removal of biofilms were measured higher on microtitration plates than those on stainless steel coupons. Higher reductions were obtained by increasing concentrations of sanitizers on 24-hour biofilm with 20-minute sanitizer treatments for removal of biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Yesilcimen Akbas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Gebze-Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Seyda Cag
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Gebze-Kocaeli, Turkey
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78
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Antimicrobial potency of single and combined mupirocin and monoterpenes, thymol, menthol and 1,8-cineole against Staphylococcus aureus planktonic and biofilm growth. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2016; 69:689-96. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2016.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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79
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Boskabady MH, Jalali S, Yahyazadeh N, Boskabady M. Carvacrol attenuates serum levels of total protein, phospholipase A2 and histamine in asthmatic guinea pig. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF PHYTOMEDICINE 2016; 6:636-642. [PMID: 28078244 PMCID: PMC5206922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pharmacological effects of carvacrol such as its anti-inflammatory activities have been shows. In this study the effects of carvacrol on serum levels of total protein (TP), phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and histamine in sensitized guinea pigs was evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sensitized guinea pigs were given drinking water alone (group S), drinking water containing three concentrations of carvacrol (40, 80 and 160 µg/ml) or dexamethasone. Serum levels of TP, PLA2 and histamine were examined I all sensitized groups as well as a non-sensitized control group (n=6 for each group). RESULTS In sensitized animals, serum levels of TP, PLA2 and histamine were significantly increased compared to control animals (p<0.05 to p<0.001). Significant reduction in TP, PLA2 and histamine levels were observed in treated groups with the two higher concentrations of carvacrol but dexamethasone treatment only decreased serum level of PLA2 (p<0.05 to p<0.001). Although the effect of the lowest concentration of the extract was less than that of dexamethasone (p<0.05 for TP and p<0.001 for PLA2), the effects of the two higher concentrations on PLA2 were similar to dexamethasone and on TP (p<0.01) and histamine (p<0.001) were higher than those of dexamethasone. CONCLUSION These results showed that carvacrol reduced serum levels of TP, PLA2 and histamine in sensitized guinea pigs which may indicate an anti-inflammatory effect of this agent in inflammatory disorders such as asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hossein Boskabady
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Centre and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Corresponding Author: Tel: +985138828884, Fax: +985138828564,
| | - Sedigheh Jalali
- Department of Biology, Payam Noor University, 19395-4697 Tehran, Iran,Corresponding Author: Tel: +985138828884, Fax: +985138828564,
| | - Negin Yahyazadeh
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Centre and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mostafa Boskabady
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Centre and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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80
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do Nascimento PGG, Lemos TLG, Almeida MCS, de Souza JMO, Bizerra AMC, Santiago GMP, da Costa JGM, Coutinho HDM. Lithocholic acid and derivatives: Antibacterial activity. Steroids 2015. [PMID: 26216208 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to develop bioactive lithocholic acid derivatives, we prepared fifteen semi-synthetic compounds through modification at C-3 and/or C-24. The reactions showed yields ranging from 37% to 100%. The structures of all compounds obtained were identified on the basis of their spectral data (IR, MS, 1D- and 2D-NMR). The activity of lithocholic acid and derivatives was evaluated against the growth of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The derivative 3α-formyloxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid (LA-06) showed the best activity, with MIC values of 0.0790 mM against E. coli (Ec 27) and B. cereus in both cases, and 0.0395 mM against S. aureus (ATCC 12692). Lithocholic acid and the derivatives with MIC⩽1.2 mM were evaluated on the susceptibility of some bacterial pathogens to the aminoglycoside antibiotics neomycin, amikacin and gentamicin was evaluated. There are no previously reported studies about these compounds as modifiers of the action of antibiotics or any other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia G G do Nascimento
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60021-940 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Telma L G Lemos
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60021-940 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - Macia C S Almeida
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60021-940 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Juliana M O de Souza
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60021-940 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Ayla M C Bizerra
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60021-940 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Gilvandete M P Santiago
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Rua Capitão Francisco Pedro No. 1210, Campus do Porangabussu, 60430-370 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - José G M da Costa
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidade Regional do Cariri, 63105-000 Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Henrique D M Coutinho
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidade Regional do Cariri, 63105-000 Crato, CE, Brazil
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81
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Andrade JC, Morais Braga MFB, Guedes GMM, Tintino SR, Freitas MA, Quintans LJ, Menezes IRA, Coutinho HDM. Menadione (vitamin K) enhances the antibiotic activity of drugs by cell membrane permeabilization mechanism. Saudi J Biol Sci 2015; 24:59-64. [PMID: 28053572 PMCID: PMC5198922 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Menadione, vitamin K3, belongs to the class of lipid-soluble vitamins and lipophilic substances as menadione cause disturbances in the bacterial membrane, resulting in damage to the fundamental elements for the integrity of the membrane, thus allowing increased permeability. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the antibiotic-modifying activity of menadione in multiresistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, with a gradual increase in its subinhibitory concentration. In addition, menadione was compared with cholesterol and ergosterol for similarity in mechanism of drug modulatory action. Antibiotic-modifying activity and antibacterial effect were determined by the broth microdilution assay. Menadione, cholesterol and ergosterol showed modulatory activity at clinically relevant concentrations, characterizing them as modifiers of bacterial drug resistance, since they lowered the MIC of the antibiotics tested. This is the first report of the antibacterial activity of menadione and its potentiation of aminoglycosides against multiresistant bacteria.
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82
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Budri P, Silva N, Bonsaglia E, Fernandes A, Araújo J, Doyama J, Gonçalves J, Santos M, Fitzgerald-Hughes D, Rall V. Effect of essential oils of Syzygium aromaticum and Cinnamomum zeylanicum and their major components on biofilm production in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from milk of cows with mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:5899-904. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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83
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Burgos MJG, Aguayo MCL, Pulido RP, Gálvez A, López RL. Inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus in Oat and Soya Drinks by Enterocin AS-48 in Combination with Other Antimicrobials. J Food Sci 2015; 80:M2030-4. [PMID: 26256434 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The presence of toxicogenic Staphylococcus aureus in foods and the dissemination of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in the food chain are matters of concern. In the present study, the circular bacteriocin enterocin AS-48, applied singly or in combination with phenolic compounds (carvacrol, eugenol, geraniol, and citral) or with 2-nitro-1-propanol (2NPOH), was investigated in the control of a cocktail made from 1 methicillin-sensitive and 1 MRSA strains inoculated on commercial oat and soya drinks. Enterocin AS-48 exhibited low bactericidal activity against staphylococci in the drinks investigated when applied singly. The combinations of sub-inhibitory concentrations of enterocin AS-48 (25 μg/mL) and phenolic compounds or 2NPOH caused complete inactivation of staphylococci in the drinks within 24 h of incubation at 22 °C. When tested in oat and soya drinks stored for 7 d at 10 °C, enterocin AS-48 (25 μg/mL) in combination with 2NPOH (5.5 mM) reduced viable counts rapidly in the case of oat drink (4.2 log cycles after 12 h) or slowly in soya drink (3.8 log cycles after 3 d). The same combined treatment applied on drinks stored at 22 °C achieved a fast inactivation of staphylococci within 12 to 24 h in both drinks, and no viable staphylococci were detected for up to 7 d of storage. Results from the study highlight the potential of enterocin AS-48 in combination with 2NPOH for inactivation of staphylococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Grande Burgos
- Dept. de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Univ. de Jaén, Jaén, 23071, Spain
| | - M Carmen López Aguayo
- Dept. de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Univ. de Jaén, Jaén, 23071, Spain
| | - Rubén Pérez Pulido
- Dept. de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Univ. de Jaén, Jaén, 23071, Spain
| | - Antonio Gálvez
- Dept. de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Univ. de Jaén, Jaén, 23071, Spain
| | - Rosario Lucas López
- Dept. de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Univ. de Jaén, Jaén, 23071, Spain
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84
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Amaral VCS, Santos PR, da Silva AF, dos Santos AR, Machinski M, Mikcha JMG. Effect of carvacrol and thymol onSalmonellaspp. biofilms on polypropylene. Int J Food Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Viviane C. S. Amaral
- Postgraduate Program in Health Science; State University of Maringá; Colombo Avenue 5790 Maringá Paraná Brazil
| | - Patrícia R. Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Health Science; State University of Maringá; Colombo Avenue 5790 Maringá Paraná Brazil
| | - Alex Fiori da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Health Science; State University of Maringá; Colombo Avenue 5790 Maringá Paraná Brazil
| | | | - Miguel Machinski
- Postgraduate Program in Health Science; State University of Maringá; Colombo Avenue 5790 Maringá Paraná Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Food Science; State University of Maringá; Colombo Avenue 5790 Maringá Paraná Brazil
- Department of Basic Health Sciences; State University of Maringá; Colombo Avenue 5790 Maringá Paraná Brazil
| | - Jane M. Graton Mikcha
- Postgraduate Program in Health Science; State University of Maringá; Colombo Avenue 5790 Maringá Paraná Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Food Science; State University of Maringá; Colombo Avenue 5790 Maringá Paraná Brazil
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine; State University of Maringá; Colombo Avenue 5790 Maringá Paraná Brazil
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85
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Giaouris E, Heir E, Desvaux M, Hébraud M, Møretrø T, Langsrud S, Doulgeraki A, Nychas GJ, Kačániová M, Czaczyk K, Ölmez H, Simões M. Intra- and inter-species interactions within biofilms of important foodborne bacterial pathogens. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:841. [PMID: 26347727 PMCID: PMC4542319 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A community-based sessile life style is the normal mode of growth and survival for many bacterial species. Under such conditions, cell-to-cell interactions are inevitable and ultimately lead to the establishment of dense, complex and highly structured biofilm populations encapsulated in a self-produced extracellular matrix and capable of coordinated and collective behavior. Remarkably, in food processing environments, a variety of different bacteria may attach to surfaces, survive, grow, and form biofilms. Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus are important bacterial pathogens commonly implicated in outbreaks of foodborne diseases, while all are known to be able to create biofilms on both abiotic and biotic surfaces. Particularly challenging is the attempt to understand the complexity of inter-bacterial interactions that can be encountered in such unwanted consortia, such as competitive and cooperative ones, together with their impact on the final outcome of these communities (e.g., maturation, physiology, antimicrobial resistance, virulence, dispersal). In this review, up-to-date data on both the intra- and inter-species interactions encountered in biofilms of these pathogens are presented. A better understanding of these interactions, both at molecular and biophysical levels, could lead to novel intervention strategies for controlling pathogenic biofilm formation in food processing environments and thus improve food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathios Giaouris
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Myrina, Lemnos Island, Greece
| | - Even Heir
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Mickaël Desvaux
- INRA, UR454 Microbiologie, Centre Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Michel Hébraud
- INRA, UR454 Microbiologie, Centre Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Trond Møretrø
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Solveig Langsrud
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Agapi Doulgeraki
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Foods, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George-John Nychas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Foods, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Miroslava Kačániová
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Katarzyna Czaczyk
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Hülya Ölmez
- TÜBİTAK Marmara Research Center, Food Institute, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Manuel Simões
- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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86
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Upadhyaya I, Yin HB, Nair MS, Chen CH, Upadhyay A, Darre MJ, Venkitanarayanan K. Efficacy of fumigation with Trans-cinnamaldehyde and eugenol in reducing Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis on embryonated egg shells. Poult Sci 2015; 94:1685-90. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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87
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Akbas MY, Kokumer T. The prevention and removal of biofilm formation ofStaphylococcus aureusstrains isolated from raw milk samples by citric acid treatments. Int J Food Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Yesilcimen Akbas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics; Gebze Technical University; Gebze-Kocaeli 41400 Turkey
| | - Tugba Kokumer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics; Gebze Technical University; Gebze-Kocaeli 41400 Turkey
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88
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Efficacy of plant-derived compounds combined with hydrogen peroxide as antimicrobial wash and coating treatment for reducing Listeria monocytogenes on cantaloupes. Food Microbiol 2014; 44:47-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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89
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Andrade JC, Morais-Braga MFB, Guedes GMM, Tintino SR, Freitas MA, Menezes IRA, Coutinho HDM. Enhancement of the antibiotic activity of aminoglycosides by alpha-tocopherol and other cholesterol derivates. Biomed Pharmacother 2014; 68:1065-9. [PMID: 25458794 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-tocopherol, one of the most abundant isoforms of vitamin E, is a biologically active liposoluble vitamin and potent antioxidant. It occurs naturally in foods of plant and animal origin. Because of its lipophilic character, it can cause perturbations in the bacterial cell membrane, resulting in damage to components essential for the integrity of the membrane, thereby allowing an increase in permeability. This is the first report of the modulatory effect of alpha-tocopherol in multiresistant bacteria. We evaluated alpha-tocopherol against multiresistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, and determined if there was any similarity with the mechanism of modulatory action of cholesterol and ergosterol. When combined with aminoglycosides in a microdilution broth assay, alpha-tocopherol possibly acted through a lipophilic action on the cell envelope, modulating more effectively P. aeruginosa and E. coli, when compared with S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline C Andrade
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidade Regional do Cariri - URCA, Crato-CE, Rua Cel. Antonio Luis 1161, Pimenta, 63105-000, Brazil
| | - Maria Flaviana B Morais-Braga
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidade Regional do Cariri - URCA, Crato-CE, Rua Cel. Antonio Luis 1161, Pimenta, 63105-000, Brazil
| | - Glaucia M M Guedes
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidade Regional do Cariri - URCA, Crato-CE, Rua Cel. Antonio Luis 1161, Pimenta, 63105-000, Brazil
| | - Saulo R Tintino
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidade Regional do Cariri - URCA, Crato-CE, Rua Cel. Antonio Luis 1161, Pimenta, 63105-000, Brazil
| | - Maria A Freitas
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidade Regional do Cariri - URCA, Crato-CE, Rua Cel. Antonio Luis 1161, Pimenta, 63105-000, Brazil
| | - Irwin R A Menezes
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidade Regional do Cariri - URCA, Crato-CE, Rua Cel. Antonio Luis 1161, Pimenta, 63105-000, Brazil
| | - Henrique D M Coutinho
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidade Regional do Cariri - URCA, Crato-CE, Rua Cel. Antonio Luis 1161, Pimenta, 63105-000, Brazil.
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90
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Suntres ZE, Coccimiglio J, Alipour M. The Bioactivity and Toxicological Actions of Carvacrol. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 55:304-18. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.653458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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91
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Upadhyay A, Upadhyaya I, Kollanoor-Johny A, Venkitanarayanan K. Combating pathogenic microorganisms using plant-derived antimicrobials: a minireview of the mechanistic basis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:761741. [PMID: 25298964 PMCID: PMC4178913 DOI: 10.1155/2014/761741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria has led to renewed interest in exploring the potential of plant-derived antimicrobials (PDAs) as an alternative therapeutic strategy to combat microbial infections. Historically, plant extracts have been used as a safe, effective, and natural remedy for ailments and diseases in traditional medicine. Extensive research in the last two decades has identified a plethora of PDAs with a wide spectrum of activity against a variety of fungal and bacterial pathogens causing infections in humans and animals. Active components of many plant extracts have been characterized and are commercially available; however, research delineating the mechanistic basis of their antimicrobial action is scanty. This review highlights the potential of various plant-derived compounds to control pathogenic bacteria, especially the diverse effects exerted by plant compounds on various virulence factors that are critical for pathogenicity inside the host. In addition, the potential effect of PDAs on gut microbiota is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Upadhyay
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, 3636 Horsebarn Hill Road Extension, Unit 4040, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Indu Upadhyaya
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, 3636 Horsebarn Hill Road Extension, Unit 4040, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Anup Kollanoor-Johny
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, 3636 Horsebarn Hill Road Extension, Unit 4040, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Kumar Venkitanarayanan
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, 3636 Horsebarn Hill Road Extension, Unit 4040, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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92
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Friedman M. Chemistry and multibeneficial bioactivities of carvacrol (4-isopropyl-2-methylphenol), a component of essential oils produced by aromatic plants and spices. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:7652-7670. [PMID: 25058878 DOI: 10.1021/jf5023862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic plants produce organic compounds that may be involved in the defense of plants against phytopathogenic insects, bacteria, fungi, and viruses. One of these compounds, called carvacrol, which is found in high concentrations in essential oils such as oregano, has been reported to exhibit numerous bioactivities in cells and animals. This integrated overview surveys and interprets our present knowledge of the chemistry and analysis of carvacrol and its beneficial bioactivities. These activities include its antioxidative properties in food (e.g., lard, sunflower oil) and in vivo and the inhibition of foodborne and human antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria, viruses, pathogenic fungi and parasites, and insects in vitro and in human foods (e.g., apple juice, eggs, leafy greens, meat and poultry products, milk, oysters) and food animal feeds and wastes. Also covered are inhibitions of microbial and fungal toxin production and the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiarthritic, antiallergic, anticarcinogenic, antidiabetic, cardioprotective, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective properties of carvacrol as well as metabolic, synergistic, and mechanistic aspects. Areas for future research are also suggested. The collated information and suggested research might contribute to a better understanding of agronomical, biosynthetic, chemical, physiological, and cellular mechanisms of the described health-promoting effects of carvacrol, and facilitate and guide further studies needed to optimize the use of carvacrol as a multifunctional food in pure and encapsulated forms, in edible antimicrobial films, and in combination with plant-derived and medical antibiotics to help prevent or treat animal and human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mendel Friedman
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California 94710, United States
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93
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Kamimura JA, Santos EH, Hill LE, Gomes CL. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of carvacrol microencapsulated in hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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94
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Pirbalouti AG, Neshat SH, Rahimi E, Hamedi B, Malekpoor F. Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils of Iranian Herbs AgainstStaphylococcus AureusIsolated from Milk. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2012.741175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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95
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Mechanisms of antiviral action of plant antimicrobials against murine norovirus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:4898-910. [PMID: 24907316 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00402-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous plant compounds have antibacterial or antiviral properties; however, limited research has been conducted with nonenveloped viruses. The efficacies of allspice oil, lemongrass oil, and citral were evaluated against the nonenveloped murine norovirus (MNV), a human norovirus surrogate. The antiviral mechanisms of action were also examined using an RNase I protection assay, a host cell binding assay, and transmission electron microscopy. All three antimicrobials produced significant reductions (P ≤ 0.05) in viral infectivity within 6 h of exposure (0.90 log10 to 1.88 log10). After 24 h, the reductions were 2.74, 3.00, and 3.41 log10 for lemongrass oil, citral, and allspice oil, respectively. The antiviral effect of allspice oil was both time and concentration dependent; the effects of lemongrass oil and citral were time dependent. Based on the RNase I assay, allspice oil appeared to act directly upon the viral capsid and RNA. The capsids enlarged from ≤ 35 nm to up to 75 nm following treatment. MNV adsorption to host cells was not significantly affected. Alternatively, the capsid remained intact following exposure to lemongrass oil and citral, which appeared to coat the capsid, causing nonspecific and nonproductive binding to host cells that did not lead to successful infection. Such contrasting effects between allspice oil and both lemongrass oil and citral suggest that though different plant compounds may yield similar reductions in virus infectivity, the mechanisms of inactivation may be highly varied and specific to the antimicrobial. This study demonstrates the antiviral properties of allspice oil, lemongrass oil, and citral against MNV and thus indicates their potential as natural food and surface sanitizers to control noroviruses.
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96
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The natural antimicrobial carvacrol inhibits quorum sensing in Chromobacterium violaceum and reduces bacterial biofilm formation at sub-lethal concentrations. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93414. [PMID: 24691035 PMCID: PMC3972150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of biofilm by bacteria confers resistance to biocides and presents problems in medical and veterinary clinical settings. Here we report the effect of carvacrol, one of the major antimicrobial components of oregano oil, on the formation of biofilms and its activity on existing biofilms. Assays were carried out in polystyrene microplates to observe (a) the effect of 0–0.8 mM carvacrol on the formation of biofilms by selected bacterial pathogens over 24 h and (b) the effect of 0–8 mM carvacrol on the stability of pre-formed biofilms. Carvacrol was able to inhibit the formation of biofilms of Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 12472, Salmonella enterica subsp. Typhimurium DT104, and Staphylococcus aureus 0074, while it showed no effect on formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (field isolate) biofilms. This inhibitory effect of carvacrol was observed at sub-lethal concentrations (<0.5 mM) where no effect was seen on total bacterial numbers, indicating that carvacrol's bactericidal effect was not causing the observed inhibition of biofilm formation. In contrast, carvacrol had (up to 8 mM) very little or no activity against existing biofilms of the bacteria described, showing that formation of the biofilm also confers protection against this compound. Since quorum sensing is an essential part of biofilm formation, the effect of carvacrol on quorum sensing of C. violaceum was also studied. Sub-MIC concentrations of carvacrol reduced expression of cviI (a gene coding for the N-acyl-L-homoserine lactone synthase), production of violacein (pigmentation) and chitinase activity (both regulated by quorum sensing) at concentrations coinciding with carvacrol's inhibiting effect on biofilm formation. These results indicate that carvacrol's activity in inhibition of biofilm formation may be related to the disruption of quorum sensing.
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97
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El Abed N, Kaabi B, Smaali MI, Chabbouh M, Habibi K, Mejri M, Marzouki MN, Ben Hadj Ahmed S. Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Thymus capitata Essential Oil with Its Preservative Effect against Listeria monocytogenes Inoculated in Minced Beef Meat. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2014; 2014:152487. [PMID: 24719640 PMCID: PMC3955612 DOI: 10.1155/2014/152487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, and the preservative effect of Thymus capitata essential oil against Listeria monocytogenes inoculated in minced beef meat were evaluated. The essential oil extracted was chemically analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Nineteen components were identified, of which carvacrol represented (88.89%) of the oil. The antioxidant activity was assessed in vitro by using both the DPPH and the ABTS assays. The findings showed that the essential oil exhibited high antioxidant activity, which was comparable to the reference standards (BHT and ascorbic acid) with IC50 values of 44.16 and 0.463 μ g/mL determined by the free-radical scavenging DPPH and ABTS assays, respectively. Furthermore, the essential oil was evaluated for its antimicrobial activity using disc agar diffusion and microdilution methods. The results demonstrated that the zone of inhibition varied from moderate to strong (15-80 mm) and the minimum inhibition concentration values ranged from 0.32 to 20 mg/mL. In addition, essential oil evaluated in vivo against Listeria monocytogenes showed clear and strong inhibitory effect. The application of 0.25 or 1% (v/w) essential oil of T. capitata to minced beef significantly reduced the L. monocytogenes population when compared to those of control samples (P-value <0.01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nariman El Abed
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Bioactive Molecules (LIP-MB), Institut National de Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie (INSAT), BP 676, 1080 Tunis Cedex, Tunisia
| | - Belhassen Kaabi
- Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie et d'Ecologie des Parasites, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, BP 74, 1002 Tunis Belvédère, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Issam Smaali
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Bioactive Molecules (LIP-MB), Institut National de Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie (INSAT), BP 676, 1080 Tunis Cedex, Tunisia
| | - Meriem Chabbouh
- Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Kamel Habibi
- Institut Supérieur des Etudes Technologiques de Zaghouan, 1121 Mograne, Tunisia
| | - Mondher Mejri
- Institut Supérieur des Etudes Technologiques de Zaghouan, 1121 Mograne, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Nejib Marzouki
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Bioactive Molecules (LIP-MB), Institut National de Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie (INSAT), BP 676, 1080 Tunis Cedex, Tunisia
| | - Sami Ben Hadj Ahmed
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Bioactive Molecules (LIP-MB), Institut National de Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie (INSAT), BP 676, 1080 Tunis Cedex, Tunisia
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98
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Gilling DH, Kitajima M, Torrey JR, Bright KR. Antiviral efficacy and mechanisms of action of oregano essential oil and its primary component carvacrol against murine norovirus. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 116:1149-63. [PMID: 24779581 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the antiviral efficacy of oregano oil and its primary active component, carvacrol, against the nonenveloped murine norovirus (MNV), a human norovirus surrogate. METHODS AND RESULTS Along with an observed loss in cell culture infectivity, the antiviral mechanisms of action were determined in side-by-side experiments including a cell-binding assay, an RNase I protection assay and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Both antimicrobials produced statistically significant reductions (P ≤ 0·05) in virus infectivity within 15 min of exposure (c. 1·0-log10). Despite this, the MNV infectivity remained stable with increasing time exposure to oregano oil (1·07-log10 after 24 h), while carvacrol was far more effective, producing up to 3·87-log10 reductions within 1 h. Based on the RNase I protection assay, both antimicrobials appeared to act directly upon the virus capsid and subsequently the RNA. Under TEM, the capsids enlarged from ≤35 nm in diameter to up to 75 nm following treatment with oregano oil and up to 800 nm with carvacrol; with greater expansion, capsid disintegration could be observed. Virus adsorption to host cells did not appear to be affected by either antimicrobial. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that carvacrol is effective in inactivating MNV within 1 h of exposure by acting directly on the viral capsid and subsequently the RNA. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study provides novel findings on the antiviral properties of oregano oil and carvacrol against MNV and demonstrates the potential of carvacrol as a natural food and surface (fomite) sanitizer to control human norovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Gilling
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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99
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Szczepanski S, Lipski A. Essential oils show specific inhibiting effects on bacterial biofilm formation. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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100
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In vitro activity of Carvacrol against titanium-adherent oral biofilms and planktonic cultures. Clin Oral Investig 2014; 18:2001-13. [PMID: 24458367 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-013-1179-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to test the effect of Carvacrol against oral pathogens and their preformed biofilms on titanium disc surface. METHODS Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and biofilm inhibitory concentration (BIC) were performed to evaluate Carvacrol antibacterial activity, while flow cytometry (FCM) was used to verify the Carvacrol effect on esterase activity and membrane permeability. Carvacrol was tested in vitro on single- and multi-species biofilms formed on titanium disc by Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175, Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277 or Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 25586, in different combinations, comparing its effect to that of chlorhexidine. RESULTS The pathogens were sensitive to Carvacrol with MICs and MBCs values of 0.25 % and 0.50 % and BICs of 0.5 % for S. mutans ATCC 25175 and 1 % for P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 and F. nucleatum ATCC 25586. FCM analysis showed that treatment of planktonic cultures with Carvacrol caused an increase of damaged cells and a decrement of bacteria with active esterase activity. Moreover, Carvacrol demonstrated greater biofilm formation preventive property compared to chlorhexidine against titanium-adherent single- and multi-specie biofilms, with statistically significant values. CONCLUSIONS Carvacrol showed inhibitory activity against the tested oral pathogens and biofilm formation preventive property on their oral biofilm; then, it could be utilized to control and prevent the colonization of microorganisms with particular significance in human oral diseases. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This natural compound may be proposed in daily hygiene formulations or as an alternative agent supporting traditional antimicrobial protocols to prevent periodontal diseases in implanted patients.
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