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Simon AY, Sasaki N, Ichii O, Kajino K, Kon Y, Agui T. Distinctive and critical roles for cellular immunity and immune-inflammatory response in the immunopathology of Sendai virus infection in mice. Microbes Infect 2011; 13:783-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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52
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Lehrnbecher T, Tramsen L, Koehl U, Schmidt S, Bochennek K, Klingebiel T. Immunotherapy against invasive fungal diseases in stem cell transplant recipients. Immunol Invest 2011; 40:839-52. [PMID: 21627412 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2011.581732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the availability of new antifungal compounds, morbidity and mortality of invasive fungal disease in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell recipients are still unacceptably high. Over the past decade, one could witness an exciting improvement of the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis and of the complexity of host antifungal immune responses. This, in turn, provides critical information to augment host immunity against fungal pathogens. Strategies for enhancing the immune system include the administration of effector and regulatory cells (e.g., granulocytes, antigen-specific T cells, dendritic cells) as well as the administration of recombinant cytokines, interferons and growth factors (e.g., interferon-γ, keratinocyte growth factor, granulocyte- and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor). One has to recognize at the same time, however, that data of in vitro assays and animal models cannot necessarily be transferred into the clinical setting. In addition, meaningful clinical trials in allogeneic stem cell recipients suffering from invasive fungal disease require sufficiently large and homogenous cohorts of patients and can only be performed in international collaboration, but may ultimately improve the outcome of allogeneic transplant recipients with invasive fungal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lehrnbecher
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital III, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt, Germany.
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53
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Villena J, Salva S, Agüero G, Alvarez S. Immunomodulatory and protective effect of probiotic Lactobacillus casei against Candida albicans infection in malnourished mice. Microbiol Immunol 2011; 55:434-45. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2011.00334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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54
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Wüthrich M, Gern B, Hung CY, Ersland K, Rocco N, Pick-Jacobs J, Galles K, Filutowicz H, Warner T, Evans M, Cole G, Klein B. Vaccine-induced protection against 3 systemic mycoses endemic to North America requires Th17 cells in mice. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:554-68. [PMID: 21206087 DOI: 10.1172/jci43984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide rates of systemic fungal infections, including three of the major pathogens responsible for such infections in North America (Coccidioides posadasii, Histoplasma capsulatum, and Blastomyces dermatitidis), have soared recently, spurring interest in developing vaccines. The development of Th1 cells is believed to be crucial for protective immunity against pathogenic fungi, whereas the role of Th17 cells is vigorously debated. In models of primary fungal infection, some studies have shown that Th17 cells mediate resistance, while others have shown that they promote disease pathology. Here, we have shown that Th1 immunity is dispensable and that fungus-specific Th17 cells are sufficient for vaccine-induced protection against lethal pulmonary infection with B. dermatitidis in mice. Further, vaccine-induced Th17 cells were necessary and sufficient to protect against the three major systemic mycoses in North America. Mechanistically, Th17 cells engendered protection by recruiting and activating neutrophils and macrophages to the alveolar space, while the induction of Th17 cells and acquisition of vaccine immunity unexpectedly required the adapter molecule Myd88 but not the fungal pathogen recognition receptor Dectin-1. These data suggest that human vaccines against systemic fungal infections should be designed to induce Th17 cells if they are to be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Wüthrich
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
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55
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Th1 and Th2 cytokines in a self-healing primary pulmonary Aspergillus flavus infection in BALB/c mice. Cytokine 2010; 52:258-64. [PMID: 20800507 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2010.07.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Studies with non-immunocompromised mice have demonstrated that Aspergillus flavus is more virulent than almost all other Aspergillus species. However, the type of immune response this fungus induces in mammals has not been investigated thoroughly. The study was carried out to analyze the sequential pathogenesis of pulmonary A. flavus infection and the role of cytokines in host response in BALB/c mice. Two distinct phases were observed in mice: First, an intense rate of clearance of A. flavus occurred, most likely through recruited neutrophils and the resident alveolar macrophages with concurrent release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and second, fungal and cellular debris were cleaned by recruited monocytes, pro-inflammatory cytokine production rapidly decreased and infection self-healed. The pro-inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ demonstrated an upward trend up to 24h PI followed by a steady decline. The titers of TNF-α (a pro-inflammatory Th1 cytokine) were, however, inversely related to the titers of IL-10 an anti-inflammatory Th2 cytokine. The anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 showed slightly decreasing trend between 12 and 48 h PI, beyond that it again reached to the titers observed at 6h PI. The infected mice produced signs of Th1 type response with self healing capabilities.
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56
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Martín A, Soler-Palacín P, Español T, Dapena JL, Urrutia E, Navarro M, Alvez F, Figueras C. [Spanish Paediatric Infectious Diseases Society consensus document on the treatment of fungal infections based on the immune response]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2010; 73:362.e1-8. [PMID: 20638349 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2010.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the emergence of new diagnostic and therapeutic methods, invasive fungal infections are still a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised and critical patients. Therefore, adjuvant treatments to the standard antifungal therapy are being investigated, with immunity-based therapy being one of the most important. Both immunomodulatory (dendritic and T cells transfusions, colony stimulating factors, interferón-gamma, interleukin 12, fungal vaccines, transfer factors and certain drugs such as chloroquine) and immunotherapeutic modalities (granulocyte transfusions, monoclonal antibodies and intravenous immunoglobulin) have been described. This document aims to summarise currently available data on immunity-based therapy of fungal infections and to provide basic knowledge on the immune response to fungal infections. This helps to understand how, in selected cases, immunity-based therapy may improve the response to standard antifungal treatment. The potential indications of immunity-based therapy in the paediatric patient are reviewed, although there is still a lack of scientific evidence for its use in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Martín
- Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, España.
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Yin J, Dai A, Shen A, Lecureux J, Lewis MG, Boyer JD. Viral reservoir is suppressed but not eliminated by CD8 vaccine specific lymphocytes. Vaccine 2010; 28:1924-31. [PMID: 20188248 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.10.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
It has long been postulated that while CD8 lymphocytes are capable of suppressing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 replication it is unlikely that the viral reservoirs once formed can be cleared. Our previous studies demonstrate that co-immunizing cynomologous macaques with a simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) DNA-based vaccines induces a strong cellular immune response that is able to suppress viral replication. We further demonstrated that interleukin (IL)-12 could significantly enhance the vaccine specific CD8 lymphocyte response. In this manuscript cynomologous macaques were vaccinated with a SHIV DNA-based vaccine co-delivered with IL-12. The macaques were then challenged with SHIV89.6p. Two years post-immunization and viral challenge we transiently depleted CD8(+) T cells. Plasma viral load increased, demonstrating the central role of CD8(+) T cells in viral suppression yet an inability to clear the viral reservoirs. Furthermore, in the data presented here, we found a higher number of IFN-gamma producing vaccine specific cells did not enhance suppression of viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangmei Yin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 422 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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59
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Type I interferons mediate the innate cytokine response to recombinant fowlpox virus but not the induction of plasmacytoid dendritic cell-dependent adaptive immunity. J Virol 2010; 84:6549-63. [PMID: 20410285 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02618-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are considered to be important mediators of innate immunity due to their inherent antiviral activity, ability to drive the transcription of a number of genes involved in viral clearance, and their role in the initiation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Due to the central role of type I IFNs, we sought to determine their importance in the generation of immunity to a recombinant vaccine vector fowlpox virus (FPV). In analyzing the role of type I IFNs in immunity to FPV, we show that they are critical to the secretion of a number of innate and proinflammatory cytokines, including type I IFNs themselves as well as interleukin-12 (IL-12), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-6, and IL-1beta, and that deficiency leads to enhanced virus-mediated antigen expression. Interestingly, however, type I IFNs were not required for adaptive immune responses to recombinant FPV even though plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), the primary producers of type I IFNs, have been shown to be requisite for this to occur. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the importance of pDCs may lie in their ability to capture and present virally derived antigen to T cells rather than in their capacity as professional type I IFN-producing cells.
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60
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Hinrichs C, Kotsch K, Buchwald S, Habicher M, Saak N, Gerlach H, Volk HD, Keh D. Perioperative gene expression analysis for prediction of postoperative sepsis. Clin Chem 2010; 56:613-22. [PMID: 20133891 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2009.133876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative sepsis is one of the main causes of death after major abdominal surgery; however, the immunologic factors contributing to the development of sepsis are not completely understood. In this study, we evaluated gene expression in patients who developed postoperative sepsis and in patients with an uncomplicated postoperative course. METHODS We enrolled 220 patients in a retrospective matched-pair, case-control pilot study to investigate the perioperative expression of 23 inflammation-related genes regarding their properties for predicting postoperative sepsis. Twenty patients exhibiting symptoms of sepsis in the first 14 days after surgery (case group) were matched with 20 control patients with an uncomplicated postoperative course. Matching criteria were sex, age, main diagnosis, type of surgery, and concomitant diseases. Blood samples were drawn before surgery and on the first and second postoperative days. Relative gene expression was analyzed with real-time reverse-transcription PCR. RESULTS Significant differences (P < 0.005) in gene expression between the 2 groups were observed for IL1B (interleukin 1, beta), TNF [tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2)], CD3D [CD3d molecule, delta (CD3-TCR complex)], and PRF1 [perforin 1 (pore forming protein)]. Logistic regression analysis and a subsequent ROC curve analysis revealed that the combination of TNF, IL1B, and CD3D expression had a specificity and specificity of 90% and 85%, respectively, and predicted exclusion of postoperative sepsis with an estimated negative predictive value of 98.1%. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that gene expression analysis may be an effective tool for differentiating patients at high and low risk for sepsis after abdominal surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Hinrichs
- Department of Medical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
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61
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Dynamics of hepatic stellate cells, collagen types I and III synthesis and gene expression of selected cytokines during hepatic fibrogenesis following Mesocestoides vogae (Cestoda) infection in mice. Int J Parasitol 2009; 40:163-74. [PMID: 19631650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Revised: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the relationship between progression of Mesocestoides vogae infection in the liver of mice, the accumulation rate of collagen types I and III, gene expression of fibrogenic factors and cytokines was examined within 6weeks p.i. Due to asexual multiplication, the total number of larvae in the liver increased considerably and 63.4% were found in collagen capsules on day 42 p.i. Intense staining for both collagens was recorded in the activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) throughout the period of this study in the inflammatory lesions. With progressing infection, cellular expression of both collagens was confined to the flat cells, myofibroblasts, which were scattered among collagen fibres in parenchymal lesions and capsules. Collagen-positive areas mirrored immunostaining of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) in HSCs and myofibroblasts. Gene expression of both collagens increased rapidly within 14days p.i. and their expression pattern resembled that for pro-fibrotic cytokine transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 and alpha-SMA protein. IL-10 cytokine expression was up-regulated following day 14 p.i. and that of IL-13 was up-regulated early p.i., then transcription elevated gradually mirroring the activity of other pro-fibrotic markers. In contrast, transcription activity of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma was elevated shortly after infection, followed by the partial down-regulation of gene expression, indicating the lack of larval killing, enhanced granulomatous inflammation and the perpetuation of hepatic fibrosis. Histomorphometric analysis of the parenchymal fibrous lesions, surface areas of larvae surrounded with the inflammatory infiltrates and surface areas of developing or mature larva-containing granulomas, correlated with the proportion of free and encapsulated larvae, immunostaining and gene expression patterns of collagens and pro-fibrotic markers. At a later stage of infection (day 28 p.i. onwards) collagen I-positive areas occupied a greater surface area and formed mature larval capsules and scars in the liver. In contrast, collagen III was less abundant and was localised mainly in the fibrous lesions in damaged parenchyma, suggesting their specific up-regulation as the part of host-protecting and tissue-healing responses.
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62
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Qin L, Vermesh O, Shi Q, Heath JR. Self-powered microfluidic chips for multiplexed protein assays from whole blood. LAB ON A CHIP 2009; 9:2016-20. [PMID: 19568669 PMCID: PMC3651861 DOI: 10.1039/b821247c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We report herein on a self-powered, self-contained microfluidic-based chip designed to separate plasma from whole blood, and then execute an assay of a multiplexed panel of plasma biomarker proteins. The power source is based upon a chemical reaction that is catalytically triggered by the push of a button on the chip. We demonstrate assays of a dozen blood-based protein biomarkers using this automated, self-contained device. This platform can potentially permit high throughput, accurate, multiplexed blood diagnostic measurements in remote locations and by minimally trained individuals.
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63
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Durán N, Gowen BB, Costa FTM, Justo GZ, Brocchi M, Nunes OS, Nunes IS. A biotechnological product and its potential as a new immunomodulator for treatment of animal phlebovirus infection: Punta Toro virus. Antiviral Res 2009; 83:143-7. [PMID: 19393266 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens with widespread drug-resistance contribute substantially to the increasing rates in morbidity and mortality due to emerging and reemerging diseases. Thus, the development of new drugs, including those that can enhance the immune response, is urgently needed. The immunomodulator, P-MAPA, a proteinaceous aggregate of ammonium and magnesium phospholinoleate-palmitoleate anhydride derived from Aspergillus oryzae, have been shown to induce antitumor activities. The ability of this compound to elicit protective immunity against viral infections has not been fully explored. Here, we report findings on the use of P-MAPA as an antiviral agent in a mouse model of acute phleboviral (Punta Toro virus) disease. A dose administered i.p. 24h post-infectious challenge (100mg/kg dose of P-MAPA) was remarkably effective at preventing death due to Punta Toro virus infection. This dose also reduced systemic viral burden and liver discoloration assayed on day 3 of infection. Taken together, our findings indicate that non-specific immunotherapy with P-MAPA appears to be an effective treatment for blocking Punta Toro virus-induced disease and suggest that further exploration with other viral disease models is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Durán
- Instituto de Quimica, Biological Chemistry Laboratory, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, S.P., Brazil.
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64
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Lejeune M, Rybicka JM, Chadee K. Recent discoveries in the pathogenesis and immune response toward Entamoeba histolytica. Future Microbiol 2009; 4:105-18. [PMID: 19207103 DOI: 10.2217/17460913.4.1.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is an enteric dwelling human protozoan parasite that causes the disease amoebiasis, which is endemic in the developing world. Over the past four decades, considerable effort has been made to understand the parasite and the disease. Improved diagnostics can now differentiate pathogenic E. histolytica from that of the related but nonpathogenic Entamoeba dispar, thus minimizing screening errors. Classically, the triad of Gal-lectin, cysteine proteinases and amoebapores of the parasite were thought to be the major proteins involved in the pathogenesis of amoebiasis. However, other amoebic molecules such as lipophosphopeptidoglycan, perioxiredoxin, arginase, and lysine and glutamic acid-rich proteins are also implicated. Recently, the genome of E. histolytica has been sequenced, which has widened our scope to study additional virulence factors. E. histolytica genome-based approaches have now confirmed the presence of Golgi apparatus-like vesicles and the machinery for glycosylation, thus improving the chances of identifying potential drug targets for chemotherapeutic intervention. Apart from Gal-lectin-based vaccines, promising vaccine targets such as serine-rich E. histolytica protein have yielded encouraging results. Considerable efforts have also been made to skew vaccination responses towards appropriate T-helper cell immunity that could augment the efficacy of vaccine candidates under study. Thus, ongoing efforts mining the information made available with the sequencing of the E. histolytica genome will no doubt identify and characterize other important potential vaccine/drug targets and lead to effective immunologic strategies for the control of amoebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manigandan Lejeune
- University of Calgary, Department of Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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65
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Abstract
Cytokine-mediated immunity plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of various diseases including autoimmunity. Recently, interleukin-27 (IL-27) was identified, which, along with IL-12, IL-23, and IL-35, belongs to the IL-12 cytokine family. These family members play roles in the regulation of T helper (Th) cell differentiation. IL-27 is unique in that while it induces Th1 differentiation, the same cytokine suppresses immune responses. In the absence of IL-27-mediated immunosuppression, hyper-production of various pro-inflammatory cytokines concomitant with severe inflammation in affected organs was observed in IL-27 receptor alpha chain (WSX-1)-deficient mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Experimental allergic or inflammatory responses were also enhanced in WSX-1-deficient mice. The immunosuppressive effects of IL-27 depend on inhibition of the development of Th17 cells (a newly identified inflammatory T-helper population) and induction of IL-10 production. Moreover, administration of IL-27 or augmentation of IL-27 signaling suppresses some diseases of autoimmune or allergic origin, demonstrating its potential in therapy of diseases mediated by inflammatory cytokines. In this review, we discuss recent studies on the role of IL-27 in immunity to parasitic and bacterial infections as well as in allergy and autoimmunity in view of its pro- and anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Yoshida
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Division of Molecular and Cellular Immunoscience, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan.
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66
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Barkman C, Martner A, Hessle C, Wold AE. Soluble bacterial constituents down-regulate secretion of IL-12 in response to intact Gram-positive bacteria. Microbes Infect 2008; 10:1484-93. [PMID: 18832044 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2008.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Revised: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 08/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Intact Gram-positive bacteria induce production of large amounts of IL-12 from freshly isolated human monocytes. Here the bacterial structures and signalling pathways involved were studied and compared with those leading to IL-6 production, and to IL-12 production in response to LPS after IFN-gamma pre-treatment. Intact bifidobacteria induced massive production of IL-12 (1 ng/ml) and IL-6 (>30 ng/ml) from human PBMC, whereas fragmented bifidobacteria induced IL-6, but no IL-12. IL-12 production induced by intact bifidobacteria was inhibited by pre-treatment with bifidobacterial sonicate, peptidoglycan, muramyl dipeptide, lipoteichoic acid, the soluble TLR2 agonist Pam(3)Cys-SK(4), or anti-TLR2 antibodies. Blocking of phagocytosis by cytochalasin, inhibition of the JNK or NF-kappaB pathways or treatment with Wortmannin also reduced the IL-12 response to intact Gram-positive bacteria. LPS induced moderate levels of IL-12 (0.31 ng/ml), but only from IFN-gamma pre-treated PBMC. This IL-12 production was enhanced by Wortmannin and unaffected by blocking the JNK pathway. Thus, intact Gram-positive bacteria trigger monocyte production of large amounts of IL-12 via a distinct pathway that is turned off by fragmented Gram-positive bacteria. This may be a physiological feedback, since such fragments may signal that further activation of the phagocyte via the IL-12/IFN-gamma loop is unnecessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Barkman
- Department of Clinical Bacteriology, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10, SE-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden.
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67
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Effet de la corticothérapie sur la production des interleukines 8, 12 et du monoxyde d’azote au cours des uvéites Behçet et idiopathique. J Fr Ophtalmol 2008; 31:387-95. [DOI: 10.1016/s0181-5512(08)71433-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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68
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Yoshida H, Miyazaki Y, Wang S, Hamano S. Regulation of defense responses against protozoan infection by interleukin-27 and related cytokines. J Biomed Biotechnol 2007; 2007:79401. [PMID: 17541470 PMCID: PMC1874674 DOI: 10.1155/2007/79401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2006] [Revised: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokine-mediated immunity is crucial in the defense against pathogens.
Recently, IL-23 and IL-27 were identified, which along with IL-12 belong to
the IL-12 cytokine family. IL-27 is pivotal for the induction of helper T
cell (Th) 1 responses while IL-23 is important for the proliferation of
memory type Th1 cells. Recent studies revealed that IL-27 also has an
anti-inflammatory property. In some protozoan infection, various
proinflammatory cytokines were over produced causing lethal inflammatory
responses in IL-27 receptor-deficient mice. The anti-inflammatory effect of
IL-27 depends, at least partly, on inhibition of the development of Th17
cells, a newly identified Th population that is induced by IL-23 and is
characterized by the production of the inflammatogenic cytokine, IL-17.
IL-27 thus has a double identity as an initiator and as an attenuator of
immune responses and inflammation. With the discoveries of the new
IL-12-related cytokines and Th17 cells, Th development is facing a new
paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Yoshida
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan
- *Hiroki Yoshida:
| | - Yoshiyuki Miyazaki
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Sen Wang
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Hamano
- Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Chandra J, McCormick TS, Imamura Y, Mukherjee PK, Ghannoum MA. Interaction of Candida albicans with adherent human peripheral blood mononuclear cells increases C. albicans biofilm formation and results in differential expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Infect Immun 2007; 75:2612-20. [PMID: 17339351 PMCID: PMC1865760 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01841-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages are the cell types most commonly associated with the innate immune response against Candida albicans infection. Interactions between the host immune system and Candida organisms have been investigated for planktonic Candida cells, but no studies have addressed these interactions in a biofilm environment. In this study, for the first time, we evaluated the ability of C. albicans to form biofilms in the presence or absence of adherent peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs; enriched for monocytes and macrophages by adherence). Our analyses using scanning electron and confocal scanning laser microscopy showed that the presence of PBMCs enhanced the ability of C. albicans to form biofilms and that the majority of PBMCs were localized to the basal and middle layers of the biofilm. In contrast to the interactions of PBMCs with planktonic C. albicans, where PBMCs phagocytose fungal cells, PBMCs did not appear to phagocytose fungal cells in biofilms. Furthermore, time-lapse laser microscopy revealed dynamic interactions between C. albicans and PBMCs in a biofilm. Additionally, we found that (i) only viable PBMCs influence Candida biofilm formation, (ii) cell surface components of PBMCs did not contribute to the enhancement of C. albicans biofilm, (iii) the biofilm-enhancing effect of PBMCs is mediated by a soluble factor released into the coculture medium of PBMCs with C. albicans, and (iv) supernatant collected from this coculture contained differential levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Our studies provide new insight into the interaction between Candida biofilm and host immune cells and demonstrate that immunocytes may influence the ability of C. albicans to form biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotsna Chandra
- Center for Medical Mycology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
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70
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Groom SN, Johns T, Oldfield PR. The Potency of Immunomodulatory Herbs May Be Primarily Dependent upon Macrophage Activation. J Med Food 2007; 10:73-9. [PMID: 17472470 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2006.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Standardized extracts of Echinacea, cat's claw, and saw palmetto were each evaluated for ability to activate macrophage and natural killer cells, in vitro, using two independent measures of activation for each immune cell population. A standard series of exposure concentrations were tested for each herbal extract in a panel of four assays that evaluated macrophage phagocytosis, macrophage synthesis of interleukin-12, natural killer (NK) cell cytocidal activity (synthesis of granzyme B), and NK cell synthesis of interferon-gamma. Macrophage phagocytosis was stimulated by all three herbs tested: saw palmetto (up to 2.3-fold, P < .05), Echinacea (up to 3.6-fold, P < .01), and cat's claw (up to 4.7-fold, P < .01). Additionally, NK cell synthesis of interferon-gamma was stimulated by saw palmetto (up to 6.3-fold, P < .01) and Echinacea (up to 8.1 fold, P < .01) but not by exposure to cat's claw. None of the three herbs stimulated macrophage synthesis of interleukin-12 or NK cell synthesis of granzyme B. Comparison of the in vitro data with our earlier observations that cat's claw and Echinacea (but not saw palmetto) were each effective in reducing B16/F10 lung tumor colony formation in C57BL/6J mice suggests macrophage activation is the primary means by which these herbs modulate the immune system. Thus, macrophage activation (phagocytosis) may provide a potentially higher throughput method to identify herbal extracts with in vivo stimulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Groom
- Department of Nutrition, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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71
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Nascimento DS, do Vale A, Tomás AM, Zou J, Secombes CJ, dos Santos NMS. Cloning, promoter analysis and expression in response to bacterial exposure of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) interleukin-12 p40 and p35 subunits. Mol Immunol 2006; 44:2277-91. [PMID: 17196658 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Revised: 10/27/2006] [Accepted: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a heterodimeric cytokine pivotal in resistance to microbial and viral infections. In the search for immunoregulatory genes in sea bass the genes for the two IL-12 subunits p40 and p35 were cloned and sequenced. Molecular characterization of these two genes was performed at both the cDNA and genomic levels. Sea bass IL-12 p40 and p35 conserve most cysteines involved in the intra-chain disulfide bonds of human IL-12 subunits as well as the important structural residues for human IL-12 heterodimerization. The gene organization of sea bass IL-12 p40 is similar to the human orthologue, whilst the sea bass IL-12 p35 gene structure, as reported for pufferfish, differs from the human one in containing an additional exon and lacking a second copy of a duplicated exon present in the mammalian genes. The promoter analysis of both sea bass and pufferfish IL-12 genes showed the presence of the main cis-acting elements involved in the transcriptional regulation of human and mouse orthologues. The involvement of IL-12 in sea bass anti-bacterial immune responses was demonstrated by investigating the expression profiles of IL-1beta, IL-12 p40 and p35 in the head-kidney and spleen following intraperitoneal injection of UV-killed and live Photobacterium damselae ssp. piscicida (Phdp). Finally, the importance of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB on UV-killed Phdp-induced IL-12 p40 and p35 gene transcription was shown by the use of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana S Nascimento
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal.
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72
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Obi E, Roy A, Bates V, Sandy C. Bilateral chronic fungal dacryocystitis caused by Candida dubliniensis in a neutropenic patient. J Clin Pathol 2006; 59:1194-5. [PMID: 17071804 PMCID: PMC1860505 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2005.027540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, candida species other than Candida albicans have emerged as causes of human candidiasis, particularly in HIV-infected and other immunocompromised people. C. dubliniensis, a recently described species closely related to C. albicans, first isolated from patients with AIDS in Dublin, has been implicated as an agent of oral candidiasis in HIV-positive people. However, it has also been recovered from HIV-negative people, with clinical signs of oral candidiasis and from the genital tract of some women with vaginitis. The first case of bilateral chronic fungal dacryocystitis caused by C. dubliniensis is described in an HIV-negative woman.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Obi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Glamorgan Hospital, Ynysmaerdy, Llantrisant, Wales, UK.
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73
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Gowen BB, Hoopes JD, Wong MH, Jung KH, Isakson KC, Alexopoulou L, Flavell RA, Sidwell RW. TLR3 Deletion Limits Mortality and Disease Severity due to Phlebovirus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:6301-7. [PMID: 17056560 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.9.6301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
TLR3 was the first member of the TLR family of pattern recognition receptors found to detect a conserved viral molecular pattern, dsRNA, yet supporting evidence for a major role in host defense against viral pathogens is limited. Punta Toro virus (PTV) has been shown to produce severe infection in mice, modeling disease caused by the related highly pathogenic Rift Valley fever phlebovirus in humans and domesticated ungulates. Using TLR3-deficient mice, we investigated the involvement of TLR3 in host defense against PTV infection. Compared with wild-type, TLR3(-/-) mice demonstrate increased resistance to lethal infection and have reduced liver disease associated with hepatotropic PTV infection. Infectious challenge produced comparable peak liver and serum viral loads; however, TLR3(-/-) mice were able to clear systemic virus at a slightly faster rate. Cytokine profiling suggests that TLR3 plays an important role in PTV pathogenesis through the overproduction of inflammatory mediators, which may be central to the observed differences in survival and disease severity. Compared with TLR3-deficient mice, IL-6, MCP-1, IFN-gamma, and RANTES were all present at higher levels in wild-type animals. Most dramatic was the exaggerated levels of IL-6 found systemically and in liver tissue of infected wild-type mice; however, IL-6-deficient animals were found to be more susceptible to lethal PTV infection. Taken together, we conclude that the TLR3-mediated response to PTV infection is detrimental to disease outcome and propose that IL-6, although critical to establishing antiviral defense, contributes to pathogenesis when released in excess, necessitating its controlled production as is seen with TLR3(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian B Gowen
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
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74
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Gowen BB, Smee DF, Wong MH, Judge JW, Jung KH, Bailey KW, Pace AM, Rosenberg B, Sidwell RW. Recombinant Eimeria protozoan protein elicits resistance to acute phlebovirus infection in mice but not hamsters. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50:2023-9. [PMID: 16723561 PMCID: PMC1479126 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01473-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A protein antigen from an Eimeria protozoan has recently been reported to induce antitumor activity in mice. This activity most likely results from the strong induction of interkeukin-12 (IL-12) and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), which are also essential factors in the establishment of protective immunity against viral infection. We evaluated recombinant Eimeria antigen (rEA) as a potential immunotherapeutic agent in mouse and hamster models of acute phleboviral disease. Punta Toro virus (PTV) was highly sensitive to a single dose of nanogram quantities of rEA in the mouse infection model. Intraperitoneal treatment with rEA also reduced virus load and liver damage associated with PTV infection. IL-12 was elicited following exposure of uninfected mice to quantities of rEA of 10 ng or greater, and the levels peaked at between 3 and 8 h postexposure. IFN-gamma release was induced more slowly and required less rEA (1 ng) to produce a significant rise in systemic levels. The induction of IL-12 and IFN-gamma involved in the coordination of innate and adaptive immune responses to microbial pathogens required myeloid differentiation factor 88, a signaling adaptor shared by most members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family. Despite encouraging results in the murine system, rEA failed to protect hamsters challenged with PTV. Our findings suggest that hamsters may lack functional TLR11, which has recently been shown to recognize a profilin-like protein homologous to rEA from the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. Further investigation into the immunostimulatory capacity of rEA in other mammalian systems is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian B Gowen
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, 84322, USA.
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75
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Luikart SD, Levay-Young B, Hinkel T, Shearer J, Mills C, Caldwell MD, Gyetko MR, Oegema TR. Mactinin treatment promotes wound-healing-associated inflammation in urokinase knockout mice. Wound Repair Regen 2006; 14:123-8. [PMID: 16630100 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2006.00101.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mactinin, a 31 kDa fragment from the amino-terminal end of alpha-actinin, is chemotactic for monocytes and can promote monocyte/macrophage maturation. Macrophages are essential for wound healing, in which they play key roles in debridement, angiogenesis, fibroblast proliferation, and collagen metabolism. We have previously determined that urokinase is necessary to form mactinin from extracellular alpha-actinin, which may be present at sites of inflammation as a result of cell movement. Thus, urokinase knockout mice are unable to form mactinin and therefore are an ideal model to study mactinin's effects on wound healing. Saline- and mactinin-treated wounds were analyzed in a subcutaneous sponge wound model in both wild-type and urokinase knockout mice. The wounded urokinase knockout mice had markedly decreased leukocyte infiltration compared with wounded wild-type mice. In addition, production of the proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-12, and of collagen was also decreased in knockouts. Treatment of knockout mice with mactinin resulted in leukocyte infiltration numbers, interleukin-12 levels, and hydroxyproline measurements similar to those in wild-type mice. The results suggest that impaired wound healing in urokinase-deficient mice can be restored by administration of mactinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon D Luikart
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55417, USA.
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76
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van der Sluijs KF, van Elden LJR, Xiao Y, Arens R, Nijhuis M, Schuurman R, Florquin S, Jansen HM, Lutter R, van der Poll T. IL-12 deficiency transiently improves viral clearance during the late phase of respiratory tract infection with influenza A virus in mice. Antiviral Res 2006; 70:75-84. [PMID: 16490265 PMCID: PMC7126924 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2004] [Revised: 01/12/2006] [Accepted: 01/13/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
T helper 1-driven immune responses have been implicated in protective immunity against viral infections. Interleukin (IL)-12 is a heterodimeric proinflammatory cytokine formed by a p35 and a p40 subunit that can induce differentiation of naïve T cells towards a T helper 1-response. To determine the role of IL-12 in respiratory tract infection with influenza, p35 gene deficient (p35−/−) and normal wild type mice were intranasally infected with influenza A virus. IL-12 p35−/− mice displayed a transiently enhanced rather than an impaired viral clearance, as indicated by a 10-fold reduction in viral loads on day 8 after infection. Although interferon-γ levels were significantly lower in the lungs of IL-12 p35−/− mice, their cellular immune responses were not altered, as reflected by similar T cell CD69 expression and influenza-specific T cell recruitment. Our data indicate that endogenous IL-12 impairs viral clearance during the late phase of influenza A virus infection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koenraad F van der Sluijs
- Laboratory of Experimental Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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77
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Pasquali P, Fayer R, Zarlenga D, Canals A, Marez TD, Gomez Munoz MT, Almeria S, Gasbarre LC. Recombinant bovine interleukin-12 stimulates a gut immune response but does not provide resistance to Cryptosporidium parvum infection in neonatal calves. Vet Parasitol 2006; 135:259-68. [PMID: 16386849 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2004] [Revised: 05/20/2005] [Accepted: 05/28/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine if administration of recombinant bovine interleukin-12 (rBoIL-12) could stimulate a cellular immune response that protected calves from an oral challenge inoculation with Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. In a first experiment, rBoIL-12 intraperitoneally administered as a single dose 1 day before challenge inoculation, did not alter the course of infection. The percentage of immune competent cells and levels of cytokine gene expression in the ileo-cecal mucosa and in the draining lymph nodes of treated calves were similar to those of untreated control calves. However, when rBoIL-12 was subcutaneously administered daily from 2 days before infection to 2 days after infection, a consistent increase of T lymphocytes and an higher expression of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) was detected. Again, treatment did not alter the course of infection. Similar results were obtained when rBoIL-12 was administered daily for 4 days beginning 2 days after oral inoculation. These data indicate that although rBoIL-12 stimulated a strong immune response in the gut of neonatal calves, the response was not able to provide protection from challenge inoculation with C. parvum oocysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Pasquali
- Istituto Superiore di Sanita', Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Rome, Italy
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78
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Walsh TJ, Roilides E, Cortez K, Kottilil S, Bailey J, Lyman CA. Control, immunoregulation, and expression of innate pulmonary host defenses against Aspergillus fumigatus. Med Mycol 2005; 43 Suppl 1:S165-72. [PMID: 16114132 DOI: 10.1080/13693780500064672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate host defense system (IHDS) against Aspergillus fumigatus includes dedicated phagocytic cells (peripheral blood monocytes, monocyte derived macrophages, pulmonary alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, myeloid dendritic cells and natural killer cells), cytokines, chemokines, toll-like receptors, and antimicrobial peptides. During the past decade, the advances in the field of the IHDS have been enormous, allowing a better understanding of the immunopharmacological control, immunoregulation, and expression of innate host defense molecules against Aspergillus fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Walsh
- Immunocompromised Host Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bldg. 10, Rm 13N-240, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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79
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Lanzilli G, Falchetti R, Tricarico M, Ungheri D, Fuggetta MP. In vitro effects of an immunostimulating bacterial lysate on human lymphocyte function. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2005; 18:245-54. [PMID: 15888247 DOI: 10.1177/039463200501800207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
MLBL is an oral immunostimulating vaccine consisting of bacterial standardized lysates obtained by mechanical lysis of different strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria that can cause acute and chronic infections of the respiratory tract. Previous studies suggested a stimulating effect of MLBL both on humoral and cellular immune responses. In the present study, the in vitro effects of MLBL on human lymphocyte effector functions and its mechanisms of action were evaluated. The results show that the most remarkable effects of MLBL on the immune system are: i) activation of the IL-2 receptor (IL-2Ralpha) on different lymphocyte subsets (B, CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells) involved both in humoral and cellular immune responses; ii) induction of cytokine synthesis (IL-2, IL-10, IL-12, IFNgamma) in the immune competent cells that induce and regulate immune responses; iii) generation of CD4+ and CD8+ effector T cells. Overall, these results suggest that the therapeutic effect of MLBL on acute and recurrent infections of the respiratory tract is related to its ability to activate the responses of different subsets of immune competent cells both for humoral and cellular immunity. Moreover, these effects can be induced either by direct immune cell activation or through the generation and activation of immune effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lanzilli
- Institute of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, Section of Molecular Medicine, National Research Council, Rome, Italy.
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80
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Okhuysen PC, Chappell CL, Lewis DE, Robinson P, White AC. Treatment of chronic cryptosporidiosis in AIDS with rIL-12 induces an immune response associated with improvement but severe side-effects. AIDS 2005; 19:1333-4. [PMID: 16052094 DOI: 10.1097/01.aids.0000180110.03759.e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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81
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Abstract
The very poor outcome of invasive fungal infections (IFI) in patients with haematological malignancies or recipients of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation is largely attributed to their compromised host defence mechanisms. The restoration or augmentation of immune responses in these patients is now considered as one of the cornerstones of effective antifungal therapy. Major advances in the field of experimental immunology have provided insight on the important regulatory role of cytokines in both innate and adaptive immunity to fungal pathogens. Preclinical studies have convincingly demonstrated that immunomodulation with cytokines can enhance the antifungal activity of neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages as well as upregulate protective T-helper type 1 adaptive immune responses. Evidence on the clinical use of cytokines in immunocompromised hosts with IFI is, however, still scant and inconclusive. The present review summarizes experimental and clinical data on the role of cytokines in the immune response to fungal pathogens and on their potential use for prevention or treatment of fungal infections. Implications for future research are also briefly discussed.
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82
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Liu J, Cao S, Kim S, Chung EY, Homma Y, Guan X, Jimenez V, Ma X. Interleukin-12: an update on its immunological activities, signaling and regulation of gene expression. CURRENT IMMUNOLOGY REVIEWS 2005; 1:119-137. [PMID: 21037949 DOI: 10.2174/1573395054065115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a heterodimeric cytokine composed of the p35 and p40 subunits. It is produced by antigen-presenting cells and plays a critical role in host defense against intracellular microbial infection and control of malignancy via its ability to stimulate both innate and adaptive immune effector cells. The potency of IL-12 renders itself to stringent regulation of the timing, locality and magnitude of its production during an immune response. Subversion of the delicate control and balance frequently leads to immunologic disorders. In this article, we provide an update, since our last review of the subject four years ago, on recent advances in: (1) uncovering of novel activities of IL-12 and related molecules in various immunological settings and models; and (2) dissection of the physiological pathways involved in the modulation of IL-12 production by pathogens and immune regulators. The increased understanding of IL-12 immunobiology and expression will likely benefit the development of therapeutic modalities to correct immune dysfunctions.
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83
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Haghighi HR, Prescott JF. Assessment in mice of vapA–DNA vaccination against Rhodococcus equi infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 104:215-25. [PMID: 15734542 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2004] [Revised: 11/15/2004] [Accepted: 12/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There is a need to produce a vaccine against Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals in which immunity against infection is largely based on a type 1, cell-mediated, immune response. The VapA protein of the virulence plasmid of R. equi is highly immunogenic. To assess the potential of vapA-DNA to produce immunity, C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice were immunized with a DNA vaccine constructed from vapA incorporated into pcDNA3.1. The plasmid construct expressed VapA in a COS-7 cell line. Intramuscular immunization of mice resulted in enhanced clearance of R. equi from the liver of intravenously challenged mice compared to non-immunized controls. This effect was more marked when pORF-IL-12, a plasmid expressing murine IL12, was included with the vaccine. Antibody developed to VapA, with an IgG2a response being more marked in mice immunized with pcDNA-vapA than in non-immunized or in mice immunized with the mixed vapA and IL-12 plasmid constructs. In conclusion, this study has shown for the first time that DNA immunization with vapA enhances the immune responses of mice against R. equi infection, that the IgG subisotype response is consistent with a type 1-based immune response, and that this can be enhanced by injection of the IL-12 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Haghighi
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont., Canada N1G 2W1
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84
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Abstract
IL-12, IL-23 and IFN-γ form a loop and have been thought to play a crucial role against infectious viruses, which are the prototype of “intracellular” pathogens. In the last 10 years, the generation of knock-out (KO) mice for genes that control IL-12/IL-23-dependent IFN-γ-dependent mediated immunity (STAT1, IFN-γR1, IFNγR2, IL-12p40 and IL-12Rβ1) and the identification of patients with spontaneous germline mutations in these genes has led to a re-examination of the role of these cytokines in anti-viral immunity. We here review viral infections in mice and humans with genetic defects in the IL-12/IL-23-IFN-γ axis. A comparison of the phenotypes observed in KO mice and deficient patients suggests that the human IL-12/IL-23-IFN-γ axis plays a redundant role in immunity to most viruses, whereas its mouse counterparts play a more important role against several viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Novelli
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Medical School, René Descartes University of Paris, INSERM U550, 156 Rue de Vaugirard, 75015 Paris, France.
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85
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Stone AES, Giguere S, Castleman WL. IL-12 reduces the severity of Sendai virus-induced bronchiolar inflammation and remodeling. Cytokine 2004; 24:103-13. [PMID: 14581004 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2003.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this research was to determine whether differential pulmonary IL-12 gene expression controls susceptibility to Sendai virus-induced chronic airway inflammation and fibrosis in inbred rat strains. Sendai virus-resistant F344 rats and susceptible BN rats were studied from 1 to 14 days following virus inoculation. F344 rats had 3.4-fold higher IL-12 mRNA levels detected by real-time PCR in lung than BN rats as early as two days following inoculation. This increase in mRNA was associated at two days with increased total IL-12 protein and with a 2-fold increase in numbers of bronchiolar, OX-6-positive dendritic cells and an increased number of IL-12 p40-positive, bronchiolar macrophages and dendritic cells (p<0.05). Virus-susceptible BN rats treated with 3 mug of recombinant, mouse IL-12 intraperitoneally at the time of virus inoculation had a 22.1% decrease in severity of chronic bronchiolar inflammation and a 23.8% decrease in fibrosis compared to virus-inoculated BN rats treated with saline. IL-12 treatment induced increased IFN-gamma mRNA and protein expression after virus inoculation (p<0.05). The results demonstrate that there is differential pulmonary IL-12 gene expression between virus-susceptible and resistant rat strains and that IL-12 treatment can provide significant protection from virus-induced chronic airway inflammation and remodeling during early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E S Stone
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, USA.
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86
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Abstract
The topic of immunity to fungal infections is of interest to a wide range of disciplines, from microbiology to immunology. It is of particular interest in terms of therapy of HIV-infected individuals, and patients with cancer or individuals who have received transplants. Understanding the nature and function of the immune response to fungi is an exciting challenge that might set the stage for new approaches to the treatment of fungal diseases, from immunotherapy to vaccines. The past decade has witnessed the development of a wide range of new approaches to elucidate events that occur at the host-fungus interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigina Romani
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, Microbiology Section, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy.
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87
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Potvin DM, Metzger DW, Lee WT, Collins DN, Ramsingh AI. Exogenous interleukin-12 protects against lethal infection with coxsackievirus B4. J Virol 2003; 77:8272-9. [PMID: 12857896 PMCID: PMC165221 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.15.8272-8279.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2003] [Accepted: 05/06/2003] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections with the group B coxsackieviruses either can be asymptomatic or can lead to debilitating chronic diseases. To elucidate the mechanism by which these viruses cause chronic disease, we developed a mouse model of chronic pancreatitis by using a virulent variant of coxsackievirus B4, CVB4-V. Infection with CVB4-V results in an early, severe pancreatitis, which can lead to mortality or progress to chronic pancreatitis. Chronic pancreatitis, in this model, is due to immunopathological mechanisms. We investigated whether interleukin-12 (IL-12) could modulate the outcome of CVB4-V infection. Eighty-five percent of the infected mice treated with 500 ng of IL-12 survived, whereas all untreated mice succumbed. To understand the mechanism underlying the beneficial effect of IL-12, we investigated the role of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma). Three lines of evidence suggest that the protective effect of IL-12 is due to IFN-gamma. First, administration of IL-12 increased the production of endogenous IFN-gamma in CVB4-V-infected mice. Both NK and NKT cells were identified as the source of IFN-gamma. Second, IFN-gamma knockout mice treated with IL-12 succumbed to infection with CVB4-V. Third, wild-type mice treated with IFN-gamma survived infection with CVB4-V. Due to the antiviral effects of IFN-gamma, we examined whether IL-12 treatment affected viral replication. Administration of IL-12 did not decrease viral replication in the pancreas, but it did prevent extensive tissue damage and the subsequent development of chronic pancreatitis. The data suggest that IL-12 treatment during CVB4-V infection is able to suppress the immunopathological mechanisms that lead to chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Potvin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York 12237, USA
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88
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Godot V, Harraga S, Podoprigora G, Liance M, Bardonnet K, Vuitton DA. IFN alpha-2a protects mice against a helminth infection of the liver and modulates immune responses. Gastroenterology 2003; 124:1441-50. [PMID: 12730883 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5085(03)00273-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (AE), caused by the larval growth of Echinococcus multilocularis, is one of the most lethal helminthic diseases with no satisfactory treatment. Advances in the understanding of the host's immune response (Th2 responses associated with a progressive form of AE), have driven the research towards immune stimulation as an alternative possibility to treat patients. We previously reported clinical stabilization associated with a shift from a Th2 to a Th1 cytokine profile in an AE patient treated with interferon (IFN)alpha. METHODS The effects of recombinant IFN alpha-2a were analyzed in the susceptible C57BL/6J E. multilocularis infected mice. Parasitic burden, macrophage functions, and specific T-cell responses were studied 15, 45, and 90 days postinfection. RESULTS After 90 days postinfection, 75% of infected IFN alpha-2a-treated mice had no hepatic lesions and half were fully protected. IFN alpha-2a treatment markedly decreased the abnormally elevated production of IL-10 in both spleen cell cultures and peritoneal macrophage cultures from infected mice and restored phagocytosis and oxidative metabolism of macrophages. It also inhibited IL-6 and IL-13 antigen-induced secretions in spleen cell cultures. CONCLUSIONS Through its immunoregulatory properties, IFN alpha-2a may be effective in a helminthic liver infection and is a promising candidate for clinical application in AE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Godot
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center on Prevention and Treatment of Human Echinococcosis, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie et Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Université de Franche-Comte, Besançon, France
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89
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Sharma MK, Al-Azem A, Wolfe J, Hershfield E, Kabani A. Identification of a predominant isolate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis using molecular and clinical epidemiology tools and in vitro cytokine responses. BMC Infect Dis 2003; 3:3. [PMID: 12697047 PMCID: PMC154093 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-3-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2002] [Accepted: 04/08/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) surveillance programs in Canada have established that TB in Canada is becoming a disease of geographically and demographically distinct groups. In 1995, treaty status aboriginals from the province of Manitoba accounted for 46% of the disease burden of this sub-group in Canada. The TB incidence rates are dramatically high in certain reserves of Manitoba and are equivalent to rates in African countries. The objective of our study was to identify prevalent isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the patient population of Manitoba using molecular epidemiology tools, studying the patient demographics associated with the prevalent strain and studying the in vitro cytokine profiles post-infection with the predominant strain. METHODS Molecular typing was performed on all isolates available between 1992 to 1997. A clinical database was generated using patient information from Manitoba. THP-1 cells were infected using strains of M. tuberculosis and cytokine profiles were determined using immunoassays for cytokines IL-1beta, IL-10, IL-12, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. RESULTS In Manitoba, 24% of the disease burden is due to a particular M. tuberculosis strain (Type1). The strain is common in patients of aboriginal decent and is responsible for at least 87% of these cases. Cytokine assays indicate that the Type1 strain induces comparatively lower titers of IL-1beta, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha in infected THP-1 cells as compared to H37Ra and H37Rv strains. CONCLUSION In Manitoba, Type1 strain is predominant in TB patients. The majority of the cases infected with this particular strain are newly active with a high incidence of respiratory disease, positive chest radiographs and pulmonary cavities. In vitro secretion of IL-1beta, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha is suppressed in Type1 infected culture samples when compared to H37Ra and H37Rv infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kaushal Sharma
- Clinical Microbiology, Health Sciences Center, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- National Reference Centre for Mycobacteriology, National Microbiology Laboratories, Health Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - A Al-Azem
- Clinical Microbiology, Health Sciences Center, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - J Wolfe
- National Reference Centre for Mycobacteriology, National Microbiology Laboratories, Health Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - E Hershfield
- Provincial Tuberculosis Registry, Health Sciences Center, Winnipeg, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - A Kabani
- Clinical Microbiology, Health Sciences Center, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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90
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Bruna-Romero O, Schmieg J, Del Val M, Buschle M, Tsuji M. The dendritic cell-specific chemokine, dendritic cell-derived CC chemokine 1, enhances protective cell-mediated immunity to murine malaria. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:3195-203. [PMID: 12626578 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.6.3195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cell-mediated immunity plays a crucial role in the control of many infectious diseases, necessitating the need for adjuvants that can augment cellular immune responses elicited by vaccines. It is well established that protection against one such disease, malaria, requires strong CD8(+) T cell responses targeted against the liver stages of the causative agent, Plasmodium spp. In this report we show that the dendritic cell-specific chemokine, dendritic cell-derived CC chemokine 1 (DC-CK1), which is produced in humans and acts on naive lymphocytes, can enhance Ag-specific CD8(+) T cell responses when coadministered with either irradiated Plasmodium yoelii sporozoites or a recombinant adenovirus expressing the P. yoelii circumsporozoite protein in mice. We further show that these enhanced T cell responses result in increased protection to malaria in immunized mice challenged with live P. yoelii sporozoites, revealing an adjuvant activity for DC-CK1. DC-CK1 appears to act preferentially on naive mouse lymphocytes, and its adjuvant effect requires IL-12, but not IFN-gamma or CD40. Overall, our results show for the first time an in vivo role for DC-CK1 in the establishment of primary T cell responses and indicate the potential of this chemokine as an adjuvant for vaccines against malaria as well as other diseases in which cellular immune responses are important.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Animals
- Antigens, Protozoan/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Protozoan/genetics
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Chemokines, CC/administration & dosage
- Chemokines, CC/immunology
- Chemokines, CC/physiology
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Female
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular/genetics
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Interleukin-12/deficiency
- Interleukin-12/genetics
- Interleukin-12/physiology
- Malaria/immunology
- Malaria/prevention & control
- Malaria Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Malaria Vaccines/genetics
- Malaria Vaccines/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Plasmodium yoelii/genetics
- Plasmodium yoelii/growth & development
- Plasmodium yoelii/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Bruna-Romero
- Department of Medical and Molecular Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA
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91
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Grabie N, Delfs MW, Westrich JR, Love VA, Stavrakis G, Ahmad F, Seidman CE, Seidman JG, Lichtman AH. IL-12 is required for differentiation of pathogenic CD8+ T cell effectors that cause myocarditis. J Clin Invest 2003. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200316867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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92
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Grabie N, Delfs MW, Westrich JR, Love VA, Stavrakis G, Ahmad F, Seidman CE, Seidman JG, Lichtman AH. IL-12 is required for differentiation of pathogenic CD8+ T cell effectors that cause myocarditis. J Clin Invest 2003; 111:671-80. [PMID: 12618521 PMCID: PMC151896 DOI: 10.1172/jci16867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells are involved in the autoimmune component of human myocarditis. Here, we studied the differentiation and migration of pathogenic CD8(+) T cell effector cells in a new mouse model of autoimmune myocarditis. A transgenic mouse line was derived that expresses cardiac myocyte restricted membrane-bound ovalbumin (CMy-mOva). The endogenous adaptive immune system of CMy-mOva mice displays tolerance to ovalbumin. Adoptive transfer of naive CD8(+) T cells from the ovalbumin-specific T cell receptor-transgenic (TCR-transgenic) OT-I strain induces myocarditis in CMy-mOva mice only after subsequent inoculation with ovalbumin-expressing vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-Ova). OT-I effector T cells derived in vitro in the presence or absence of IL-12 were adoptively transferred into CMy-mOva mice, and the consequences were compared. Although IL-12 was not required for the generation of cytolytic and IFN-gamma-producing effector T cells, only effectors primed in the presence of IL-12 infiltrated CMy-mOva hearts in significant numbers, causing lethal myocarditis. Furthermore, analysis of OT-I effectors collected from a mediastinal draining lymph node indicated that only effectors primed in vitro in the presence of IL-12 proliferated in vivo. These data demonstrate the importance of IL-12 in the differentiation of pathogenic CD8(+) T cells that can cause myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Grabie
- Immunology Research Division, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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93
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Fieschi C, Dupuis S, Catherinot E, Feinberg J, Bustamante J, Breiman A, Altare F, Baretto R, Le Deist F, Kayal S, Koch H, Richter D, Brezina M, Aksu G, Wood P, Al-Jumaah S, Raspall M, Da Silva Duarte AJ, Tuerlinckx D, Virelizier JL, Fischer A, Enright A, Bernhöft J, Cleary AM, Vermylen C, Rodriguez-Gallego C, Davies G, Blütters-Sawatzki R, Siegrist CA, Ehlayel MS, Novelli V, Haas WH, Levy J, Freihorst J, Al-Hajjar S, Nadal D, De Moraes Vasconcelos D, Jeppsson O, Kutukculer N, Frecerova K, Caragol I, Lammas D, Kumararatne DS, Abel L, Casanova JL. Low penetrance, broad resistance, and favorable outcome of interleukin 12 receptor beta1 deficiency: medical and immunological implications. J Exp Med 2003; 197:527-35. [PMID: 12591909 PMCID: PMC2193866 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20021769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical phenotype of interleukin 12 receptor beta1 chain (IL-12Rbeta1) deficiency and the function of human IL-12 in host defense remain largely unknown, due to the small number of patients reported. We now report 41 patients with complete IL-12Rbeta1 deficiency from 17 countries. The only opportunistic infections observed, in 34 patients, were of childhood onset and caused by weakly virulent Salmonella or Mycobacteria (Bacille Calmette-Guérin -BCG- and environmental Mycobacteria). Three patients had clinical tuberculosis, one of whom also had salmonellosis. Unlike salmonellosis, mycobacterial infections did not recur. BCG inoculation and BCG disease were both effective against subsequent environmental mycobacteriosis, but not against salmonellosis. Excluding the probands, seven of the 12 affected siblings have remained free of case-definition opportunistic infection. Finally, only five deaths occurred in childhood, and the remaining 36 patients are alive and well. Thus, a diagnosis of IL-12Rbeta1 deficiency should be considered in children with opportunistic mycobacteriosis or salmonellosis; healthy siblings of probands and selected cases of tuberculosis should also be investigated. The overall prognosis is good due to broad resistance to infection and the low penetrance and favorable outcome of infections. Unexpectedly, human IL-12 is redundant in protective immunity against most microorganisms other than Mycobacteria and Salmonella. Moreover, IL-12 is redundant for primary immunity to Mycobacteria and Salmonella in many individuals and for secondary immunity to Mycobacteria but not to Salmonella in most.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Fieschi
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, University René Descartes INSERM U550, Necker Medical School, Paris, France
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94
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Harraga S, Godot V, Bresson-Hadni S, Mantion G, Vuitton DA. Profile of cytokine production within the periparasitic granuloma in human alveolar echinococcosis. Acta Trop 2003; 85:231-6. [PMID: 12606101 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-706x(02)00218-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Th2 responses, especially IL-10 secretion by circulating mononuclear cells are associated with the progressive form of AE and Th1 responses with resistance. The HLA B8, DR3, DQ2 haplotype is associated with the severity of AE in humans through immune-mediated mechanisms including an elevated production of Interleukin-10 (IL-10). Granulomatous infiltration of mononuclear cells around the parasitic vesicles is a hallmark of this disease; however, cytokine production by granuloma cells has never been studied. Tissue samples were taken in the periparasitic area and in the central area of the periparasitic granulomatous lesions from a patient with a progressive AE at surgery. Six pieces for each zone were incubated in culture medium with antibiotics and IL-2, together with irradiated autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells as feeder cells. After four days the dead feeder cells were removed by density gradient centrifugation. Lymphocytes were stimulated with Echinococcus multilocularis vesicular fluid antigen (Emf) or PHA to study IL-10, IFN-, and IL-4 production in the supernatant. Emf-stimulated mononuclear cells from the central part of the lesions secreted more IL-10 and less IFN-gamma than cells from the periphery of the granuloma. At the basal level, IL-10 secretion by the locally infiltrating cells was also high and this confirms at the local granuloma level our previous results obtained from cultures of circulating mononuclear cells. The present study confirms that IL-10 secretion is a key feature of the immune response against E. multilocularis in humans. The location of the cells which produce the highest amount of IL-10, those in contact with parasitic structures, suggests that the parasite itself is able to modulate the immune response of the host so that the infiltrating cells cannot participate in the effector phase of the cellular immune response. The nature of the parasitic structures involved and the mechanisms which lead to an imbalanced cytokine production remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saïd Harraga
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Prevention and Treatment of Human Echinococcosis Université de Franche-Comté, 25 030, Besançon, France.
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95
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Whalen BJ, Marounek J, Mordes JP, Rossini AA, Greiner DL. Type 1 cytokines polarize thymocytes during T cell development in adult thymus organ cultures. J Autoimmun 2003; 20:27-42. [PMID: 12604310 PMCID: PMC7125593 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-8411(02)00091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral T cells can be polarized towards type 1 or type 2 cytokine immune responses during TCR engagement. Because T cell selection by peptide plus self-MHC in the thymus requires TCR engagement, we hypothesized that type 1 cytokines may polarize developing T cells. We cultured thymi from BBDR rats in adult thymus organ cultures (ATOC) under type 1 cytokine conditions in the absence of exogenous antigen. Type 1 cytokine-conditioned ATOC generated cells that spontaneously secreted high levels of IFNgamma, but not IL-4. A second exposure to type 1 cytokines further increased IFNgamma secretion by these cells, most of which were blasts that expressed the activation markers CD25, CD71, CD86, and CD134. Studies using blocking antibodies and pharmacological inhibitors suggested that both IL-18 and cognate TCR-MHC/ligand interactions were important for activation. Blocking anti-MHC class I plus anti-MHC class II antibodies, neutralizing anti-IL-18 antibody, and the p38 MAP-kinase inhibitor SB203580 each reduced IFNgamma production by approximately 75-80%. Cyclosporin A, which prevents TCR signaling, inhibited IFNgamma production by approximately 50%. These data demonstrate that exposure to type 1 cytokines during intrathymic development can polarize differentiating T cells, and suggest a mechanism by which intrathymic exposure to type 1 cytokines may modulate T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Whalen
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Biotech II, Suite 218, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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96
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Abstract
In Echinococcus infection, at the metacestode stage, studies of the immune responses in the experimental murine model as well as in humans have shown that (1) cellular immunity induced by a Th1-type cytokine secretion was able to successfully kill the metacestode at the initial stages of development; (2) antigenic proteins and carbohydrates (and perhaps non-antigenic, mitogenic components) of the oncosphere/metacestode were able to interfere with antigen presentation and cell activation so that host lymphocytes and other immune cells could produce cytokines (especially IL-10) and other mediators able to inhibit the effector phase of cellular immune reaction; and (3) immunogenetic characteristics of the host were essential to this parasite-induced deviation of the immune response. In E. multilocularis infection, a combined Th1 and Th2 cytokine profile appears crucial for prolonged metacestode growth and survival. It may be hypothesized that Th1 cytokines promote the initial cell recruitment around the metacestode and are involved in the chronicity of the cell infiltrate leading to a fully organized periparasitic granuloma and its consequences, fibrosis and necrosis. The Th2 cytokines, on the other hand, could be responsible for the inhibition of a successful parasite killing especially because of the 'anti-inflammatory' potency of IL-10. This combination of various arms of the immune response results in a partial protection of both Echinococcus metacestode and host. However, it may also be considered responsible for several complications of the disease. The Th2-related IgE synthesis and mast cell activation, well known to be responsible for anaphylactic reactions in cystic echinococcosis, are more rarely involved in 'allergic' complications in alveolar echinococcosis (AE). However, the partial but chronic effects of the efficient Th1-related cellular immune response are responsible for cytotoxic events which both help metacestode growth and dissemination and lead to the central necrosis of the lesions and clinical complications of AE. Moreover, the Th-1 response is responsible for the major and irreversible fibrosis which leads to bile duct and vessel obstruction. In addition, the peri-parasitic fibrosis may be one of the reasons for the relative lack of efficacy of antiparasitic drugs. Modulation of the host immune response, by using Interferon alpha for instance, may be a new tool to generate an effective immune response against the parasite and to prevent AE and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Angèle Vuitton
- 'Health and Rural Environnement' Research Unit (EA 2276), University Laboratory of Immunology, Université de Franche-Comté and University Hospital, F-25030, Besançon, France.
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97
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Choi IS, Collisson EW, Maheswaran SK, Yoo HS. Evaluation of cytokine gene expression in porcine spleen cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and alveolar macrophages by competitive RT-PCR. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2002; 34:119-26. [PMID: 12381462 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2002.tb00612.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines act as an important regulator of immune responses. Since cytokine expression levels are generally very low, more accurate and reliable methods of measuring their expression are needed. In this study, a modified competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay was developed to determine the expression levels and patterns of porcine IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12 p 35, and IL-12 p40 in spleen cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and alveolar macrophages that were stimulated for 4 h by lipopolysaccharide or phytohemagglutinin. Of these cytokines, the expression level of IFN-gamma was the highest in all examined cells. Constitutive expression of IL-2 and IL-4 was demonstrated in spleen cells and PBMC stimulated with phytohemagglutinin. However, their expression extent was not determinable or extremely low in the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated spleen cells and alveolar macrophages. Moderately high IL-10 expression was observed in all examined cells. IL-12 p 35 expression in alveolar macrophages was always higher than in spleen cells and PBMC. IL-12 p40 expression in alveolar macrophages was higher than in PBMC, but was lower than in spleen cells. In spleen cells, the expression of IL-12 p40 was higher than that of IL-12 p 35. In alveolar macrophages and PBMC, however, IL-12 p 35 showed a higher expression than IL-12 p40. These results indicate that each cytokine has its own characteristic expression profile in different immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Soo Choi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Suwon 441-744, South Korea
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98
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Safdar A, Dommers MP, Talwani R, Thompson CR. Intracranial perineural extension of invasive mycosis: a novel mechanism of disease propagation by Aspergillus fumigatus. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35:e50-3. [PMID: 12173149 DOI: 10.1086/341972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2002] [Revised: 03/20/2002] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe an immunocompetent woman who had refractory, invasive sphenoid sinus Aspergillus fumigatus infection for which there was radiologic evidence of intracranial perineural spread. The patient responded to a combination of antifungal and adjuvant recombinant cytokine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Safdar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, PalmettoRichland Memorial Hospital, Columbia, SC 29203, USA.
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99
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Brodskyn C, Patricio J, Oliveira R, Lobo L, Arnholdt A, Mendonça-Previato L, Barral A, Barral-Netto M. Glycoinositolphospholipids from Trypanosoma cruzi interfere with macrophages and dendritic cell responses. Infect Immun 2002; 70:3736-43. [PMID: 12065516 PMCID: PMC128086 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.7.3736-3743.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the possible effects of glycoinositolphospholipid (GIPL) from Trypanosoma cruzi on human antigen presenting cells, we tested their effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human macrophages and dendritic cells (DC). Human macrophages or DC were incubated with GIPL (50 microg/ml) and LPS (500 pg/ml) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 8 (IL-8), IL-10, and IL-12p40 levels in supernatants were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. TNF-alpha, IL-10, and IL-12 secretion were significantly decreased by GIPL both in macrophages and DC. In contrast, GIPL did not alter IL-8 production. We also analyzed the expression of CD80, CD86, HLA-DR, CD40, and CD57 on the macrophage surface after stimulation with LPS in the presence or absence of T. cruzi GIPL. GIPL led to a down-regulation in the expression of all tested molecules. We additionally examined the influence of T. cruzi GIPL on the response of human DC to LPS. LPS-induced HLA-DR, CD83, and CD86 up-regulation was significantly inhibited by GIPL. A slight down-regulation in CD80 and CD40 expression on DC surfaces in the presence of GIPL was also noticed. Similarly, GIPL led to down-modulation of CD83, CD80, CD86, and HLA-DR surface expression and TNF-alpha and IL-10 production when DC were stimulated by CD40L. The ceramide portion of GIPL was responsible for most of the activity exhibited by the whole molecule. Considering the important role of the immune response in determining the fate of the host-parasite relationship, the immunoregulatory activities of T. cruzi GIPL are potentially important for parasite evasion and then pathogenesis of infection with protozoan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Brodskyn
- Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
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100
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Jacobson MA, Spritzler J, Landay A, Chan E, Katzenstein D, Schock B, Fox L, Roe J, Kundu S, Pollard R. A Phase I, placebo-controlled trial of multi-dose recombinant human interleukin-12 in patients with HIV infection. AIDS 2002; 16:1147-54. [PMID: 12004273 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200205240-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Interleukin (IL)-12 is a cytokine that stimulates T lymphocytes and natural killer cells to generate a Type 1 T-helper lymphocyte immune response. The primary objective of this study was to determine the safety and immunologic activity of repeated recombinant human IL-12 (rhIL-12) dosing in HIV-infected patients over a broad range of the HIV disease spectrum. DESIGN A randomized, placebo-controlled, Phase 1 trial design was chosen to control for the effects of HIV disease alone on safety and immunologic measurements. METHODS HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy received rhIL-12 or placebo twice weekly for 4 weeks. Subjects were monitored for safety and changes in absolute lymphocyte subset number, serum interferon (IFN)gamma and neopterin levels, plasma HIV RNA level, peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-inducible IFNgamma responses to mitogen, and PBMC proliferative responses to phytohemagglutinin, tetanus, Candida, Mycobacterium avium complex, streptokinase, and HIV p24 and gp160 antigens. RESULTS rhIL-12 was well tolerated at doses up to 100 ng/kg in subjects enrolled with CD4 cell counts < 50 x 10(6) cells/l and at all doses in subjects with CD4 cell counts of 300 x 10(6)-500 x 10(6) cells/l. rhIL-12 resulted in dose-related increases in serum neopterin (particularly in subjects with baseline CD4 cell counts of 300-500 x 10(6) cells/l) but in no significant changes in other immunologic measurements or plasma HIV RNA levels. CONCLUSIONS rhIL-12 dosed twice weekly at < or = 100 ng/kg was well tolerated in HIV-infected patients and resulted in dose-related increases in serum neopterin (possibly reflecting the effect of some degree of IFNgamma induction). However, there was no evidence of improvement in antigen-specific immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Jacobson
- Positive Health Program, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco and The Medical Service, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
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