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Abstract
Purpose of review Burkholderia pseudomallei's and Burkholderia mallei's high rate of infectivity, limited treatment options, and potential use as biological warfare agents underscore the need for development of effective vaccines against these bacteria. Research efforts focused on vaccines against these bacteria are in pre-clinical stages, with no approved formulations currently on the market. Recent findings Several live attenuated and subunit vaccine formulations have been evaluated in animal studies, with no reports of significant long term survival after lethal challenge. Summary This review encompasses the most current vaccine strategies to prevent B. pseudomallei and B. mallei infections while providing insight for successful vaccines moving forward.
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Bearss JJ, Hunter M, Dankmeyer JL, Fritts KA, Klimko CP, Weaver CH, Shoe JL, Quirk AV, Toothman RG, Webster WM, Fetterer DP, Bozue JA, Worsham PL, Welkos SL, Amemiya K, Cote CK. Characterization of pathogenesis of and immune response to Burkholderia pseudomallei K96243 using both inhalational and intraperitoneal infection models in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172627. [PMID: 28235018 PMCID: PMC5325312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei, the etiologic agent of melioidosis, is a Gram negative bacterium designated as a Tier 1 threat. This bacterium is known to be endemic in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia and can infect humans and animals by several routes. Inhalational melioidosis has been associated with monsoonal rains in endemic areas and is also a significant concern in the biodefense community. There are currently no effective vaccines for B. pseudomallei and antibiotic treatment can be hampered by non-specific symptomology and also the high rate of naturally occurring antibiotic resistant strains. Well-characterized animal models will be essential when selecting novel medical countermeasures for evaluation prior to human clinical trials. Here, we further characterize differences between the responses of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice when challenged with low doses of a low-passage and well-defined stock of B. pseudomallei K96243 via either intraperitoneal or aerosol routes of exposure. Before challenge, mice were implanted with a transponder to collect body temperature readings, and daily body weights were also recorded. Mice were euthanized on select days for pathological analyses and determination of the bacterial burden in selected tissues (blood, lungs, liver, and spleen). Additionally, spleen homogenate and sera samples were analyzed to better characterize the host immune response after infection with aerosolized bacteria. These clinical, pathological, and immunological data highlighted and confirmed important similarities and differences between these murine models and exposure routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J. Bearss
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Melissa Hunter
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Dankmeyer
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Kristen A. Fritts
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Christopher P. Klimko
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Chris H. Weaver
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Shoe
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Avery V. Quirk
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Ronald G. Toothman
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Wendy M. Webster
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - David P. Fetterer
- BioStatisitics Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Joel A. Bozue
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Patricia L. Worsham
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Susan L. Welkos
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Kei Amemiya
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Christopher K. Cote
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
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53
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Pérez-Cruz C, Cañas MA, Giménez R, Badia J, Mercade E, Baldomà L, Aguilera L. Membrane Vesicles Released by a hypervesiculating Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 tolR Mutant Are Highly Heterogeneous and Show Reduced Capacity for Epithelial Cell Interaction and Entry. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0169186. [PMID: 28036403 PMCID: PMC5201253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane vesicles (MVs) produced by Gram-negative bacteria are being explored for novel clinical applications due to their ability to deliver active molecules to distant host cells, where they can exert immunomodulatory properties. MVs released by the probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) are good candidates for testing such applications. However, a drawback for such studies is the low level of MV isolation from in vitro culture supernatants, which may be overcome by the use of mutants in cell envelope proteins that yield a hypervesiculation phenotype. Here, we confirm that a tolR mutation in EcN increases MV production, as determined by protein, LPS and fluorescent lipid measurements. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of negatively stained MVs did not reveal significant differences with wild type EcN MVs. Conversely, TEM observation after high-pressure freezing followed by freeze substitution of bacterial samples, together with cryo-TEM observation of plunge-frozen hydrated isolated MVs showed considerable structural heterogeneity in the EcN tolR samples. In addition to common one-bilayer vesicles (OMVs) and the recently described double-bilayer vesicles (O-IMVs), other types of MVs were observed. Time-course experiments of MV uptake in Caco-2 cells using rhodamine- and DiO-labelled MVs evidenced that EcN tolR MVs displayed reduced internalization levels compared to the wild-type MVs. The low number of intracellular MVs was due to a lower cell binding capacity of the tolR-derived MVs, rather than a different entry pathway or mechanism. These findings indicate that heterogeneity of MVs from tolR mutants may have a major impact on vesicle functionality, and point to the need for conducting a detailed structural analysis when MVs from hypervesiculating mutants are to be used for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Pérez-Cruz
- Secció de Microbiologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María-Alexandra Cañas
- Secció de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Giménez
- Secció de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefa Badia
- Secció de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Mercade
- Secció de Microbiologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Baldomà
- Secció de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Laura Aguilera
- Secció de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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54
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Jitprasutwit N, Zainal-Abidin N, Vander Broek C, Kurian D, Korbsrisate S, Stevens MP, Stevens JM. Identification of Candidate Host Cell Factors Required for Actin-Based Motility of Burkholderia pseudomallei. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:4675-4685. [PMID: 27934296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular actin-based motility of the melioidosis pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei requires the bacterial factor BimA. Located at one pole of the bacterium, BimA recruits and polymerizes cellular actin to promote bacterial motility within and between cells. Here, we describe an affinity approach coupled with mass spectrometry to identify cellular proteins recruited to BimA-expressing bacteria under conditions that promote actin polymerization. We identified a group of cellular proteins that are recruited to the B. pseudomallei surface in a BimA-dependent manner, a subset of which were independently validated with specific antisera including the ubiquitous scaffold protein Ras GTPase-activating-like protein (IQGAP1). IQGAP1 integrates several key cellular signaling pathways including those involved in actin dynamics and has been shown to be involved in the adhesion of attaching and effacing Escherichia coli to infected cells and invasion of host cells by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Although a direct interaction between BimA and IQGAP1 could not be detected using either conventional pulldown or yeast two hybrid techniques, confocal microscopy revealed that IQGAP1 is recruited to B. pseudomallei actin tails in infected cells, and siRNA-mediated knockdown highlighted a role for this protein in controlling the length and actin density of B. pseudomallei actin tails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niramol Jitprasutwit
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh , Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University Bangkok, 73170 Thailand
| | - Nurhamimah Zainal-Abidin
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh , Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Charles Vander Broek
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh , Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic Kurian
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh , Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Sunee Korbsrisate
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University Bangkok, 73170 Thailand
| | - Mark P Stevens
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh , Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne M Stevens
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh , Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
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55
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Liu Q, Liu Q, Yi J, Liang K, Hu B, Zhang X, Curtiss R, Kong Q. Outer membrane vesicles from flagellin-deficient Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium induce cross-reactive immunity and provide cross-protection against heterologous Salmonella challenge. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34776. [PMID: 27698383 PMCID: PMC5048178 DOI: 10.1038/srep34776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) isolated from Salmonella Typhimurium are potentially useful for developing subunit vaccines because of high immunogenicity and protective efficacy. However, flagella might remain in OMV pellets following OMV purification, resulting in non-essential immune responses and counteraction of bacterial protective immune responses when developing a vaccine against infection of multiple serotypes Salmonella. In this study, a flagellin-deficient S. Typhimurium mutant was constructed. Lipopolysaccharide profiles, protein profiles and cryo-electron microscopy revealed that there were no significant differences between the wild-type and mutant OMVs, with the exception of a large amount of flagellin in the wild-type OMVs. Neither the wild-type OMVs nor the non-flagellin OMVs were toxic to macrophages. Mice immunized with the non-flagellin OMVs produced high concentrations of IgG. The non-flagellin OMVs elicited strong mucosal antibody responses in mice when administered via the intranasal route in addition to provoking higher cross-reactive immune responses against OMPs isolated from S. Choleraesuis and S. Enteritidis. Both intranasal and intraperitoneal immunization with the non-flagellin OMVs provided efficient protection against heterologous S. Choleraesuis and S. Enteritidis challenge. Our results indicate that the flagellin-deficient OMVs may represent a new vaccine platform that could be exploited to facilitate the production of a broadly protective vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5401, USA.,Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jie Yi
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Kang Liang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xiangmin Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy/Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Roy Curtiss
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5401, USA
| | - Qingke Kong
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5401, USA
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56
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Liu Q, Liu Q, Yi J, Liang K, Liu T, Roland KL, Jiang Y, Kong Q. Outer membrane vesicles derived from Salmonella Typhimurium mutants with truncated LPS induce cross-protective immune responses against infection of Salmonella enterica serovars in the mouse model. Int J Med Microbiol 2016; 306:697-706. [PMID: 27578609 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica cause diarrheal and systemic diseases and are of considerable concern worldwide. Vaccines that are cross-protective against multiple serovars could provide effective control of Salmonella-mediated diseases. Bacteria-derived outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are highly immunogenic and are capable of eliciting protective immune responses. Alterations in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) length can result in outer membrane remodeling and composition of outer membrane proteins (OMPs) changing. In this study, we investigated the impact of truncated LPS on both the production and immunogenicity of Salmonella OMVs, including the ability of OMVs to elicit cross-protection against challenge by heterologous Salmonella strains. We found that mutations in waaJ and rfbP enhanced vesiculation, while mutations in waaC, waaF and waaG inhibited this process. Animal experiments indicated that OMVs from waaC, rfaH and rfbP mutants induced stronger serum immune responses compared to OMVs from the parent strain, while all elicited protective responses against the wild-type S. Typhimurium challenge. Furthermore, intranasal or intraperitoneal immunization with OMVs derived from the waaC and rfbP mutants elicited significantly higher cross-reactive IgG responses and provided enhanced cross-protection against S. Choleraesuis and S. Enteritidis challenge than the wild-type OMVs. These results indicate that truncated-LPS OMVs are capable of conferring cross protection against multiple serotypes of Salmonella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130 Chengdu, China; Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5401, USA; Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, 330006 Nanchang, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130 Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Yi
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130 Chengdu, China
| | - Kang Liang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130 Chengdu, China
| | - Tian Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130 Chengdu, China
| | - Kenneth L Roland
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5401, USA
| | - Yanlong Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, 130118 Changchun, China
| | - Qingke Kong
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130 Chengdu, China; Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5401, USA.
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57
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How Our Other Genome Controls Our Epi-Genome. Trends Microbiol 2016; 24:777-787. [PMID: 27289569 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes produce extracellular nanovescicles that contain RNAs and other molecules that they exploit to communicate. Recently, inter-kingdom crosstalk was demonstrated between humans and bacteria through fecal microRNAs. We suggest here how bacteria interact with humans via RNAs within membrane vesicles to alter our epigenome, thus filling the gap and closing the circle. At the same time, there are indications that there could be a wider inter-kingdom communication network that might encompass all known kingdoms. Now that the connection with our other genome has been established, we also should begin to explore the 'social' network that we have around us.
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58
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Aschenbroich SA, Lafontaine ER, Hogan RJ. Melioidosis and glanders modulation of the innate immune system: barriers to current and future vaccine approaches. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 15:1163-81. [PMID: 27010618 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1170598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei are pathogenic bacteria causing fatal infections in animals and humans. Both organisms are classified as Tier 1 Select Agents owing to their highly fatal nature, potential/prior use as bioweapons, severity of disease via respiratory exposure, intrinsic resistance to antibiotics, and lack of a current vaccine. Disease manifestations range from acute septicemia to chronic infection, wherein the facultative intracellular lifestyle of these organisms promotes persistence within a broad range of hosts. This ability to thrive intracellularly is thought to be related to exploitation of host immune response signaling pathways. There are currently considerable gaps in our understanding of the molecular strategies employed by these pathogens to modulate these pathways and evade intracellular killing. A better understanding of the specific molecular basis for dysregulation of host immune responses by these organisms will provide a stronger platform to identify novel vaccine targets and develop effective countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A Aschenbroich
- a Department of Pathology , College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
| | - Eric R Lafontaine
- b Department of Infectious Diseases , College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
| | - Robert J Hogan
- b Department of Infectious Diseases , College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA.,c Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging , College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
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59
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Salverda MLM, Meinderts SM, Hamstra HJ, Wagemakers A, Hovius JWR, van der Ark A, Stork M, van der Ley P. Surface display of a borrelial lipoprotein on meningococcal outer membrane vesicles. Vaccine 2016; 34:1025-33. [PMID: 26801064 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs) are gaining attention as vaccine candidates. The successful expression of heterologous antigens in OMVs, with the OMV functioning both as adjuvant and delivery vehicle, has greatly enhanced their vaccine potential. Since there are indications that surface exposed antigens might induce a superior immune response, targeting of heterologous antigens to the OMV surface is of special interest. Several systems for surface display of heterologous antigens on OMVs have been developed. However, these systems have not been used to display lipidated membrane-associated proteins known as lipoproteins, which are emerging as key targets for protective immunity. We were therefore interested to see whether we could express a foreign lipoprotein on the outer surface of OMVs. When outer surface protein A (OspA), a borrelial surface-exposed lipoprotein, was expressed in meningococci, it was found that although OspA was present in OMVs, it was no longer surface-exposed. Therefore, a set of fusions of OspA to different regions of factor H binding protein (fHbp), a meningococcal surface-exposed lipoprotein, were designed and tested for their surface-exposure. An N-terminal part of fHbp was found to be necessary for the successful surface display of OspA on meningococcal OMVs. When mice were immunized with this set of OMVs, an OspA-specific antibody response was only elicited by OMVs with clearly surface-exposed OspA, strengthening the idea that the exact positioning of an antigen in the OMV affects the immune response. This method for the surface display of heterologous lipoproteins on OMVs is a step forward in the development of OMVs as a vaccine platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merijn L M Salverda
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (InTraVacc), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Sanne M Meinderts
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (InTraVacc), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik-Jan Hamstra
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (IIV), National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alex Wagemakers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joppe W R Hovius
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arno van der Ark
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (InTraVacc), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Stork
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (InTraVacc), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Peter van der Ley
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (InTraVacc), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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60
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Whitworth DE, Morgan BH. Synergism Between Bacterial GAPDH and OMVs: Disparate Mechanisms but Co-Operative Action. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1231. [PMID: 26617577 PMCID: PMC4637417 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David E Whitworth
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Bethan H Morgan
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University Aberystwyth, UK
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61
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Schwab A, Meyering SS, Lepene B, Iordanskiy S, van Hoek ML, Hakami RM, Kashanchi F. Extracellular vesicles from infected cells: potential for direct pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1132. [PMID: 26539170 PMCID: PMC4611157 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections that result in natural or manmade spread of lethal biological agents are a concern and require national and focused preparedness. In this manuscript, as part of an early diagnostics and pathogen treatment strategy, we have focused on extracellular vesicles (EVs) that arise following infections. Although the field of biodefense does not currently have a rich resource in EVs literature, none the less, similar pathogens belonging to the more classical emerging and non-emerging diseases have been studied in their EV/exosomal contents and function. These exosomes are formed in late endosomes and released from the cell membrane in almost every cell type in vivo. These vesicles contain proteins, RNA, and lipids from the cells they originate from and function in development, signal transduction, cell survival, and transfer of infectious material. The current review focuses on how different forms of infection exploit the exosomal pathway and how exosomes can be exploited artificially to treat infection and disease and potentially also be used as a source of vaccine. Virally-infected cells can secrete viral as well as cellular proteins and RNA in exosomes, allowing viruses to cause latent infection and spread of miRNA to nearby cells prior to a subsequent infection. In addition to virally-infected host cells, bacteria, protozoa, and fungi can all release small vesicles that contain pathogen-associated molecular patterns, regulating the neighboring uninfected cells. Examples of exosomes from both virally and bacterially infected cells point toward a re-programming network of pathways in the recipient cells. Finally, many of these exosomes contain cytokines and miRNAs that in turn can effect gene expression in the recipient cells through the classical toll-like receptor and NFκB pathway. Therefore, although exosomes do not replicate as an independent entity, they however facilitate movement of infectious material through tissues and may be the cause of many pathologies seen in infected hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Schwab
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University , Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Shabana S Meyering
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University , Manassas, VA, USA ; School of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University , Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ben Lepene
- Ceres Nanosciences, Inc. , Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Sergey Iordanskiy
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University , Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Monique L van Hoek
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University , Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Ramin M Hakami
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University , Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University , Manassas, VA, USA
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62
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Schwechheimer C, Kuehn MJ. Outer-membrane vesicles from Gram-negative bacteria: biogenesis and functions. Nat Rev Microbiol 2015; 13:605-19. [PMID: 26373371 PMCID: PMC5308417 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1072] [Impact Index Per Article: 119.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Outer-membrane vesicles (OMVs) are spherical buds of the outer membrane filled with periplasmic content and are commonly produced by Gram-negative bacteria. The production of OMVs allows bacteria to interact with their environment, and OMVs have been found to mediate diverse functions, including promoting pathogenesis, enabling bacterial survival during stress conditions and regulating microbial interactions within bacterial communities. Additionally, because of this functional versatility, researchers have begun to explore OMVs as a platform for bioengineering applications. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in the study of OMVs, focusing on new insights into the mechanisms of biogenesis and the functions of these vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Schwechheimer
- Department of Biochemistry, Box 3711, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Meta J Kuehn
- Department of Biochemistry, Box 3711, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Schully KL, Bell MG, Prouty AM, Gallovic MD, Gautam S, Peine KJ, Sharma S, Bachelder EM, Pesce JT, Elberson MA, Ainslie KM, Keane-Myers A. Evaluation of a biodegradable microparticulate polymer as a carrier for Burkholderia pseudomallei subunit vaccines in a mouse model of melioidosis. Int J Pharm 2015; 495:849-61. [PMID: 26428631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Melioidosis, a potentially lethal disease of humans and animals, is caused by the soil-dwelling bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. Due to B. pseudomallei's classification as a Tier 1 Select Agent, there is substantial interest in the development of an effective vaccine. Yet, despite decades of research, no effective target, adjuvant or delivery vehicle capable of inducing protective immunity against B. pseudomallei infection has been identified. We propose a microparticulate delivery vehicle comprised of the novel polymer acetalated dextran (Ac-DEX). Ac-DEX is an acid-sensitive biodegradable carrier that can be fabricated into microparticles (MPs) that are relatively stable at pH 7.4, but rapidly degrade after phagocytosis by antigen presenting cells where the pH can drop to 5.0. As compared to other biomaterials, this acid sensitivity has been shown to enhance cross presentation of subunit antigens. To evaluate this platform as a delivery system for a melioidosis vaccine, BALB/c mice were vaccinated with Ac-DEX MPs separately encapsulating B. pseudomallei whole cell lysate and the toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 agonist resiquimod. This vaccine elicited a robust antibody response that included both Th1 and Th2 immunity. Following lethal intraperitoneal challenge with B. pseudomallei 1026b, vaccinated mice demonstrated a significant delay to time of death compared to untreated mice. The formulation, however, demonstrated incomplete protection indicating that lysate protein offers limited value as an antigen. Nevertheless, our Ac-DEX MPs may offer an effective delivery vehicle for a subunit B. psuedomallei vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Schully
- Vaccines and Medical Countermeasures, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Ft Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - M G Bell
- Vaccines and Medical Countermeasures, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Ft Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - A M Prouty
- Vaccines and Medical Countermeasures, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Ft Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - M D Gallovic
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - S Gautam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - K J Peine
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - S Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - E M Bachelder
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - J T Pesce
- Vaccines and Medical Countermeasures, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Ft Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - M A Elberson
- Vaccines and Medical Countermeasures, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Ft Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - K M Ainslie
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - A Keane-Myers
- Vaccines and Medical Countermeasures, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Ft Detrick, MD 21702, USA
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van der Pol L, Stork M, van der Ley P. Outer membrane vesicles as platform vaccine technology. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:1689-706. [PMID: 26912077 PMCID: PMC4768646 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are released spontaneously during growth by many Gram-negative bacteria. They present a range of surface antigens in a native conformation and have natural properties like immunogenicity, self-adjuvation and uptake by immune cells which make them attractive for application as vaccines against pathogenic bacteria. In particular with Neisseria meningitidis, they have been investigated extensively and an OMV-containing meningococcal vaccine has recently been approved by regulatory agencies. Genetic engineering of the OMV-producing bacteria can be used to improve and expand their usefulness as vaccines. Recent work on meningitis B vaccines shows that OMVs can be modified, such as for lipopolysaccharide reactogenicity, to yield an OMV product that is safe and effective. The overexpression of crucial antigens or simultaneous expression of multiple antigenic variants as well as the expression of heterologous antigens enable expansion of their range of applications. In addition, modifications may increase the yield of OMV production and can be combined with specific production processes to obtain high amounts of well-defined, stable and uniform OMV particle vaccine products. Further improvement can facilitate the development of OMVs as platform vaccine product for multiple applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michiel Stork
- Product Development, Intravacc, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Davitt CJ, Lavelle EC. Delivery strategies to enhance oral vaccination against enteric infections. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 91:52-69. [PMID: 25817337 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
While the majority of human pathogens infect the body through mucosal sites, most licensed vaccines are injectable. In fact the only mucosal vaccine that has been widely used globally for infant and childhood vaccination programs is the oral polio vaccine (OPV) developed by Albert Sabin in the 1950s. While oral vaccines against Cholera, rotavirus and Salmonella typhi have also been licensed, the development of additional non-living oral vaccines against these and other enteric pathogens has been slow and challenging. Mucosal vaccines can elicit protective immunity at the gut mucosa, in part via antigen-specific secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA). However, despite their advantages over the injectable route, oral vaccines face many hurdles. A key challenge lies in design of delivery strategies that can protect antigens from degradation in the stomach and intestine, incorporate appropriate immune-stimulatory adjuvants and control release at the appropriate gastrointestinal site. A number of systems including micro and nanoparticles, lipid-based strategies and enteric capsules have significant potential either alone or in advanced combined formulations to enhance intestinal immune responses. In this review we will outline the opportunities, challenges and potential delivery solutions to facilitate the development of improved oral vaccines for infectious enteric diseases.
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Welkos SL, Klimko CP, Kern SJ, Bearss JJ, Bozue JA, Bernhards RC, Trevino SR, Waag DM, Amemiya K, Worsham PL, Cote CK. Characterization of Burkholderia pseudomallei Strains Using a Murine Intraperitoneal Infection Model and In Vitro Macrophage Assays. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124667. [PMID: 25909629 PMCID: PMC4409376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei, the etiologic agent of melioidosis, is a gram-negative facultative intracellular bacterium. This bacterium is endemic in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia and can infect humans and animals by several routes. It has also been estimated to present a considerable risk as a potential biothreat agent. There are currently no effective vaccines for B. pseudomallei, and antibiotic treatment can be hampered by nonspecific symptomology, the high incidence of naturally occurring antibiotic resistant strains, and disease chronicity. Accordingly, there is a concerted effort to better characterize B. pseudomallei and its associated disease. Before novel vaccines and therapeutics can be tested in vivo, a well characterized animal model is essential. Previous work has indicated that mice may be a useful animal model. In order to develop standardized animal models of melioidosis, different strains of bacteria must be isolated, propagated, and characterized. Using a murine intraperitoneal (IP) infection model, we tested the virulence of 11 B. pseudomallei strains. The IP route offers a reproducible way to rank virulence that can be readily reproduced by other laboratories. This infection route is also useful in distinguishing significant differences in strain virulence that may be masked by the exquisite susceptibility associated with other routes of infection (e.g., inhalational). Additionally, there were several pathologic lesions observed in mice following IP infection. These included varisized abscesses in the spleen, liver, and haired skin. This model indicated that commonly used laboratory strains of B. pseudomallei (i.e., K96243 and 1026b) were significantly less virulent as compared to more recently acquired clinical isolates. Additionally, we characterized in vitro strain-associated differences in virulence for macrophages and described a potential inverse relationship between virulence in the IP mouse model of some strains and in the macrophage phagocytosis assay. Strains which were more virulent for mice (e.g., HBPU10304a) were often less virulent in the macrophage assays, as determined by several parameters such as intracellular bacterial replication and host cell cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L. Welkos
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christopher P. Klimko
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Steven J. Kern
- Biostatisitics Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeremy J. Bearss
- Veterinary Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joel A. Bozue
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert C. Bernhards
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sylvia R. Trevino
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David M. Waag
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kei Amemiya
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Patricia L. Worsham
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christopher K. Cote
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hatcher CL, Muruato LA, Torres AG. Recent Advances in Burkholderia mallei and B. pseudomallei Research. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2015; 2:62-69. [PMID: 25932379 DOI: 10.1007/s40475-015-0042-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei are Gram-negative organisms, which are etiological agents of glanders and melioidosis, respectively. Although only B. pseudomallei is responsible for a significant number of human cases, both organisms are classified as Tier 1 Select Agents and their diseases lack effective diagnosis and treatment. Despite a recent resurgence in research pertaining to these organisms, there are still a number of knowledge gaps. This article summarizes the latest research progress in the fields of B. mallei and B. pseudomallei pathogenesis, vaccines, and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Hatcher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Laura A Muruato
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Alfredo G Torres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA ; Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA ; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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Kulkarni HM, Jagannadham MV. Biogenesis and multifaceted roles of outer membrane vesicles from Gram-negative bacteria. Microbiology (Reading) 2014; 160:2109-2121. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.079400-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) released from Gram-negative bacteria consist of lipids, proteins, lipopolysaccharides and other molecules. OMVs are associated with several biological functions such as horizontal gene transfer, intracellular and intercellular communication, transfer of contents to host cells, and eliciting an immune response in host cells. Although hypotheses have been made concerning the mechanism of biogenesis of these vesicles, research on OMV formation is far from complete. The roles of outer membrane components, bacterial quorum sensing molecules and some specific proteins in OMV biogenesis have been studied. This review discusses the different models that have been proposed for OMV biogenesis, along with details of the biological functions of OMVs and the likely scope of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heramb M. Kulkarni
- CSIR – Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad-500007, India
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