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Nakamya MF, Sil S, Buch S, Hakami RM. Mitochondrial Extracellular Vesicles in CNS Disorders: New Frontiers in Understanding the Neurological Disorders of the Brain. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:840364. [PMID: 35433837 PMCID: PMC9005996 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.840364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings have highlighted potential diagnostic and prognostic values of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that contain mitochondrial derived components for neurological disorders. Furthermore, functional influences of vesicles carrying mitochondrial components have been reported. In particular, this includes indications of crosstalk with mitophagy to influence progression of various CNS disorders. In this mini-review, we discuss the current state of knowledge about this intriguing class of vesicles in neurological disorders of the CNS, and outline the lacunae and thus scope of further development in this fascinating field of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary F. Nakamya
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, United States
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, United States
| | - Susmita Sil
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Shilpa Buch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Ramin M. Hakami
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, United States
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, United States
- *Correspondence: Ramin M. Hakami,
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2
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Mason HG, Bush J, Agrawal N, Hakami RM, Veneziano R. A Microfluidic Platform to Monitor Real-Time Effects of Extracellular Vesicle Exchange between Co-Cultured Cells across Selectively Permeable Barriers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3534. [PMID: 35408896 PMCID: PMC8998828 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes and other extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a significant yet poorly understood role in cell-cell communication during homeostasis and various pathological conditions. Conventional in vitro and in vivo approaches for studying exosome/EV function depend on time-consuming and expensive vesicle purification methods to obtain sufficient vesicle populations. Moreover, the existence of various EV subtypes with distinct functional characteristics and submicron size makes their analysis challenging. To help address these challenges, we present here a unique chip-based approach for real-time monitoring of cellular EV exchange between physically separated cell populations. The extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimicking Matrigel is used to physically separate cell populations confined within microchannels, and mimics tissue environments to enable direct study of exosome/EV function. The submicron effective pore size of the Matrigel allows for the selective diffusion of only exosomes and other smaller EVs, in addition to soluble factors, between co-cultured cell populations. Furthermore, the use of PEGDA hydrogel with a very small pore size of 1.2 nm in lieu of Matrigel allows us to block EV migration and, therefore, differentiate EV effects from effects that may be mediated by soluble factors. This versatile platform bridges purely in vitro and in vivo assays by enabling studies of EV-mediated cellular crosstalk under physiologically relevant conditions, enabling future exosome/EV investigations across multiple disciplines through real-time monitoring of vesicle exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter G. Mason
- School of System Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA;
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Joshua Bush
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Computing, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (J.B.); (N.A.)
| | - Nitin Agrawal
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Computing, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (J.B.); (N.A.)
| | - Ramin M. Hakami
- School of System Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA;
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Remi Veneziano
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Computing, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (J.B.); (N.A.)
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3
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Alem F, Olanrewaju AA, Omole S, Hobbs HE, Ahsan N, Matulis G, Brantner CA, Zhou W, Petricoin EF, Liotta LA, Caputi M, Bavari S, Wu Y, Kashanchi F, Hakami RM. Exosomes originating from infection with the cytoplasmic single-stranded RNA virus Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) protect recipient cells by inducing RIG-I mediated IFN-B response that leads to activation of autophagy. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:220. [PMID: 34953502 PMCID: PMC8710069 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00732-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although multiple studies have demonstrated a role for exosomes during virus infections, our understanding of the mechanisms by which exosome exchange regulates immune response during viral infections and affects viral pathogenesis is still in its infancy. In particular, very little is known for cytoplasmic single-stranded RNA viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV). We have used RVFV infection as a model for cytoplasmic single-stranded RNA viruses to address this gap in knowledge. RVFV is a highly pathogenic agent that causes RVF, a zoonotic disease for which no effective therapeutic or approved human vaccine exist. Results We show here that exosomes released from cells infected with RVFV (designated as EXi-RVFV) serve a protective role for the host and provide a mechanistic model for these effects. Our results show that treatment of both naïve immune cells (U937 monocytes) and naïve non-immune cells (HSAECs) with EXi-RVFV induces a strong RIG-I dependent activation of IFN-B. We also demonstrate that this strong anti-viral response leads to activation of autophagy in treated cells and correlates with resistance to subsequent viral infection. Since we have shown that viral RNA genome is associated with EXi-RVFV, RIG-I activation might be mediated by the presence of packaged viral RNA sequences. Conclusions Using RVFV infection as a model for cytoplasmic single-stranded RNA viruses, our results show a novel mechanism of host protection by exosomes released from infected cells (EXi) whereby the EXi activate RIG-I to induce IFN-dependent activation of autophagy in naïve recipient cells including monocytes. Because monocytes serve as reservoirs for RVFV replication, this EXi-RVFV-induced activation of autophagy in monocytes may work to slow down or halt viral dissemination in the infected organism. These findings offer novel mechanistic insights that may aid in future development of effective vaccines or therapeutics, and that may be applicable for a better molecular understanding of how exosome release regulates innate immune response to other cytoplasmic single-stranded RNA viruses. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-021-00732-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhang Alem
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA.,Center for Infectious Disease Research (Formerly, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases), George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Adeyemi A Olanrewaju
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA.,Center for Infectious Disease Research (Formerly, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases), George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Samson Omole
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA.,Center for Infectious Disease Research (Formerly, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases), George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Heather E Hobbs
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA.,Center for Infectious Disease Research (Formerly, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases), George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Noor Ahsan
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA.,Center for Infectious Disease Research (Formerly, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases), George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA.,Lentigen Technology, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Graham Matulis
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA.,Center for Infectious Disease Research (Formerly, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases), George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Christine A Brantner
- Nanofabrication and Imaging Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Weidong Zhou
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA.,Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Emanuel F Petricoin
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA.,Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Lance A Liotta
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA.,Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Massimo Caputi
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | | | - Yuntao Wu
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA.,Center for Infectious Disease Research (Formerly, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases), George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Ramin M Hakami
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA. .,Center for Infectious Disease Research (Formerly, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases), George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA.
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Hetrick B, Yu D, Olanrewaju AA, Chilin LD, He S, Dabbagh D, Alluhaibi G, Ma YC, Hofmann LA, Hakami RM, Wu Y. A traditional medicine, respiratory detox shot (RDS), inhibits the infection of SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and the influenza A virus in vitro. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:100. [PMID: 34051873 PMCID: PMC8164078 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00609-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has resulted in the infection of over 128 million people and has caused over 2.8 million deaths as of April 2021 in more than 220 countries and territories. Currently, there is no effective treatment for COVID-19 to reduce mortality. We investigated the potential anti-coronavirus activities from an oral liquid of traditional medicine, Respiratory Detox Shot (RDS), which contains mostly herbal ingredients traditionally used to manage lung diseases. RESULTS Here we report that RDS inhibited the infection of target cells by lenti-SARS-CoV, lenti-SARS-CoV-2, and hybrid alphavirus-SARS-CoV-2 (Ha-CoV-2) pseudoviruses, and by infectious SARS-CoV-2 and derived Ha-CoV-2 variants including B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, B.1.429, B.1.2, B.1.494, B.1.1.207, B.1.258, and B.1.1.298. We further demonstrated that RDS directly inactivates the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 virus particles. In addition, we found that RDS can also block the infection of target cells by Influenza A virus. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that RDS may broadly inhibit the infection of respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Hetrick
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | | | - Adeyemi A Olanrewaju
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | - Linda D Chilin
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | - Sijia He
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | - Deemah Dabbagh
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | - Ghaliah Alluhaibi
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | - Yuan-Chun Ma
- Dr. Ma's Laboratories Inc., Burnaby, BC, V5J 0E5, Canada
| | | | - Ramin M Hakami
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | - Yuntao Wu
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA.
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Chung MC, Alem F, Hamer SG, Narayanan A, Shatalin K, Bailey C, Nudler E, Hakami RM. S-nitrosylation of peroxiredoxin 1 contributes to viability of lung epithelial cells during Bacillus anthracis infection. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:3019-3029. [PMID: 27612662 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using Bacillus anthracis as a model gram-positive bacterium, we investigated the effects of host protein S-nitrosylation during bacterial infection. B. anthracis possesses a bacterial nitric oxide synthase (bNOS) that is important for its virulence and survival. However, the role of S-nitrosylation of host cell proteins during B. anthracis infection has not been determined. METHODS Nitrosoproteomic analysis of human small airway epithelial cells (HSAECs) infected with toxigenic B. anthracis Sterne was performed, identifying peroxiredoxin 1 (Prx1) as one predominant target. Peroxidase activity of Prx during infection was measured using 2-Cys-Peroxiredoxin activity assay. Chaperone activity of S-nitrosylated Prx1 was measured by insulin aggregation assay, and analysis of formation of multimeric species using Native PAGE. Griess assay and DAF-2DA fluorescence assay were used to measure NO production. Cell viability was measured using the Alamar Blue assay and the ATPlite assay (Perkin Elmer). RESULTS S-nitrosylation of Prx1 in Sterne-infected HSAECs leads to a decrease in its peroxidase activity while enhancing its chaperone function. Treatment with bNOS inhibitor, or infection with bNOS deletion strain, reduces S-nitrosylation of Prx1 and decreases host cell survival. Consistent with this, siRNA knockdown of Prx1 lowers bNOS-dependent protection of HSAEC viability. CONCLUSIONS Anthrax infection results in S-nitrosylation of multiple host proteins, including Prx1. The nitrosylation-dependent decrease in peroxidase activity of Prx1 and increase in its chaperone activity is one factor contributing to enhancing infected cell viability. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE These results provide a new venue of mechanistic investigation for inhalational anthrax that could lead to novel and potentially effective countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Chul Chung
- School of Systems Biology, and the National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA
| | - Farhang Alem
- School of Systems Biology, and the National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA
| | - Sarah G Hamer
- School of Systems Biology, and the National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA
| | - Aarthi Narayanan
- School of Systems Biology, and the National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA
| | - Konstantin Shatalin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charles Bailey
- School of Systems Biology, and the National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA
| | - Evgeny Nudler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ramin M Hakami
- School of Systems Biology, and the National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA.
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Ahsan NA, Sampey GC, Lepene B, Akpamagbo Y, Barclay RA, Iordanskiy S, Hakami RM, Kashanchi F. Presence of Viral RNA and Proteins in Exosomes from Cellular Clones Resistant to Rift Valley Fever Virus Infection. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:139. [PMID: 26904012 PMCID: PMC4749701 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV) is a RNA virus that belongs to the genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. It infects humans and livestock and causes Rift Valley fever. RVFV is considered an agricultural pathogen by the USDA, as it can cause up to 100% abortion in cattle and extensive death of newborns. In addition, it is designated as Category A pathogen by the CDC and the NIAID. In some human cases of RVFV infection, the virus causes fever, ocular damage, liver damage, hemorrhagic fever, and death. There are currently limited options for vaccine candidates, which include the MP-12 and clone 13 versions of RVFV. Viral infections often deregulate multiple cellular pathways that contribute to replication and host pathology. We have previously shown that latent human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) and human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1) infected cells secrete exosomes that contain short viral RNAs, limited number of genomic RNAs, and viral proteins. These exosomes largely target neighboring cells and activate the NF-κB pathway, leading to cell proliferation, and overall better viral replication. In this manuscript, we studied the effects of exosome formation from RVFV infected cells and their function on recipient cells. We initially infected cells, isolated resistant clones, and further purified using dilution cloning. We then characterized these cells as resistant to new RVFV infection, but sensitive to other viral infections, including Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus (VEEV). These clones contained normal markers (i.e., CD63) for exosomes and were able to activate the TLR pathway in recipient reporter cells. Interestingly, the exosome rich preparations, much like their host cell, contained viral RNA (L, M, and S genome). The RNAs were detected using qRT-PCR in both parental and exosomal preparations as well as in CD63 immunoprecipitates. Viral proteins such as N and a modified form of NSs were present in some of these exosomes. Finally, treatment of recipient cells (T-cells and monocytic cells) showed drastic rate of apoptosis through PARP cleavage and caspase 3 activation from some but not all exosome enriched preparations. Collectively, these data suggest that exosomes from RVFV infected cells alter the dynamics of the immune cells and may contribute to pathology of the viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor A. Ahsan
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, ManassasVA, USA
| | - Gavin C. Sampey
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, ManassasVA, USA
| | - Ben Lepene
- Ceres Nanosciences, Inc., ManassasVA, USA
| | - Yao Akpamagbo
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, ManassasVA, USA
| | - Robert A. Barclay
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, ManassasVA, USA
| | - Sergey Iordanskiy
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, ManassasVA, USA
| | - Ramin M. Hakami
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, ManassasVA, USA
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, ManassasVA, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, ManassasVA, USA
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7
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Baer A, Shafagati N, Benedict A, Ammosova T, Ivanov A, Hakami RM, Terasaki K, Makino S, Nekhai S, Kehn-Hall K. Protein Phosphatase-1 regulates Rift Valley fever virus replication. Antiviral Res 2016; 127:79-89. [PMID: 26801627 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), genus Phlebovirus family Bunyaviridae, is an arthropod-borne virus endemic throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Recent outbreaks have resulted in cyclic epidemics with an increasing geographic footprint, devastating both livestock and human populations. Despite being recognized as an emerging threat, relatively little is known about the virulence mechanisms and host interactions of RVFV. To date there are no FDA approved therapeutics or vaccines for RVF and there is an urgent need for their development. The Ser/Thr protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) has previously been shown to play a significant role in the replication of several viruses. Here we demonstrate for the first time that PP1 plays a prominent role in RVFV replication early on during the viral life cycle. Both siRNA knockdown of PP1α and a novel PP1-targeting small molecule compound 1E7-03, resulted in decreased viral titers across several cell lines. Deregulation of PP1 was found to inhibit viral RNA production, potentially through the disruption of viral RNA transcript/protein interactions, and indicates a potential link between PP1α and the viral L polymerase and nucleoprotein. These results indicate that PP1 activity is important for RVFV replication early on during the viral life cycle and may prove an attractive therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Baer
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Nazly Shafagati
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Ashwini Benedict
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Tatiana Ammosova
- Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Andrey Ivanov
- Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Ramin M Hakami
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Kaori Terasaki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Shinji Makino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Sergei Nekhai
- Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Kylene Kehn-Hall
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA.
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Sampey GC, Saifuddin M, Schwab A, Barclay R, Punya S, Chung MC, Hakami RM, Zadeh MA, Lepene B, Klase ZA, El-Hage N, Young M, Iordanskiy S, Kashanchi F. Exosomes from HIV-1-infected Cells Stimulate Production of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines through Trans-activating Response (TAR) RNA. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:1251-66. [PMID: 26553869 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.662171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection results in a chronic illness because long-term highly active antiretroviral therapy can lower viral titers to an undetectable level. However, discontinuation of therapy rapidly increases virus burden. Moreover, patients under highly active antiretroviral therapy frequently develop various metabolic disorders, neurocognitive abnormalities, and cardiovascular diseases. We have previously shown that exosomes containing trans-activating response (TAR) element RNA enhance susceptibility of undifferentiated naive cells to HIV-1 infection. This study indicates that exosomes from HIV-1-infected primary cells are highly abundant with TAR RNA as detected by RT-real time PCR. Interestingly, up to a million copies of TAR RNA/μl were also detected in the serum from HIV-1-infected humanized mice suggesting that TAR RNA may be stable in vivo. Incubation of exosomes from HIV-1-infected cells with primary macrophages resulted in a dramatic increase of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and TNF-β, indicating that exosomes containing TAR RNA could play a direct role in control of cytokine gene expression. The intact TAR molecule was able to bind to PKR and TLR3 effectively, whereas the 5' and 3' stems (TAR microRNAs) bound best to TLR7 and -8 and none to PKR. Binding of TAR to PKR did not result in its phosphorylation, and therefore, TAR may be a dominant negative decoy molecule in cells. The TLR binding through either TAR RNA or TAR microRNA potentially can activate the NF-κB pathway and regulate cytokine expression. Collectively, these results imply that exosomes containing TAR RNA could directly affect the proinflammatory cytokine gene expression and may explain a possible mechanism of inflammation observed in HIV-1-infected patients under cART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin C Sampey
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110
| | - Mohammed Saifuddin
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110
| | - Angela Schwab
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110
| | - Robert Barclay
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110
| | - Shreya Punya
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110
| | - Myung-Chul Chung
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110
| | - Ramin M Hakami
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110
| | - Mohammad Asad Zadeh
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110
| | | | - Zachary A Klase
- the Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Nazira El-Hage
- the Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33199, and
| | - Mary Young
- the Department of Medicine, Women's Intra-Agency HIV Study, Georgetown University, Washington, D. C. 20007
| | - Sergey Iordanskiy
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110,
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110,
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9
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Schwab A, Meyering SS, Lepene B, Iordanskiy S, van Hoek ML, Hakami RM, Kashanchi F. Extracellular vesicles from infected cells: potential for direct pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1132. [PMID: 26539170 PMCID: PMC4611157 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections that result in natural or manmade spread of lethal biological agents are a concern and require national and focused preparedness. In this manuscript, as part of an early diagnostics and pathogen treatment strategy, we have focused on extracellular vesicles (EVs) that arise following infections. Although the field of biodefense does not currently have a rich resource in EVs literature, none the less, similar pathogens belonging to the more classical emerging and non-emerging diseases have been studied in their EV/exosomal contents and function. These exosomes are formed in late endosomes and released from the cell membrane in almost every cell type in vivo. These vesicles contain proteins, RNA, and lipids from the cells they originate from and function in development, signal transduction, cell survival, and transfer of infectious material. The current review focuses on how different forms of infection exploit the exosomal pathway and how exosomes can be exploited artificially to treat infection and disease and potentially also be used as a source of vaccine. Virally-infected cells can secrete viral as well as cellular proteins and RNA in exosomes, allowing viruses to cause latent infection and spread of miRNA to nearby cells prior to a subsequent infection. In addition to virally-infected host cells, bacteria, protozoa, and fungi can all release small vesicles that contain pathogen-associated molecular patterns, regulating the neighboring uninfected cells. Examples of exosomes from both virally and bacterially infected cells point toward a re-programming network of pathways in the recipient cells. Finally, many of these exosomes contain cytokines and miRNAs that in turn can effect gene expression in the recipient cells through the classical toll-like receptor and NFκB pathway. Therefore, although exosomes do not replicate as an independent entity, they however facilitate movement of infectious material through tissues and may be the cause of many pathologies seen in infected hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Schwab
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University , Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Shabana S Meyering
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University , Manassas, VA, USA ; School of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University , Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ben Lepene
- Ceres Nanosciences, Inc. , Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Sergey Iordanskiy
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University , Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Monique L van Hoek
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University , Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Ramin M Hakami
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University , Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University , Manassas, VA, USA
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10
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Chiang CY, Uzoma I, Lane DJ, Memišević V, Alem F, Yao K, Kota KP, Bavari S, Wallqvist A, Hakami RM, Panchal RG. A reverse-phase protein microarray-based screen identifies host signaling dynamics upon Burkholderia spp. infection. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:683. [PMID: 26284031 PMCID: PMC4515560 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia is a diverse genus of gram-negative bacteria that causes high mortality rate in humans, equines and cattle. The lack of effective therapeutic treatments poses serious public health threats. Developing insights toward host-Burkholderia spp. interaction is critical for understanding the pathogenesis of infection as well as identifying therapeutic targets for drug development. Reverse-phase protein microarray technology was previously proven to identify and characterize novel biomarkers and molecular signatures associated with infectious disease and cancer. In the present study, this technology was utilized to interrogate changes in host protein expression and phosphorylation events in macrophages infected with a collection of geographically diverse strains of Burkholderia spp. The expression or phosphorylation state of 25 proteins was altered during Burkholderia spp. infections of which eight proteins were selected for further characterization by immunoblotting. Increased phosphorylation of AMPK-α1, Src, and GSK3β suggested the importance of their roles in regulating Burkholderia spp. mediated innate immune response. Modulating the inflammatory response by perturbing their activities may provide therapeutic routes for future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yuan Chiang
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick MD, USA
| | - Ijeoma Uzoma
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick MD, USA
| | - Douglas J Lane
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick MD, USA
| | - Vesna Memišević
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Frederick MD, USA
| | - Farhang Alem
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, and School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas VA, USA
| | - Kuan Yao
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, and School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas VA, USA
| | | | - Sina Bavari
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick MD, USA
| | - Anders Wallqvist
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Frederick MD, USA
| | - Ramin M Hakami
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, and School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas VA, USA
| | - Rekha G Panchal
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick MD, USA
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11
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Alem F, Yao K, Lane D, Calvert V, Petricoin EF, Kramer L, Hale ML, Bavari S, Panchal RG, Hakami RM. Host response during Yersinia pestis infection of human bronchial epithelial cells involves negative regulation of autophagy and suggests a modulation of survival-related and cellular growth pathways. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:50. [PMID: 25762983 PMCID: PMC4327736 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pestis (Yp) causes the re-emerging disease plague, and is classified by the CDC and NIAID as a highest priority (Category A) pathogen. Currently, there is no approved human vaccine available and advances in early diagnostics and effective therapeutics are urgently needed. A deep understanding of the mechanisms of host response to Yp infection can significantly advance these three areas. We employed the Reverse Phase Protein Microarray (RPMA) technology to reveal the dynamic states of either protein level changes or phosphorylation changes associated with kinase-driven signaling pathways during host cell response to Yp infection. RPMA allowed quantitative profiling of changes in the intracellular communication network of human lung epithelial cells at different times post infection and in response to different treatment conditions, which included infection with the virulent Yp strain CO92, infection with a derivative avirulent strain CO92 (Pgm-, Pst-), treatment with heat inactivated CO92, and treatment with LPS. Responses to a total of 111 validated antibodies were profiled, leading to discovery of 12 novel protein hits. The RPMA analysis also identified several protein hits previously reported in the context of Yp infection. Furthermore, the results validated several proteins previously reported in the context of infection with other Yersinia species or implicated for potential relevance through recombinant protein and cell transfection studies. The RPMA results point to strong modulation of survival/apoptosis and cell growth pathways during early host response and also suggest a model of negative regulation of the autophagy pathway. We find significant cytoplasmic localization of p53 and reduced LC3-I to LC3-II conversion in response to Yp infection, consistent with negative regulation of autophagy. These studies allow for a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis mechanisms and the discovery of innovative approaches for prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment of plague.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhang Alem
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases and School of Systems Biology, George Mason University Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Kuan Yao
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases and School of Systems Biology, George Mason University Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Douglas Lane
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Valerie Calvert
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Emanuel F Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Liana Kramer
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases and School of Systems Biology, George Mason University Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Martha L Hale
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Sina Bavari
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Rekha G Panchal
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Ramin M Hakami
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases and School of Systems Biology, George Mason University Manassas, VA, USA
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12
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Nuss JE, Kehn-Hall K, Benedict A, Costantino J, Ward M, Peyser BD, Retterer CJ, Tressler LE, Wanner LM, McGovern HF, Zaidi A, Anthony SM, Kota KP, Bavari S, Hakami RM. Multi-faceted proteomic characterization of host protein complement of Rift Valley fever virus virions and identification of specific heat shock proteins, including HSP90, as important viral host factors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93483. [PMID: 24809507 PMCID: PMC4014464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever is a potentially fatal disease of humans and domestic animals caused by Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV). Infection with RVFV in ruminants can cause near 100% abortion rates and recent outbreaks in naïve human populations have suggested case fatality rates of greater than thirty percent. To elucidate the roles that host proteins play during RVFV infection, proteomic analysis of RVFV virions was conducted using complementary analytical approaches, followed by functional validation studies of select identified host factors. Coupling the more traditional Gel LC/MS/MS approach (SDS PAGE followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry) with an alternative technique that preserves protein complexes allowed the protein complement of these viral particles to be thoroughly examined. In addition to viral proteins present within the virions and virion-associated host proteins, multiple macromolecular complexes were identified. Bioinformatic analysis showed that host chaperones were among over-represented protein families associated with virions, and functional experiments using siRNA gene silencing and small molecule inhibitors identified several of these heat shock proteins, including heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), as important viral host factors. Further analysis indicated that HSP inhibition effects occur during the replication/transcription phase of the virus life cycle, leading to significant lowering of viral titers without compromising the functional capacity of released virions. Overall, these studies provide much needed further insight into interactions between RVFV and host cells, increasing our understanding of the infection process and suggesting novel strategies for anti-viral development. In particular, considering that several HSP90 inhibitors have been advancing through clinical trials for cancer treatment, these results also highlight the exciting potential of repurposing HSP90 inhibitors to treat RVF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E. Nuss
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kylene Kehn-Hall
- School of Systems Biology, and National Center for Biodefense & Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ashwini Benedict
- School of Systems Biology, and National Center for Biodefense & Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Julie Costantino
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael Ward
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brian D. Peyser
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cary J. Retterer
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lyal E. Tressler
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Laura M. Wanner
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hugh F. McGovern
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anum Zaidi
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Scott M. Anthony
- University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Krishna P. Kota
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sina Bavari
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RMH); (SB)
| | - Ramin M. Hakami
- School of Systems Biology, and National Center for Biodefense & Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RMH); (SB)
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13
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Sampey GC, Meyering SS, Zadeh MA, Saifuddin M, Hakami RM, Kashanchi F. Exosomes and their role in CNS viral infections. J Neurovirol 2014; 20:199-208. [PMID: 24578033 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-014-0238-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are small membrane-bound vesicles that carry biological macromolecules from the site of production to target sites either in the microenvironment or at distant sites away from the origin. Exosomal content of cells varies with the cell type that produces them as well as environmental factors that alter the normal state of the cell such as viral infection. Human DNA and RNA viruses alter the composition of host proteins as well as incorporate their own viral proteins and other cargo into the secreted exosomes. While numerous viruses can infect various cell types of the CNS and elicit damaging neuropathologies, few have been studied for their exosomal composition, content, and function on recipient cells. Therefore, there is a pressing need to understand how DNA and RNA viral infections in CNS control exosomal release. Some of the more recent studies including HIV-1, HTLV-1, and EBV-infected B cells indicate that exosomes from these infections contain viral miRNAs, viral transactivators, and a host of cytokines that can control the course of infection. Finally, because exosomes can serve as vehicles for the cellular delivery of proteins and RNA and given that the blood-brain barrier is a formidable challenge in delivering therapeutics to the brain, exosomes may be able to serve as ideal vehicles to deliver protein or RNA-based therapeutics to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin C Sampey
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, and School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Shabana S Meyering
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, and School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Mohammad Asad Zadeh
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, and School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Mohammed Saifuddin
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, and School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ramin M Hakami
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, and School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, and School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
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14
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Fleming A, Sampey G, Chung MC, Bailey C, van Hoek ML, Kashanchi F, Hakami RM. The carrying pigeons of the cell: exosomes and their role in infectious diseases caused by human pathogens. Pathog Dis 2014; 71:109-20. [PMID: 24449527 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes have recently been classified as the newest family members of 'bioactive vesicles' that function to promote intercellular communication. Long ignored and thought to be only a mechanism by which cellular waste is removed, exosomes have garnered a huge amount of interest in recent years as their critical functions in maintaining homeostasis through intercellular communication and also in different types of diseases have been demonstrated. Many groundbreaking studies of exosome functions have been performed in the cancer field and the infectious disease areas of study, revealing the importance and also the fascinating complexity of exosomal packaging, targeting, and functions. Selective packaging of exosomes in response to the type of infection, exosomal modulation of the immune response and host signaling pathways, exosomal regulation of pathogen spread, and effects of exosomes on the degree of pathogenesis have all been well documented. In this review, we provide a synthesis of the current understanding of the role of exosomes during infections caused by human pathogens and discuss the implications of these findings for a better understanding of pathogenic mechanisms and future therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Fleming
- School of Systems Biology, The National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
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15
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Harris ML, Buac K, Shakhova O, Hakami RM, Wegner M, Sommer L, Pavan WJ. A dual role for SOX10 in the maintenance of the postnatal melanocyte lineage and the differentiation of melanocyte stem cell progenitors. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003644. [PMID: 23935512 PMCID: PMC3723529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryogenesis, the transcription factor, Sox10, drives the survival and differentiation of the melanocyte lineage. However, the role that Sox10 plays in postnatal melanocytes is not established. We show in vivo that melanocyte stem cells (McSCs) and more differentiated melanocytes express SOX10 but that McSCs remain undifferentiated. Sox10 knockout (Sox10(fl); Tg(Tyr::CreER)) results in loss of both McSCs and differentiated melanocytes, while overexpression of Sox10 (Tg(DctSox10)) causes premature differentiation and loss of McSCs, leading to hair graying. This suggests that levels of SOX10 are key to normal McSC function and Sox10 must be downregulated for McSC establishment and maintenance. We examined whether the mechanism of Tg(DctSox10) hair graying is through increased expression of Mitf, a target of SOX10, by asking if haploinsufficiency for Mitf (Mitf(vga9) ) can rescue hair graying in Tg(DctSox10) animals. Surprisingly, Mitf(vga9) does not mitigate but exacerbates Tg(DctSox10) hair graying suggesting that MITF participates in the negative regulation of Sox10 in McSCs. These observations demonstrate that while SOX10 is necessary to maintain the postnatal melanocyte lineage it is simultaneously prevented from driving differentiation in the McSCs. This data illustrates how tissue-specific stem cells can arise from lineage-specified precursors through the regulation of the very transcription factors important in defining that lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L. Harris
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kristina Buac
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Olga Shakhova
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ramin M. Hakami
- School of Systems Biology, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Michael Wegner
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukas Sommer
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - William J. Pavan
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Tonry JH, Popov SG, Narayanan A, Kashanchi F, Hakami RM, Carpenter C, Bailey C, Chung MC. In vivo murine and in vitro M-like cell models of gastrointestinal anthrax. Microbes Infect 2012; 15:37-44. [PMID: 23108317 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis is the causative agent of anthrax and is acquired by three routes of infection: inhalational, gastrointestinal and cutaneous. Gastrointestinal (GI) anthrax is rare, but can rapidly result in severe, systemic disease that is fatal in 25%-60% of cases. Disease mechanisms of GI anthrax remain unclear due to limited numbers of clinical cases and the lack of experimental animal models. Here, we developed an in vivo murine model of GI anthrax where spore survival was maximized through the neutralization of stomach acid followed by an intragastric administration of a thiabendazole paste spore formulation. Infected mice showed a dose-dependent mortality rate and pathological features closely mimicking human GI anthrax. Since Peyer's patches in the murine intestine are the primary sites of B. anthracis growth, we developed a human M (microfold)-like-cell model using a Caco-2/Raji B-cell co-culturing system to study invasive mechanisms of GI anthrax across the intestinal epithelium. Translocation of B. anthracis spores was higher in M-like cells than Caco-2 monolayers, suggesting that M-like cells may serve as an initial entry site for spores. Here, we developed an in vivo murine model of GI anthrax and an in vitro M-like cell model that could be used to further our knowledge of GI anthrax pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica H Tonry
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, 10650 Pyramid Place, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
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17
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Ye X, Johann DJ, Hakami RM, Xiao Z, Meng Z, Ulrich RG, Issaq HJ, Veenstra TD, Blonder J. Optimization of protein solubilization for the analysis of the CD14 human monocyte membrane proteome using LC-MS/MS. J Proteomics 2009; 73:112-22. [PMID: 19709643 PMCID: PMC3159575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2009.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Proteomic profiling of membrane proteins is of vital importance in the search for disease biomarkers and drug development. However, the slow pace in this field has resulted mainly from the difficulty to analyze membrane proteins by mass spectrometry (MS). The objective of this investigation was to explore and optimize solubilization of membrane proteins for shotgun membrane proteomics of the CD14 human monocytes by examining different systems that rely on: i) an organic solvent (methanol) ii) an acid-labile detergent 3-[3-(1,1-bisalkyloxyethyl)pyridin-1-yl]propane-1-sulfonate (PPS), iii) a combination of both agents (methanol+PPS). Solubilization efficiency of different buffers was first compared using bacteriorhodopsin as a model membrane protein. Selected approaches were then applied on a membrane subproteome isolated from a highly enriched human monocyte population that was approximately 98% positive for CD14 expression as determined by FACS analysis. A methanol-based buffer yielded 194 proteins of which 93 (48%) were mapped as integral membrane proteins. The combination of methanol and acid-cleavable detergent gave similar results; 203 identified proteins of which 93 (46%) were mapped integral membrane proteins. However, employing PPS 216 proteins were identified of which 75 (35%) were mapped as integral membrane proteins. These results indicate that methanol alone or in combination with PPS yielded significantly higher membrane protein identification/enrichment than the PPS alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Ye
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, USA
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