51
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Wong AYW, Oikonomou V, Paolicelli G, De Luca A, Pariano M, Fric J, Tay HS, Ricciardi-Castagnoli P, Zelante T. Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 Controls the Ca 2+/Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells/IL-2 Pathway during Aspergillus Non-Canonical Autophagy in Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:210. [PMID: 29472933 PMCID: PMC5809498 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Parkinson's disease-associated protein, Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), a known negative regulator of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), is expressed in myeloid cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) and is involved in the host immune response against pathogens. Since, the Ca2+/NFAT/IL-2 axis has been previously found to regulate DC response to the fungus Aspergillus, we have investigated the role played by the kinase LRRK2 during fungal infection. Mechanistically, we found that in the early stages of the non-canonical autophagic response of DCs to the germinated spores of Aspergillus, LRRK2 undergoes progressive degradation and regulates NFAT translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Our results shed new light on the complexity of the Ca2+/NFAT/IL-2 pathway, where LRRK2 plays a role in controlling the immune response of DCs to Aspergillus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Yoke Wei Wong
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,National University of Singapore Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vasilis Oikonomou
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Antonella De Luca
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marilena Pariano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Jan Fric
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,Center for Translational Medicine (CTM), International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Hock Soon Tay
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Paola Ricciardi-Castagnoli
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,Toscana Life Sciences Foundation, Siena, Italy
| | - Teresa Zelante
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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52
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Wong SW, Sil P, Martinez J. Rubicon: LC3-associated phagocytosis and beyond. FEBS J 2017; 285:1379-1388. [PMID: 29215797 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rubicon (Rubcn) was initially identified as a component of the Class III PI3K complex and a negative regulator of canonical autophagy and endosomal trafficking. However, Rubicon has attracted the most notoriety because of its critical role in LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP), a form of noncanonical autophagy that utilizes some components of the autophagy machinery to process extracellular cargo. Additionally, Rubicon has been identified as a key modulator of the inflammatory response and viral replication. In this review, we discuss the known functions of Rubicon in LAP and other signaling pathways and examine the disease pathologies associated with Rubicon dysfunction in animal models and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sing-Wai Wong
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.,Oral and Craniofacial Biomedicine Curriculum, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Payel Sil
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer Martinez
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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53
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Shroff A, Sequeira R, Patel V, Reddy KVR. Knockout of autophagy gene, ATG5 in mice vaginal cells abrogates cytokine response and pathogen clearance during vaginal infection of Candida albicans. Cell Immunol 2017; 324:59-73. [PMID: 29306553 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The female reproductive tract (FRT) presents a unique challenge to the mucosal immune system as it needs to monitor constantly for the presence of opportunistic pathogens amidst its commensal flora. During infection, autophagy plays a critical role in pathogen clearance, presentation of antigens and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, no information is available that describes the role of autophagy in mouse vaginal infection of Candida albicans. The objective of our study is to evaluate the effect of autophagy gene, ATG5 knockout in vaginal cells in response to vaginal C. albicans infection. Mice having knockout of ATG5 in the vaginal cells (PR-ATG5-KO mice) were infected intra-vaginally with the yeast form of Candida albicans. Vaginal lavages were collected once in a week until the infection was cleared. We detected the expression of autophagy marker genes (LC3, ATG5 and LAMP1) in the vaginal cells. We determined the levels of various cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-22, IL-23p19, TNF-α and G-CSF) involved in anti-candida response. The levels of cytokines in the vaginal lavages were quantified using Aimplex Premixed analyte kit. The vaginal lavages were checked for polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNLs) infiltration. The candida clearance rate from the vaginal lumen was determined by Colony Forming Units (CFUs) assay. The results revealed that PR-ATG5-KO mice failed to induce the expression of LC3, ATG5 and LAMP1 indicating an impaired autophagy pathway. The levels of all the cytokines (except IL-10) in C. albicans infected PR-ATG5-KO mice were significantly reduced as compared to the wild type infected C57BL/6 mice. The number of PMNLs infiltrated into the vaginal lavages of infected PR-ATG5-KO mice was reduced. The clearance of C. albicans from the vaginal lumen was also considerably delayed in PR-ATG5-KO mice. In conclusion, the results revealed that impaired autophagy in vaginal cells influences host response during vaginal infection of C. albicans by affecting anti-Candida cytokine levels in the vaginal lavage resulting in reduction of pathogen clearance rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Shroff
- Division of Molecular Immunology & Microbiology (MIM), National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH), J.M. Street, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Roicy Sequeira
- Division of Molecular Immunology & Microbiology (MIM), National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH), J.M. Street, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Vainav Patel
- Department of Biochemistry & Virology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH), J.M. Street, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India
| | - K V R Reddy
- Division of Molecular Immunology & Microbiology (MIM), National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH), J.M. Street, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India.
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54
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Pandey A, Ding SL, Qin QM, Gupta R, Gomez G, Lin F, Feng X, Fachini da Costa L, Chaki SP, Katepalli M, Case ED, van Schaik EJ, Sidiq T, Khalaf O, Arenas A, Kobayashi KS, Samuel JE, Rivera GM, Alaniz RC, Sze SH, Qian X, Brown WJ, Rice-Ficht A, Russell WK, Ficht TA, de Figueiredo P. Global Reprogramming of Host Kinase Signaling in Response to Fungal Infection. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 21:637-649.e6. [PMID: 28494245 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans (Cn) is a deadly fungal pathogen whose intracellular lifestyle is important for virulence. Host mechanisms controlling fungal phagocytosis and replication remain obscure. Here, we perform a global phosphoproteomic analysis of the host response to Cryptococcus infection. Our analysis reveals numerous and diverse host proteins that are differentially phosphorylated following fungal ingestion by macrophages, thereby indicating global reprogramming of host kinase signaling. Notably, phagocytosis of the pathogen activates the host autophagy initiation complex (AIC) and the upstream regulatory components LKB1 and AMPKα, which regulate autophagy induction through their kinase activities. Deletion of Prkaa1, the gene encoding AMPKα1, in monocytes results in resistance to fungal colonization of mice. Finally, the recruitment of AIC components to nascent Cryptococcus-containing vacuoles (CnCVs) regulates the intracellular trafficking and replication of the pathogen. These findings demonstrate that host AIC regulatory networks confer susceptibility to infection and establish a proteomic resource for elucidating host mechanisms that regulate fungal intracellular parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aseem Pandey
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843, USA; Norman Borlaug Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Sheng Li Ding
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843, USA; Norman Borlaug Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA; Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China
| | - Qing-Ming Qin
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Rahul Gupta
- Health and Engineering Group, Leidos Inc., 2295 Parklake Drive, Atlanta, GA 30345, USA
| | - Gabriel Gomez
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Furong Lin
- Norman Borlaug Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Xuehuan Feng
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843, USA; Norman Borlaug Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Luciana Fachini da Costa
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843, USA; Norman Borlaug Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Sankar P Chaki
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Madhu Katepalli
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Case
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Erin J van Schaik
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Tabasum Sidiq
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Omar Khalaf
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Angela Arenas
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Koichi S Kobayashi
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - James E Samuel
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Gonzalo M Rivera
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Robert C Alaniz
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Sing-Hoi Sze
- Center for Bioinformatics & Genomic Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Dwight Look College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Xiaoning Qian
- Center for Bioinformatics & Genomic Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Dwight Look College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - William J Brown
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-2703, USA
| | - Allison Rice-Ficht
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - William K Russell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Thomas A Ficht
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
| | - Paul de Figueiredo
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843, USA; Norman Borlaug Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
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55
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Moraes Moreira Carraro T, Altmeyer C, Maissar Khalil N, Mara Mainardes R. Assessment of in vitro antifungal efficacy and in vivo toxicity of Amphotericin B-loaded PLGA and PLGA-PEG blend nanoparticles. J Mycol Med 2017; 27:519-529. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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56
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Sprenger M, Kasper L, Hensel M, Hube B. Metabolic adaptation of intracellular bacteria and fungi to macrophages. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 308:215-227. [PMID: 29150190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mature phagosome of macrophages is a hostile environment for the vast majority of phagocytosed microbes. In addition to active destruction of the engulfed microbes by antimicrobial compounds, restriction of essential nutrients in the phagosomal compartment contributes to microbial growth inhibition and killing. However, some pathogenic microorganisms have not only developed various strategies to efficiently withstand or counteract antimicrobial activities, but also to acquire nutrients within macrophages for intracellular replication. Successful intracellular pathogens are able to utilize host-derived amino acids, carbohydrates and lipids as well as trace metals and vitamins during intracellular growth. This requires sophisticated strategies such as phagosome modification or escape, efficient nutrient transporters and metabolic adaptation. In this review, we discuss the metabolic adaptation of facultative intracellular bacteria and fungi to the intracellular lifestyle inside macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Sprenger
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Lydia Kasper
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Hensel
- Division of Microbiology, University Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany; Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany; Center for Sepsis Control and Care, University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
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57
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Sil P, Muse G, Martinez J. A ravenous defense: canonical and non-canonical autophagy in immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 50:21-31. [PMID: 29125936 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
While classically considered a survival mechanism employed during nutrient scarcity, the autophagy pathway operates in multiple scenarios wherein a return to homeostasis or degradative removal of an invader is required. Now recognized as a pathway with vast immunoregulatory power, autophagy can no longer serve as a 'one size fits all' term, as its machinery can be recruited to different pathogens, at different times, with different outcomes. Both canonical autophagy and the molecularly related, yet divergent pathways non-canonical autophagy are key players in proper host defense and allow us an opportunity to tailor infectious disease intervention and treatment to its specific pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Sil
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Ginger Muse
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Jennifer Martinez
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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58
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Boral H, Metin B, Döğen A, Seyedmousavi S, Ilkit M. Overview of selected virulence attributes in Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Trichophyton rubrum, and Exophiala dermatitidis. Fungal Genet Biol 2017; 111:92-107. [PMID: 29102684 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of fungal diseases has been increasing since 1980, and is associated with excessive morbidity and mortality, particularly among immunosuppressed patients. Of the known 625 pathogenic fungal species, infections caused by the genera Aspergillus, Candida, Cryptococcus, and Trichophyton are responsible for more than 300 million estimated episodes of acute or chronic infections worldwide. In addition, a rather neglected group of opportunistic fungi known as black yeasts and their filamentous relatives cause a wide variety of recalcitrant infections in both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed hosts. This article provides an overview of selected virulence factors that are known to suppress host immunity and enhance the infectivity of these fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazal Boral
- Division of Mycology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Çukurova, Adana, Turkey
| | - Banu Metin
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aylin Döğen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mersin, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Invasive Fungi Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Center of Excellence for Infection Biology and Antimicrobial Pharmacology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Macit Ilkit
- Division of Mycology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Çukurova, Adana, Turkey.
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59
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Upadhya R, Lam WC, Maybruck BT, Donlin MJ, Chang AL, Kayode S, Ormerod KL, Fraser JA, Doering TL, Lodge JK. A fluorogenic C. neoformans reporter strain with a robust expression of m-cherry expressed from a safe haven site in the genome. Fungal Genet Biol 2017; 108:13-25. [PMID: 28870457 PMCID: PMC5681388 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
C. neoformans is an encapsulated fungal pathogen with defined asexual and sexual life cycles. Due to the availability of genetic and molecular tools for its manipulation, it has become a model organism for studies of fungal pathogens, even though it lacks a reliable system for maintaining DNA fragments as extrachromosomal plasmids. To compensate for this deficiency, we identified a genomic gene-free intergenic region where heterologous DNA could be inserted by homologous recombination without adverse effects on the phenotype of the recipient strain. Since such a site in the C. neoformans genome at a different location has been named previously as "safe haven", we named this locus second safe haven site (SH2). Insertion of DNA into this site in the genome of the KN99 congenic strain pair caused minimal change in the growth of the engineered strain under a variety of in vitro and in vivo conditions. We exploited this 'safe' locus to create a genetically stable highly fluorescent strain expressing mCherry protein (KN99mCH); this strain closely resembled its wild-type parent (KN99α) in growth under a variety of in vitro stress conditions and in the expression of virulence traits. The efficiency of phagocytosis and the proliferation of KN99mCH inside human monocyte-derived macrophages were comparable to those of KN99α, and the engineered strain showed the expected organ dissemination after inoculation, although there was a slight reduction in virulence. The mCherry fluorescence allowed us to measure specific association of cryptococci with leukocytes in the lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes of infected animals and, for the first-time, to assess their live/dead status in vivo. These results highlight the utility of KN99mCH for elucidation of host-pathogen interactions in vivo. Finally, we generated drug-resistant KN99 strains of both mating types that are marked at the SH2 locus with a specific drug resistant gene cassette; these strains will facilitate the generation of mutant strains by mating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Upadhya
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Woei C Lam
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brian T Maybruck
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Maureen J Donlin
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrew L Chang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sarah Kayode
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kate L Ormerod
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and School of Chemistry& Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - James A Fraser
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and School of Chemistry& Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tamara L Doering
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jennifer K Lodge
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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60
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Pharmacological modulation of autophagy: therapeutic potential and persisting obstacles. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2017; 16:487-511. [PMID: 28529316 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2017.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 607] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is central to the maintenance of organismal homeostasis in both physiological and pathological situations. Accordingly, alterations in autophagy have been linked to clinically relevant conditions as diverse as cancer, neurodegeneration and cardiac disorders. Throughout the past decade, autophagy has attracted considerable attention as a target for the development of novel therapeutics. However, such efforts have not yet generated clinically viable interventions. In this Review, we discuss the therapeutic potential of autophagy modulators, analyse the obstacles that have limited their development and propose strategies that may unlock the full therapeutic potential of autophagy modulation in the clinic.
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61
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Shroff A, Sequeira R, Reddy KVR. Human vaginal epithelial cells augment autophagy marker genes in response to Candida albicans infection. Am J Reprod Immunol 2017; 77. [PMID: 28185353 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Autophagy plays an important role in clearance of intracellular pathogens. However, no information is available on its involvement in vaginal infections such as vulvo-vaginal candidiasis (VVC). VVC is intimately associated with the immune status of the human vaginal epithelial cells (VECs). The objective of our study is to decipher if autophagy process is involved during Candida albicans infection of VECs. METHODS OF STUDY In this study, C. albicans infection system was established using human VEC line (VK2/E6E7). Infection-induced change in the expression of autophagy markers like LC3 and LAMP-1 were analyzed by RT-PCR, q-PCR, Western blot, immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies were carried out to ascertain the localization of autophagosomes. Multiplex ELISA was carried out to determine the cytokine profiles. RESULTS Analysis of LC3 and LAMP-1 expression at mRNA and protein levels at different time points revealed up-regulation of these markers 6 hours post C. albicans infection. LC3 and LAMP-1 puncti were observed in infected VECs after 12 hours. TEM studies showed C. albicans entrapped in autophagosomes. Cytokines-TNF-α and IL-1β were up-regulated in culture supernatants of VECs at 12 hours post-infection. CONCLUSION The results suggest that C. albicans invasion led to the activation of autophagy as a host defense mechanism of VECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Shroff
- Division of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology (MIM), National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH), Mumbai, India
| | - Roicy Sequeira
- Division of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology (MIM), National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH), Mumbai, India
| | - Kudumula Venkata Rami Reddy
- Division of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology (MIM), National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH), Mumbai, India
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62
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Koller B, Schramm C, Siebert S, Triebel J, Deland E, Pfefferkorn AM, Rickerts V, Thewes S. Dictyostelium discoideum as a Novel Host System to Study the Interaction between Phagocytes and Yeasts. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1665. [PMID: 27818653 PMCID: PMC5073093 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum is a well-established model organism to study the interaction between bacteria and phagocytes. In contrast, research using D. discoideum as a host model for fungi is rare. We describe a comprehensive study, which uses D. discoideum as a host model system to investigate the interaction with apathogenic (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and pathogenic (Candida sp.) yeast. We show that Dictyostelium can be co-cultivated with yeasts on solid media, offering a convenient test to study the interaction between fungi and phagocytes. We demonstrate that a number of D. discoideum mutants increase (atg1-, kil1-, kil2-) or decrease (atg6-) the ability of the amoebae to predate yeast cells. On the yeast side, growth characteristics, reduced phagocytosis rate, as well as known virulence factors of C. albicans (EFG1, CPH1, HGC1, ICL1) contribute to the resistance of yeast cells against predation by the amoebae. Investigating haploid C. albicans strains, we suggest using the amoebae plate test for screening purposes after random mutagenesis. Finally, we discuss the potential of our adapted amoebae plate test to use D. discoideum for risk assessment of yeast strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Koller
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute for Biology - Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - Christin Schramm
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute for Biology - Microbiology, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany; FG16, Robert Koch InstituteBerlin, Germany
| | - Susann Siebert
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute for Biology - Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - János Triebel
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute for Biology - Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - Eric Deland
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute for Biology - Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna M Pfefferkorn
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute for Biology - Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Sascha Thewes
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute for Biology - Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin Berlin, Germany
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63
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Stukes S, Coelho C, Rivera J, Jedlicka AE, Hajjar KA, Casadevall A. The Membrane Phospholipid Binding Protein Annexin A2 Promotes Phagocytosis and Nonlytic Exocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans and Impacts Survival in Fungal Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:1252-61. [PMID: 27371724 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungal pathogen with a unique intracellular pathogenic strategy that includes nonlytic exocytosis, a phenomenon whereby fungal cells are expunged from macrophages without lysing the host cell. The exact mechanism and specific proteins involved in this process have yet to be completely defined. Using murine macrophages deficient in the membrane phospholipid binding protein, annexin A2 (ANXA2), we observed a significant decrease in both phagocytosis of yeast cells and the frequency of nonlytic exocytosis. Cryptococcal cells isolated from Anxa2-deficient (Anxa2(-/-)) bone marrow-derived macrophages and lung parenchyma displayed significantly larger capsules than those isolated from wild-type macrophages and tissues. Concomitantly, we observed significant differences in the amount of reactive oxygen species produced between Anxa2(-/-) and Anxa2(+/+) macrophages. Despite comparable fungal burden, Anxa2(-/-) mice died more rapidly than wild-type mice when infected with C. neoformans, and Anxa2(-/-) mice exhibited enhanced inflammatory responses, suggesting that the reduced survival reflected greater immune-mediated damage. Together, these findings suggest a role for ANXA2 in the control of cryptococcal infection, macrophage function, and fungal morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabriya Stukes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Carolina Coelho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Johanna Rivera
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Anne E Jedlicka
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Katherine A Hajjar
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065; and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205;
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64
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Kenno S, Perito S, Mosci P, Vecchiarelli A, Monari C. Autophagy and Reactive Oxygen Species Are Involved in Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Release Induced by C. albicans Morphotypes. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:879. [PMID: 27375599 PMCID: PMC4896927 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are a combination of DNA fibers and granular enzymes, such as elastase and myeloperoxidase. In this study, we demonstrate that Candida albicans hyphal (CAH) cells and yeast (CAY) cells induce differential amounts, kinetics and mechanisms of NET release. CAH cells induced larger quantities of NET compared to CAY cells and can stimulate rapid NET formation up to 4 h of incubation. CAY cells are, also, able to induce rapid NET formation, but this ability was lost at 4 h. Both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and autophagy are implicated in NET induced by CAH and CAY cells, but with a time-different participation of these two mechanisms. In particular, in the early phase (15 min) CAH cells stimulate NET via autophagy, but not via ROS, while CAY cells induce NET via both autophagy and ROS. At 4 h, only CAH cells stimulate NET formation using autophagy as well as ROS. Finally, we demonstrate that NET release, in response to CAH cells, involves NF-κB activation and is strongly implicated in hyphal destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samyr Kenno
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefano Perito
- Microbiology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Mosci
- Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia Perugia, Italy
| | - Anna Vecchiarelli
- Microbiology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudia Monari
- Microbiology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia Perugia, Italy
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65
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Tam JM, Mansour MK, Acharya M, Sokolovska A, Timmons AK, Lacy-Hulbert A, Vyas JM. The Role of Autophagy-Related Proteins in Candida albicans Infections. Pathogens 2016; 5:E34. [PMID: 27043636 PMCID: PMC4931385 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens5020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays an important role in maintaining cell homeostasis by providing nutrients during periods of starvation and removing damaged organelles from the cytoplasm. A marker in the autophagic process is the reversible conjugation of LC3, a membrane scaffolding protein, to double membrane autophagosomes. Recently, a role for LC3 in the elimination of pathogenic bacteria and fungi, including Candida albicans (C. albicans), was demonstrated, but these organisms reside in single membrane phagosomes. This process is distinct from autophagy and is termed LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP). This review will detail the hallmarks of LAP that distinguish it from classical autophagy and review the role of autophagy proteins in host response to C. albicans and other pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny M Tam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Michael K Mansour
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Mridu Acharya
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
| | - Anna Sokolovska
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Allison K Timmons
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Adam Lacy-Hulbert
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
| | - Jatin M Vyas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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66
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Kanayama M, Shinohara ML. Roles of Autophagy and Autophagy-Related Proteins in Antifungal Immunity. Front Immunol 2016; 7:47. [PMID: 26925060 PMCID: PMC4757664 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy was initially characterized as a process to digest cellular components, including damaged cell organelles or unused proteins. However, later studies showed that autophagy plays an important role to protect hosts from microbial infections. Accumulating evidences showed the contribution of autophagy itself and autophagy-related proteins (ATGs) in the clearance of bacteria, virus, and parasites. A number of studies also revealed the molecular mechanisms by which autophagy is initiated and developed. Furthermore, it is now understood that some ATGs are shared between two distinct processes; autophagy and LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP). Thus, our understanding on autophagy has been greatly enhanced in the last decade. By contrast, roles of autophagy and ATGs in fungal infections are still elusive relative to those in bacterial and viral infections. Based on limited numbers of reports, ATG-mediated host responses appear to significantly vary depending on invading fungal species. In this review, we discuss how autophagy and ATGs are involved in antifungal immune responses based on recent discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Kanayama
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, NC , USA
| | - Mari L Shinohara
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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67
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DeLeon-Rodriguez CM, Casadevall A. Cryptococcus neoformans: Tripping on Acid in the Phagolysosome. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:164. [PMID: 26925039 PMCID: PMC4756110 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans (Cn) is a basidiomycetous pathogenic yeast that is a frequent cause of meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised individuals. Cn is a facultative intracellular pathogen in mammals, insects and amoeba. Cn infection occurs after inhalation of spores or desiccated cells from the environment. After inhalation Cn localizes to the lungs where it can be phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages. Cn is surrounded by a polysaccharide capsule that helps the fungus survive in vivo by interfering with phagocytosis, quenching free radical bursts and shedding polysaccharides that negatively modulates the immune system. After phagocytosis, Cn resides within the phagosome that matures to become a phagolysosome, a process that results in the acidification of the phagolysosomal lumen. Cn replicates at a higher rate inside macrophages than in the extracellular environment, possibly as a result that the phagosomal pH is near that optimal for growth. Cn increases the phagolysosomal pH and modulates the dynamics of Rab GTPases interaction with the phagolysosome. Chemical manipulation of the phagolysosomal pH with drugs can result in direct and indirect killing of Cn and reduced non-lytic exocytosis. Phagolysosomal membrane damage after Cn infection occurs both in vivo and in vitro, and is required for Cn growth and survival. Macrophage treatment with IFN-γ reduces the phagolysosomal damage and increases intracellular killing of Cn. Studies on mice and humans show that treatment with IFN-γ can improve host control of the disease. However, the mechanism by which Cn mediates phagolysosomal membrane damage remains unknown but likely candidates are phospholipases and mechanical damage from an enlarging capsule. Here we review Cn intracellular interaction with a particular emphasis on phagosomal interactions and develop the notion that the extent of damage of the phagosomal membrane is a key determinant of the outcome of the Cn-macrophage interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, BronxNY, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, BaltimoreMD, USA
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68
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Akoumianaki T, Kyrmizi I, Valsecchi I, Gresnigt MS, Samonis G, Drakos E, Boumpas D, Muszkieta L, Prevost MC, Kontoyiannis DP, Chavakis T, Netea MG, van de Veerdonk FL, Brakhage AA, El-Benna J, Beauvais A, Latge JP, Chamilos G. Aspergillus Cell Wall Melanin Blocks LC3-Associated Phagocytosis to Promote Pathogenicity. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 19:79-90. [PMID: 26749442 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Concealing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) is a principal strategy used by fungi to avoid immune recognition. Surface exposure of PAMPs during germination can leave the pathogen vulnerable. Accordingly, β-glucan surface exposure during Aspergillus fumigatus germination activates an Atg5-dependent autophagy pathway termed LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP), which promotes fungal killing. We found that LAP activation also requires the genetic, biochemical or biological (germination) removal of A. fumigatus cell wall melanin. The attenuated virulence of melanin-deficient A. fumigatus is restored in Atg5-deficient macrophages and in mice upon conditional inactivation of Atg5 in hematopoietic cells. Mechanistically, Aspergillus melanin inhibits NADPH oxidase-dependent activation of LAP by excluding the p22phox subunit from the phagosome. Thus, two events that occur concomitantly during germination of airborne fungi, surface exposure of PAMPs and melanin removal, are necessary for LAP activation and fungal killing. LAP blockade is a general property of melanin pigments, a finding with broad physiological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonia Akoumianaki
- Department of Medicine, University of Crete, Foundation for Research and Technology, 71300 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Irene Kyrmizi
- Department of Medicine, University of Crete, Foundation for Research and Technology, 71300 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, 71300 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Mark S Gresnigt
- Plateforme de Microscopie Electronique, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - George Samonis
- Department of Medicine, University of Crete, Foundation for Research and Technology, 71300 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Elias Drakos
- Department of Medicine, University of Crete, Foundation for Research and Technology, 71300 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Boumpas
- Department of Medicine, University of Crete, Foundation for Research and Technology, 71300 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, 71300 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Marie-Christine Prevost
- Plateforme de Microscopie Electronique, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Dimitrios P Kontoyiannis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Plateforme de Microscopie Electronique, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Frank L van de Veerdonk
- Plateforme de Microscopie Electronique, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI) and Friedrich Schiller University, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jamel El-Benna
- Inserm, U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, 75018 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Anne Beauvais
- Unité des Aspergillus, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France
| | - Jean-Paul Latge
- Unité des Aspergillus, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France.
| | - Georgios Chamilos
- Department of Medicine, University of Crete, Foundation for Research and Technology, 71300 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, 71300 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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69
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Netea MG, Joosten LAB, van der Meer JWM, Kullberg BJ, van de Veerdonk FL. Immune defence against Candida fungal infections. Nat Rev Immunol 2015; 15:630-42. [DOI: 10.1038/nri3897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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70
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Zhang M, Sun D, Shi M. Dancing cheek to cheek: Cryptococcus neoformans and phagocytes. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:410. [PMID: 26266081 PMCID: PMC4531118 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1192-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Meningoencephalitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans (Cn) has become one of the leading causes of mortality in AIDS patients. Understanding the interactions between Cn and phagocytes is fundamental in exploring the pathogenicity of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. Cn may be extracellular or contained in the monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells and even endothelial cells. The internalized Cn may proliferate inside the host cells, or cause the lysis of host cells, or leave the host cells via non-lytic exocytosis, or even hijack the host cells (Trojan horse) for the brain dissemination, which are regulated by microbe factors and also immune molecules. Coexistence of protective and deleterious roles of phagocytes in the progression of cryptococcosis warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingshun Zhang
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA ; Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Donglei Sun
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
| | - Meiqing Shi
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
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71
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Netea-Maier RT, Plantinga TS, van de Veerdonk FL, Smit JW, Netea MG. Modulation of inflammation by autophagy: Consequences for human disease. Autophagy 2015. [PMID: 26222012 PMCID: PMC4836004 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1071759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy and inflammation are 2 fundamental biological processes involved in both physiological and pathological conditions. Through its crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis, autophagy is involved in modulation of cell metabolism, cell survival, and host defense. Defective autophagy is associated with pathological conditions such as cancer, autoimmune disease, neurodegenerative disease, and senescence. Inflammation represents a crucial line of defense against microorganisms and other pathogens, and there is increasing evidence that autophagy has important effects on the induction and modulation of the inflammatory reaction; understanding the balance between these 2 processes may point to important possibilities for therapeutic targeting. This review focuses on the crosstalk between autophagy and inflammation as an emerging field with major implications for understanding the host defense on the one hand, and for the pathogenesis and treatment of immune-mediated diseases on the other hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana T Netea-Maier
- a Department of Internal Medicine , Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands.,b Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Theo S Plantinga
- a Department of Internal Medicine , Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Frank L van de Veerdonk
- a Department of Internal Medicine , Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands.,c Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Johannes W Smit
- a Department of Internal Medicine , Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands.,b Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- a Department of Internal Medicine , Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands.,c Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
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72
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Steele S, Brunton J, Kawula T. The role of autophagy in intracellular pathogen nutrient acquisition. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:51. [PMID: 26106587 PMCID: PMC4460576 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Following entry into host cells intracellular pathogens must simultaneously evade innate host defense mechanisms and acquire energy and anabolic substrates from the nutrient-limited intracellular environment. Most of the potential intracellular nutrient sources are stored within complex macromolecules that are not immediately accessible by intracellular pathogens. To obtain nutrients for proliferation, intracellular pathogens must compete with the host cell for newly-imported simple nutrients or degrade host nutrient storage structures into their constituent components (fatty acids, carbohydrates, and amino acids). It is becoming increasingly evident that intracellular pathogens have evolved a wide variety of strategies to accomplish this task. One recurrent microbial strategy is to exploit host degradative processes that break down host macromolecules into simple nutrients that the microbe can use. Herein we focus on how a subset of bacterial, viral, and eukaryotic pathogens leverage the host process of autophagy to acquire nutrients that support their growth within infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Steele
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jason Brunton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Thomas Kawula
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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73
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Kanayama M, He YW, Shinohara ML. The lung is protected from spontaneous inflammation by autophagy in myeloid cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5465-71. [PMID: 25911758 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The lung is constantly exposed to the outer environment; thus, it must maintain a state of immune ignorance or tolerance not to overrespond to harmless environmental stimuli. How cells in the lung control immune responses under nonpathogenic condition is not fully understood. In this study, we found that autophagy plays a critical role in the lung-specific immune regulation that prevents spontaneous inflammation. Autophagy in pulmonary myeloid cells plays a role in maintaining low burdens of environmental microbes in the lung, as well as in lowering mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and preventing overresponse to TLR4 ligands in alveolar macrophages. Based on these mechanisms, we also found that intranasal instillation of antibiotics or an inhibitor of reactive oxygen species was efficient in preventing spontaneous pulmonary inflammation. Thus, autophagy in myeloid cells, particularly alveolar macrophages, is critical for inhibiting spontaneous pulmonary inflammation, and pulmonary inflammation caused by dysfunctional autophagy is pharmacologically prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Kanayama
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; and
| | - You-Wen He
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; and
| | - Mari L Shinohara
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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74
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Williams K, Gokulan K, Shelman D, Akiyama T, Khan A, Khare S. Cytotoxic Mechanism ofCytolethal Distending Toxinin NontyphoidalSalmonellaSerovar (SalmonellaJaviana) During Macrophage Infection. DNA Cell Biol 2015; 34:113-24. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2014.2602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Williams
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas
| | - Kuppan Gokulan
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas
| | - Diamond Shelman
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas
| | - Tatsuya Akiyama
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas
| | - Ashraf Khan
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas
| | - Sangeeta Khare
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas
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75
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Kanayama M, Inoue M, Danzaki K, Hammer G, He YW, Shinohara ML. Autophagy enhances NFκB activity in specific tissue macrophages by sequestering A20 to boost antifungal immunity. Nat Commun 2015; 6:5779. [PMID: 25609235 PMCID: PMC4304414 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses must be well restrained in a steady state to avoid excessive inflammation. However, such restraints are quickly removed to exert antimicrobial responses. Here we report a role of autophagy in an early host antifungal response by enhancing NFκB activity through A20 sequestration. Enhancement of NFκB activation is achieved by autophagic depletion of A20, an NFκB inhibitor, in F4/80(hi) macrophages in the spleen, peritoneum and kidney. We show that p62, an autophagic adaptor protein, captures A20 to sequester it in the autophagosome. This allows the macrophages to release chemokines to recruit neutrophils. Indeed, mice lacking autophagy in myeloid cells show higher susceptibility to Candida albicans infection due to impairment in neutrophil recruitment. Thus, at least in the specific aforementioned tissues, autophagy appears to break A20-dependent suppression in F4/80(hi) macrophages, which express abundant A20 and contribute to the initiation of efficient innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Kanayama
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Makoto Inoue
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Keiko Danzaki
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Gianna Hammer
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - You-Wen He
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Mari L Shinohara
- 1] Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA [2] Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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76
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Prieto P, Rosales-Mendoza CE, Terrón V, Toledano V, Cuadrado A, López-Collazo E, Bannenberg G, Martín-Sanz P, Fernández-Velasco M, Boscá L. Activation of autophagy in macrophages by pro-resolving lipid mediators. Autophagy 2015; 11:1729-44. [PMID: 26506892 PMCID: PMC4824594 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1078958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The resolution of inflammation is an active process driven by specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators, such as 15-epi-LXA4 and resolvin D1 (RvD1), that promote tissue regeneration. Macrophages regulate the innate immune response being key players during the resolution phase to avoid chronic inflammatory pathologies. Their half-life is tightly regulated to accomplish its phagocytic function, allowing the complete cleaning of the affected area. The balance between apoptosis and autophagy appears to be essential to control the survival of these immune cells within the inflammatory context. In the present work, we demonstrate that 15-epi-LXA4 and RvD1 at nanomolar concentrations promote autophagy in murine and human macrophages. Both compounds induced the MAP1LC3-I to MAP1LC3-II processing and the degradation of SQSTM1 as well as the formation of MAP1LC3(+) autophagosomes, a typical signature of autophagy. Furthermore, 15-epi-LXA4 and RvD1 treatment favored the fusion of the autophagosomes with lysosomes, allowing the final processing of the autophagic vesicles. This autophagic response involves the activation of MAPK1 and NFE2L2 pathways, but by an MTOR-independent mechanism. Moreover, these pro-resolving lipids improved the phagocytic activity of macrophages via NFE2L2. Therefore, 15-epi-LXA4 and RvD1 improved both survival and functionality of macrophages, which likely supports the recovery of tissue homeostasis and avoiding chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Prieto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM); Madrid, Spain
| | - César Eduardo Rosales-Mendoza
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM); Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Facultad de Medicina; Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León; Francisco I Madero y Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño S/N, Colonia Mitras Centro; Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Verónica Terrón
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM); Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Toledano
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ); Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Cuadrado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM); Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ); Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Gerard Bannenberg
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM); Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Martín-Sanz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM); Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Lisardo Boscá
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM); Madrid, Spain
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77
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Becker KL, Ifrim DC, Quintin J, Netea MG, van de Veerdonk FL. Antifungal innate immunity: recognition and inflammatory networks. Semin Immunopathol 2014; 37:107-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-014-0467-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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78
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Gibson JF, Johnston SA. Immunity to Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii during cryptococcosis. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 78:76-86. [PMID: 25498576 PMCID: PMC4503824 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of infection with cryptococcal species occurs with Cryptococcus neoformans in the severely immunocompromised. A significant exception to this is the infections of those with apparently normal immune systems by Cryptococcus gattii. Susceptibility to cryptococcosis can be broadly categorised as a defect in adaptive immune responses, especially in T cell immunity. However, innate immune cells such as macrophages play a key role and are likely the primary effector cell in the killing and ultimate clearance of cryptococcal infection. In this review we discuss the current state of our understanding of how the immune system responds to cryptococcal infection in health and disease, with reference to the work communicated at the 9th International Conference on Cryptococcus and Cryptococcosis (ICCC9). We have focussed on cell mediated responses, particularly early in infection, but with the aim of presenting a broad overview of our understanding of immunity to cryptococcal infection, highlighting some recent advances and offering some perspectives on future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josie F Gibson
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Medical School, University of Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK; Bateson Centre, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Simon A Johnston
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Medical School, University of Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK; Bateson Centre, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
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79
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Targeting autophagy in skin diseases. J Mol Med (Berl) 2014; 93:31-8. [PMID: 25404245 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-014-1225-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a major intracellular degradative process by which cytoplasmic materials are sequestered in double-membraned vesicles and degraded upon fusion with lysosomes. Under normal circumstances, basal autophagy is necessary to maintain cellular homeostasis by scavenging dysfunctional or damaged organelles or proteins. In addition to its vital homeostatic role, this degradation pathway has been implicated in many different cellular processes such as cell apoptosis, inflammation, pathogen clearance, and antigen presentation and thereby has been linked to a variety of human disorders, including metabolic conditions, neurodegenerative diseases, cancers, and infectious diseases. The skin, the largest organ of the body, serves as the first line of defense against many different environmental insults; however, only a few studies have examined the effect of autophagy on the pathogenesis of skin diseases. This review provides an overview of the mechanisms of autophagy and highlights recent findings relevant to the role of autophagy in skin diseases and strategies for therapeutic modulation.
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80
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Moraco AH, Kornfeld H. Cell death and autophagy in tuberculosis. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:497-511. [PMID: 25453227 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis has succeeded in infecting one-third of the human race though inhibition or evasion of innate and adaptive immunity. The pathogen is a facultative intracellular parasite that uses the niche provided by mononuclear phagocytes for its advantage. Complex interactions determine whether the bacillus will or will not be delivered to acidified lysosomes, whether the host phagocyte will survive infection or die, and whether the timing and mode of cell death works to the advantage of the host or the pathogen. Here we discuss cell death and autophagy in TB. These fundamental processes of cell biology feature in all aspects of TB pathogenesis and may be exploited to the treatment or prevention of TB disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Moraco
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Hardy Kornfeld
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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81
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Hogan D, Wheeler RT. The complex roles of NADPH oxidases in fungal infection. Cell Microbiol 2014; 16:1156-67. [PMID: 24905433 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
NADPH oxidases play key roles in immunity and inflammation that go beyond the production of microbicidal reactive oxygen species (ROS). The past decade has brought a new appreciation for the diversity of roles played by ROS in signalling associated with inflammation and immunity. NADPH oxidase activity affects disease outcome during infections by human pathogenic fungi, an important group of emerging and opportunistic pathogens that includes Candida, Aspergillus and Cryptococcus species. Here we review how alternative roles of NADPH oxidase activity impact fungal infection and how ROS signalling affects fungal physiology. Particular attention is paid to roles for NADPH oxidase in immune migration, immunoregulation in pulmonary infection, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, autophagy and inflammasome activity. These recent advances highlight the power and versatility of spatiotemporally controlled redox regulation in the context of infection, and point to a need to understand the molecular consequences of NADPH oxidase activity in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Hogan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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82
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Tam JM, Mansour MK, Khan NS, Seward M, Puranam S, Tanne A, Sokolovska A, Becker CE, Acharya M, Baird MA, Choi AMK, Davidson MW, Segal BH, Lacy-Hulbert A, Stuart LM, Xavier RJ, Vyas JM. Dectin-1-dependent LC3 recruitment to phagosomes enhances fungicidal activity in macrophages. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:1844-54. [PMID: 24842831 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy has been postulated to play role in mammalian host defense against fungal pathogens, although the molecular details remain unclear. Here, we show that primary macrophages deficient in the autophagic factor LC3 demonstrate diminished fungicidal activity but increased cytokine production in response to Candida albicans stimulation. LC3 recruitment to fungal phagosomes requires activation of the fungal pattern receptor dectin-1. LC3 recruitment to the phagosome also requires Syk signaling but is independent of all activity by Toll-like receptors and does not require the presence of the adaptor protein Card9. We further demonstrate that reactive oxygen species generation by NADPH oxidase is required for LC3 recruitment to the fungal phagosome. These observations directly link LC3 to the inflammatory pathway against C. albicans in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny M Tam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Michael K Mansour
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Nida S Khan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases
| | | | | | - Antoine Tanne
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, Tisch Cancer Institute
| | - Anna Sokolovska
- Developmental Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Christine E Becker
- Gastrointestinal Unit Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge
| | | | - Michelle A Baird
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee
| | | | - Michael W Davidson
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee
| | - Brahm H Segal
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, University of Buffalo School of Medicine, New York
| | | | | | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Gastrointestinal Unit Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge
| | - Jatin M Vyas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston
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83
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Rosentul DC, Plantinga TS, Farcas M, Oosting M, Hamza OJM, Scott WK, Alexander BD, Yang JC, Laird GM, Joosten LAB, van der Meer JWM, Perfect JR, Kullberg BJ, van der Ven AJAM, Johnson MD, Netea MG. Role of autophagy genetic variants for the risk of Candida infections. Med Mycol 2014; 52:333-41. [PMID: 24713404 PMCID: PMC4687479 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myt035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans can cause candidemia in neutropenic and critically ill patients and oropharyngeal candidiasis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients with low CD4(+) counts. Because all patients at risk do not develop Candida infections, it is possible that a patient's genetic background might play a role in his or her susceptibility to infection. Autophagy mediates pathogen clearance and modulation of inflammation. Our aim was to assess the effect of genetic variations in the ATG16L1 and IRGM autophagy genes on the susceptibility of patients with candidemia and oropharyngeal candidiasis. We assessed genetic variations in the ATG16L1 and IRGM genes in a cohort of candidemia patients of both African and European origin. In addition, we evaluated the effect of these polymorphisms on the susceptibility to oropharyngeal candidiasis of an HIV-positive cohort from Tanzania. Functional studies have been performed to assess the effect of the ATG16L1 and IRGM genetic variants on both in vitro and in vivo cytokine production. The results indicate that ATG16L1 variants modulate production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, but not other cytokines, while no effects were seen in the presence of IRGM polymorphisms. In addition, no significant associations between the single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the ATG16L1 and IRGM genetic variants and the incidence of candidemia or oropharyngeal candidiasis were identified. Despite moderate effects on the modulation of proinflammatory cytokine production, genetic variation in the autophagy genes ATG16L1 and IRGM has a minor impact on the susceptibility to both mucosal and systemic Candida infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana C Rosentul
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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84
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Lagier JC, Raoult D. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome associated with bacterial infections. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2014; 13:341-50. [DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2014.887677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe Lagier
- Aix-Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix-Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France ;
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85
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Jayaram A, Orfanelli T, Doulaveris G, Linhares IM, Ledger WJ, Witkin SS. Autophagy and female genital tract infections: new insights and research directions. BJOG 2014; 121:801-8. [PMID: 24506514 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved process by which defective organelles, non-functional proteins, and intracellular microorganisms become sequestered within structures called autophagosomes, which fuse with lysosomes and the engulfed components are degraded by lysosomal enzymes. In microbial autophagy degraded peptides are used to induce antigen-specific acquired immunity. Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa have developed strategies to subvert autophagy and/or to use this process to promote their replication and persistence. This review details the mechanisms by which microorganisms that infect the female genital tract and/or are detrimental to pregnancy interact with this host defence mechanism. Based on an understanding of autophagy-related pathological mechanisms, we propose new avenues for research to more effectively prevent and/or treat these infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jayaram
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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86
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Abstract
Cryptococcus species are fungal pathogens that are a leading cause of mortality. Initial inoculation is through the pulmonary route and, if disseminated, results in severe invasive infection including meningoencephalitis. Macrophages are the dominant phagocytic cell that interacts with Cryptococcus. Emerging theories suggest that Cryptococcus microevolution in macrophages is linked to survival and virulence within the host. In addition, Cryptococcus elaborates virulence factors as well as usurps host machinery to establish macrophage activation states that are permissive to intracellular survival and replication. In this review, we provide an update of the recent findings pertaining to macrophage interaction with Cryptococcus and focus on new avenues for biomedical research.
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87
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Smeekens SP, Malireddi RK, Plantinga TS, Buffen K, Oosting M, Joosten LAB, Kullberg BJ, Perfect JR, Scott WK, van de Veerdonk FL, Xavier RJ, van de Vosse E, Kanneganti TD, Johnson MD, Netea MG. Autophagy is redundant for the host defense against systemic Candida albicans infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 33:711-22. [PMID: 24202731 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-013-2002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy has been demonstrated to play an important role in the immunity against intracellular pathogens, but very little is known about its role in the host defense against fungal pathogens such as Candida albicans. Therefore, the role of autophagy for the host defense against C. albicans was assessed by complementary approaches using mice defective in autophagy, as well as immunological and genetic studies in humans. Although C. albicans induced LC3-II formation in macrophages, myeloid cell-specific ATG7(-/-) mice with defects in autophagy did not display an increased susceptibility to disseminated candidiasis. In in vitro experiments in human blood mononuclear cells, blocking autophagy modulated cytokine production induced by lipopolysaccharide, but not by C. albicans. Furthermore, autophagy modulation in human monocytes did not influence the phagocytosis and killing of C. albicans. Finally, 18 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 13 autophagy genes were not associated with susceptibility to candidemia or clinical outcome of disease in a large cohort of patients, and there was no correlation between these genetic variants and cytokine production in either candidemia patients or healthy controls. Based on these complementary in vitro and in vivo studies, it can be concluded that autophagy is redundant for the host response against systemic infections with C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Smeekens
- Department of Medicine, Radboud university medical center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 8, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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88
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NADPH oxidase-driven phagocyte recruitment controls Candida albicans filamentous growth and prevents mortality. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003634. [PMID: 24098114 PMCID: PMC3789746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a human commensal and clinically important fungal pathogen that grows as both yeast and hyphal forms during human, mouse and zebrafish infection. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by NADPH oxidases play diverse roles in immunity, including their long-appreciated function as microbicidal oxidants. Here we demonstrate a non-traditional mechanistic role of NADPH oxidase in promoting phagocyte chemotaxis and intracellular containment of fungi to limit filamentous growth. We exploit the transparent zebrafish model to show that failed NADPH oxidase-dependent phagocyte recruitment to C. albicans in the first four hours post-infection permits fungi to germinate extracellularly and kill the host. We combine chemical and genetic tools with high-resolution time-lapse microscopy to implicate both phagocyte oxidase and dual-specific oxidase in recruitment, suggesting that both myeloid and non-myeloid cells promote chemotaxis. We show that early non-invasive imaging provides a robust tool for prognosis, strongly connecting effective early immune response with survival. Finally, we demonstrate a new role of a key regulator of the yeast-to-hyphal switching program in phagocyte-mediated containment, suggesting that there are species-specific methods for modulation of NADPH oxidase-independent immune responses. These novel links between ROS-driven chemotaxis and fungal dimorphism expand our view of a key host defense mechanism and have important implications for pathogenesis. Over 45 years ago chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) was ascribed to a failure of neutrophils to mount a respiratory burst, and it is now known to result from primary genetic deficiencies in the phagocyte NADPH oxidase complex. Recent work suggests that reactive oxygen species produced by NADPH oxidases have other important functions as diverse as maturing hormones and promoting protein kinase signal transduction. Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogen that preys on immunocompromised patients to cause lethal candidemia. We used the transparent zebrafish larva to describe a novel function of both phagocyte oxidase and dual-specific NADPH oxidase in directing phagocyte recruitment to C. albicans infection foci. We demonstrate that NADPH oxidase-dependent attraction of neutrophils and macrophages is instrumental in effective containment of yeast within phagocytes, which prevents the yeast-to-hyphal morphogenetic switch and limits mortality. Remarkably, when the fungal morphogenetic switch is prevented by mutation, NADPH oxidase activity is no longer required for effective fungal containment. Our study suggests that defects in CGD may extend beyond reduced microbial killing by superoxide to include impairment of chemotaxis, and provide a basis for exploring this alternative function in mammals.
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89
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Coelho C, Bocca AL, Casadevall A. The intracellular life of Cryptococcus neoformans. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2013; 9:219-38. [PMID: 24050625 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012513-104653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungal pathogen with worldwide distribution. Serological studies of human populations show a high prevalence of human infection, which rarely progresses to disease in immunocompetent hosts. However, decreased host immunity places individuals at high risk for cryptococcal disease. The disease can result from acute infection or reactivation of latent infection, in which yeasts within granulomas and host macrophages emerge to cause disease. In this review, we summarize what is known about the cellular recognition, ingestion, and killing of C. neoformans and discuss the unique and remarkable features of its intracellular life, including the proposed mechanisms for fungal persistence and killing in phagocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Coelho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York 10461;
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90
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Gerard R, Sendid B, Colombel JF, Poulain D, Jouault T. An immunological link betweenCandida albicanscolonization and Crohn’s disease. Crit Rev Microbiol 2013; 41:135-9. [DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2013.810587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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91
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Kyrmizi I, Gresnigt MS, Akoumianaki T, Samonis G, Sidiropoulos P, Boumpas D, Netea MG, van de Veerdonk FL, Kontoyiannis DP, Chamilos G. Corticosteroids block autophagy protein recruitment in Aspergillus fumigatus phagosomes via targeting dectin-1/Syk kinase signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1287-99. [PMID: 23817424 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is the predominant airborne fungal pathogen in immunocompromised patients. Genetic defects in NADPH oxidase (chronic granulomatous disease [CGD]) and corticosteroid-induced immunosupression lead to impaired killing of A. fumigatus and unique susceptibility to invasive aspergillosis via incompletely characterized mechanisms. Recent studies link TLR activation with phagosome maturation via the engagement of autophagy proteins. In this study, we found that infection of human monocytes with A. fumigatus spores triggered selective recruitment of the autophagy protein LC3 II in phagosomes upon fungal cell wall swelling. This response was induced by surface exposure of immunostimulatory β-glucans and was mediated by activation of the Dectin-1 receptor. LC3 II recruitment in A. fumigatus phagosomes required spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) kinase-dependent production of reactive oxygen species and was nearly absent in monocytes of patients with CGD. This pathway was important for control of intracellular fungal growth, as silencing of Atg5 resulted in impaired phagosome maturation and killing of A. fumigatus. In vivo and ex vivo administration of corticosteroids blocked LC3 II recruitment in A. fumigatus phagosomes via rapid inhibition of phosphorylation of Src and Syk kinases and downstream production of reactive oxygen species. Our studies link Dectin-1/Syk kinase signaling with autophagy-dependent maturation of A. fumigatus phagosomes and uncover a potential mechanism for development of invasive aspergillosis in the setting of CGD and corticosteroid-induced immunosupression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Kyrmizi
- Department of Medicine, University of Crete, 71300 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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92
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Sabiiti W, May RC. Mechanisms of infection by the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. Future Microbiol 2013; 7:1297-313. [PMID: 23075448 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.12.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain infection by the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans results in inflammation of the meninges and brain parenchyma, a condition known as meningoencephalitis. One million people are estimated to suffer cryptococcal meningitis globally and >60% of these cases die within 3 months of diagnosis. Humans are believed to contract infection by inhalation of spores or dried yeast cells, which subsequently colonize the lung tissue. In the lungs, cryptococci may be cleared by the lung phagocytes, stay latent, cause pulmonary infection and/or disseminate to other body parts, preferentially the brain, culminating in cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. In this review, we discuss the pathogenesis of C. neoformans from the environment to the brain, the current understanding of the mechanisms of cryptococcal transmission into the brain and cryptococcal meningitis. We also give an insight into future cryptococcosis research and the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilber Sabiiti
- Infection & Immunity, Clinical Sciences Division, St Georges' University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
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93
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94
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Johnston SA, May RC. Cryptococcusinteractions with macrophages: evasion and manipulation of the phagosome by a fungal pathogen. Cell Microbiol 2012; 15:403-11. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 10/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robin C. May
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection; School of Biosciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham; B15 2TT; UK
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