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The Modified Surface Killing Assay Distinguishes between Protective and Nonprotective Antibodies to PspA. mSphere 2019; 4:4/6/e00589-19. [PMID: 31826968 PMCID: PMC6908419 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00589-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The most important finding of this study is that the MSKA can be used as an in vitro functional assay. Such an assay will be critical for the development of PspA-containing vaccines. The other important findings relate to the locations and nature of the protection-eliciting epitopes of PspA. There are limited prior data on the locations of protection-eliciting PspA epitopes, but those data along with the data presented here make it clear that there is not a single epitope or domain of PspA that can elicit protective antibody and there exists at least one region of the αHD which seldom elicits protective antibody. Moreover, these data, in concert with prior data, strongly make the case that protective epitopes in the αHD are highly conformational (≥100-amino-acid fragments of the αHD are required), whereas at least some protection-eliciting epitopes in the proline-rich domain are encoded by ≤15-amino-acid sequences. Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) elicits antibody protective against lethal challenge by Streptococcus pneumoniae and is a candidate noncapsular antigen for inclusion in vaccines. Evaluation of immunity to PspA in human trials would be greatly facilitated by an in vitro functional assay able to distinguish protective from nonprotective antibodies to PspA. Mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to PspA can mediate killing by human granulocytes in the modified surface killing assay (MSKA). To determine if the MSKA can distinguish between protective and nonprotective MAbs, we examined seven MAbs to PspA. All bound recombinant PspA, as detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting; four gave strong passive protection against fatal challenge, two were nonprotective, and the seventh one only delayed death. The four that were able to provide strong passive protection were also most able to enhance killing in the MSKA, the two that were not protective in mice were not effective in the MSKA, and the MAb that was only weakly protective in mice was weakly effective in the MSKA (P < 0.001). One of the four most protective MAbs tested reacted to the proline-rich domain of PspA. Two of the other most protective MAbs and the weakly protective MAb reacted with a fragment from PspA’s α-helical domain (αHD), containing amino acids (aa) 148 to 247 from the N terminus of PspA. The fourth highly protective MAb recognized none of the overlapping 81- or 100-aa fragments of PspA. The two nonprotective MAbs recognized a more N-terminal αHD fragment (aa 48 to 147). IMPORTANCE The most important finding of this study is that the MSKA can be used as an in vitro functional assay. Such an assay will be critical for the development of PspA-containing vaccines. The other important findings relate to the locations and nature of the protection-eliciting epitopes of PspA. There are limited prior data on the locations of protection-eliciting PspA epitopes, but those data along with the data presented here make it clear that there is not a single epitope or domain of PspA that can elicit protective antibody and there exists at least one region of the αHD which seldom elicits protective antibody. Moreover, these data, in concert with prior data, strongly make the case that protective epitopes in the αHD are highly conformational (≥100-amino-acid fragments of the αHD are required), whereas at least some protection-eliciting epitopes in the proline-rich domain are encoded by ≤15-amino-acid sequences.
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Prevalence of PspA families and pilus islets among Streptococcus pneumoniae colonizing children before and after universal use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2019; 51:419-425. [PMID: 31802411 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00179-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2010, the 10-valent (PCV10) and 13-valent (PCV13) pneumococcal conjugate vaccines were introduced in Brazil to immunize children, resulting in serotype replacement. We analyzed 253 carriage isolates recovered from children aged <6 years in Brazil, including 124 and 129 isolates from the pre-PCV10/13 (December 2009-July 2010) and post-PCV10/13 (September-December 2014) periods, respectively, to investigate the prevalence of PspA families and pilus islets, potential vaccine candidates. Serotypes and resistance profiles were previously characterized. We used PCR to type PspA families (Fam1-3) and pilus islets (PI-1 and PI-2). We identified the PspA family of 130 (51.4%) isolates. PspA families 1, 2, and 3 were identified in 12.2%, 38.7%, and 0.4% of the isolates, respectively. Eighteen (58.1%) Fam1 isolates were serogroup 6. Nine (81.8%) of 11 serotype 14 isolates were Fam2. Fam1 isolates resistant to penicillin (50%), erythromycin (43.7%), clindamycin (31.2%), and chloramphenicol (6.2%) were only found after PCV10/13 introduction. Resistance among Fam2 isolates was higher in the post-PCV10/13 period to erythromycin (1.8% vs. 18.6%), clindamycin (0 vs. 13.9%), and tetracycline (10.9% vs. 16.3%). PI-I was detected in 42 (16.6%) isolates. Fourteen (56%) of 25 serotype 15B/C and nine (81.8%) of 11 serotype 14 isolates had PI-1 (p < 0.01). Eight (3.2%) isolates had PI-2, and six (75%) were serogroup 19. Five (2%) serogroup 19 isolates had both PI-1 and PI-2. We found associations between serogroups/serotypes, PspA families, and pilus islets, but distribution of PspA families and pilus islets was similar in both periods. After universal vaccination, we observed higher antimicrobial resistance frequencies, regardless PspA or pilus types.
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Combined prime-boost immunization with systemic and mucosal pneumococcal vaccines based on Pneumococcal surface protein A to enhance protection against lethal pneumococcal infections. Immunol Res 2019; 67:398-407. [PMID: 31773490 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-019-09107-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Limited protective effects of commercially available vaccines necessitate the development of novel pneumococcal vaccines. We recently reported a pneumococcal systemic vaccine containing two proteins, Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA of family 1 and 2) and a bacterium-like particle-based pneumococcal mucosal vaccine containing PspA2 and PspA4 fragments, both eliciting broad protective immune responses. We had previously reported that subcutaneous (s.c.+s.c.+s.c.) immunization with the systemic vaccine induced more pronounced humoral serum IgG responses, while intranasal (i.n.+i.n.+i.n.) immunization with the mucosal vaccine elicited a more pronounced mucosal secretory IgA (sIgA) response. We hypothesized that a combinatorial administration of the two vaccines might elicit more pronounced and broader protective immune responses. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the efficacy of combinatorial prime-boost immunization using both systemic and mucosal vaccines for a pneumococcal infection. Combinatorial prime-boost immunization (s.c.+i.n. and i.n.+s.c.) induced not only IgG, but also mucosal sIgA production at high levels. Systemic priming and mucosal boosting immunization (s.c.+i.n.) provided markedly better protection than homologous prime-boost immunization (s.c.+s.c.+s.c. and i.n.+i.n.+i.n.). Moreover, it induced more robust Th1 and Th17 cell-mediated immune responses than mucosal priming and systemic boosting immunization (i.n.+s.c.). These results indicate that combinatorial prime-boost immunization potentially induces a robust systemic and mucosal immune response, making it an optimal alternative for maximum protection against lethal pneumococcal infections.
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Briles DE, Paton JC, Mukerji R, Swiatlo E, Crain MJ. Pneumococcal Vaccines. Microbiol Spectr 2019; 7:10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0028-2018. [PMID: 31858954 PMCID: PMC10921951 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0028-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a Gram-Positive pathogen that is a major causative agent of pneumonia, otitis media, sepsis and meningitis across the world. The World Health Organization estimates that globally over 500,000 children are killed each year by this pathogen. Vaccines offer the best protection against S. pneumoniae infections. The current polysaccharide conjugate vaccines have been very effective in reducing rates of invasive pneumococcal disease caused by vaccine type strains. However, the effectiveness of these vaccines have been somewhat diminished by the increasing numbers of cases of invasive disease caused by non-vaccine type strains, a phenomenon known as serotype replacement. Since, there are currently at least 98 known serotypes of S. pneumoniae, it may become cumbersome and expensive to add many additional serotypes to the current 13-valent vaccine, to circumvent the effect of serotype replacement. Hence, alternative serotype independent strategies, such as vaccination with highly cross-reactive pneumococcal protein antigens, should continue to be investigated to address this problem. This chapter provides a comprehensive discussion of pneumococcal vaccines past and present, protein antigens that are currently under investigation as vaccine candidates, and other alternatives, such as the pneumococcal whole cell vaccine, that may be successful in reducing current rates of disease caused by S. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Briles
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - J C Paton
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - R Mukerji
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - E Swiatlo
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA
| | - M J Crain
- Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
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PspA facilitates evasion of pneumococci from bactericidal activity of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Microb Pathog 2019; 136:103653. [PMID: 31398527 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Pneumococcal strains are variably resistant to killing by neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). We hypothesize that this variability in resistance is due to heterogeneity in pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA), a structurally diverse virulence factor of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Pneumococcal strains showed variability in induction of NETs and in susceptibility to killing by NETs. The variability in susceptibility to NETs-mediated killing of pneumococcal strains is attributed to PspA, as strains lacking the surface expression of PspA were significantly more sensitive to NETs-mediated killing compared to the wild-type strains. Using pspA switch mutants we were further able to demonstrate that NETs induction and killing by NETs is a function of PspA as mutants with switch PspA demonstrated donor phenotype. Antibody to PspA alone showed an increase in induction of NETs, and NETs thus generated were able to trap and kill pneumococci. Pneumococci opsonized with antibody to PspA showed increase adherence to NETs but a decrease susceptibility to killing by NETs. In conclusion we demonstrate a novel role for pneumococcal PspA in resisting NETs mediated killing and allowing the bacteria to escape containment by blocking binding of pneumococci to NETs.
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Akbari E, Negahdari B, Faraji F, Behdani M, Kazemi-Lomedasht F, Habibi-Anbouhi M. Protective responses of an engineered PspA recombinant antigen against Streptococcus pneumoniae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 24:e00385. [PMID: 31763198 PMCID: PMC6864353 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, two immunogenic antigens based on recombinant PspA proteins were immunized mice. The protective effects of developed anti-PspA antibodies in mice in intranasal and intraperitoneal challenges were proved. Based on the obtained results, immunization with the B-regions of PspA antigens are crucial in protection of challenged mice with S. pneumoniae strains.
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major pathogen in human respiratory tract which causes significant morbidity and mortality across from the world. Currently available vaccines are not completely effective and cannot cover all pathogenic strains so there is an important need to develop an alternative cost-effective vaccine, based on conserved protein antigens. Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) is one of interesting candidates for development of a serotype-independent vaccine against pneumococcal infections. PspA is grouped into two major families with five clades, and broad-reacting PspA-based vaccines should contain at least one functional fragment from each of the two families. In this study, we developed two immunogenic antigens based on recombinant PspA proteins that including the different antigenic regions of PspA from both two families. The cross-reactivity of antibodies elicited against two PspA proteins PspAB1-5 and PspA4ABC and their role in complement deposition with three strains of pneumococci were tested. The protective effects of developed anti-PspA antibodies in mice in intranasal and intraperitoneal challenges were evaluated using a strain from clade 2. Sera from immunized mice with PspAB1-5 in comparison with PspA4ABC was able to deposit more C3 complement component on surface of pneumococci bearing diverse PspA from both families 1 and 2, and immunized mice with the PspAB1-5 showed a higher protection than PspA4ABC in pneumococcal challenges. The obtained results from this study indicate that a PspA-based antigen composed of B region from all clades in addition to conserved domains, can provide a significant protection against multiple strains of S. pneumoniae and may overcome the limitation of polysaccharide vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Akbari
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Negahdari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Faraji
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Behdani
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Groves N, Sheppard CL, Litt D, Rose S, Silva A, Njoku N, Rodrigues S, Amin-Chowdhury Z, Andrews N, Ladhani S, Fry NK. Evolution of Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 3 in England and Wales: A Major Vaccine Evader. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10110845. [PMID: 31731573 PMCID: PMC6896183 DOI: 10.3390/genes10110845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its inclusion in pneumococcal conjugate vaccine 13 (PCV13), Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 3 remains a major cause of invasive pneumococcal disease in England and Wales. Previous studies have indicated that there are distinct lineages within serotype 3 clonal complex 180 and the clade distributions have shifted in recent years with the emergence of clade II. We undertook whole genome sequencing and genomic analysis of 616 serotype 3 isolates from England and Wales between 2003 and 2018, including invasive and carriage isolates. Our investigations showed that clade II has expanded since 2014 and now represents 50% of serotype 3 invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) isolates in England and Wales. Genomic analysis of antibiotic resistance and protein antigen genes showed that distinct profiles are present within the clades which could account for the recent emergence of this clade. This investigation highlights the importance and utility of routine whole genome sequencing and its ability to identify new and emerging variation at the single nucleotide level which informs surveillance and will impact future vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Groves
- Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Section, Public Health England–National Infection Service, London NW9 5EQ, UK; (C.L.S.); (D.L.); (S.R.); (A.S.); (N.N.); (S.R.); (N.K.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Carmen L. Sheppard
- Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Section, Public Health England–National Infection Service, London NW9 5EQ, UK; (C.L.S.); (D.L.); (S.R.); (A.S.); (N.N.); (S.R.); (N.K.F.)
| | - David Litt
- Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Section, Public Health England–National Infection Service, London NW9 5EQ, UK; (C.L.S.); (D.L.); (S.R.); (A.S.); (N.N.); (S.R.); (N.K.F.)
| | - Samuel Rose
- Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Section, Public Health England–National Infection Service, London NW9 5EQ, UK; (C.L.S.); (D.L.); (S.R.); (A.S.); (N.N.); (S.R.); (N.K.F.)
| | - Ana Silva
- Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Section, Public Health England–National Infection Service, London NW9 5EQ, UK; (C.L.S.); (D.L.); (S.R.); (A.S.); (N.N.); (S.R.); (N.K.F.)
| | - Nina Njoku
- Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Section, Public Health England–National Infection Service, London NW9 5EQ, UK; (C.L.S.); (D.L.); (S.R.); (A.S.); (N.N.); (S.R.); (N.K.F.)
| | - Sofia Rodrigues
- Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Section, Public Health England–National Infection Service, London NW9 5EQ, UK; (C.L.S.); (D.L.); (S.R.); (A.S.); (N.N.); (S.R.); (N.K.F.)
| | - Zahin Amin-Chowdhury
- Immunisation and Countermeasures, Public Health England–National Infection Service, London NW9 5EQ, UK; (Z.A.-C.); (S.L.)
| | - Nicholas Andrews
- Statistics, Modelling and Economics, Public Health England–National Infection Service, London NW9 5EQ, UK;
| | - Shamez Ladhani
- Immunisation and Countermeasures, Public Health England–National Infection Service, London NW9 5EQ, UK; (Z.A.-C.); (S.L.)
| | - Norman K. Fry
- Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Section, Public Health England–National Infection Service, London NW9 5EQ, UK; (C.L.S.); (D.L.); (S.R.); (A.S.); (N.N.); (S.R.); (N.K.F.)
- Immunisation and Countermeasures, Public Health England–National Infection Service, London NW9 5EQ, UK; (Z.A.-C.); (S.L.)
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58
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Evaluation of Pneumococcal Surface Protein A as a Vaccine Antigen against Secondary Streptococcus pneumoniae Challenge during Influenza A Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040146. [PMID: 31614565 PMCID: PMC6963301 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary bacterial pneumonia is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality during seasonal and pandemic influenza. Due to the unpredictability of influenza A virus evolution and the time-consuming process of manufacturing strain-specific influenza vaccines, recent efforts have been focused on developing anti-Streptococcus pneumoniae immunity to prevent influenza-related illness and death. Bacterial vaccination to prevent viral-bacterial synergistic interaction during co-infection is a promising concept that needs further investigation. Here, we show that immunization with pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) fully protects mice against low-dose, but not high-dose, secondary bacterial challenge using a murine model of influenza A virus-S. pneumoniae co-infection. We further show that immunization with PspA is more broadly protective than the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (Prevnar). These results demonstrate that PspA is a promising vaccine target that can provide protection against a physiologically relevant dose of S. pneumoniae following influenza infection.
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59
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Immunization with proline rich region of pneumococcal surface protein A has no role in protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 19F. Microb Pathog 2019; 138:103761. [PMID: 31560974 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) is one of the major virulence factors expressed by almost all pneumococcal serotypes and was suggested to be a promising universal vaccine candidate for all pneumococcal sero-groups. Here, we expressed and purified the proline-rich region (PR) of PspA and tested it as a recombinant vaccine against infection caused by a clinical isolate (SP19) of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 19F. Our results showed that BALB/c mice immunized with recombinant proline-rich (rPR) region showed a significant higher antibody titre against rPR region compared to control non-immunized group. However, immunized mice or mice recived polyclonal antibodies against rPR region challenged via the intra-peritoneal route with a lethal dose of SP19 isolate showed no significant difference in survival compared to control non-immunized group. These results suggested that, immunization of BALB/c mice with rPR region of PspA is not protective against infection caused by serotype 19F in a mouse model.
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60
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Wang L, Tan Y, Wei C, Zhang H, Luo P, Zhang S, Ma X. A preliminary study on the application of PspA as a carrier for group A meningococcal polysaccharide. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218427. [PMID: 31291272 PMCID: PMC6619668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the feasibility of pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) as a carrier protein. Three recombinant pneumococcal surface proteins from three different clades were expressed by the prokaryotic expression system and conjugated to group A meningococcal polysaccharide (GAMP) to generate three polysaccharide-protein conjugates. The conjugates, unconjugated proteins, GAMP, and GAMP-TT vaccine bulk (used as positive control) were immunized into mice, and their immune effects were assessed by the methods of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), flow cytometry (FCM), and serum bactericidal assay (SBA). The results showed that the polysaccharide-protein conjugates could produce higher levels of anti-GAMP IgG titers (P < 0.05), higher ratios of Th1/Th2 (P < 0.05), and higher levels of serum bactericidal activity (P < 0.05), compared with the unconjugated GAMP. The conjugation of PspAs to GAMP also enhanced the anti-PspA responses compared with unconjugated PspAs except for PspA3. In conclusion, the results indicated that the three PspAs were appropriate carrier proteins, as demonstrated by the characteristics of T-cell dependent responses to the GAMP, and might protect against group A of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichan Wang
- DTaP and toxins division, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing, China
| | - Yajun Tan
- DTaP and toxins division, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Wei
- DTaP and toxins division, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing, China
| | - Huajie Zhang
- DTaP and toxins division, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Luo
- DTaP and toxins division, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing, China
| | - Shumin Zhang
- DTaP and toxins division, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (SZ); (XM)
| | - Xiao Ma
- DTaP and toxins division, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (SZ); (XM)
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61
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Lees JA, Ferwerda B, Kremer PHC, Wheeler NE, Serón MV, Croucher NJ, Gladstone RA, Bootsma HJ, Rots NY, Wijmega-Monsuur AJ, Sanders EAM, Trzciński K, Wyllie AL, Zwinderman AH, van den Berg LH, van Rheenen W, Veldink JH, Harboe ZB, Lundbo LF, de Groot LCPGM, van Schoor NM, van der Velde N, Ängquist LH, Sørensen TIA, Nohr EA, Mentzer AJ, Mills TC, Knight JC, du Plessis M, Nzenze S, Weiser JN, Parkhill J, Madhi S, Benfield T, von Gottberg A, van der Ende A, Brouwer MC, Barrett JC, Bentley SD, van de Beek D. Joint sequencing of human and pathogen genomes reveals the genetics of pneumococcal meningitis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2176. [PMID: 31092817 PMCID: PMC6520353 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09976-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common nasopharyngeal colonizer, but can also cause life-threatening invasive diseases such as empyema, bacteremia and meningitis. Genetic variation of host and pathogen is known to play a role in invasive pneumococcal disease, though to what extent is unknown. In a genome-wide association study of human and pathogen we show that human variation explains almost half of variation in susceptibility to pneumococcal meningitis and one-third of variation in severity, identifying variants in CCDC33 associated with susceptibility. Pneumococcal genetic variation explains a large amount of invasive potential (70%), but has no effect on severity. Serotype alone is insufficient to explain invasiveness, suggesting other pneumococcal factors are involved in progression to invasive disease. We identify pneumococcal genes involved in invasiveness including pspC and zmpD, and perform a human-bacteria interaction analysis. These genes are potential candidates for the development of more broadly-acting pneumococcal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Lees
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Bart Ferwerda
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Philip H C Kremer
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole E Wheeler
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- The Centre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Mercedes Valls Serón
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas J Croucher
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | | | - Hester J Bootsma
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, 3721 MA, The Netherlands
| | - Nynke Y Rots
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, 3721 MA, The Netherlands
| | - Alienke J Wijmega-Monsuur
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, 3721 MA, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth A M Sanders
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, 3721 MA, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, 3508 AB, The Netherlands
| | - Krzysztof Trzciński
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, 3508 AB, The Netherlands
| | - Anne L Wyllie
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, 3508 AB, The Netherlands
- Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Aeilko H Zwinderman
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam Public Health, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Leonard H van den Berg
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter van Rheenen
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H Veldink
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Zitta B Harboe
- Department of Microbiological Surveillance and Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, DK-2300, Denmark
| | - Lene F Lundbo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hvidovre, 2650, Denmark
| | - Lisette C P G M de Groot
- Department of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Natasja M van Schoor
- Amsterdam UMC, VU University, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam Public Health, Van der Boechorststraat 7, Amsterdam, 1007 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie van der Velde
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Amsterdam Public Health, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lars H Ängquist
- Center for Clinical Research and Disease Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, DK-2000, Denmark
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark
- The Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-1014, Denmark
| | - Ellen A Nohr
- Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Alexander J Mentzer
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Tara C Mills
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Julian C Knight
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Mignon du Plessis
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa
| | - Susan Nzenze
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa
| | - Jeffrey N Weiser
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Julian Parkhill
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Shabir Madhi
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, 2192, South Africa
| | - Thomas Benfield
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hvidovre, 2650, Denmark
| | - Anne von Gottberg
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, 2192, South Africa
| | - Arie van der Ende
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis, Amsterdam UMC/RIVM, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs C Brouwer
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey C Barrett
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- Genomics Plc, East Road, Cambridge, CB1 1BH, UK
| | - Stephen D Bentley
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.
| | - Diederik van de Beek
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
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Santoro F, Iannelli F, Pozzi G. Genomics and Genetics of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Microbiol Spectr 2019; 7:10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0025-2018. [PMID: 31111814 PMCID: PMC11315030 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0025-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ninety years after the discovery of pneumococcal Transformation, and 74 years after the work of Avery and colleagues that identified DNA as the genetic material, Streptococcus pneumoniae is still one of the most important model organism to understand Bacterial Genetics and Genomics. In this Chapter special emphasis has been given to Genomics and to Mobile Genetic Elements (the Mobilome) which greatly contribute to the dynamic variation of pneumococcal genomes by horizontal gene transfer. Other topics include molecular mechanisms of Genetic Transformation, Restriction/Modification Systems, Mismatch DNA Repair, and techniques for construction of genetically engineered pneumococcal strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Santoro
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesco Iannelli
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Gianni Pozzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Janesch P, Rouha H, Badarau A, Stulik L, Mirkina I, Caccamo M, Havlicek K, Maierhofer B, Weber S, Groß K, Steinhäuser J, Zerbs M, Varga C, Dolezilkova I, Maier S, Zauner G, Nielson N, Power CA, Nagy E. Assessing the function of pneumococcal neuraminidases NanA, NanB and NanC in in vitro and in vivo lung infection models using monoclonal antibodies. Virulence 2019; 9:1521-1538. [PMID: 30289054 PMCID: PMC6177239 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1520545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates express up to three neuraminidases (sialidases), NanA, NanB and NanC, all of which cleave the terminal sialic acid of glycan-structures that decorate host cell surfaces. Most research has focused on the role of NanA with limited investigations evaluating the roles of all three neuraminidases in host-pathogen interactions. We generated two highly potent monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), one that blocks the enzymatic activity of NanA and one cross-neutralizing NanB and NanC. Total neuraminidase activity of clinical S. pneumoniae isolates could be inhibited by this mAb combination in enzymatic assays. To detect desialylation of cell surfaces by pneumococcal neuraminidases, primary human tracheal/bronchial mucocilial epithelial tissues were infected with S. pneumoniae and stained with peanut lectin. Simultaneous targeting of the neuraminidases was required to prevent desialylation, suggesting that inhibition of NanA alone is not sufficient to preserve terminal lung glycans. Importantly, we also found that all three neuraminidases increased the interaction of S. pneumoniae with human airway epithelial cells. Lectin-staining of lung tissues of mice pre-treated with mAbs before intranasal challenge with S. pneumoniae confirmed that both anti-NanA and anti-NanBC mAbs were required to effectively block desialylation of the respiratory epithelium in vivo. Despite this, no effect on survival, reduction in pulmonary bacterial load, or significant changes in cytokine responses were observed. This suggests that neuraminidases have no pivotal role in this murine pneumonia model that is induced by high bacterial challenge inocula and does not progress from colonization as it happens in the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Karin Groß
- a Arsanis Biosciences , Vienna , Austria
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Kawaguchiya M, Urushibara N, Aung MS, Habadera S, Ito M, Kudo K, Kobayashi N. Association Between Pneumococcal Surface Protein A Family and Genetic/Antimicrobial Resistance Traits of Non-Invasive Pneumococcal Isolates from Adults in Northern Japan. Microb Drug Resist 2019; 25:744-751. [PMID: 30676875 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2018.0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal isolates from adult patients in northern Japan in 2016 were subjected to molecular investigation related to pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) and drug resistance determinants. Of the 51 isolates, serotype 3/ST180 was the most prevalent (17.6%), followed by 35B (ST2755/ST558) (11.8%) and 15A (ST63/ST7874/ST13068/ST13785) (9.8%). Coverage of serotypes by 13-valent conjugate vaccine and 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine was 27.5% and 49%, respectively. All the isolates expressed PspA family 1 or 2 (51% and 49%, respectively). Each serotype was associated with either of the PspA families (e.g., serotype 3, PspA family 1; serotypes 35B and 15A, PspA family 2). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was found in 84.3% of the isolates. Minimum of one altered penicillin-binding protein gene was detected in 82.4% of isolates, indicating 25.5% non-susceptibility to penicillin. Serotypes 15A and 35B were predominant and demonstrated MDR. An isolate of serotype 15A/ST13785 (single-locus variant of ST242) was resistant to fluoroquinolones associated with double mutation in the quinolone resistance-determining regions of gyrA and parC. The present study indicates the spread of MDR pneumococci represented by isolates of serotypes 3, 15A, and 35B, and prevalence of both PspA family 1 and 2 in isolates obtained from adult patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuyo Kawaguchiya
- 1 Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Noriko Urushibara
- 1 Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Meiji Soe Aung
- 1 Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Masahiko Ito
- 2 Sapporo Clinical Laboratory, Inc., Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenji Kudo
- 2 Sapporo Clinical Laboratory, Inc., Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nobumichi Kobayashi
- 1 Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Lagousi T, Basdeki P, Routsias J, Spoulou V. Novel Protein-Based Pneumococcal Vaccines: Assessing the Use of Distinct Protein Fragments Instead of Full-Length Proteins as Vaccine Antigens. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7010009. [PMID: 30669439 PMCID: PMC6466302 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-serotype-specific protein-based pneumococcal vaccines have received extensive research focus due to the limitations of polysaccharide-based vaccines. Pneumococcal proteins (PnPs), universally expressed among serotypes, may induce broader immune responses, stimulating humoral and cellular immunity, while being easier to manufacture and less expensive. Such an approach has raised issues mainly associated with sequence/level of expression variability, chemical instability, as well as possible undesirable reactogenicity and autoimmune properties. A step forward employs the identification of highly-conserved antigenic regions within PnPs with the potential to retain the benefits of protein antigens. Besides, their low-cost and stable construction facilitates the combination of several antigenic regions or peptides that may impair different stages of pneumococcal disease offering even wider serotype coverage and more efficient protection. This review discusses the up-to-date progress on PnPs that are currently under clinical evaluation and the challenges for their licensure. Focus is given on the progress on the identification of antigenic regions/peptides within PnPs and their evaluation as vaccine candidates, accessing their potential to overcome the issues associated with full-length protein antigens. Particular mention is given of the use of newer delivery system technologies including conjugation to Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and reformulation into nanoparticles to enhance the poor immunogenicity of such antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theano Lagousi
- First Department of Paediatrics, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Immunobiology Research Laboratory and Infectious Diseases Department "MAKKA," Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - Paraskevi Basdeki
- First Department of Paediatrics, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Immunobiology Research Laboratory and Infectious Diseases Department "MAKKA," Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - John Routsias
- Department of Microbiology, Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - Vana Spoulou
- First Department of Paediatrics, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Immunobiology Research Laboratory and Infectious Diseases Department "MAKKA," Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece.
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Azarian T, Mitchell PK, Georgieva M, Thompson CM, Ghouila A, Pollard AJ, von Gottberg A, du Plessis M, Antonio M, Kwambana-Adams BA, Clarke SC, Everett D, Cornick J, Sadowy E, Hryniewicz W, Skoczynska A, Moïsi JC, McGee L, Beall B, Metcalf BJ, Breiman RF, Ho PL, Reid R, O’Brien KL, Gladstone RA, Bentley SD, Hanage WP. Global emergence and population dynamics of divergent serotype 3 CC180 pneumococci. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007438. [PMID: 30475919 PMCID: PMC6283594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 3 remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, despite inclusion in the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13). Serotype 3 increased in carriage since the implementation of PCV13 in the USA, while invasive disease rates remain unchanged. We investigated the persistence of serotype 3 in carriage and disease, through genomic analyses of a global sample of 301 serotype 3 isolates of the Netherlands3-31 (PMEN31) clone CC180, combined with associated patient data and PCV utilization among countries of isolate collection. We assessed phenotypic variation between dominant clades in capsule charge (zeta potential), capsular polysaccharide shedding, and susceptibility to opsonophagocytic killing, which have previously been associated with carriage duration, invasiveness, and vaccine escape. We identified a recent shift in the CC180 population attributed to a lineage termed Clade II, which was estimated by Bayesian coalescent analysis to have first appeared in 1968 [95% HPD: 1939-1989] and increased in prevalence and effective population size thereafter. Clade II isolates are divergent from the pre-PCV13 serotype 3 population in non-capsular antigenic composition, competence, and antibiotic susceptibility, the last of which resulting from the acquisition of a Tn916-like conjugative transposon. Differences in recombination rates among clades correlated with variations in the ATP-binding subunit of Clp protease, as well as amino acid substitutions in the comCDE operon. Opsonophagocytic killing assays elucidated the low observed efficacy of PCV13 against serotype 3. Variation in PCV13 use among sampled countries was not independently correlated with the CC180 population shift; therefore, genotypic and phenotypic differences in protein antigens and, in particular, antibiotic resistance may have contributed to the increase of Clade II. Our analysis emphasizes the need for routine, representative sampling of isolates from disperse geographic regions, including historically under-sampled areas. We also highlight the value of genomics in resolving antigenic and epidemiological variations within a serotype, which may have implications for future vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taj Azarian
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Patrick K. Mitchell
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Maria Georgieva
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Claudette M. Thompson
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Amel Ghouila
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LR11IPT02, Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LTCII), Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia
| | - Andrew J. Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine (CCVTM), Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anne von Gottberg
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mignon du Plessis
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Martin Antonio
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Fajara, The Gambia
| | | | - Stuart C. Clarke
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences and Global Health Research Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Dean Everett
- Queens Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Cornick
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ewa Sadowy
- National Medicines Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Jennifer C. Moïsi
- Pfizer Vaccines, Medical Development, Scientific and Clinical Affairs, Paris, France
| | - Lesley McGee
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Bernard Beall
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Benjamin J. Metcalf
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Robert F. Breiman
- Global Health Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - PL Ho
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Raymond Reid
- Center for American Indian Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Katherine L. O’Brien
- Center for American Indian Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rebecca A. Gladstone
- Wellcome Trust, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen D. Bentley
- Wellcome Trust, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - William P. Hanage
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Mukerji R, Hendrickson C, Genschmer KR, Park SS, Bouchet V, Goldstein R, Lefkowitz EJ, Briles DE. The diversity of the proline-rich domain of pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA): Potential relevance to a broad-spectrum vaccine. Vaccine 2018; 36:6834-6843. [PMID: 30293761 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) is a surface exposed, highly immunogenic protein of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Its N-terminal α-helical domain (αHD) elicits protective antibody in humans and animals that can protect mice from fatal infections with pneumococci and can be detected in vitro with opsonophagocytosis assays. The proline-rich domain (PRD) in the center of the PspA sequence can also elicit protection. This study revealed that although the sequence of PRD was diverse, PRD from different pneumococcal isolates contained many shared elements. The inferred amino acid sequences of 123 such PRDs, which were analyzed by assembly and alignment-free (AAF) approaches, formed three PRD groups. Of these sequences, 45 were classified as Group 1, 19 were classified as Group 2, and 59 were classified as Group 3. All Group 3 sequences contained a highly conserved 22-amino acid non-proline block (NPB). A significant polymorphism was observed, however, at a single amino acid position within NPB. Each of the three PRD groups had characteristic patterns of short amino acid repeats, with most of the repeats being found in more than one PRD group. One of these repeats, PKPEQP as well as the NPB were previously shown to elicit protective antibodies in mice. In this study, we found that sera from 12 healthy human adult volunteers contained antibodies to all three PRD groups. This suggested that a PspA-containing vaccine containing carefully selected PRDs and αHDs could redundantly cover the known diversity of PspA. Such an approach might reduce the chances of PspA variants escaping a PspA vaccine's immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshmi Mukerji
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States
| | - Curtis Hendrickson
- Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States
| | - Kristopher R Genschmer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, United States
| | - Sang-Sang Park
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States
| | - Valérie Bouchet
- Section of Molecular Genetics, Maxwell Finland Laboratory for Infectious Diseases, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Richard Goldstein
- Section of Molecular Genetics, Maxwell Finland Laboratory for Infectious Diseases, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Elliot J Lefkowitz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States; Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States
| | - David E Briles
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States.
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68
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Lu J, Guo J, Wang D, Yu J, Gu T, Jiang C, Kong W, Wu Y. Broad protective immune responses elicited by bacterium-like particle-based intranasal pneumococcal particle vaccine displaying PspA2 and PspA4 fragments. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 15:371-380. [PMID: 30235046 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1526556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is an infectious pathogen mainly infecting host bodies through the respiratory system. An effective pneumococcal vaccine would be targeted to the mucosa and provide not only protection against invasive infection but also against colonization in the respiratory system. In the present work, we applied bacterium-like particles (BLPs) as an adjuvant for the development of a PspA mucosal vaccine, in which the PspA protein was displayed on the surface of BLPs. Intranasal immunization with the PspA-BLP pneumococcal vaccine, comprised of PspA2 from pneumococcal family 1 and PspA4 from pneumococcal family 2, not only induced a high level of serum IgG antibodies but also a high level of mucosal SIgA antibodies. Analysis of binding of serum antibodies to intact bacteria showed a broad coverage of binding to pneumococcal strains expressing PspA from clade 1 to 5. Immunization with the PspA-BLP vaccine conferred protection against fatal intranasal challenge with both PspA family 1 and family 2 pneumococcal strains regardless of serotype. Therefore, the PspA-BLP pneumococcal vaccine was demonstrated to be a promising strategy for mucosal immunization to enhance both systemic and mucosal immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingcai Lu
- a National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences , Jilin University , Changchun , China.,b R&D center , Changchun BCHT Biotechnology co , Changchun , China
| | - Jieshi Guo
- c Department of Neonatology , The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , China
| | - Dandan Wang
- a National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences , Jilin University , Changchun , China
| | - Jinfei Yu
- a National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences , Jilin University , Changchun , China
| | - Tiejun Gu
- a National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences , Jilin University , Changchun , China
| | - Chunlai Jiang
- a National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences , Jilin University , Changchun , China
| | - Wei Kong
- a National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences , Jilin University , Changchun , China
| | - Yongge Wu
- a National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences , Jilin University , Changchun , China
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69
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A pneumococcal vaccine combination with two proteins containing PspA families 1 and 2 can potentially protect against a wide range of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains. Immunol Res 2018; 66:528-536. [PMID: 30128745 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-018-9016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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70
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Tada R, Suzuki H, Takahashi S, Negishi Y, Kiyono H, Kunisawa J, Aramaki Y. Nasal vaccination with pneumococcal surface protein A in combination with cationic liposomes consisting of DOTAP and DC-chol confers antigen-mediated protective immunity against Streptococcus pneumoniae infections in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 61:385-393. [PMID: 29945026 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are the second leading cause of death worldwide, suggesting that there is still a need for the development of new and improved strategies for combating pathogens effectively. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most virulent bacteria causing pneumonia with high mortality, especially in children and the elderly. Because of the emergence of antibiotic resistance in S. pneumoniae, employing a serotype-independent mucosal vaccine would be the best approach to prevent and treat the diseases caused by S. pneumoniae. In this study, we have developed a pneumococcal nasal vaccine, consisting of pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) and cationic liposomes composed of 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP) and cholesteryl 3β-N-(dimethylaminoethyl)-carbamate (DC-chol) (DOTAP/DC-chol liposome). The efficiency of this cationic liposome-based PspA nasal vaccine was examined in a murine model of S. pneumoniae infection. Intranasal vaccination with PspA and DOTAP/DC-chol liposomes conferred protective immunity against lethal inhalation of S. pneumoniae, improving the survival rate of infected mice. Moreover, intranasal immunization with PspA and DOTAP/DC-chol liposomes not only induced the production of PspA-specific IgA and IgG by both mucosal and systemic compartments but also elicited PspA-specific Th17 responses, which play a pivotal role in controlling S. pneumoniae infection by host innate immune response. We further demonstrated that DOTAP/DC-chol liposomes enhanced PspA uptake by nasal dendritic cells (DCs), which might be a mechanism for the induction of protective immune responses to S. pneumoniae infection. These results show that DOTAP/DC-chol liposome would be an efficient mucosal vaccine system for a serotype-independent universal nasal vaccine against pneumococcal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tada
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hidehiko Suzuki
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Saeko Takahashi
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichi Negishi
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Division of Mucosal Immunology and International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Kunisawa
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan; Division of Mucosal Immunology and International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Aramaki
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
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Kawaguchiya M, Urushibara N, Aung MS, Morimoto S, Ito M, Kudo K, Kobayashi N. Genetic diversity of pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) in paediatric isolates of non-conjugate vaccine serotypes in Japan. J Med Microbiol 2018; 67:1130-1138. [PMID: 29927374 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Among the pneumococcal proteins, pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) is considered the most promising candidate for a serotype-independent vaccine. This study aimed to investigate the serotype, genetic diversity of PspA, lineage (genotype) and drug resistance traits of pneumococcal isolates from paediatric patients. METHODOLOGY A total of 678 non-invasive pneumococcal isolates obtained from June to November 2016 were analysed. All isolates were characterized for PspA families, serotypes and macrolide resistance genes. Seventy-one representative isolates of non-vaccine serotypes (NVTs) were genetically analysed for the clade-defining region (CDR) of PspA, as well as multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). RESULTS The detection rate of NVTs was 87.9 % (n=596), including dominant NVTs 15A (14.5 %, n=98), 35B (11.8 %, n=80), 15C (9.3 %, n=63) and 23A (9.0 %, n=61). Most isolates (96.6 %) possessed macrolide resistance genes erm(B) and/or mef(A/E). PspA families 1, 2 and 3 were detected in 42.3, 56.6 and 0.6 % of isolates, respectively. Nucleotide sequences of CDR showed high identity (90-100 %) within the same PspA clade, although the CDR identity among different PspA families ranged from 53 to 69 %. All isolates of NVTs 23A, 10A, 34, 24, 22F/22A, 33F, 23B and 38 were from PspA family 1, while NVTs 35B, 15C, 15B and 11A/11D isolates were from family 2. In contrast, genetically distinct PspAs were found in NVTs 6C and 15A. PspA family 3/clade 6 was detected in only NVT serotype 37 isolates assigned to ST447 and ST7970, showing the mucoid phenotype. CONCLUSION The present study revealed the predominance of PspA families 1 and 2 in NVTs, and the presence of family 3 in serotype 37.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuyo Kawaguchiya
- 1Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Noriko Urushibara
- 1Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Meiji Soe Aung
- 1Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shigeo Morimoto
- 2Sapporo Clinical Laboratory Inc., Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masahiko Ito
- 2Sapporo Clinical Laboratory Inc., Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kenji Kudo
- 2Sapporo Clinical Laboratory Inc., Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Nobumichi Kobayashi
- 1Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Comparison of Immunogenicity and Protection of Two Pneumococcal Protein Vaccines Based on PsaA and PspA. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00916-17. [PMID: 29610257 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00916-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of invasive pneumococcal disease, septicemia, and meningitis that can result in high morbidity rates in children under 5 years old. The current polysaccharide-based vaccines can provide type-specific immunity, but a broad-spectrum vaccine would provide greater coverage. Therefore, developing pneumococcal-protein-based vaccines that can extend to more serum types is highly important. In this study, we vaccinated mice via the subcutaneous (s.c.) route with a systemic vaccine that is a mixture of fusion protein PsaA-PspA23 and a single protein, PspA4, with aluminum hydroxide as an adjuvant. As a comparison, mice were immunized intranasally with a mucosal vaccine that is a mixture of PspA2-PA-BLP (where PA is protein anchor and BLP is bacterium-like particle) and PspA4-PA-BLP, via the intranasal (i.n.) route. The two immunization processes were followed by challenge with Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria from two different PspA families. Specific IgG titers in the serum and specific IgA titers in the mucosa were determined following immunizations. Bacterial loads and survival rates after challenge were compared. Both the systemic vaccine and the mucosal vaccine induced a significant increase of IgG against PspAs. Only the mucosal vaccine also induced specific IgA in the mucosa. The two vaccines provided protection, but each vaccine showed an advantage. The systemic vaccine induced higher levels of serum antibodies, whereas the mucosal vaccine limited the bacterial load in the lung and blood. Therefore, coimmunizations with the two types of vaccines may be implemented in the future.
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Molecular Characterization of Pneumococcal Surface Protein A (PspA), Serotype Distribution and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae Strains Isolated from Pakistan. Infect Dis Ther 2018. [PMID: 29524198 PMCID: PMC5986679 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-018-0195-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pakistan has one of the highest burdens of pneumococcal diseases in the world, but unfortunately studies in this demanding research area are limited in the region. Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) is the next generation pneumococcal vaccine candidate as the protein locates on the Streptococcus pneumoniae surface. Its gene, pspA, might be encoded by all pneumococci, and the protein has proven immunogenicity. The molecular characterization of PspA, pneumococcal serotype distribution and antibiotic susceptibility are important for regional diversity studies. METHODS In this study, we examined 38 pneumococcal isolates from pneumococcal diseased (pneumonia/meningitis) patients blood or cerebrospinal fluid. There were no specific inclusion or exclusion criteria, but all the individuals [ages 1 month to 12 years (male/female)] had undergone no antibiotic treatment in at least the past 3 months and had no vaccination history. We investigated the serotype distribution, antibiotic susceptibility, prevalence of the PspA family and its active domain's fusion, expression and antigenicity. RESULTS Our finding shows that serotype 19F is the most prevalent (23.6%) followed by 18B (15.78%) (non-vaccine type) in all isolated pneumococcal strains. All strains were susceptible to chloramphenicol and linezolid, while 80% were resistant to gentamycin. Genotyping revealed that ~ 80% (N = 31/38) of pneumococcal strains produce PspA belonging to family 2 and clade 3. We further selected three active domains of PspA (family 2 and clade 3) by in silico analysis, merged together into a fusion gene for expression study, and its antigenicity was analyzed by Western blotting. CONCLUSION Serotypes 19F and 18B (non-vaccine type) are the most prevalent in the Pakistani pneumococcal isolates. The PspA family 2 proteins produced by Pakistani pneumococcal isolates have high sequence homologies with each other and differ from those produced by strains isolated in the rest of the world. The PspA fusion peptide had a proven antigenic response in western blotting, with no considerable correlation among pneumococcal serotypes, antibiotic susceptibility and PspA family/clade distribution.
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74
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Rodrigues TC, Oliveira MLS, Soares-Schanoski A, Chavez-Rico SL, Figueiredo DB, Gonçalves VM, Ferreira DM, Kunda NK, Saleem IY, Miyaji EN. Mucosal immunization with PspA (Pneumococcal surface protein A)-adsorbed nanoparticles targeting the lungs for protection against pneumococcal infection. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191692. [PMID: 29360883 PMCID: PMC5779684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Burden of pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae remains high despite the availability of conjugate vaccines. Mucosal immunization targeting the lungs is an attractive alternative for the induction of local immune responses to improve protection against pneumonia. Our group had previously described the development of poly(glycerol adipate-co-ω-pentadecalactone) (PGA-co-PDL) polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) adsorbed with Pneumococcal surface protein A from clade 4 (PspA4Pro) within L-leucine microcarriers (nanocomposite microparticles—NCMPs) for mucosal delivery targeting the lungs (NP/NCMP PspA4Pro). NP/NCMP PspA4Pro was now used for immunization of mice. Inoculation of this formulation induced anti-PspA4Pro IgG antibodies in serum and lungs. Analysis of binding of serum IgG to intact bacteria showed efficient binding to bacteria expressing PspA from clades 3, 4 and 5 (family 2), but no binding to bacteria expressing PspA from clades 1 and 2 (family 1) was observed. Both mucosal immunization with NP/NCMP PspA4Pro and subcutaneous injection of the protein elicited partial protection against intranasal lethal pneumococcal challenge with a serotype 3 strain expressing PspA from clade 5 (PspA5). Although similar survival levels were observed for mucosal immunization with NP/NCMP PspA4Pro and subcutaneous immunization with purified protein, NP/NCMP PspA4Pro induced earlier control of the infection. Conversely, neither immunization with NP/NCMP PspA4Pro nor subcutaneous immunization with purified protein reduced bacterial burden in the lungs after challenge with a serotype 19F strain expressing PspA from clade 1 (PspA1). Mucosal immunization with NP/NCMP PspA4Pro targeting the lungs is thus able to induce local and systemic antibodies, conferring protection only against a strain expressing PspA from the homologous family 2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Douglas B. Figueiredo
- Laboratório Especial de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Viviane M. Gonçalves
- Laboratório Especial de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela M. Ferreira
- Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Nitesh K. Kunda
- Formulation and Drug Delivery Research, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Imran Y. Saleem
- Formulation and Drug Delivery Research, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Eliane N. Miyaji
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Yun KW, Choi EH, Lee HJ. Genetic diversity of pneumococcal surface protein A in invasive pneumococcal isolates from Korean children, 1991-2016. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183968. [PMID: 29131872 PMCID: PMC5683564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) is an important virulence factor of pneumococci and has been investigated as a primary component of a capsular serotype-independent pneumococcal vaccine. Thus, we sought to determine the genetic diversity of PspA to explore its potential as a vaccine candidate. Among the 190 invasive pneumococcal isolates collected from Korean children between 1991 and 2016, two (1.1%) isolates were found to have no pspA by multiple polymerase chain reactions. The full length pspA genes from 185 pneumococcal isolates were sequenced. The length of pspA varied, ranging from 1,719 to 2,301 base pairs with 55.7–100% nucleotide identity. Based on the sequences of the clade-defining regions, 68.7% and 49.7% were in PspA family 2 and clade 3/family 2, respectively. PspA clade types were correlated with genotypes using multilocus sequence typing and divided into several subclades based on diversity analysis of the N-terminal α-helical regions, which showed nucleotide sequence identities of 45.7–100% and amino acid sequence identities of 23.1–100%. Putative antigenicity plots were also diverse among individual clades and subclades. The differences in antigenicity patterns were concentrated within the N-terminal 120 amino acids. In conclusion, the N-terminal α-helical domain, which is known to be the major immunogenic portion of PspA, is genetically variable and should be further evaluated for antigenic differences and cross-reactivity between various PspA types from pneumococcal isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Wook Yun
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Hwa Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hoan Jong Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Principi N, Esposito S. Development of pneumococcal vaccines over the last 10 years. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2017; 18:7-17. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1384462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Principi
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Susanna Esposito
- Paediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Current challenges in the accurate identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae and its serogroups/serotypes in the vaccine era. J Microbiol Methods 2017; 141:48-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Th17-Mediated Cross Protection against Pneumococcal Carriage by Vaccination with a Variable Antigen. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00281-17. [PMID: 28717032 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00281-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotype-specific protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important limitation of the current polysaccharide-based vaccines. To prevent serotype replacement, reduce transmission, and limit the emergence of new variants, it is essential to induce broad protection and restrict pneumococcal colonization. In this study, we used a prototype vaccine formulation consisting of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-detoxified outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium displaying the variable N terminus of PspA (α1α2) for intranasal vaccination, which induced strong Th17 immunity associated with a substantial reduction of pneumococcal colonization. Despite the variable nature of this protein, a common major histocompatibility complex class (MHC-II) epitope was identified, based on in silico prediction combined with ex vivo screening, and was essential for interleukin-17 A (IL-17A)-mediated cross-reactivity and associated with cross protection. Based on 1,352 PspA sequences derived from a pneumococcal carriage cohort, this OMV-based vaccine formulation containing a single α1α2 type was estimated to cover 19.1% of strains, illustrating the potential of Th17-mediated cross protection.
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A protein chimera including PspA in fusion with PotD is protective against invasive pneumococcal infection and reduces nasopharyngeal colonization in mice. Vaccine 2017; 35:5140-5147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Conjugation of PspA4Pro with Capsular Streptococcus pneumoniae Polysaccharide Serotype 14 Does Not Reduce the Induction of Cross-Reactive Antibodies. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2017. [PMID: 28637805 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00118-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Current pneumococcal vaccines are composed of bacterial polysaccharides as antigens, plain or conjugated to carrier proteins. While efficacious against vaccine serotypes, epidemiologic data show an increasing incidence of infections caused by nonvaccine serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae The use of pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) as a carrier protein in a conjugate vaccine could help prevent serotype replacement by increasing vaccine coverage and reducing selective pressure of S. pneumoniae serotypes. PspA is present in all pneumococcal strains, is highly immunogenic, and is known to induce protective antibodies. Based on its sequence, PspA has been classified into three families and six clades. A PspA fragment derived from family 2, clade 4 (PspA4Pro), was shown to generate antibodies with a broad range of cross-reactivity, across clades and families. Here, PspA4Pro was modified and conjugated to capsular polysaccharide serotype 14 (PS14). We investigated the impact of conjugation on the immune response induced to PspA4Pro and PS14. Mice immunized with the PS14-mPspA4Pro conjugate produced higher titers of anti-PS14 antibodies than the animals that received coadministered antigens. The conjugate induced antibodies with opsonophagocytic activity against PS14-carrying strains, as well as against a panel of strains bearing PspAs from five clades (encompassing families 1 and 2) bearing a non-PS14 serotype. Furthermore, mice immunized with PS14-mPspA4Pro were protected against nasal colonization with a nonrelated S. pneumoniae strain bearing PspA from clade 1, serotype 6B. These results demonstrate that the cross-reactivity mediated by PspA4Pro is retained following conjugation, supporting the use of PspA4 as a carrier protein in order to enhance pneumococcal vaccine coverage and encourage its further investigation as a candidate in future vaccine designs.
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81
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Converso T, Goulart C, Rodriguez D, Darrieux M, Leite L. Rational selection of broadly cross-reactive family 2 PspA molecules for inclusion in chimeric pneumococcal vaccines. Microb Pathog 2017; 109:233-238. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Azarian T, Grant LR, Georgieva M, Hammitt LL, Reid R, Bentley SD, Goldblatt D, Santosham M, Weatherholtz R, Burbidge P, Goklish N, Thompson CM, Hanage WP, O'Brien KL, Lipsitch M. Association of Pneumococcal Protein Antigen Serology With Age and Antigenic Profile of Colonizing Isolates. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:713-722. [PMID: 28035010 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Several Streptococcus pneumoniae proteins play a role in pathogenesis and are being investigated as vaccine targets. It is largely unknown whether naturally acquired antibodies reduce the risk of colonization with strains expressing a particular antigenic variant. Methods Serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers to 28 pneumococcal protein antigens were measured among 242 individuals aged <6 months-78 years in Native American communities between 2007 and 2009. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected >- 30 days after serum collection, and the antigen variant in each pneumococcal isolate was determined using genomic data. We assessed the association between preexisting variant-specific antibody titers and subsequent carriage of pneumococcus expressing a particular antigen variant. Results Antibody titers often increased across pediatric groups before decreasing among adults. Individuals with low titers against group 3 pneumococcal surface protein C (PspC) variants were more likely to be colonized with pneumococci expressing those variants. For other antigens, variant-specific IgG titers do not predict colonization. Conclusion We observed an inverse association between variant-specific antibody concentration and homologous pneumococcal colonization for only 1 protein. Further assessment of antibody repertoires may elucidate the nature of antipneumococcal antibody-mediated mucosal immunity while informing vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taj Azarian
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lindsay R Grant
- Center for American Indian Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maria Georgieva
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laura L Hammitt
- Center for American Indian Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Raymond Reid
- Center for American Indian Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - David Goldblatt
- Immunobiology Section, Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK
| | - Mathuran Santosham
- Center for American Indian Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Weatherholtz
- Center for American Indian Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Paula Burbidge
- Immunobiology Section, Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK
| | - Novalene Goklish
- Center for American Indian Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Claudette M Thompson
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - William P Hanage
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kate L O'Brien
- Center for American Indian Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Marc Lipsitch
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Khan N, Jan AT. Towards Identifying Protective B-Cell Epitopes: The PspA Story. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:742. [PMID: 28512452 PMCID: PMC5411445 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) is one of the most abundant cell surface protein of Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae). PspA variants are structurally and serologically diverse and help evade complement-mediated phagocytosis of S. pneumoniae, which is essential for its survival in the host. PspA is currently been screened for employment in the generation of more effective (serotype independent) vaccine to overcome the limitations of polysaccharide based vaccines, providing serotype specific immune responses. The cross-protection eliciting regions of PspA localize to the α-helical and proline rich regions. Recent data indicate significant variation in the ability of antibodies induced against the recombinant PspA variants to recognize distinct S. pneumoniae strains. Hence, screening for the identification of the topographical repertoire of B-cell epitopes that elicit cross-protective immune response seems essential in the engineering of a superior PspA-based vaccine. Herein, we revisit epitope identification in PspA and the utility of hybridoma technology in directing the identification of protective epitope regions of PspA that can be used in vaccine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeem Khan
- Glycobiology Group, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces (MPG)Potsdam, Germany
| | - Arif T Jan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam UniversityGyeongsan, South Korea
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Habets MN, van Selm S, van der Gaast-de Jongh CE, Diavatopoulos DA, de Jonge MI. A novel flow cytometry-based assay for the quantification of antibody-dependent pneumococcal agglutination. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170884. [PMID: 28288168 PMCID: PMC5347990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of diseases such as otitis media, pneumonia, sepsis and meningitis. The first step towards infection is colonization of the nasopharynx. Recently, it was shown that agglutinating antibodies play an important role in the prevention of mucosal colonization with S. pneumoniae. Here, we present a novel method to quantify antibody-dependent pneumococcal agglutination in a high-throughput manner using flow cytometry. We found that the concentration of agglutinating antibodies against pneumococcal capsule are directly correlated with changes in the size and complexity of bacterial aggregates, as measured by flow cytometry and confirmed by light microscopy. Using the increase in size, we determined the agglutination index. The cutoff value was set by measuring a series of non-agglutinating antibodies. With this method, we show that not only anti-polysaccharide capsule antibodies are able to induce agglutination but that also anti-PspA protein antibodies have agglutinating capabilities. In conclusion, we have described and validated a novel method to quantify pneumococcal agglutination, which can be used to screen sera from murine or human vaccination studies, in a high-throughput manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marrit N Habets
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia van Selm
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christa E van der Gaast-de Jongh
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dimitri A Diavatopoulos
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marien I de Jonge
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Andre GO, Converso TR, Politano WR, Ferraz LFC, Ribeiro ML, Leite LCC, Darrieux M. Role of Streptococcus pneumoniae Proteins in Evasion of Complement-Mediated Immunity. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:224. [PMID: 28265264 PMCID: PMC5316553 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system plays a central role in immune defense against Streptococcus pneumoniae. In order to evade complement attack, pneumococci have evolved a number of mechanisms that limit complement mediated opsonization and subsequent phagocytosis. This review focuses on the strategies employed by pneumococci to circumvent complement mediated immunity, both in vitro and in vivo. At last, since many of the proteins involved in interactions with complement components are vaccine candidates in different stages of validation, we explore the use of these antigens alone or in combination, as potential vaccine approaches that aim at elimination or drastic reduction in the ability of this bacterium to evade complement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greiciely O Andre
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular de Microrganismos, Universidade São Francisco Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Thiago R Converso
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto ButantanSão Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Walter R Politano
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular de Microrganismos, Universidade São Francisco Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Lucio F C Ferraz
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular de Microrganismos, Universidade São Francisco Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Marcelo L Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Universidade São Francisco Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | | | - Michelle Darrieux
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular de Microrganismos, Universidade São Francisco Bragança Paulista, Brazil
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Protection Elicited by Nasal Immunization with Recombinant Pneumococcal Surface Protein A (rPspA) Adjuvanted with Whole-Cell Pertussis Vaccine (wP) against Co-Colonization of Mice with Streptococcus pneumoniae. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170157. [PMID: 28103277 PMCID: PMC5245875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A promising alternative vaccine candidate to reduce the burden of pneumococcal diseases is the protein antigen PspA (Pneumococcal surface protein A). Since concomitant colonization with two or more pneumococcal strains is very common in children, we aimed to determine if immunization with PspA would be able to control co-colonization. We evaluated nasal immunization with recombinant PspA (rPspA) in a model of co-colonization with two strains expressing different PspAs. Mice were immunized intranasally with rPspAs from clades 1 to 4 (rPspA1, rPspA2, rPspA3 or rPspA4) using whole-cell pertussis vaccine (wP) as adjuvant. Mice were then challenged with a mixture of two serotype 6B isolates St491/00 (PspA1) and St472/96 (PspA4). Immunization with rPspA1+wP and rPspA4+wP reduced colonization with both strains and the mixture of rPspA1+rPspA4+wP induced greater reduction than a single antigen. Immunization rPspA1+rPspA4+wP also reduced colonization when challenge experiments were performed with a mixture of isolates of serotypes 6B (PspA3) and 23F (PspA2). Furthermore, none of the tested formulations led to a pronounced increase in colonization of one isolate over the other, showing that the vaccine strategy would not favor replacement. Interestingly, the adjuvant wP by itself already led to some reduction in pneumococcal colonization, indicating the induction of non-specific immune responses. Anti-rPspA IgG was observed in serum, nasal wash (NW) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples, whereas animals inoculated with formulations containing the adjuvant wP (with or without rPspA) showed higher levels of IL-6 and KC in NW and increase in tissue macrophages, B cells and CD4+T cells in BALF.
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87
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Diverse evolutionary patterns of pneumococcal antigens identified by pangenome-wide immunological screening. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E357-E366. [PMID: 28053228 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1613937114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterizing the immune response to pneumococcal proteins is critical in understanding this bacterium's epidemiology and vaccinology. Probing a custom-designed proteome microarray with sera from 35 healthy US adults revealed a continuous distribution of IgG affinities for 2,190 potential antigens from the species-wide pangenome. Reproducibly elevated IgG binding was elicited by 208 "antibody binding targets" (ABTs), which included 109 variants of the diverse pneumococcal surface proteins A and C (PspA and PspC) and zinc metalloprotease A and B (ZmpA and ZmpB) proteins. Functional analysis found ABTs were enriched in motifs for secretion and cell surface association, with extensive representation of cell wall synthesis machinery, adhesins, transporter solute-binding proteins, and degradative enzymes. ABTs were associated with stronger evidence for evolving under positive selection, although this varied between functional categories, as did rates of diversification through recombination. Particularly rapid variation was observed at some immunogenic accessory loci, including a phage protein and a phase-variable glycosyltransferase ubiquitous among the diverse set of genomic islands encoding the serine-rich PsrP glycoprotein. Nevertheless, many antigens were conserved in the core genome, and strains' antigenic profiles were generally stable. No strong evidence was found for any epistasis between antigens driving population dynamics, or redundancy between functionally similar accessory ABTs, or age stratification of antigen profiles. These results highlight the paradox of why substantial variation is observed in only a subset of epitopes. This result may indicate only some interactions between immunoglobulins and ABTs clear pneumococcal colonization or that acquired immunity to pneumococci is an accumulation of individually weak responses to ABTs evolving under different levels of functional constraint.
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Figueiredo DB, Carvalho E, Santos MP, Kraschowetz S, Zanardo RT, Campani G, Silva GG, Sargo CR, Horta ACL, de C Giordano R, Miyaji EN, Zangirolami TC, Cabrera-Crespo J, Gonçalves VM. Production and purification of an untagged recombinant pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA4Pro) with high-purity and low endotoxin content. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 101:2305-2317. [PMID: 27889801 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7983-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the main cause of pneumonia, meningitis, and other conditions that kill thousands of children every year worldwide. The replacement of pneumococcal serotypes among the vaccinated population has evidenced the need for new vaccines with broader coverage and driven the research for protein-based vaccines. Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) protects S. pneumoniae from the bactericidal effect of human apolactoferrin and prevents complement deposition. Several studies indicate that PspA is a very promising target for novel vaccine formulations. Here we describe a production and purification process for an untagged recombinant fragment of PspA from clade 4 (PspA4Pro), which has been shown to be cross-reactive with several PspA variants. PspA4Pro was obtained using lactose as inducer in Phytone auto-induction batch or glycerol limited fed-batch in 5-L bioreactor. The purification process includes two novel steps: (i) clarification using a cationic detergent to precipitate contaminant proteins, nucleic acids, and other negatively charged molecules as the lipopolysaccharide, which is the major endotoxin; and (ii) cryoprecipitation that eliminates aggregates and contaminants, which precipitate at -20 °C and pH 4.0, leaving PspA4Pro in the supernatant. The final process consisted of cell rupture in a continuous high-pressure homogenizer, clarification, anion exchange chromatography, cryoprecipitation, and cation exchange chromatography. This process avoided costly tag removal steps and recovered 35.3 ± 2.5% of PspA4Pro with 97.8 ± 0.36% purity and reduced endotoxin concentration by >99.9%. Circular dichroism and lactoferrin binding assay showed that PspA4Pro secondary structure and biological activity were preserved after purification and remained stable in a wide range of temperatures and pH values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Figueiredo
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Av Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, SP, 05503-900, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes 2415, Edifício ICB-III, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Eneas Carvalho
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Av Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, SP, 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Mauricio P Santos
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Stefanie Kraschowetz
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Av Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, SP, 05503-900, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes 2415, Edifício ICB-III, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Rafaela T Zanardo
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Av Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, SP, 05503-900, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes 2415, Edifício ICB-III, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Gilson Campani
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Gabriel G Silva
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Cíntia R Sargo
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos L Horta
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Roberto de C Giordano
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Eliane N Miyaji
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Av Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, SP, 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Teresa C Zangirolami
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Joaquin Cabrera-Crespo
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Av Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, SP, 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Viviane Maimoni Gonçalves
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Av Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, SP, 05503-900, Brazil.
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89
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Jang S, Kim G, Oh J, Lee S, Kim D, Kim KH, Kim YH, Rhee DK, Lee S. Molecular characterization of a single-chain antibody variable fragment (scFv) specific for PspA from Streptococcus pneumoniae. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 482:141-146. [PMID: 27845043 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major infectious agent responsible for pneumonia, otitis media, sepsis and meningitis. Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) is a well-characterized virulence factor localized on the surface and a target for vaccine development. In this study, we screened a single-chain antibody variable fragment (scFv) using phage display from a human synthetic library to select a clone 2B11. Affinity (Kd) of 2B11 was measured to be 5 nM using biolayer interferometry. 2B11 exhibited a dose-dependent recognition of recombinant PspA with no cross-reactivity towards pneumococcal antigens. The epitope on PspA was defined to residues 231-242 by mutational analysis. Molecular docking analysis supported the experimentally determined epitope, suggesting that the helix spanning residues 231-242 can bind to 2B11 with residues in the CDR-H3 (complementarity determining region 3 in the heavy chain) actively participating in the molecular contacts. Comparison of 2B11 with a commercial PspA antibody revealed that 2B11 exhibited a better specificity towards recombinant PspA antigen. 2B11 was capable of detecting endogenous PspA from pneumococcal lysates with affinity similar to that of the commercial antibody. Our study provides a molecular tool for biosensors detecting pneumococcal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShinA Jang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Gyuhee Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Jihye Oh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Seungyeop Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Kook-Han Kim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Yong Ho Kim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Dong-Kwon Rhee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Sangho Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea.
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90
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Mirza S, Benjamin WH, Coan PA, Hwang SA, Winslett AK, Yother J, Hollingshead SK, Fujihashi K, Briles DE. The effects of differences in pspA alleles and capsular types on the resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae to killing by apolactoferrin. Microb Pathog 2016; 99:209-219. [PMID: 27569531 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) is the only pneumococcal surface protein known to strongly bind lactoferrin on the bacterial surface. In the absence of PspA Streptococcus pneumoniae becomes more susceptible to killing by human apolactoferrin (apo-hLf), the iron-free form of lactoferrin. In the present study we examined diverse strains of S. pneumoniae that differed by 2 logs in their susceptibility to apo-hLf. Among these strains, the amount of apo-hLf that bound to cell surface PspA correlated directly with the resistance of the strain to killing by apo-hLf. Moreover examination of different pspA alleles on shared genetic backgrounds revealed that those PspAs that bound more lactoferrin conferred greater resistance to killing by apo-hLf. The effects of capsule on killing of pneumococci by apo-hLf were generally small, but on one genetic background, however, the lack of capsule was associated with 4-times as much apo-hLf binding and 30-times more resistance to killing by apo-hLf. Overall these finding strongly support the hypothesis that most of the variation in the ability of apo-hLf is dependent on the variation in the binding of apo-hLf to surface PspA and this binding is dependent on variation in PspA as well as variation in capsule which may enhance killing by reducing the binding of apo-hLf to PspA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaper Mirza
- Department of Biology, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Pakistan; Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Texas, Health Science Center, Brownsville Regional Campus, TX, USA.
| | - William H Benjamin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Patricia A Coan
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Shen-An Hwang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical School University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anne-Kathryn Winslett
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Janet Yother
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Susan K Hollingshead
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Kohtaro Fujihashi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Department of Pediatrics Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - David E Briles
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
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91
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Catanese HN, Brayton KA, Gebremedhin AH. RepeatAnalyzer: a tool for analysing and managing short-sequence repeat data. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:422. [PMID: 27260942 PMCID: PMC4891823 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2686-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Short-sequence repeats (SSRs) occur in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA, inter- and intragenically, and may be exact or inexact copies. When heterogeneous SSRs are present in a given locus, we can take advantage of the pattern of different repeats to genotype strains based on the SSRs. Cataloguing and tracking these repeats can be difficult as diverse groups of researchers are involved in the identification of the repeats. Additionally, the task is error-prone when done manually. Results We developed RepeatAnalyzer, a new software tool capable of tracking, managing, analysing and cataloguing SSRs and genotypes using Anaplasma marginale as a model species. RepeatAnalyzer’s analysis capability includes novel metrics for measuring regional genetic diversity (corresponding to variety and regularity of SSR occurrence). As a part of its visualization capabilities, RepeatAnalyzer produces high quality maps of the geographic distribution of genotypes or SSRs over a region of interest. RepeatAnalyzer’s repeat identification functionality was validated for all SSRs and genotypes reported in 21 publications, using 380 A. marginale isolates gathered from the five publications within that list that provided access to their isolates. The tool produced accurate genotyping results in every case. In addition, it uncovered a number of errors in the published literature: 11 cases where SSRs were misreported, 5 cases where two different SSRs had been given the same name, and 16 cases where two or more names had been given to a single SSR. The analysis and visualization functionalities of the tool are demonstrated using several examples. Conclusions RepeatAnalyzer is a robust software tool that can be used for storing, managing, and analysing short-sequence repeats for the purpose of strain identification. The tool can be used for any set of SSRs regardless of species. When applied to A. marginale, our test case, we show that genotype lengths for a given region follow a normal distribution, while SSR frequencies follow a power-law-like distribution. Further, we find that over 90 % of repeats are 28 to 29 amino acids long, which is in agreement with conventional wisdom. Lastly, our analysis reveals that the most common edit distance is five or six, which is counter-intuitive since we expected that result to be closer to one, resulting from the simplest change from one repeat to another. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2686-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen N Catanese
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA
| | - Kelly A Brayton
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA
| | - Assefaw H Gebremedhin
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA.
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92
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Kristian SA, Ota T, Bubeck SS, Cho R, Groff BC, Kubota T, Destito G, Laudenslager J, Koriazova L, Tahara T, Kanda Y. Generation and Improvement of Effector Function of a Novel Broadly Reactive and Protective Monoclonal Antibody against Pneumococcal Surface Protein A of Streptococcus pneumoniae. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154616. [PMID: 27171010 PMCID: PMC4865217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A proof-of-concept study evaluating the potential of Streptococcus pneumoniae Pneumococcal Surface Protein A (PspA) as a passive immunization target was conducted. We describe the generation and isolation of several broadly reactive mouse anti-PspA monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). MAb 140H1 displayed (i) 98% strain coverage, (ii) activity in complement deposition and opsonophagocytic killing (OPK) assays, which are thought to predict the in vivo efficacy of anti-pneumococcal mAbs, (iii) efficacy in mouse sepsis models both alone and in combination with standard-of-care antibiotics, and (iv) therapeutic activity in a mouse pneumonia model. Moreover, we demonstrate that antibody engineering can significantly enhance anti-PspA mAb effector function. We believe that PspA has promising potential as a target for the therapy of invasive pneumococcal disease by mAbs, which could be used alone or in conjunction with standard-of-care antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha A. Kristian
- Kyowa Kirin Pharmaceutical Research, Inc., 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America
| | - Takayuki Ota
- Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., R&D Division, 1-6-1, Ōtemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100–8185, Japan
| | - Sarah S. Bubeck
- Kyowa Kirin Pharmaceutical Research, Inc., 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Rebecca Cho
- Kyowa Kirin Pharmaceutical Research, Inc., 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America
| | - Brian C. Groff
- Kyowa Kirin Pharmaceutical Research, Inc., 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America
| | - Tsuguo Kubota
- Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., R&D Division, 1-6-1, Ōtemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100–8185, Japan
| | - Giuseppe Destito
- Kyowa Kirin Pharmaceutical Research, Inc., 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America
| | - John Laudenslager
- Kyowa Kirin Pharmaceutical Research, Inc., 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America
| | - Lilia Koriazova
- Kyowa Kirin Pharmaceutical Research, Inc., 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America
| | - Tomoyuki Tahara
- Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., R&D Division, 1-6-1, Ōtemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100–8185, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kanda
- Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., R&D Division, 1-6-1, Ōtemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100–8185, Japan
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93
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Domenech A, Moreno J, Ardanuy C, Liñares J, de la Campa AG, Martin-Galiano AJ. A Novel Typing Method for Streptococcus pneumoniae Using Selected Surface Proteins. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:420. [PMID: 27064593 PMCID: PMC4815138 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The diverse pneumococcal diseases are associated with different pneumococcal lineages, or clonal complexes. Nevertheless, intra-clonal genomic variability, which influences pathogenicity, has been reported for surface virulence factors. These factors constitute the communication interface between the pathogen and its host and their corresponding genes are subjected to strong selective pressures affecting functionality and immunogenicity. First, the presence and allelic dispersion of 97 outer protein families were screened in 19 complete pneumococcal genomes. Seventeen families were deemed variable and were then examined in 216 draft genomes. This procedure allowed the generation of binary vectors with 17 positions and the classification of strains into surfotypes. They represent the outer protein subsets with the highest inter-strain discriminative power. A total of 116 non-redundant surfotypes were identified. Those sharing a critical number of common protein features were hierarchically clustered into 18 surfogroups. Most clonal complexes with comparable epidemiological characteristics belonged to the same or similar surfogroups. However, the very large CC156 clonal complex was dispersed over several surfogroups. In order to establish a relationship between surfogroup and pathogenicity, the surfotypes of 95 clinical isolates with different serogroup/serotype combinations were analyzed. We found a significant correlation between surfogroup and type of pathogenic behavior (primary invasive, opportunistic invasive, and non-invasive). We conclude that the virulent behavior of S. pneumoniae is related to the activity of collections of, rather than individual, surface virulence factors. Since surfotypes evolve faster than MLSTs and directly reflect virulence potential, this novel typing protocol is appropriate for the identification of emerging clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Domenech
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBELLBarcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades RespiratoriasMadrid, Spain
| | - Javier Moreno
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBELLBarcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades RespiratoriasMadrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Ardanuy
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBELLBarcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades RespiratoriasMadrid, Spain
| | - Josefina Liñares
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBELLBarcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades RespiratoriasMadrid, Spain
| | - Adela G de la Campa
- Bacterial Genetics, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMajadahonda, Spain; Presidencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMadrid, Spain
| | - Antonio J Martin-Galiano
- Bacterial Genetics, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Majadahonda, Spain
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94
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Highly Variable Streptococcus oralis Strains Are Common among Viridans Streptococci Isolated from Primates. mSphere 2016; 1:mSphere00041-15. [PMID: 27303717 PMCID: PMC4863584 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00041-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a rare example of a human-pathogenic bacterium among viridans streptococci, which consist of commensal symbionts, such as the close relatives Streptococcus mitis and S. oralis. We have shown that S. oralis can frequently be isolated from primates and a variety of other viridans streptococci as well. Genes and genomic islands which are known pneumococcal virulence factors are present in S. oralis and S. mitis, documenting the widespread occurrence of these compounds, which encode surface and secreted proteins. The frequent occurrence of CRISP-Cas gene clusters and a surprising variation of a set of small noncoding RNAs are factors to be considered in future research to further our understanding of mechanisms involved in the genomic diversity driven by horizontal gene transfer among viridans streptococci. Viridans streptococci were obtained from primates (great apes, rhesus monkeys, and ring-tailed lemurs) held in captivity, as well as from free-living animals (chimpanzees and lemurs) for whom contact with humans is highly restricted. Isolates represented a variety of viridans streptococci, including unknown species. Streptococcus oralis was frequently isolated from samples from great apes. Genotypic methods revealed that most of the strains clustered on separate lineages outside the main cluster of human S. oralis strains. This suggests that S. oralis is part of the commensal flora in higher primates and evolved prior to humans. Many genes described as virulence factors in Streptococcus pneumoniae were present also in other viridans streptococcal genomes. Unlike in S. pneumoniae, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)–CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) gene clusters were common among viridans streptococci, and many S. oralis strains were type PI-2 (pilus islet 2) variants. S. oralis displayed a remarkable diversity of genes involved in the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan (penicillin-binding proteins and MurMN) and choline-containing teichoic acid. The small noncoding cia-dependent small RNAs (csRNAs) controlled by the response regulator CiaR might contribute to the genomic diversity, since we observed novel genomic islands between duplicated csRNAs, variably present in some isolates. All S. oralis genomes contained a β-N-acetyl-hexosaminidase gene absent in S. pneumoniae, which in contrast frequently harbors the neuraminidases NanB/C, which are absent in S. oralis. The identification of S. oralis-specific genes will help us to understand their adaptation to diverse habitats. IMPORTANCEStreptococcus pneumoniae is a rare example of a human-pathogenic bacterium among viridans streptococci, which consist of commensal symbionts, such as the close relatives Streptococcus mitis and S. oralis. We have shown that S. oralis can frequently be isolated from primates and a variety of other viridans streptococci as well. Genes and genomic islands which are known pneumococcal virulence factors are present in S. oralis and S. mitis, documenting the widespread occurrence of these compounds, which encode surface and secreted proteins. The frequent occurrence of CRISP-Cas gene clusters and a surprising variation of a set of small noncoding RNAs are factors to be considered in future research to further our understanding of mechanisms involved in the genomic diversity driven by horizontal gene transfer among viridans streptococci.
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95
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Daniels CC, Rogers PD, Shelton CM. A Review of Pneumococcal Vaccines: Current Polysaccharide Vaccine Recommendations and Future Protein Antigens. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2016; 21:27-35. [PMID: 26997927 PMCID: PMC4778694 DOI: 10.5863/1551-6776-21.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This review describes development of currently available pneumococcal vaccines, provides summary tables of current pneumococcal vaccine recommendations in children and adults, and describes new potential vaccine antigens in the pipeline. Streptococcus pneumoniae, the bacteria responsible for pneumonia, otitis media, meningitis and bacteremia, remains a cause of morbidity and mortality in both children and adults. Introductions of unconjugated and conjugated pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines have each reduced the rate of pneumococcal infections caused by the organism S. pneumoniae. The first vaccine developed, the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23), protected adults and children older than 2 years of age against invasive disease caused by the 23 capsular serotypes contained in the vaccine. Because PPSV23 did not elicit a protective immune response in children younger than 2 years of age, the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) containing seven of the most common serotypes from PPSV23 in pediatric invasive disease was developed for use in children younger than 2 years of age. The last vaccine to be developed, the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13), contains the seven serotypes in PCV7, five additional serotypes from PPSV23, and a new serotype not contained in PPSV23 or PCV7. Serotype replacement with virulent strains that are not contained in the polysaccharide vaccines has been observed after vaccine implementation and stresses the need for continued research into novel vaccine antigens. We describe eight potential protein antigens that are in the pipeline for new pneumococcal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin C. Daniels
- College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - P. David Rogers
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
- Center for Pediatric Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutics, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Chasity M. Shelton
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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96
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Bittaye M, Cash P. Streptococcus pneumoniae proteomics: determinants of pathogenesis and vaccine development. Expert Rev Proteomics 2015; 12:607-21. [PMID: 26524107 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2015.1108844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major pathogen that is responsible for a variety of invasive diseases. The bacteria gain entry initially by establishing a carriage state in the nasopharynx from where they migrate to other sites in the body. The worldwide distribution of the bacteria and the severity of the diseases have led to a significant level of interest in the development of vaccines against the bacteria. Current vaccines, based on the bacterial polysaccharide, have a number of limitations including poor immunogenicity and limited effectiveness against all pneumococcal serotypes. There are many challenges in developing vaccines that will be effective against the diverse range of isolates and serotypes for this highly variable bacterial pathogen. This review considers how proteomic technologies have extended our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of nasopharyngeal colonization and disease development as well as the critical areas in developing protein-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Bittaye
- a Division of Applied Medicine , University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen , Scotland
| | - Phil Cash
- a Division of Applied Medicine , University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen , Scotland
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97
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Tamborrini M, Geib N, Marrero-Nodarse A, Jud M, Hauser J, Aho C, Lamelas A, Zuniga A, Pluschke G, Ghasparian A, Robinson JA. A Synthetic Virus-Like Particle Streptococcal Vaccine Candidate Using B-Cell Epitopes from the Proline-Rich Region of Pneumococcal Surface Protein A. Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:850-74. [PMID: 26501327 PMCID: PMC4693222 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3040850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternatives to the well-established capsular polysaccharide-based vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae that circumvent limitations arising from limited serotype coverage and the emergence of resistance due to capsule switching (serotype replacement) are being widely pursued. Much attention is now focused on the development of recombinant subunit vaccines based on highly conserved pneumococcal surface proteins and virulence factors. A further step might involve focusing the host humoral immune response onto protective protein epitopes using as immunogens structurally optimized epitope mimetics. One approach to deliver such epitope mimetics to the immune system is through the use of synthetic virus-like particles (SVLPs). SVLPs are made from synthetic coiled-coil lipopeptides that are designed to spontaneously self-assemble into 20–30 nm diameter nanoparticles in aqueous buffer. Multivalent display of epitope mimetics on the surface of SVLPs generates highly immunogenic nanoparticles that elicit strong epitope-specific humoral immune responses without the need for external adjuvants. Here, we set out to demonstrate that this approach can yield vaccine candidates able to elicit a protective immune response, using epitopes derived from the proline-rich region of pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA). These streptococcal SVLP-based vaccine candidates are shown to elicit strong humoral immune responses in mice. Following active immunization and challenge with lethal doses of streptococcus, SVLP-based immunogens are able to elicit significant protection in mice. Furthermore, a mimetic-specific monoclonal antibody is shown to mediate partial protection upon passive immunization. The results show that SVLPs combined with synthetic epitope mimetics may have potential for the development of an effective vaccine against Streptococcus pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tamborrini
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel 4051, Switzerland; E-Mails: (M.T.); (M.J.); (J.H.); (C.A.); (A.L.); (G.P.)
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel 4003, Switzerland
| | - Nina Geib
- Virometix AG, Wagistrasse 14, Schlieren 8952, Switzerland; E-Mails: (N.G.); (A.M.-N.); (A.Z.)
| | | | - Maja Jud
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel 4051, Switzerland; E-Mails: (M.T.); (M.J.); (J.H.); (C.A.); (A.L.); (G.P.)
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel 4003, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hauser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel 4051, Switzerland; E-Mails: (M.T.); (M.J.); (J.H.); (C.A.); (A.L.); (G.P.)
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel 4003, Switzerland
| | - Celestine Aho
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel 4051, Switzerland; E-Mails: (M.T.); (M.J.); (J.H.); (C.A.); (A.L.); (G.P.)
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel 4003, Switzerland
| | - Araceli Lamelas
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel 4051, Switzerland; E-Mails: (M.T.); (M.J.); (J.H.); (C.A.); (A.L.); (G.P.)
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel 4003, Switzerland
| | - Armando Zuniga
- Virometix AG, Wagistrasse 14, Schlieren 8952, Switzerland; E-Mails: (N.G.); (A.M.-N.); (A.Z.)
| | - Gerd Pluschke
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel 4051, Switzerland; E-Mails: (M.T.); (M.J.); (J.H.); (C.A.); (A.L.); (G.P.)
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel 4003, Switzerland
| | - Arin Ghasparian
- Virometix AG, Wagistrasse 14, Schlieren 8952, Switzerland; E-Mails: (N.G.); (A.M.-N.); (A.Z.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (A.G.); (J.A.R.); Tel.: +41-43-433-8685 (A.G.); +41-44-635-4242 (J.A.R.)
| | - John A. Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (A.G.); (J.A.R.); Tel.: +41-43-433-8685 (A.G.); +41-44-635-4242 (J.A.R.)
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Lagousi T, Routsias J, Piperi C, Tsakris A, Chrousos G, Theodoridou M, Spoulou V. Discovery of Immunodominant B Cell Epitopes within Surface Pneumococcal Virulence Proteins in Pediatric Patients with Invasive Pneumococcal Disease. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:27500-10. [PMID: 26396191 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.666818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of immunodominant B cell epitopes within surface pneumococcal virulence proteins in pediatric patients with invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is a valuable approach to define novel vaccine candidates. To this aim, we evaluated sera from children with IPD and age-matched controls against 141 20-mer synthetic peptides covering the entire sequence of major antigenic fragments within pneumococcal virulence proteins; namely, choline-binding protein D (CbpD), pneumococcal histidine triad proteins (PhtD and PhtE), pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA), plasminogen and fibronectin binding protein B (PfbB), and zinc metalloproteinase B (ZmpB). Ten immunodominant B cell epitopes were identified: CbpD-pep4 (amino acids (aa) 291-310), PhtD-pep11 (aa 88-107), PhtD-pep17 (aa 172-191), PhtD-pep19 (aa 200-219), PhtE-pep32 (aa 300-319), PhtE-pep40 (aa 79-98), PfbB-pep76 (aa 180-199), PfbB-pep79 (aa 222-241), PfbB-pep90 (aa 484-503), and ZmpB-pep125 (aa 431-450). All epitopes were highly conserved among different pneumococcal serotypes, and four of them were located within the functional zinc-binding domain of the histidine triad proteins PhtD and PhtE. Peptides CbpD-pep4, PhtD-pep19, and PhtE-pep40 were broadly recognized by IPD patient sera with prevalences of 96.4%, 92.9%, and 71.4%, respectively, whereas control sera exhibited only minor reactivities (<10.7%). Their specificities for IPD were 93.3%, 95%, and 96.7%; their sensitivities were 96.4%, 92.9%, and 71.4% and their positivity likelihood ratios for IPD were 14.5, 18.6, and 21.4, respectively. Furthermore, purified antibodies against CbpD-pep4, PhtD-pep19, and PhtE-pep40 readily bound on the surfaces of different pneumococcal serotypes, as assessed by FACS and immunofluorescence analysis. The identified immunodominant B cell epitopes provide a better understanding of immune response in IPD and are worth evaluation in additional studies as potential vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theano Lagousi
- From the First Department of Paediatrics, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Immunobiology Research Laboratory and Infectious Diseases Department "MAKKA," and Departments of Microbiology and
| | | | | | | | - George Chrousos
- From the First Department of Paediatrics, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Immunobiology Research Laboratory and Infectious Diseases Department "MAKKA," and
| | - Maria Theodoridou
- From the First Department of Paediatrics, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Immunobiology Research Laboratory and Infectious Diseases Department "MAKKA," and
| | - Vana Spoulou
- From the First Department of Paediatrics, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Immunobiology Research Laboratory and Infectious Diseases Department "MAKKA," and
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99
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Combined effects of lactoferrin and lysozyme on Streptococcus pneumoniae killing. Microb Pathog 2015; 89:7-17. [PMID: 26298002 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common colonizer of the human nasopharynx, which can occasionally spread to sterile sites, causing diseases such as otitis media, sinusitis, pneumonia, meningitis and bacteremia. Human apolactoferrin (ALF) and lysozyme (LZ) are two important components of the mucosal innate immune system, exhibiting lytic effects against a wide range of microorganisms. Since they are found in similar niches of the host, it has been proposed that ALF and LZ could act synergistically in controlling bacterial spread throughout the mucosa. The combination of ALF and LZ has been shown to enhance killing of different pathogens in vitro, with ALF facilitating the latter action of LZ. The aim of the present work was to investigate the combined effects of ALF and LZ on S pneumoniae. Concomitant addition of ALF and LZ had a synergistic killing effect on one of the pneumococci tested. Furthermore, the combination of ALF and ALZ was more bactericidal than lysozyme alone in all pneumococcal strains. Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA), an important vaccine candidate, partially protects pneumococci from ALF mediated killing, while antibodies against one PspA enhance killing of the homologous strain by ALF. However, the serological variability of this molecule could limit the effect of anti-PspA antibodies on different pneumococci. Therefore, we investigated the ability of anti-PspA antibodies to increase ALF-mediated killing of strains that express different PspAs, and found that antisera to the N-terminal region of PspA were able to increase pneumococcal lysis by ALF, independently of the sequence similarities between the molecule expressed on the bacterial surface and that used to produce the antibodies. LF binding to the pneumococcal surface was confirmed by flow cytometry, and found to be inhibited in presence of anti-PspA antibodies. On a whole, the results suggest a contribution of ALF and LZ to pneumococcal clearance, and confirm PspA's ability to interact with ALF.
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Multivalent Pneumococcal Protein Vaccines Comprising Pneumolysoid with Epitopes/Fragments of CbpA and/or PspA Elicit Strong and Broad Protection. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2015; 22:1079-89. [PMID: 26245351 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00293-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immunization with the pneumococcal proteins pneumolysin (Ply), choline binding protein A (CbpA), or pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) elicits protective responses against invasive pneumococcal disease in animal models. In this study, we used different mouse models to test the efficacy of a variety of multivalent protein-based vaccines that comprised various combinations of full-length or peptide regions of the immunogens Ply, CbpA, or PspA: Ply toxoid with the L460D substitution (referred to herein as L460D); L460D fused with protective peptide epitopes from CbpA (YPT-L460D-NEEK [YLN]); L460D fused with the CD2 peptide containing the proline-rich region (PRR) of PspA (CD2-L460D); a combination of L460D and H70 (L460D+H70), a slightly larger PspA-derived peptide containing the PRR and the SM1 region; H70+YLN; and other combinations. Each mouse was immunized either intraperitoneally (i.p.) or subcutaneously (s.c.) with three doses (at 2-week intervals) of the various antigen combinations in alum adjuvant and then challenged in mouse models featuring different infection routes with multiple Streptococcus pneumoniae strains. In the i.p. infection sepsis model, H70+YLN consistently provided significant protection against three different challenge strains (serotypes 1, 2, and 6A); the CD2+YLN and H70+L460D combinations also elicited significant protection. Protection against intravenous (i.v.) sepsis (type 3 and 6A challenge strains) was largely dependent on PspA-derived antigen components, and the most protection was elicited by H70 with or without L460D or YLN. In a type 4 intratracheal (i.t.) challenge model that results in progression to meningitis, antigen combinations that contained YLN elicited the strongest protection. Thus, the trivalent antigen combination of H70+YLN elicited the strongest and broadest protection in diverse pneumococcal challenge models.
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