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Ghosh S, Sela N, Kontsedalov S, Lebedev G, Haines LR, Ghanim M. An Intranuclear Sodalis-Like Symbiont and Spiroplasma Coinfect the Carrot Psyllid, Bactericera trigonica (Hemiptera, Psylloidea). Microorganisms 2020; 8:E692. [PMID: 32397333 PMCID: PMC7284866 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Endosymbionts harbored inside insects play critical roles in the biology of their insect host and can influence the transmission of pathogens by insect vectors. Bactericera trigonica infests umbelliferous plants and transmits the bacterial plant pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (CLso), causing carrot yellows disease. To characterize the bacterial diversity of B. trigonica, as a first step, we used PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analyses of 16S rDNA to identify Sodalis and Spiroplasma endosymbionts. The prevalence of both symbionts in field-collected psyllid populations was determined: Sodalis was detected in 100% of field populations, while Spiroplasma was present in 82.5% of individuals. Phylogenetic analysis using 16S rDNA revealed that Sodalis infecting B. trigonica was more closely related to symbionts infecting weevils, stink bugs and tsetse flies than to those from psyllid species. Using fluorescent in situ hybridization and immunostaining, Sodalis was found to be localized inside the nuclei of the midgut cells and bacteriocytes. Spiroplasma was restricted to the cytoplasm of the midgut cells. We further show that a recently reported Bactericera trigonica densovirus (BtDNV), a densovirus infecting B. trigonica was detected in 100% of psyllids and has reduced titers inside CLso-infected psyllids by more than two-fold compared to CLso uninfected psyllids. The findings of this study will help to increase our understanding of psyllid-endosymbiont interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptarshi Ghosh
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Plant Protection, Volcani Center, ARO, HaMaccabim Road 68, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; (S.G.); (S.K.); (G.L.)
| | - Noa Sela
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Volcani Center, ARO, HaMaccabim Road 68, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel;
| | - Svetlana Kontsedalov
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Plant Protection, Volcani Center, ARO, HaMaccabim Road 68, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; (S.G.); (S.K.); (G.L.)
| | - Galina Lebedev
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Plant Protection, Volcani Center, ARO, HaMaccabim Road 68, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; (S.G.); (S.K.); (G.L.)
| | - Lee R. Haines
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK;
| | - Murad Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Plant Protection, Volcani Center, ARO, HaMaccabim Road 68, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; (S.G.); (S.K.); (G.L.)
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Alcaide C, Rabadán MP, Moreno-Pérez MG, Gómez P. Implications of mixed viral infections on plant disease ecology and evolution. Adv Virus Res 2020; 106:145-169. [PMID: 32327147 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mixed viral infections occur more commonly than would be expected by chance in nature. Virus-virus interactions may affect viral traits and leave a genetic signature in the population, and thus influence the prevalence and emergence of viral diseases. Understanding about how the interactions between viruses within a host shape the evolutionary dynamics of the viral populations is needed for viral disease prevention and management. Here, we first synthesize concepts implied in the occurrence of virus-virus interactions. Second, we consider the role of the within-host interactions of virus-virus and virus-other pathogenic microbes, on the composition and structure of viral populations. Third, we contemplate whether mixed viral infections can create opportunities for the generation and maintenance of viral genetic diversity. Fourth, we attempt to summarize the evolutionary response of viral populations to mixed infections to understand how they shape the spatio-temporal dynamics of viral populations at the individual plant and field scales. Finally, we anticipate the future research under the reconciliation of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary ecology, drawing attention to the need of adding more complexity to future research in order to gain a better understanding about the mechanisms operating in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Alcaide
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Dpto Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Pilar Rabadán
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Dpto Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel G Moreno-Pérez
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Dpto Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro Gómez
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Dpto Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, Murcia, Spain.
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Rossitto De Marchi B, Smith HA. Bacterial Endosymbiont Diversity Among Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Populations in Florida. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11030179. [PMID: 32168905 PMCID: PMC7142666 DOI: 10.3390/insects11030179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is a pest of many economically important agricultural crops and a vector of plant viruses. Bemisia tabaci harbors facultative endosymbiont species that have been implicated in pest status, including tolerance to insecticides, virus transmission efficiency and tolerance to high-temperatures. The facultative endosymbionts reported in B. tabaci include Arsenophonus, Hamiltonella, Wolbachia, Cardinium, Fritschea and Rickettsia. We collected whitefly populations from weed and crop hosts in south Florida and identified the whitefly species as well as the facultative endosymbionts present in these populations by molecular analysis. In addition, a phylogenetic analysis of whiteflies and their endosymbionts was performed. The only facultative endosymbionts found among the B. tabaci populations collected in Florida were Hamiltonella and Rickettsia. The phylogenetic analysis revealed the low genetic diversity of whiteflies and their endosymbionts. Additionally, the phylogenetic tree clustered Rickettsia from Florida in the R1 genetic group. The results will aid to understand the role of the bacterial endosymbionts in the whitefly host.
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54
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Paredes‐Montero JR, Zia‐Ur‐Rehman M, Hameed U, Haider MS, Herrmann H, Brown JK. Genetic variability, community structure, and horizontal transfer of endosymbionts among three Asia II- Bemisia tabaci mitotypes in Pakistan. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:2928-2943. [PMID: 32211166 PMCID: PMC7083670 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosymbionts associated with the whitefly Bemisia tabaci cryptic species are known to contribute to host fitness and environmental adaptation. The genetic diversity and population complexity were investigated for endosymbiont communities of B. tabaci occupying different micro-environments in Pakistan. Mitotypes of B. tabaci were identified by comparative sequence analysis of the mitochondria cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) gene sequence. Whitefly mitotypes belonged to the Asia II-1, -5, and -7 mitotypes of the Asia II major clade. The whitefly-endosymbiont communities were characterized based on 16S ribosomal RNA operational taxonomic unit (OTU) assignments, resulting in 43 OTUs. Most of the OTUs occurred in the Asia II-1 and II-7 mitotypes (r 2 = .9, p < .005), while the Asia II-5 microbiome was less complex. The microbiome OTU groups were mitotype-specific, clustering with a basis in phylogeographical distribution and the corresponding ecological niche of their whitefly host, suggesting mitotype-microbiome co-adaptation. The primary endosymbiont Portiera was represented by a single, highly homologous OTU (0%-0.67% divergence). Two of six Arsenophonus OTUs were uniquely associated with Asia II-5 and -7, and one occurred exclusively in Asia II-1, two only in Asia II-5, and one in both Asia II-1 and -7. Four other secondary endosymbionts, Cardinium, Hemipteriphilus, Rickettsia, and Wolbachia OTUs, were found at ≤29% frequencies. The most prevalent Arsenophonus OTU was found in all three Asia II mitotypes (55% frequency), whereas the same strain of Cardinium and Wolbachia was found in both Asia II-1 and -5, and a single Hemipteriphilus OTU occurred in Asia II-1 and -7. This pattern is indicative of horizontal transfer, suggestive of a proximity between mitotypes sufficient for gene flow at overlapping mitotype ecological niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge R. Paredes‐Montero
- School of Plant SciencesUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
- Facultad de Ciencias de la VidaEscuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL)GuayaquilEcuador
| | | | - Usman Hameed
- Institute of Agricultural SciencesUniversity of the PunjabLahorePakistan
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Kimathi RH, Wilisiani F, Mashiko T, Neriya Y, Miinda AE, Nishigawa H, Natsuaki T. First report of Tomato chlorosis virus infecting tomato in Kenya. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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56
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Wang HL, Lei T, Wang XW, Maruthi MN, Zhu DT, Cameron SL, Rao Q, Shan HW, Colvin J, Liu YQ, Liu SS. A newly recorded Rickettsia of the Torix group is a recent intruder and an endosymbiont in the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:1207-1221. [PMID: 31997547 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The bacterium Rickettsia is found widely in phytophagous insects and often exerts profound effects on the phenotype and fitness of its hosts. Here, we decrypt a new, independent, phylogenetically ancient Torix Rickettsia endosymbiont found constantly in a laboratory line of an economically important insect Asia II 7, a putative species of the Bemisia tabaci whitefly complex (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), and occasionally in field whitefly populations. This new Rickettsia distributes throughout the body of its whitefly host. Genetically, compared to Rickettsia_bellii_MEAM1 found earlier in whiteflies, the new Rickettsia species has more gene families and pathways, which may be important factors in shaping specific symbiotic relationships. We propose the name 'Candidatus Rickettsia_Torix_Bemisia_tabaci (RiTBt)' for this new endosymbiont associated with whiteflies. Comparative genomic analyses indicate that RiTBi may be a relatively recent intruder in whiteflies given its low abundance in the field and relatively larger genome compared to Rickettsia_bellii_MEAM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Ling Wang
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Teng Lei
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Wang
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - M N Maruthi
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Dan-Tong Zhu
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Stephen L Cameron
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, 901 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 479074, USA
| | - Qiong Rao
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong-Wei Shan
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - John Colvin
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Yin-Quan Liu
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shu-Sheng Liu
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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57
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Abstract
Microorganisms that reside within or transmit through arthropod reproductive tissues have profound impacts on host reproduction, health and evolution. In this Review, we discuss select principles of the biology of microorganisms in arthropod reproductive tissues, including bacteria, viruses, protists and fungi. We review models of specific symbionts, routes of transmission, and the physiological and evolutionary outcomes for both hosts and microorganisms. We also identify areas in need of continuing research, to answer the fundamental questions that remain in fields within and beyond arthropod-microorganism associations. New opportunities for research in this area will drive a broader understanding of major concepts as well as the biodiversity, mechanisms and translational applications of microorganisms that interact with host reproductive tissues.
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58
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Fiallo-Olivé E, Pan LL, Liu SS, Navas-Castillo J. Transmission of Begomoviruses and Other Whitefly-Borne Viruses: Dependence on the Vector Species. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:10-17. [PMID: 31544592 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-19-0273-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Most plant viruses require a biological vector to spread from plant to plant in nature. Among biological vectors for plant viruses, hemipteroid insects are the most common, including phloem-feeding aphids, whiteflies, mealybugs, planthoppers, and leafhoppers. A majority of the emerging diseases challenging agriculture worldwide are insect borne, with those transmitted by whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) topping the list. Most damaging whitefly-transmitted viruses include begomoviruses (Geminiviridae), criniviruses (Closteroviridae), and torradoviruses (Secoviridae). Among the whitefly vectors, Bemisia tabaci, now recognized as a complex of cryptic species, is the most harmful in terms of virus transmission. Here, we review the available information on the differential transmission efficiency of begomoviruses and other whitefly-borne viruses by different species of whiteflies, including the cryptic species of the B. tabaci complex. In addition, we summarize the factors affecting transmission of viruses by whiteflies and point out some future research prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Fiallo-Olivé
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Málaga (IHSM-CSIC-UMA), 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Li-Long Pan
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Sheng Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Jesús Navas-Castillo
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Málaga (IHSM-CSIC-UMA), 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
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59
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Chisu V, Foxi C, Masala G. First molecular detection of Francisella-like endosymbionts in Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus tick species collected from vertebrate hosts from Sardinia island, Italy. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2019; 79:245-254. [PMID: 31650337 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-019-00427-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ticks are vectors of a wide variety of human and animal pathogens as well as non-pathogenic microorganisms acting as endosymbionts and whose role in ticks is still little known. Symbionts such as Francisella-like endosymbionts (FLEs) are members of Francisellaceae family with unknown pathogenicity, detected in both hard and soft ticks. A total of 236 ticks collected from several sites in Sardinia were screened for Francisella species by PCR using primers targeting a fragment of the 16S rRNA gene. DNA of Francisella was detected in 5.1% (12/236) of the ticks tested. Sequencing results revealed that seven Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l., three Hyalomma marginatum, one Hy. lusitanicum, and one Rh. bursa ticks exhibited DNA with 99-100% similarity to Francisella-like endosymbionts isolated from different tick species all over the world. Further research is needed in order to better characterize FLE strains obtained in Sardinia and to better understand if their presence could be related to the infection with other zoonotic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Chisu
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Via Duca degli Abruzzi, 8, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Cipriano Foxi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Via Duca degli Abruzzi, 8, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Masala
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Via Duca degli Abruzzi, 8, 07100, Sassari, Italy
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60
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Rana VS, Popli S, Saurav GK, Raina HS, Jamwal R, Chaubey R, Ramamurthy VV, Natarajan K, Rajagopal R. Implication of the Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, Collagen Protein in Begomoviruses Acquisition and Transmission. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:1481-1493. [PMID: 31017531 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-18-0082-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Begomoviruses are the largest group of plant viruses transmitted exclusively by the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), in a persistent, circulative, and nonpropagative manner. Begomoviruses in association with B. tabaci cause enormous loss to world agricultural crops. Transmission, retention, and circulation of begomovirus in B. tabaci are facilitated by its interaction with several proteins of the insect and its endosymbionts. However, very few such proteins have been identified from B. tabaci that are involved in this specific interaction. Here, we have performed yeast two-hybrid assay between B. tabaci complementary DNA expression library and the coat protein (CP) of tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) and cotton leaf curl Rajasthan virus (CLCuV). Collagen was the common protein found to be interacting with both of the viruses. The collagen protein was found to be localized in gut layers of B. tabaci. Additionally, pull-down and dot-blot assays confirmed the association of endogenous collagen with ToLCNDV CP. Immunolocalization analysis also showed colocalization of ToLCNDV particles and collagen within insect gut. Finally, B. tabaci fed on anticollagen antibody and exhibited ∼46% reduction in ToLCNDV transmission, suggesting a supportive role for collagen in virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Singh Rana
- 1Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India 110007
- 2Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, U.S.A
| | - Sonam Popli
- 1Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India 110007
- 3Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, U.S.A
| | - Gunjan Kumar Saurav
- 1Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India 110007
| | - Harpreet Singh Raina
- 1Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India 110007
- 4Department of Zoology, Shri Guru Tegh Bahadur Khalsa College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India 110007
| | - Rohit Jamwal
- 1Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India 110007
| | - Rahul Chaubey
- 5Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India 110012
| | - V V Ramamurthy
- 5Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India 110012
| | - K Natarajan
- 6Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India 110007
| | - Raman Rajagopal
- 1Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India 110007
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Zhao J, Chi Y, Zhang XJ, Wang XW, Liu SS. Implication of whitefly vesicle associated membrane protein-associated protein B in the transmission of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus. Virology 2019; 535:210-217. [PMID: 31319278 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) poses serious threat to tomato production worldwide, and the vector, Bemisia tabaci, plays a key role in the transmission of this virus. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the transmission remain poorly understood. In this study, firstly, we identified the whitefly proteins that presumably interact with TYLCV coat protein (CP) using split-ubiquitin yeast two-hybrid system. Next, we conducted GST pull-down and immunofluorescence to examine the potential interaction between TYLCV CP and one of the proteins identified, namely vesicle associated membrane protein-associated protein B (VAPB), an protein abundantly expressed in whitefly midgut. Further experiments demonstrated that VAPB was significantly up-regulated upon virus acquisition, and silencing VAPB led to a significant increase of relative virus quantity in whitefly haemolymph and salivary glands, as well as an increase of TYLCV transmission efficiency. These findings indicate an important role of VAPB in the transmission of TYLCV by whiteflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Yao Chi
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Xin-Jia Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Xiao-Wei Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Shu-Sheng Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
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62
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Harish ER, ManiChellappan, MakeshKumar T, Mathew D, Ranjith MT, Girija D. Next-generation sequencing reveals endosymbiont variability in cassava whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, across the agro-ecological zones of Kerala, India. Genome 2019; 62:571-584. [PMID: 31283888 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2018-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is one of the most notorious invasive insect pests, infesting more than 900 species of plants and spreading more than 200 viral diseases. This polyphagous agricultural pest harbours diverse bacterial communities in its gut, which perform multiple functions in whiteflies, including nutrient provisioning, amino acid biosynthesis, and virus transmission. The present exploratory study compares the bacterial communities associated with silverleaf whitefly infesting cassava, also known as cassava whitefly, collected from two different zones (zone P: plains; zone H: high ranges), from Kerala, India, using next-generation sequencing of 16S rDNA. The data sets for these two regions consisted of 1 321 906 and 690 661 high-quality paired-end sequences with mean length of 150 bp. Highly diverse bacterial communities were present in the sample, containing approximately 3513 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Sequence analysis showed a marked difference in the relative abundance of bacteria in the populations. A total of 16 bacterial phyla, 27 classes, 56 orders, 91 families, 236 genera, and 409 species were identified from the P population, against 16, 31, 60, 88, 225, and 355, respectively, in the H population. Arsenophonus sp. (Enterobacteriaceae), which is important for virus transmission by whiteflies, was relatively abundant in the P population, whereas in the H population Bacillus sp. was the most dominant group. The association of whitefly biotypes and secondary symbionts suggests a possible contribution of these bacteria to host characteristics such as virus transmission, host range, insecticide resistance, and speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Harish
- ICAR-Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Sreekaryam, Thiruvananthapuram - 695 017, India
| | - ManiChellappan
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur - 680 656, India
| | - T MakeshKumar
- ICAR-Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Sreekaryam, Thiruvananthapuram - 695 017, India
| | - Deepu Mathew
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur - 680 656, India
| | - M T Ranjith
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur - 680 656, India
| | - D Girija
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur - 680 656, India
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63
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Khatun MF, Shim JK, Lee KY. Genetic diversity and host relationships of endosymbiotic bacteria in the Asian cryptic species of Bemisia tabaci from Bangladesh. Symbiosis 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-019-00622-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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64
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Genetic diversity and host relationships of endosymbiotic bacteria in the Asian cryptic species of Bemisia tabaci from Bangladesh. Symbiosis 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-019-00625-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Wang H, Wu N, Liu Y, Kundu JK, Liu W, Wang X. Higher Bacterial Diversity of Gut Microbiota in Different Natural Populations of Leafhopper Vector Does Not Influence WDV Transmission. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1144. [PMID: 31191481 PMCID: PMC6548887 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial communities in the gut of an insect have important ecological and functional effects on the insect. However, the community composition and diversity of the gut microbiota in insects that vector plant viruses are poorly understood. As an important insect vector, Psammotettix alienus transmits various viruses including wheat dwarf virus (WDV). Here, we used the combination of leafhopper and WDV as model to survey the influence of gut microbiota on virus transmission characteristic of insect vector and vice versa. We have characterized 22 phyla and 249 genera of all gut bacterial communities in the leafhopper populations collected from six geographic regions in China. Community composition and diversity varied across different geographic populations. However, WDV transmission efficiencies of these six field populations were all greater than 80% with no significant difference. Interestingly, the transmission efficiency of WDV by laboratory reared insects with decreased gut bacterial diversity was similar to that of field populations. Furthermore, we found that the composition of the leafhopper gut bacteria was dynamic and could reversibly respond to WDV acquisition. Higher bacterial diversity and abundance of gut microbiota in different leafhopper populations did not influence their WDV transmission efficiency, while the acquisition of WDV changes gut microbiota by a dynamic and reversible manner. This report provides insight into the complex relationship between the gut microbiota, insect vector and virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiban Kumar Kundu
- Division of Crop Protection and Plant Health, Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czechia
| | - Wenwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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66
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Gómez-Díaz JS, Montoya-Lerma J, Muñoz-Valencia V. Prevalence and Diversity of Endosymbionts in Cassava Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) From Colombia. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2019; 19:5494810. [PMID: 31115477 PMCID: PMC6529905 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iez047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Whiteflies cause huge economic losses for cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivation. Damage can be caused directly when the insects feed on the phloem and/or indirectly by the transmission of viruses. It has been found that whiteflies maintain a close relationship with some endosymbiotic bacteria and that this interaction produces different effects on host biology and can also facilitate viral transmission. This study aimed to characterize the diversity of secondary endosymbionts (SE) present in whiteflies associated with cassava. Whitefly adults and nymphs were collected from cassava crops at nine locations in Southwestern Colombia. Molecular identification of insects and endosymbionts was carried out using specific mtCOI, wsp, 23s rRNA, and 16s rRNA primers. Phylogenetic trees were constructed from these sequences, both for whitefly species and the endosymbionts found. In addition, morphological identification of whitefly species was made using last instar nymphs. Molecular and morphological evaluation revealed that the most abundant whitefly species was Trialeurodes variabilis (Quaintance) followed by Aleurotrachelus socialis Bondar and Bemisia tuberculata Bondar. One hundred percent of the individuals contained the primary endosymbiont Portiera. The SE Rickettsia, Hamiltonella, Wolbachia, and Fritschea were not detected in the samples tested. Prevalence of Cardinium and Arsenophonus were variable at each locality, Cardinium being most prevalent in A. socialis adults. This study is the first report on the presence of Cardinium and Arsenophonus in A. socialis and T. variabilis. It is also the first report of endosymbiotic diversity in whiteflies associated with cassava in Colombia.
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67
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Bacterial communities of Aphis gossypii and Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) from pepper crops (Capsicum sp.). Sci Rep 2019; 9:5766. [PMID: 30962510 PMCID: PMC6453963 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42232-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects harbor a wide variety of microorganisms that form complex and changing communities and play an important role in the biology and evolution of their hosts. Aphids have been used as model organisms to study microorganism-insect interactions. Almost all aphids are infected with the obligate endosymbiont Buchnera aphidicola and can host different bacteria that allow them to acquire traits of agronomic importance, such as resistance to high temperatures and/or defense against natural enemies. However, the bacterial communities of most aphid species remain poorly characterized. In this study, we used high-throughput DNA sequencing to characterize the bacterial communities of Aphis gossypii and Myzus persicae from two cultivable pepper species, Capsicum frutescens (Tabasco variety) and C. annuum (Cayenne variety), in four localities of southwestern Colombia. In addition, we evaluated the dynamics of A. gossypii-associated microorganisms on a seasonal basis. Our results show that the bacterial communities of A. gossypii and M. persicae are dominated by the primary endosymbiont B. aphidicola, while the presence of the facultative symbiont Arsenophonus sp. was only detected in one A. gossypii population from cayenne pepper. In addition to these two known symbionts, eight bacterial OTUs were identified that presented a frequency of 1% or more in at least one of the analyzed populations. The results show that the bacterial communities of aphids associated with pepper crops appears to be structured according to the host aphid species and the geographical location, while no differences were observed in the diversity of bacteria between host plants. Finally, the diversity and abundance of the A. gossypii bacterial community was variable among the four sampling points evaluated over the year and showed a relation with the aphid’s population dynamics. This study represents the first approach to the knowledge of the bacterial community present in chili pepper aphids from Colombia. Nevertheless, more in-depth studies, including replicates, are required to confirm the patterns observed in the microbial communities of aphids from pepper crops.
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68
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McLean AH. Cascading effects of defensive endosymbionts. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 32:42-46. [PMID: 31113630 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Defensive endosymbionts are now understood to be widespread among insects, targeting many different threats, including predators, parasites and disease. The effects on natural enemies can be significant, resulting in dramatic changes in the outcome of interactions between insects and their attackers. Evidence is now emerging from laboratory and field work that defensive symbionts can have important effects on the surrounding insect community, as well as on vulnerable enemy species; for example, by reducing prey available for the trophic level above the enemy. However, there is a need for more experimental work across a greater taxonomic range of species in order to understand the different ways in which defensive symbionts influence insect communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailsa Hc McLean
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom.
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69
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Saurav GK, Rana VS, Popli S, Daimei G, Rajagopal R. A thioredoxin-like protein of Bemisia tabaci interacts with coat protein of begomoviruses. Virus Genes 2019; 55:356-367. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-019-01657-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Qi LD, Sun JT, Hong XY, Li YX. Diversity and Phylogenetic Analyses Reveal Horizontal Transmission of Endosymbionts Between Whiteflies and Their Parasitoids. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:894-905. [PMID: 30535231 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Endosymbionts are widely distributed among insects via intraspecific vertical transmission and interspecific horizontal transmission. Parasitoids have attracted considerable interest due to their possible role in the horizontal transmission of endosymbionts. Horizontal transmission of endosymbionts between whiteflies via parasitoids has been revealed in the laboratory. However, whether this occurs under field conditions remains unknown. Here, the diversity and phylogenetic relationships of endosymbionts in 1,350 whiteflies and 36 parasitoids that emerged from whitefly nymphs collected from three locations in Jiangsu Province of China were investigated. Only Rickettsia and Wolbachia were identified in both whiteflies and parasitoids, with an overall infection frequency of 22.67% in whiteflies and 16.67% in parasitoids for Wolbachia and of 12.15% in whiteflies and 25% in parasitoids for Rickettsia. Despite the distant relationship between whiteflies and their parasitoids, phylogenetic analyses revealed that the Rickettsia and Wolbachia individuals collected from the two types of organisms were grouped together. Furthermore, shared haplotypes were also identified, which was consistent with the horizontal transmission of endosymbionts between parasitoids and whiteflies. In addition, a parasitoid resistance-related symbiont, Hamiltonella, was detected in whiteflies at a 100% infection frequency, probably accounting for the relatively low parasitism of the whiteflies in the field. The factors affecting the infection frequency of the four secondary endosymbionts in whiteflies were also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Da Qi
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing-Tao Sun
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Yue Hong
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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71
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Guo Q, Shu YN, Liu C, Chi Y, Liu YQ, Wang XW. Transovarial transmission of tomato yellow leaf curl virus by seven species of the Bemisia tabaci complex indigenous to China: Not all whiteflies are the same. Virology 2019; 531:240-247. [PMID: 30933715 PMCID: PMC6990403 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Begomoviruses contain some of the most damaging viral disease agents of crops worldwide, and are transmitted by whiteflies of the Bemisia tabaci species complex. During the last 20 years, transovarial transmission of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) has been reported in two invasive species of the B. tabaci complex. To further decipher the importance of this mode of transmission, we analyzed transovarial transmission of TYLCV by seven whitefly species indigenous to China. TYLCV virions were detected in eggs of all species except one, and in nymphs of two species, but in none of the ensuing adults of all seven species. Our results suggest that these indigenous whiteflies are unable to transmit TYLCV, a begomovirus alien to China, via ova to produce future generations of viruliferous adults, although most of the species exhibit varying ability to carry over the virus to the eggs/nymphs of their offspring via transovarial transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Guo
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yan-Ni Shu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yao Chi
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yin-Quan Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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72
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Ramos RS, Kumar L, Shabani F, da Silva RS, de Araújo TA, Picanço MC. Climate model for seasonal variation in Bemisia tabaci using CLIMEX in tomato crops. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2019; 63:281-291. [PMID: 30680622 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-018-01661-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, is considered one of the most important pests for tomato Solanum lycopersicum. The population density of this pest varies throughout the year in response to seasonal variation. Studies of seasonality are important to understand the ecological dynamics and insect population in crops and help to identify which seasons have the best climatic conditions for the growth and development of this insect species. In this research, we used CLIMEX to estimate the seasonal abundance of a species in relation to climate over time and species geographical distribution. Therefore, this research is designed to infer the mechanisms affecting population processes, rather than simply provide an empirical description of field observations based on matching patterns of meteorological data. In this research, we identified monthly suitability for Bemisia tabaci, with the climate models, for 12 commercial tomato crop locations through CLIMEX (version 4.0). We observed that B. tabaci displays seasonality with increased abundance in tomato crops during March, April, May, June, October and November (first year) and during March, April, May, September and October (second year) in all monitored areas. During this period, our model demonstrated a strong agreement between B. tabaci density and CLIMEX weekly growth index (GIw), which indicates significant reliability of our model results. Our results may be useful to design sampling and control strategies, in periods and locations when there is high suitability for B. tabaci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Soares Ramos
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil.
- Ecosystem Management, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England (UNE), Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia.
| | - Lalit Kumar
- Ecosystem Management, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England (UNE), Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Farzin Shabani
- Ecosystem Management, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England (UNE), Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
- Biological Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
| | | | - Tamíris Alves de Araújo
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Coutinho Picanço
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
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73
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Kliot A, Kontsedalov S, Lebedev G, Czosnek H, Ghanim M. Combined infection with Tomato yellow leaf curl virus and Rickettsia influences fecundity, attraction to infected plants and expression of immunity-related genes in the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:721-731. [PMID: 30762513 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently shown that Rickettsia, a secondary facultative bacterial symbiont that infects the whitefly B. tabaci is implicated in the transmission of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). Infection with Rickettsia improved the acquisition and transmission of the virus by B. tabaci adults. Here we performed a transcriptomic analysis with Rickettsia-infected and uninfected B. tabaci adults before and after TYLCV acquisition. The results show a dramatic and specific activation of the immune system in the presence of Rickettsia before TYLCV acquisition. However, when TYLCV was acquired, it induced massive activation of gene expression in the Rickettsia uninfected population, whereas in the Rickettsia-infected population the virus induced massive down-regulation of gene expression. Fitness and choice experiments revealed that while Rickettsia-infected whiteflies are always more attracted to TYLCV-infected plants, this attraction is not always beneficiary for their offspring. These studies further confirm the role of Rickettsia in many aspects of B. tabaci interactions with TYLCV, and possibly serves as an important factor in the dissemination of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Kliot
- 1Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel.,2Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Galina Lebedev
- 1Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Henryk Czosnek
- 2Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Murad Ghanim
- 1Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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74
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Grover S, Jindal V, Banta G, Taning CNT, Smagghe G, Christiaens O. Potential of RNA interference in the study and management of the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 100:e21522. [PMID: 30484903 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Whiteflies cause considerable losses to crops, directly by feeding, and indirectly by transmission of viruses. The current control methods consist of a combination of different control tactics, mainly still relying on unsafe and non-ecofriendly chemical control. RNA interference (RNAi) is a post-transcriptional gene-silencing strategy in which double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), corresponding specifically to a target gene, is introduced in a target organism. Research on RNAi in the previous decade has shown its success as a potential insect control strategy, which can be highly species-specific and environment friendly. In whiteflies, the success of dsRNA delivery through the oral route opened possibilities for its management through plant-mediated RNAi. To date, several genes have been targeted in whiteflies through RNAi and these assays demonstrated its potential to manage whiteflies at lab level. However, further research and investments are needed to move toward an application at field level. In this review, for the first time, we collected the literature on genes targeted for silencing via RNAi in whiteflies and discuss the potential of RNAi in whitefly pest control. We also discuss likely delivery methods, including transgenic in planta delivery and symbiont-mediated delivery, and its potential for studying and interfering with insecticide resistance mechanisms and virus transmission by whiteflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjan Grover
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Vikas Jindal
- Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Geetika Banta
- Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Clauvis Nji Tizi Taning
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier Christiaens
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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75
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Altinli M, Soms J, Ravallec M, Justy F, Bonneau M, Weill M, Gosselin-Grenet AS, Sicard M. Sharing cells with Wolbachia: the transovarian vertical transmission of Culex pipiens densovirus. Environ Microbiol 2018; 21:3284-3298. [PMID: 30585387 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Culex pipiens densovirus (CpDV), a single stranded DNA virus, has been isolated from Culex pipiens mosquitoes but differs from other mosquito densoviruses in terms of genome structure and sequence identity. Its transmission from host to host, the nature of its interactions with both its host and host's endosymbiotic bacteria Wolbachia are not known. Here, we report the presence of CpDV in the ovaries and eggs of Cx. pipiens mosquitoes in close encounters with Wolbachia. In the ovaries, CpDV amount significantly differed between mosquito lines harbouring different strains of Wolbachia and these differences were not linked to variations in Wolbachia densities. CpDV was vertically transmitted in all laboratory lines to 17%-20% of the offspring. For some females, however, the vertical transmission reached 90%. Antibiotic treatment that cured the host from Wolbachia significantly decreased both CpDV quantity and vertical transmission suggesting an impact of host microbiota, including Wolbachia, on CpDV transmission. Overall our results show that CpDV is transmitted vertically via transovarian path along with Wolbachia with which it shares the same cells. Our results are primordial to understand the dynamics of densovirus infection, their persistence and spread in populations considering their potential use in the regulation of mosquito vector populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mine Altinli
- ISEM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Julien Soms
- ISEM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Marc Ravallec
- DGIMI, University of Montpellier, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabienne Justy
- ISEM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Manon Bonneau
- ISEM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Mylene Weill
- ISEM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Mathieu Sicard
- ISEM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
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76
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Zhao D, Hoffmann AA, Zhang Z, Niu H, Guo H. Interactions Between Facultative Symbionts Hamiltonella and Cardinium in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodoidea): Cooperation or Conflict? JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 111:2660-2666. [PMID: 30265339 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Maternally-inherited facultative symbionts are widespread in most insect species, and it is common that several symbionts coexist in the same host individual. Hence, the symbionts may compete or share for the limited resources and space in the host. The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodoidea), harbors a diverse array of facultative symbionts, among which Hamiltonella sp. and Cardinium sp. are abundant species. Hamiltonella alone increases host fitness, while Cardinium alone confers lower fitness. Locking those different partners together creates ideal situations for the evolution of interactions between symbionts. In this study, we compared the fitness effects of whiteflies infected with only Hamiltonella to Hamiltonella-Cardnium co-infected whiteflies and measured the density of Hamiltonella and Cardinium during host aging, aiming to explore Hamiltonella-Cardinium interactions in B. tabaci. Our results illustrated that Hamiltonella-Cardinium coinfection induced lower fecundity, egg hatchability and number of female offspring, leading to a male-biased sex ratio in offspring, while there is no evidence for reproductive incompatibility between the infections. We also found an antagonistic interaction between Hamiltonella and Cardinium given that the density of the latter increased across time and led to a decrease of Hamiltonella density, which may be the underlying causes of the fitness cost in double-infected B. tabaci. Exploring the ecological consequences of co-infections of these different symbionts helps us to understand the nature of host-symbiont interactions in this species and potential for evolutionary conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxiao Zhao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences, Bio 21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zhichun Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongtao Niu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Huifang Guo
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
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de Moraes LA, Muller C, Bueno RCODF, Santos A, Bello VH, De Marchi BR, Watanabe LFM, Marubayashi JM, Santos BR, Yuki VA, Takada HM, de Barros DR, Neves CG, da Silva FN, Gonçalves MJ, Ghanim M, Boykin L, Pavan MA, Krause-Sakate R. Distribution and phylogenetics of whiteflies and their endosymbiont relationships after the Mediterranean species invasion in Brazil. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14589. [PMID: 30275487 PMCID: PMC6167372 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32913-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bemisia tabaci is a polyphagous insect and a successful vector of plant viruses. B. tabaci is a species complex and in Brazil native species from the New World (NW) group, as well as the invasive species, Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) and Mediterranean (MED) were reported. For better understanding the distribution of the different species four years after the Mediterranean species invasion in Brazil, whiteflies were collected from 237 locations throughout the country between the years of 2013 and 2017, species were identified and the facultative endosymbionts detected. The survey revealed that MEAM1 was the prevalent species found on major crops across Brazil. It is the only species present in North, Northwestern and Central Brazil and was associated with virus-infected plants. MED was found in five States from Southeast to South regions, infesting mainly ornamental plants and was not associated with virus-infected plants. The prevalent endosymbionts identified in MEAM1 were Hamiltonella and Rickettsia; and the mtCOI analysis revealed low genetic diversity for MEAM1. In contrast, several different endosymbionts were identified in MED including Hamiltonella, Rickettsia, Wolbachia and Arsenophonus; and two distinct genetic groups were found based on the mtCOI analysis. Monitoring the distribution of the whiteflies species in Brazil is essential for proper management of this pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Aparecida de Moraes
- São Paulo State University, UNESP-FCA, Department of Plant Protection, CEP, 18610-034, Botucatu, (SP), Brazil
| | | | | | - Antônio Santos
- Corteva Agriscience, 13801-540, Mogi-Mirim, (SP), Brazil
| | - Vinicius Henrique Bello
- São Paulo State University, UNESP-FCA, Department of Plant Protection, CEP, 18610-034, Botucatu, (SP), Brazil
| | - Bruno Rossitto De Marchi
- São Paulo State University, UNESP-FCA, Department of Plant Protection, CEP, 18610-034, Botucatu, (SP), Brazil
| | | | - Julio Massaharu Marubayashi
- São Paulo State University, UNESP-FCA, Department of Plant Protection, CEP, 18610-034, Botucatu, (SP), Brazil
| | - Beatriz Rosa Santos
- São Paulo State University, UNESP-FCA, Department of Plant Protection, CEP, 18610-034, Botucatu, (SP), Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Carolina Garcia Neves
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Department of Plant Protection, CEP, 96010-610, Pelotas, (RS), Brazil
| | - Fábio Nascimento da Silva
- Santa Catarina State University UDESC, Department of Agronomy/Plant Pathology, 88520-000, Lages, (SC), Brazil
| | - Mayra Juline Gonçalves
- Santa Catarina State University UDESC, Department of Agronomy/Plant Pathology, 88520-000, Lages, (SC), Brazil
| | - Murad Ghanim
- Institute of Plant Protection, Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Laura Boykin
- The University of Western Australia, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Crawley, Perth, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Marcelo Agenor Pavan
- São Paulo State University, UNESP-FCA, Department of Plant Protection, CEP, 18610-034, Botucatu, (SP), Brazil
| | - Renate Krause-Sakate
- São Paulo State University, UNESP-FCA, Department of Plant Protection, CEP, 18610-034, Botucatu, (SP), Brazil.
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Macfadyen S, Paull C, Boykin L, De Barro P, Maruthi M, Otim M, Kalyebi A, Vassão D, Sseruwagi P, Tay W, Delatte H, Seguni Z, Colvin J, Omongo C. Cassava whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in East African farming landscapes: a review of the factors determining abundance. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2018; 108:565-582. [PMID: 29433589 PMCID: PMC7672366 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485318000032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a pest species complex that causes widespread damage to cassava, a staple food crop for millions of households in East Africa. Species in the complex cause direct feeding damage to cassava and are the vectors of multiple plant viruses. Whilst significant work has gone into developing virus-resistant cassava cultivars, there has been little research effort aimed at understanding the ecology of these insect vectors. Here we assess critically the knowledge base relating to factors that may lead to high population densities of sub-Saharan African (SSA) B. tabaci species in cassava production landscapes of East Africa. We focus first on empirical studies that have examined biotic or abiotic factors that may lead to high populations. We then identify knowledge gaps that need to be filled to deliver sustainable management solutions. We found that whilst many hypotheses have been put forward to explain the increases in abundance witnessed since the early 1990s, there are little published data and these tend to have been collected in a piecemeal manner. The most critical knowledge gaps identified were: (i) understanding how cassava cultivars and alternative host plants impact population dynamics and natural enemies; (ii) the impact of natural enemies in terms of reducing the frequency of outbreaks and (iii) the use and management of insecticides to delay the development of resistance. In addition, there are several fundamental methodologies that need to be developed and deployed in East Africa to address some of the more challenging knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Macfadyen
- CSIRO, Clunies Ross St. Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Author for correspondence Phone: +61 (02) 62464432 Fax: +61 (02) 62464094
| | - C. Paull
- CSIRO, Boggo Rd. Dutton Park, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - L.M. Boykin
- University of Western Australia, School of Molecular Sciences, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - P. De Barro
- CSIRO, Boggo Rd. Dutton Park, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - M.N. Maruthi
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - M. Otim
- National Crops Resources Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | - A. Kalyebi
- National Crops Resources Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda
- Mikocheni Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 6226 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - D.G. Vassão
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell Str. 8 D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - P. Sseruwagi
- Mikocheni Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 6226 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - W.T. Tay
- CSIRO, Boggo Rd. Dutton Park, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - H. Delatte
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Saint Pierre, La Réunion 97410-F, France
| | - Z. Seguni
- Mikocheni Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 6226 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - J. Colvin
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - C.A. Omongo
- National Crops Resources Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda
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79
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Chen G, Su Q, Shi X, Pan H, Jiao X, Zhang Y. Persistently Transmitted Viruses Restrict the Transmission of Other Viruses by Affecting Their Vectors. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1261. [PMID: 30327608 PMCID: PMC6174246 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse pathogens, plant hosts, insect vectors, and non-vector herbivores coexist and interact in natural systems. An example is the cooccurrence of insects Bemisia tabaci Q and Frankliniella occidentalis and the pathogens tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) on the same plant. In addition, both TYLCV and TSWV are persistently transmitted in these insect species. However, TSWV reduces the fitness of B. tabaci Q; therefore, we investigated whether TSWV affects the transmission of TYLCV to tomato. Both TYLCV and TSWV are persistently transmitted. Although B. tabaci Q cannot transmit TSWV, we found that this insect species is able to acquire and retain this virus serotype, indicating that the effects of TSWV on TYLCV transmission in the current study result from effects on the vector. The acquisition, retention, and transmission of TYLCV by B. tabaci Q were reduced when the insect vector contained TSWV. Additionally, the TYLCV acquisition and transmission by B. tabaci Q were reduced when the host plant was inoculated with TSWV before TYLCV or simultaneously with TYLCV. We also found that F. occidentalis fecundity and transmission of TSWV were reduced when F. occidentalis contained TYLCV. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that persistently transmitted viruses can restrict the transmission of other viruses by affecting their insect vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gong Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Qi Su
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xiaobin Shi
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huipeng Pan
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoguo Jiao
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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80
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Angelella G, Nalam V, Nachappa P, White J, Kaplan I. Endosymbionts Differentially Alter Exploratory Probing Behavior of a Nonpersistent Plant Virus Vector. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2018; 76:453-458. [PMID: 29290035 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-017-1133-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Insect endosymbionts (hereafter, symbionts) can modify plant virus epidemiology by changing the physiology or behavior of vectors, but their role in nonpersistent virus pathosystems remains uninvestigated. Unlike propagative and circulative viruses, nonpersistent plant virus transmission occurs via transient contamination of mouthparts, making direct interaction between symbiont and virus unlikely. Nonpersistent virus transmission occurs during exploratory intracellular punctures with styletiform mouthparts when vectors assess potential host-plant quality prior to phloem feeding. Therefore, we used an electrical penetration graph (EPG) to evaluate plant probing of the cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch, an important vector of cucurbit viruses, in the presence and absence of two facultative, intracellular symbionts. We tested four isolines of A. craccivora: two isolines were from a clone from black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), one infected with Arsenophonus sp. and one cured, and two derived from a clone from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), one infected with Hamiltonella defensa and one cured. We quantified exploratory intracellular punctures, indicated by a waveform potential drop recorded by the EPG, initiation speed and frequency within the initial 15 min on healthy and watermelon mosaic virus-infected pumpkins. Symbiont associations differentially modified exploratory intracellular puncture frequency by aphids, with H. defensa-infected aphids exhibiting depressed probing, and Arsenophonus-infected aphids an increased frequency of probing. Further, there was greater overall aphid probing on virus-infected plants, suggesting that viruses manipulate their vectors to enhance acquisition-transmission rates, independent of symbiont infection. These results suggest facultative symbionts differentially affect plant-host exploration behaviors and potentially nonpersistent virus transmission by vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Angelella
- Department Entomology, Purdue University, 901 West State St., Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
- Department Horticulture, Virginia Tech University, 33446 Research Dr., Painter, VA, 23420, USA.
| | - V Nalam
- Department Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne, 2101 E. Coliseum Blvd., Fort Wayne, IN, 46805, USA
| | - P Nachappa
- Department Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne, 2101 E. Coliseum Blvd., Fort Wayne, IN, 46805, USA
| | - J White
- Department Entomology, University of Kentucky, S-225 Agricultural Science Center N, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - I Kaplan
- Department Entomology, Purdue University, 901 West State St., Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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81
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Grigoras I, Vetten HJ, Commandeur U, Ziebell H, Gronenborn B, Timchenko T. Nanovirus DNA-N encodes a protein mandatory for aphid transmission. Virology 2018; 522:281-291. [PMID: 30071404 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nanoviruses possess a multipartite single-stranded DNA genome and are naturally transmitted to plants by various aphid species in a circulative non-propagative manner. Using the cloned genomic DNAs of faba bean necrotic stunt virus (FBNSV) for reconstituting nanovirus infections we analyzed the necessity of different virus components for infection and transmission by aphids. We found that in the absence of DNA-U1 and DNA-U2 symptom severity decreased, and in the absence of DNA-U1 the transmission efficiency decreased. Most significantly, we demonstrated that the protein encoded by DNA-N (NSP) is mandatory for aphid transmission. Moreover, we showed that the NSP of FBNSV could substitute for that of a distantly related nanovirus, pea necrotic yellow dwarf virus. Altering the FBNSV NSP by adding 13 amino acids to its carboxy-terminus resulted in an infectious but non-transmissible virus. We demonstrate that the NSP acts as a nanovirus transmission factor, the existence of which had been hypothesized earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Grigoras
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, CNRS, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | | | - Ulrich Commandeur
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology (Biology VII), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Heiko Ziebell
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Bundesforschungsinstitut für Kulturpflanzen, Institut für Epidemiologie und Pathogendiagnostik, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Bruno Gronenborn
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, CNRS, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France; Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, UMR 9198, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, CEA, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Tatiana Timchenko
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, CNRS, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France; Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, UMR 9198, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, CEA, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France.
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82
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Rossitto De Marchi B, Kinene T, Mbora Wainaina J, Krause-Sakate R, Boykin L. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals genetic diversity in the endosymbiont Hamiltonella between native and exotic populations of Bemisia tabaci from Brazil. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201411. [PMID: 30052670 PMCID: PMC6063447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, is a species complex of more than 40 cryptic species and a major agricultural pest. It causes extensive damage to plants mainly by transmitting plant viruses. There is still a lack of genomic data available for the different whitefly species found in Brazil and their bacterial endosymbionts. Understanding the genetic and transcriptomic composition of these insect pests, the viruses they transmit and the microbiota is crucial to sustainable solutions for farmers to control whiteflies. Illumina RNA-Seq was used to obtain the transcriptome of individual whiteflies from 10 different populations from Brazil including Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1), Mediterranean (MED) and New World 2 (NW2). Raw reads were assembled using CLC Genomics Workbench and subsequently mapped to reference genomes. We obtained whitefly complete mitochondrial genomes and draft genomes from the facultative bacterial endosymbiont Hamiltonella for further phylogenetic analyses. In addition, nucleotide sequences of the GroEL chaperonin gene from Hamiltonella from different populations were obtained and analysed. There was concordance in the species clustering using the whitefly complete mitogenome and the mtCOI gene tree. On the other hand, the phylogenetic analysis using the 12 ORF's of Hamiltonella clustered the native species NW2 apart from the exotics MEAM1 and MED. In addition, the amino acid analysis of GroEL chaperonin revealed a deletion only in Hamiltonella infecting NW2 among whiteflies populations analysed which was further confirmed by PCR and Sanger sequencing. The genomic data obtained in this study will aid understanding the functions that Hamiltonella may have in whitefly biology and serve as a reference for further studies regarding whiteflies in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tonny Kinene
- School of Molecular Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - James Mbora Wainaina
- School of Molecular Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Renate Krause-Sakate
- UNESP–Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agronomicas, Botucatu-SP, Brazil
| | - Laura Boykin
- School of Molecular Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, WA, Australia
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83
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Hrček J, Parker BJ, McLean AHC, Simon JC, Mann CM, Godfray HCJ. Hosts do not simply outsource pathogen resistance to protective symbionts. Evolution 2018; 72:1488-1499. [PMID: 29808565 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Microbial symbionts commonly protect their hosts from natural enemies, but it is unclear how protective symbionts influence the evolution of host immunity to pathogens. One possibility is that 'extrinsic' protection provided by symbionts allows hosts to reduce investment in 'intrinsic' immunological resistance mechanisms. We tested this idea using pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum) and their facultative bacterial symbionts that increase host resistance to the fungal pathogen Pandora neoaphidis. The pea aphid taxon is composed of multiple host plant associated populations called biotypes, which harbor characteristic communities of symbionts. We found that biotypes that more frequently carry protective symbionts have higher, rather than lower, levels of intrinsic resistance. Within a biotype there was no difference in intrinsic resistance between clones that did and did not carry a protective symbiont. The host plant on which an aphid feeds did not strongly influence intrinsic resistance. We describe a simple conceptual model of the interaction between intrinsic and extrinsic resistance and suggest that our results may be explained by selection favoring both the acquisition of protective symbionts and enhanced intrinsic resistance in habitats with high pathogen pressure. Such combined protection is potentially more robust than intrinsic resistance alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hrček
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
- Current address: Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, Branisovska 31, Ceske Budejovice 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Benjamin J Parker
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
- Present address: Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Hutchison Hall, Box 270211, Rochester, New York 14627
| | - Ailsa H C McLean
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Christophe Simon
- Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, UMR 1349 INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université Rennes 1, 35653 Le Rheu Cedex 5, France
| | - Ciara M Mann
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
| | - H Charles J Godfray
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
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84
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Lv ZH, Wei XY, Tao YL, Chu D. Differential susceptibility of whitefly-associated bacteria to antibiotic as revealed by metagenomics analysis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 63:24-29. [PMID: 29702243 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent reports have suggested that different symbionts of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) have differential susceptibility to antibiotic treatment. Changes in the community structure of B. tabaci-associated bacterial microbiota (BABM) following antibiotic treatment, however, remain poorly understood, although increasing numbers of B. tabaci-associated bacteria have been reported in recent years. METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS The BABM of male or female B. tabaci Q (also known as B. tabaci MED species) were analyzed after being fed on artificial diet containing the antibiotic rifampicin and compared with untreated controls. The bacterial 16S rDNA gene amplicon metagenomic sequencing method was used in the analyses. The results showed that the BABM in male and female adults have different characteristics, and that the community structure of the BABM changes drastically following antibiotic treatment. Further analysis of the endosymbionts in B. tabaci showed that the relative abundance of the primary endosymbiont, Portiera, increased in females but was unchanged in male whiteflies, while that of the secondary endosymbiont, Hamiltonella, significantly decreased in both male and female whiteflies. The secondary endosymbionts, Cardinium and Rickettsia, were apparently not affected in either male or female whiteflies. CONCLUSIONS The community structure of BABM can be drastically altered following treatment with the antibiotic, rifampicin. This may be due to different antibiotic susceptibilities among the bacterial species. These results provide valuable insights into the innate differences in the BABM of male and female whiteflies, as well as structural changes that occur in the BABM in response to exposure to an antibiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Hong Lv
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Wei
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yun-Li Tao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Dong Chu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
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85
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Xie W, Yang X, Chen C, Yang Z, Guo L, Wang D, Huang J, Zhang H, Wen Y, Zhao J, Wu Q, Wang S, Coates BS, Zhou X, Zhang Y. The invasive MED/Q Bemisia tabaci genome: a tale of gene loss and gene gain. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:68. [PMID: 29357812 PMCID: PMC5778671 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4448-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci MED/Q and MEAM1/B, are two economically important invasive species that cause considerable damages to agriculture crops through direct feeding and indirect vectoring of plant pathogens. Recently, a draft genome of B. tabaci MED/Q has been assembled. In this study, we focus on the genomic comparison between MED/Q and MEAM1/B, with a special interest in MED/Q's genomic signatures that may contribute to the highly invasive nature of this emerging insect pest. RESULTS The genomes of both species share similarity in syntenic blocks, but have significant divergence in the gene coding sequence. Expansion of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and UDP glycosyltransferases in MED/Q and MEAM1/B genome is functionally validated for mediating insecticide resistance in MED/Q using in vivo RNAi. The amino acid biosynthesis pathways in MED/Q genome are partitioned among the host and endosymbiont genomes in a manner distinct from other hemipterans. Evidence of horizontal gene transfer to the host genome may explain their obligate relationship. Putative loss-of-function in the immune deficiency-signaling pathway due to the gene loss is a shared ancestral trait among hemipteran insects. CONCLUSIONS The expansion of detoxification genes families, such as P450s, may contribute to the development of insecticide resistance traits and a broad host range in MED/Q and MEAM1/B, and facilitate species' invasions into intensively managed cropping systems. Numerical and compositional changes in multiple gene families (gene loss and gene gain) in the MED/Q genome sets a foundation for future hypothesis testing that will advance our understanding of adaptation, viral transmission, symbiosis, and plant-insect-pathogen tritrophic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xie
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | | | - Zezhong Yang
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Litao Guo
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Dan Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | | | | | - Yanan Wen
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | | | - Qingjun Wu
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shaoli Wang
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Brad S Coates
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Corn Insects & Crop Genetics Research Unit, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, S-225 Agricultural Science Center North, Lexington, KY, 40546-0091, USA.
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.
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86
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Shi X, Tang X, Zhang X, Zhang D, Li F, Yan F, Zhang Y, Zhou X, Liu Y. Transmission Efficiency, Preference and Behavior of Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 and MED under the Influence of Tomato Chlorosis Virus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 8:2271. [PMID: 29387077 PMCID: PMC5776130 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV, genus Crinivirus, family Closteroviridae) is an economically important virus in more than 20 countries. In China, ToCV was first detected in 2013 and has already spread throughout the country. ToCV is transmitted in a semi-persistent manner by the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, but not seed. In the past two decades, the most invasive MEAM1 and MED have replaced the indigenous B. tabaci in China, and currently MED is the most dominant cryptic species. To better understand the prevalence of ToCV with their vectors, we tested the hypothesis that the rapid spread of ToCV in China is closely related to the dominance of MED. ToCV acquisition and accumulation rate following transmission was significantly higher by MED than MEAM1. In addition, ToCV persisted for more than 4 days in MED but only 2 days in MEAM1. Viruliferous MED preferred non-infected over virus-infected plants, although MED performed better on infected than on non-infected plants. Our combined results support the initial hypothesis that the rapid spread of ToCV is associated with the spread of B. tabaci MED in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Pest Management of Horticultural Crop of Hunan Province, Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Tang
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Deyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pest Management of Horticultural Crop of Hunan Province, Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha, China
| | - Fan Li
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Fei Yan
- Institute of Virus and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Yong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pest Management of Horticultural Crop of Hunan Province, Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha, China
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87
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Jia D, Chen Q, Mao Q, Zhang X, Wu W, Chen H, Yu X, Wang Z, Wei T. Vector mediated transmission of persistently transmitted plant viruses. Curr Opin Virol 2018; 28:127-132. [PMID: 29306179 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Many vector-borne plant viruses of agricultural importance are persistently transmitted from plant to plant by sap-sucking insects. So far, the mechanisms for vector-mediated horizontal transmission of the viruses to plant hosts and for vertical transmission to insect offspring have been poorly understood. During horizontal transmission, intact virions or virus-induced inclusions are exploited by persistently transmitted viruses to overcome the midgut and salivary gland barriers. The existing oocyte entry paths used by vitellogenin or symbiont bacteria can mediate the vertical transmission of viruses by female insects. We hypothesize that the viruses may also be vertically transmitted by male insects via attachment to the surface of sperm. Inhibiting vertical transmission of the viruses by insect vectors in the overwintering season unfavorable for horizontal transmission may open new perspectives for viral control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Jia
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Vector-borne Viruses Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Chen
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Vector-borne Viruses Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianzhuo Mao
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Vector-borne Viruses Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Vector-borne Viruses Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wu
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Vector-borne Viruses Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Vector-borne Viruses Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangzhen Yu
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Vector-borne Viruses Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Vector-borne Viruses Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Taiyun Wei
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Vector-borne Viruses Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
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Ghosh S, Bouvaine S, Richardson SCW, Ghanim M, Maruthi MN. Fitness costs associated with infections of secondary endosymbionts in the cassava whitefly species Bemisia tabaci. JOURNAL OF PEST SCIENCE 2018; 91:17-28. [PMID: 29367840 PMCID: PMC5750334 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-017-0910-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the dual effects of bacterial infections and diseased cassava plants on the fitness and biology of the Bemisia tabaci infesting cassava in Africa. Isofemale B. tabaci colonies of sub-Saharan Africa 1-subgroup 3 (SSA1-SG3), infected with two secondary endosymbiotic bacteria Arsenophonus and Rickettsia (AR+) and those free of AR infections (AR-), were compared for fitness parameters on healthy and East African cassava mosaic virus-Uganda variant (EACMV-UG)-infected cassava plants. The whitefly fecundity and nymph development was not affected by bacterial infections or the infection of cassava by the virus. However, emergence of adults from nymphs was 50 and 17% higher by AR- on healthy and virus-infected plants, respectively, than AR+ flies. Development time of adults also was 10 days longer in AR+ than AR-. The whiteflies were further compared for acquisition and retention of EACMV-UG. Higher proportion of AR- acquired (91.8%) and retained (87.6%) the virus than AR+ (71.8, 61.2%, respectively). Similarly, the AR- flies retained higher quantities of virus (~ninefold more) than AR+. These results indicated that bacteria-free whiteflies were superior and better transmitters of EACMV-UG, as they had higher adult emergence, quicker life cycle and better virus retention abilities than those infected with bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptarshi Ghosh
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB UK
| | - Sophie Bouvaine
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB UK
| | - Simon C. W. Richardson
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB UK
| | - Murad Ghanim
- Volcani Center, ARO, HaMaccabim Road 68, PO Box 15159, 7528809 Rishon Le Tsiyon, Israel
| | - M. N. Maruthi
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB UK
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Abstract
Viruses transmitted by whiteflies are predominantly classified as having either persistent circulative or semipersistent transmission, and the majority of studies have addressed transmission of viruses in the genera Begomovirus (family Geminiviridae) and Crinivirus (family Closteroviridae), respectively. Early studies on vector transmission primarily addressed individual aspects of transmission; however, with the breadth of new technology now available, an increasingly greater number of studies involve coordinated research that is beginning to assemble a more complete picture of how whiteflies and viruses have coevolved to facilitate transmission. In particular the integration of gene expression and metabolomic studies into broader research topics is providing knowledge of changes within the whitefly vector in response to the presence of viruses that would have been impossible to identify previously. Examples include comparative studies on the response of Bemisia tabaci to begomovirus and crinivirus infection of common host plants, evolution of whitefly endosymbiont relationships, and opportunities to evaluate responses to specific transmission-related events. Integration of metabolomics, as well as the application of electrical penetration graphing, can lead to an ability to monitor the changes that occur in vector insects associated with specific aspects of virus transmission. Through gaining more complete knowledge of the mechanisms behind whitefly transmission of viruses new control strategies will undoubtedly emerge for control of whiteflies and the viruses they transmit.
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90
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Hong Y, Yi T, Tan X, Su J, Ge F. Microbes affected the TYLCCNV transmission rate by the Q biotype whitefly under high O 3. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14412. [PMID: 29089507 PMCID: PMC5663716 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14023-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Ozone (O3) is a major air pollutant that has a profound effect on whole ecosystems. In this study we studied how hO3 affected the transmission of the Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV), a begomovirus, by the Q biotype Bemisia tabaci in a persistent, circulative manner. We found hO3 affected the transmission of TYLCCNV via the effect of it on the microbial community of the transmitting insect, such as Candidatus Hamiltonella, Ralstonia, Diaphorobacter, Caldilineaceae, Deinococcus, Rickettsia, Thysanophora penicillioides and Wallemia ichthyophaga. We concluded that hO3 decreased the resistance of acquiring virus tomatoes, and decreased the immune response and increased the endurance to extreme environments of viruliferous whiteflies by altering the composition and abundance of the microbial environments inside the body and on the surface of whitefly, as a result, it enhanced the TYLCV transmission rate by the Q biotype whitefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyun Hong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Pests, College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tuyong Yi
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Pests, College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoling Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianwei Su
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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91
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Skaljac M, Kanakala S, Zanic K, Puizina J, Pleic IL, Ghanim M. Diversity and Phylogenetic Analyses of Bacterial Symbionts in Three Whitefly Species from Southeast Europe. INSECTS 2017; 8:insects8040113. [PMID: 29053633 PMCID: PMC5746796 DOI: 10.3390/insects8040113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), and Siphoninus phillyreae (Haliday) are whitefly species that harm agricultural crops in many regions of the world. These insects live in close association with bacterial symbionts that affect host fitness and adaptation to the environment. In the current study, we surveyed the infection of whitefly populations in Southeast Europe by various bacterial symbionts and performed phylogenetic analyses on the different symbionts detected. Arsenophonus and Hamiltonella were the most prevalent symbionts in all three whitefly species. Rickettsia was found to infect mainly B. tabaci, while Wolbachia mainly infected both B. tabaci and S. phillyreae. Furthermore, Cardinium was rarely found in the investigated whitefly populations, while Fritschea was never found in any of the whitefly species tested. Phylogenetic analyses revealed a diversity of several symbionts (e.g., Hamiltonella, Arsenophonus, Rickettsia), which appeared in several clades. Reproductively isolated B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum shared the same (or highly similar) Hamiltonella and Arsenophonus, while these symbionts were distinctive in S. phillyreae. Interestingly, Arsenophonus from S. phillyreae did not cluster with any of the reported sequences, which could indicate the presence of Arsenophonus, not previously associated with whiteflies. In this study, symbionts (Wolbachia, Rickettsia, and Cardinium) known to infect a wide range of insects each clustered in the same clades independently of the whitefly species. These results indicate horizontal transmission of bacterial symbionts between reproductively isolated whitefly species, a mechanism that can establish new infections that did not previously exist in whiteflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Skaljac
- Department of Applied Sciences, Institute for Adriatic Crops, Put Duilova 11, Split 21000, Croatia.
- Department of Entomology, Agricultural Research Organization, Institute of Plant Protection, the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Bioresources Project Group, Winchesterstrasse 2, 35394 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Surapathrudu Kanakala
- Department of Entomology, Agricultural Research Organization, Institute of Plant Protection, the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
| | - Katja Zanic
- Department of Applied Sciences, Institute for Adriatic Crops, Put Duilova 11, Split 21000, Croatia.
| | - Jasna Puizina
- Faculty of Science, University of Split, Rudera Boskovica 33, Split 21000, Croatia.
| | - Ivana Lepen Pleic
- Laboratory for Aquaculture, Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Setaliste Ivana Mestrovica 62, Split 21000, Croatia.
| | - Murad Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, Agricultural Research Organization, Institute of Plant Protection, the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
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92
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Czosnek H, Hariton-Shalev A, Sobol I, Gorovits R, Ghanim M. The Incredible Journey of Begomoviruses in Their Whitefly Vector. Viruses 2017; 9:E273. [PMID: 28946649 PMCID: PMC5691625 DOI: 10.3390/v9100273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Begomoviruses are vectored in a circulative persistent manner by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. The insect ingests viral particles with its stylets. Virions pass along the food canal and reach the esophagus and the midgut. They cross the filter chamber and the midgut into the haemolymph, translocate into the primary salivary glands and are egested with the saliva into the plant phloem. Begomoviruses have to cross several barriers and checkpoints successfully, while interacting with would-be receptors and other whitefly proteins. The bulk of the virus remains associated with the midgut and the filter chamber. In these tissues, viral genomes, mainly from the tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) family, may be transcribed and may replicate. However, at the same time, virus amounts peak, and the insect autophagic response is activated, which in turn inhibits replication and induces the destruction of the virus. Some begomoviruses invade tissues outside the circulative pathway, such as ovaries and fat cells. Autophagy limits the amounts of virus associated with these organs. In this review, we discuss the different sites begomoviruses need to cross to complete a successful circular infection, the role of the coat protein in this process and the sites that balance between virus accumulation and virus destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henryk Czosnek
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
| | - Aliza Hariton-Shalev
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
| | - Iris Sobol
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
| | - Rena Gorovits
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
| | - Murad Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, HaMaccabim Road 68, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel.
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93
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Francisella-Like Endosymbionts and Rickettsia Species in Local and Imported Hyalomma Ticks. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.01302-17. [PMID: 28710265 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01302-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyalomma ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) are hosts for Francisella-like endosymbionts (FLE) and may serve as vectors of zoonotic disease agents. This study aimed to provide an initial characterization of the interaction between Hyalomma and FLE and to determine the prevalence of pathogenic Rickettsia in these ticks. Hyalomma marginatum, Hyalomma rufipes, Hyalommadromedarii, Hyalommaaegyptium, and Hyalommaexcavatum ticks, identified morphologically and molecularly, were collected from different hosts and locations representing the distribution of the genus Hyalomma in Israel, as well as from migratory birds. A high prevalence of FLE was found in all Hyalomma species (90.6%), as well as efficient maternal transmission of FLE (91.8%), and the localization of FLE in Malpighian tubules, ovaries, and salivary glands in H. marginatum Furthermore, we demonstrated strong cophylogeny between FLE and their host species. Contrary to FLE, the prevalence of Rickettsia ranged from 2.4% to 81.3% and was significantly different between Hyalomma species, with a higher prevalence in ticks collected from migratory birds. Using ompA gene sequences, most of the Rickettsia spp. were similar to Rickettsiaaeschlimannii, while a few were similar to Rickettsiaafricae of the spotted fever group (SFG). Given their zoonotic importance, 249 ticks were tested for Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus infection, and all were negative. The results imply that Hyalomma and FLE have obligatory symbiotic interactions, indicating a potential SFG Rickettsia zoonosis risk. A further understanding of the possible influence of FLE on Hyalomma development, as well as on its infection with Rickettsia pathogens, may lead to novel ways to control tick-borne zoonoses.IMPORTANCE This study shows that Francisella-like endosymbionts were ubiquitous in Hyalomma, were maternally transmitted, and cospeciated with their hosts. These findings imply that the interaction between FLE and Hyalomma is of an obligatory nature. It provides an example of an integrative taxonomy approach to simply differentiate among species infesting the same host and to identify nymphal and larval stages to be used in further studies. In addition, it shows the potential of imported Hyalomma ticks to serve as a vector for spotted fever group rickettsiae. The information gathered in this study can be further implemented in the development of symbiont-based disease control strategies for the benefit of human health.
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Karut K, Mete Karaca M, Döker I, Kazak C. Analysis of Species, Subgroups, and Endosymbionts of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) From Southwestern Cotton Fields in Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 46:1035-1040. [PMID: 28505238 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvx093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is one of the most important insect pests worldwide including Turkey. Although there are substantial data regarding species composition of Turkish B. tabaci populations, the situation is still not clear and further investigations are needed. Therefore, in this study, species and subgroups of B. tabaci collected from cotton fields in southwestern part of Turkey (Antalya, Aydın, Denizli, and Muğla) were determined using microsatellite analysis, AluI-based mtCOI polymerase chain reaction-random length polymorphism, and sequencing. Secondary endosymbionts were also determined using diagnostic species-specific PCR. Middle East Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1), Mediterranean (MED) Q1, and MED Q2 were the species and subgroups found in this study. The MED species (85.3%) were found to be more dominant than MEAM1. Species status of B. tabaci varied depending on the location. Although all samples collected from Aydın were found to be Q1, three species and subgroups were found in Muğla. Secondary endosymbionts varied according to species and subgroups. Arsenophonus was found only from Q2, while Hamiltonella was detected in MEAM1 and Q1. In addition, high Rickettsia and low Wolbachia infections were detected in MEAM1 and Q1 populations, respectively. In conclusion, for the first time, we report the presence and symbiotic communities of Q1 from Turkey. We also found that the symbiont complement of the Q1 is more congruent with Q1 from Greece than other regions of the world, which may have some interesting implications for movement of this invasive subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Karut
- Agricultural Faculty, Department of Plant Protection, Laboratory of Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Çukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - M Mete Karaca
- Agricultural Faculty, Department of Plant Protection, Laboratory of Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Çukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Ismail Döker
- Agricultural Faculty, Department of Plant Protection, Laboratory of Acarology, Çukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Cengiz Kazak
- Agricultural Faculty, Department of Plant Protection, Laboratory of Acarology, Çukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
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95
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Li S, Zhou C, Chen G, Zhou Y. Bacterial microbiota in small brown planthopper populations with different rice viruses. J Basic Microbiol 2017; 57:590-596. [PMID: 28471518 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201700004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The small brown planthopper (SBPH) is an important virus vector, transmitting Rice stripe virus (RSV), and Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV). Insect symbionts play an essential role in the insect fitness, however, it is still unclear about their contributions to viral transmission by SBPH. Here, we investigated endosymbiont communities in non-viruliferous, RSV-infected, and RBSDV-infected SBPH populations using Illumina 16S rRNA gene MiSeq sequencing. In total, 281,803 effective sequences of the 16S rRNA gene were generated from different samples. Sequence analysis revealed the percentages of these bacterial groups in different SBPH populations on several taxonomic levels ranging from phyla to genera. The extremely consistent bacterial diversity and abundance indicated that RSV or RBSDV infection did not affect the composition and abundance of symbionts in SBPH. It was notable that Wolbachia was dominant in all populations. The symbiosis between Wolbachia and SBPH might be potentially studied and utilized to control pest SBPH in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Changwei Zhou
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangyi Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yijun Zhou
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
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96
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Parker BJ, Hrček J, McLean AHC, Godfray HCJ. Genotype specificity among hosts, pathogens, and beneficial microbes influences the strength of symbiont-mediated protection. Evolution 2017; 71:1222-1231. [PMID: 28252804 PMCID: PMC5516205 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The microbial symbionts of eukaryotes influence disease resistance in many host-parasite systems. Symbionts show substantial variation in both genotype and phenotype, but it is unclear how natural selection maintains this variation. It is also unknown whether variable symbiont genotypes show specificity with the genotypes of hosts or parasites in natural populations. Genotype by genotype interactions are a necessary condition for coevolution between interacting species. Uncovering the patterns of genetic specificity among hosts, symbionts, and parasites is therefore critical for determining the role that symbionts play in host-parasite coevolution. Here, we show that the strength of protection conferred against a fungal pathogen by a vertically transmitted symbiont of an aphid is influenced by both host-symbiont and symbiont-pathogen genotype by genotype interactions. Further, we show that certain symbiont phylogenetic clades have evolved to provide stronger protection against particular pathogen genotypes. However, we found no evidence of reciprocal adaptation of co-occurring host and symbiont lineages. Our results suggest that genetic variation among symbiont strains may be maintained by antagonistic coevolution with their host and/or their host's parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Parker
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3PSUnited Kingdom
- Current Address: Department of BiologyUniversity of RochesterRochesterNY14627USA
| | - Jan Hrček
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3PSUnited Kingdom
- Current Address: Institute of EntomologyBiology Centre CAS, Branisovska 31Ceske Budejovice37005Czech Republic
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97
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Gorovits R, Czosnek H. The Involvement of Heat Shock Proteins in the Establishment of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus Infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:355. [PMID: 28360921 PMCID: PMC5352662 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), a begomovirus, induces protein aggregation in infected tomatoes and in its whitefly vector Bemisia tabaci. The interactions between TYLCV and HSP70 and HSP90 in plants and vectors are necessity for virus infection to proceed. In infected host cells, HSP70 and HSP90 are redistributed from a soluble to an aggregated state. These aggregates contain, together with viral DNA/proteins and virions, HSPs and components of the protein quality control system such as ubiquitin, 26S proteasome subunits, and the autophagy protein ATG8. TYLCV CP can form complexes with HSPs in tomato and whitefly. Nonetheless, HSP70 and HSP90 play different roles in the viral cell cycle in the plant host. In the infected host cell, HSP70, but not HSP90, participates in the translocation of CP from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. Viral amounts decrease when HSP70 is inhibited, but increase when HSP90 is downregulated. In the whitefly vector, HSP70 impairs the circulative transmission of TYLCV; its inhibition increases transmission. Hence, the efficiency of virus acquisition by whiteflies depends on the functionality of both plant chaperones and their cross-talk with other protein mechanisms controlling virus-induced aggregation.
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98
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Pinheiro PV, Ghanim M, Alexander M, Rebelo AR, Santos RS, Orsburn BC, Gray S, Cilia M. Host Plants Indirectly Influence Plant Virus Transmission by Altering Gut Cysteine Protease Activity of Aphid Vectors. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 16:S230-S243. [PMID: 27932519 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.063495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, is a vector of the Potato leafroll virus (PLRV, Luteoviridae), transmitted exclusively by aphids in a circulative manner. PLRV transmission efficiency was significantly reduced when a clonal lineage of M. persicae was reared on turnip as compared with the weed physalis, and this was a transient effect caused by a host-switch response. A trend of higher PLRV titer in physalis-reared aphids as compared with turnip-reared aphids was observed at 24 h and 72 h after virus acquisition. The major difference in the proteomes of these aphids was the up-regulation of predicted lysosomal enzymes, in particular the cysteine protease cathepsin B (cathB), in aphids reared on turnip. The aphid midgut is the site of PLRV acquisition, and cathB and PLRV localization were starkly different in midguts of the aphids reared on the two host plants. In viruliferous aphids that were reared on turnip, there was near complete colocalization of cathB and PLRV at the cell membranes, which was not observed in physalis-reared aphids. Chemical inhibition of cathB restored the ability of aphids reared on turnip to transmit PLRV in a dose-dependent manner, showing that the increased activity of cathB and other cysteine proteases at the cell membrane indirectly decreased virus transmission by aphids. Understanding how the host plant influences virus transmission by aphids is critical for growers to manage the spread of virus among field crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia V Pinheiro
- From the ‡Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853.,§Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853.,¶Embrapa Rice and Beans, Santo Antônio de Goiás 171, Brazil
| | - Murad Ghanim
- ‖Department of Entomology, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 5025001, Israel
| | - Mariko Alexander
- **Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Ana Rita Rebelo
- §Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Rogerio S Santos
- §Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | | | - Stewart Gray
- **Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.,§§USDA Agricultural Research Service, Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, New York
| | - Michelle Cilia
- From the ‡Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; .,**Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.,§§USDA Agricultural Research Service, Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, New York
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99
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Wang ZZ, Shi M, Huang YC, Wang XW, Stanley D, Chen XX. A peptidoglycan recognition protein acts in whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) immunity and involves in Begomovirus acquisition. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37806. [PMID: 27892529 PMCID: PMC5124967 DOI: 10.1038/srep37806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are multifunctional pattern recognition proteins. Here, we report that a PGRP gene, BtPGRP, encodes a PGRP from the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (MEAM1) that binds and kills bacteria in vitro. We analyzed BtPGRP transcriptional profiling, and the distribution of the cognate protein within the midgut. Fungal infection and wasp parasitization induced expression of BtPGRP. Silencing BtPGRP with artificial media amended with dsRNA led to reduced expression of a gene encoding an antimicrobial peptide, B. tabaci c-type lysozyme. Begomovirus infection also led to increased expression of BtPGRP. We propose that BtPGRP has a potential Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) binding site because we detected in vitro interaction between BtPGRP and TYLCV by immunocapture PCR, and recorded the co-localization of TYLCV and BtPGRP in midguts. This work addresses a visible gap in understanding whitefly immunity and provides insight into how the whitefly immunity acts in complex mechanisms of Begomovirus transmission among plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Zhi Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Min Shi
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yi-Cun Huang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - David Stanley
- Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S., Department of Agriculture, 1503 S. Providence Road, Columbia MO 65203, USA
| | - Xue-Xin Chen
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Dietzgen RG, Mann KS, Johnson KN. Plant Virus-Insect Vector Interactions: Current and Potential Future Research Directions. Viruses 2016; 8:E303. [PMID: 27834855 PMCID: PMC5127017 DOI: 10.3390/v8110303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquisition and transmission by an insect vector is central to the infection cycle of the majority of plant pathogenic viruses. Plant viruses can interact with their insect host in a variety of ways including both non-persistent and circulative transmission; in some cases, the latter involves virus replication in cells of the insect host. Replicating viruses can also elicit both innate and specific defense responses in the insect host. A consistent feature is that the interaction of the virus with its insect host/vector requires specific molecular interactions between virus and host, commonly via proteins. Understanding the interactions between plant viruses and their insect host can underpin approaches to protect plants from infection by interfering with virus uptake and transmission. Here, we provide a perspective focused on identifying novel approaches and research directions to facilitate control of plant viruses by better understanding and targeting virus-insect molecular interactions. We also draw parallels with molecular interactions in insect vectors of animal viruses, and consider technical advances for their control that may be more broadly applicable to plant virus vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf G Dietzgen
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Krin S Mann
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland Research and Development Centre, Summerland, BC V0H 1Z0, Canada.
| | - Karyn N Johnson
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia.
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