51
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Orning P, Weng D, Starheim K, Ratner D, Best Z, Lee B, Brooks A, Xia S, Wu H, Kelliher MA, Berger SB, Gough PJ, Bertin J, Proulx MM, Goguen JD, Kayagaki N, Fitzgerald KA, Lien E. Pathogen blockade of TAK1 triggers caspase-8-dependent cleavage of gasdermin D and cell death. Science 2018; 362:1064-1069. [PMID: 30361383 DOI: 10.1126/science.aau2818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 646] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Limited proteolysis of gasdermin D (GSDMD) generates an N-terminal pore-forming fragment that controls pyroptosis in macrophages. GSDMD is processed via inflammasome-activated caspase-1 or -11. It is currently unknown whether macrophage GSDMD can be processed by other mechanisms. Here, we describe an additional pathway controlling GSDMD processing. The inhibition of TAK1 or IκB kinase (IKK) by the Yersinia effector protein YopJ elicits RIPK1- and caspase-8-dependent cleavage of GSDMD, which subsequently results in cell death. GSDMD processing also contributes to the NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent release of interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Thus, caspase-8 acts as a regulator of GSDMD-driven cell death. Furthermore, this study establishes the importance of TAK1 and IKK activity in the control of GSDMD cleavage and cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pontus Orning
- Program in Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Dan Weng
- Program in Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.,Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Kristian Starheim
- Program in Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Dmitry Ratner
- Program in Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Zachary Best
- Program in Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Bettina Lee
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Alexandria Brooks
- Program in Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Shiyu Xia
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michelle A Kelliher
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Scott B Berger
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-inflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Peter J Gough
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-inflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - John Bertin
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-inflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Megan M Proulx
- Department of Microbiology and Physiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Jon D Goguen
- Department of Microbiology and Physiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Nobuhiko Kayagaki
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Katherine A Fitzgerald
- Program in Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Egil Lien
- Program in Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA. .,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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52
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Jin Y, Zhang R, Wu W, Duan G. Innate Immunity Evasion by Enteroviruses Linked to Epidemic Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2422. [PMID: 30349526 PMCID: PMC6186807 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus (EV) infections are a major threat to global public health, and are responsible for mild respiratory illness, hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, aseptic meningitis, myocarditis, severe neonatal sepsis-like disease, and acute flaccid paralysis epidemic. Among them, HFMD is a common pediatric infectious disease caused by EVs of the family Picornaviridae including EV-A71, coxsackieviruses (CV)-A2, CV-A6, CV-A10, and CV-A16. Due to lack of vaccines and specific antiviral therapeutics, millions of children still suffer from HFMD. Innate immune system detects foreign invaders by means of a relatively limited number of sensors, such as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) [e.g., retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and NOD-like receptors (NLRs)] and even some secreted functional proteins. However, a range of research, highlighted in this review, suggest that EV-associated with HFMD have evolved different strategies to avoid detection by innate immunity via different proteases (e.g., 2A, 3C, 2C, and 3D). Ongoing efforts to better understand virus-host interactions that control innate immunity and then distill how that influences HFMD development promises to have real-world significance. In this review, we address this complex topic in nine sections including multiple proteins associated with PRR and type I interferon (IFN) signaling. Recognizing how EVs linked to HFMD evade host innate immune system, we also describe the interactions between them and, finally, suggest future directions to better inform drug development and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefei Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Rongguang Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weidong Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Guangcai Duan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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53
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Zhang Y, Li J, Li Q. Immune Evasion of Enteroviruses Under Innate Immune Monitoring. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1866. [PMID: 30154774 PMCID: PMC6102382 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As a major component of immunological defense against a great variety of pathogens, innate immunity is capable of activating the adaptive immune system. Viruses are a type of pathogen that proliferate parasitically in cells and have multiple strategies to escape from host immune pressure. Here, we review recent studies of the strategies and mechanisms by which enteroviruses evade innate immune monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Jingyan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Qihan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
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54
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Suppression of NF-κB Activity: A Viral Immune Evasion Mechanism. Viruses 2018; 10:v10080409. [PMID: 30081579 PMCID: PMC6115930 DOI: 10.3390/v10080409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is an important transcription factor that induces the expression of antiviral genes and viral genes. NF-κB activation needs the activation of NF-κB upstream molecules, which include receptors, adaptor proteins, NF-κB (IκB) kinases (IKKs), IκBα, and NF-κB dimer p50/p65. To survive, viruses have evolved the capacity to utilize various strategies that inhibit NF-κB activity, including targeting receptors, adaptor proteins, IKKs, IκBα, and p50/p65. To inhibit NF-κB activation, viruses encode several specific NF-κB inhibitors, including NS3/4, 3C and 3C-like proteases, viral deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), phosphodegron-like (PDL) motifs, viral protein phosphatase (PPase)-binding proteins, and small hydrophobic (SH) proteins. Finally, we briefly describe the immune evasion mechanism of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) by inhibiting NF-κB activity in productive and latent infections. This paper reviews a viral mechanism of immune evasion that involves the suppression of NF-κB activation to provide new insights into and references for the control and prevention of viral diseases.
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55
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Antiviral and Inflammatory Cellular Signaling Associated with Enterovirus 71 Infection. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040155. [PMID: 29597291 PMCID: PMC5923449 DOI: 10.3390/v10040155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection has become a major threat to global public health, especially in infants and young children. Epidemiological studies have indicated that EV71 infection is responsible for severe and even fatal cases of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). Accumulated evidence indicates that EV71 infection triggers a plethora of interactive signaling pathways, resulting in host immune evasion and inflammatory response. This review mainly covers the effects of EV71 infection on major antiviral and inflammatory cellular signal pathways. EV71 can activate cellular signaling networks including multiple cell surface and intracellular receptors, intracellular kinases, calcium flux, and transcription factors that regulate antiviral innate immunity and inflammatory response. Cellular signaling plays a critical role in the regulation of host innate immune and inflammatory pathogenesis. Elucidation of antiviral and inflammatory cellular signaling pathways initiated by EV71 will not only help uncover the potential mechanisms of EV71 infection-induced pathogenesis, but will also provide clues for the design of therapeutic strategies against EV71 infection.
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56
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Yuan J, Shen L, Wu J, Zou X, Gu J, Chen J, Mao L. Enterovirus A71 Proteins: Structure and Function. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:286. [PMID: 29515559 PMCID: PMC5826392 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) infection has grown to become a serious threat to global public health. It is one of the major causes of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in infants and young children. EV-A71 can also infect the central nervous system (CNS) and induce diverse neurological complications, such as brainstem encephalitis, aseptic meningitis, and acute flaccid paralysis, or even death. Viral proteins play a crucial role in EV-A71 infection. Many recent studies have discussed the structure and function of EV-A71 proteins, and the findings reported will definitely aid the development of vaccines and therapeutic approaches. This article reviews the progress in the research on the structure and function of EV-A71 proteins. Available literature can provide a basis for studying the pathogenesis of EV-A71 infection in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Clinical Laboratory, Danyang People's Hospital, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Shen
- Clinical Laboratory, Zhenjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xinran Zou
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jiaqi Gu
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lingxiang Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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57
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Morrey JD, Wang H, Hurst BL, Zukor K, Siddharthan V, Van Wettere AJ, Sinex DG, Tarbet EB. Causation of Acute Flaccid Paralysis by Myelitis and Myositis in Enterovirus-D68 Infected Mice Deficient in Interferon αβ/γ Receptor Deficient Mice. Viruses 2018; 10:E33. [PMID: 29329211 PMCID: PMC5795446 DOI: 10.3390/v10010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) caused a large outbreak in the summer and fall of 2014 in the United States. It causes serious respiratory disease, but causation of associated paralysis is controversial, because the virus is not routinely identified in cerebrospinal fluid. To establish clinical correlates with human disease, we evaluated EV-D68 infection in non-lethal paralysis mouse models. Ten-day-old mice lacking interferon responses were injected intraperitoneally with the virus. Paralysis developed in hindlimbs. After six weeks of paralysis, the motor neurons were depleted due to viral infection. Hindlimb muscles were also infected and degenerating. Even at the earliest stage of paralysis, muscles were still infected and were degenerating, in addition to presence of virus in the spinal cord. To model natural respiratory infection, five-day-old mice were infected intranasally with EV-D68. Two of the four infected mice developed forelimb paralysis. The affected limbs had muscle disease, but no spinal cord infection was detected. The unique contributions of this study are that EV-D68 causes paralysis in mice, and that causation by muscle disease, with or without spinal cord disease, may help to resolve the controversy that the virus can cause paralysis, even if it cannot be identified in cerebrospinal fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Morrey
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
| | - Hong Wang
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
| | - Brett L Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
| | - Katherine Zukor
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
| | - Venkatraman Siddharthan
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
| | - Arnaud J Van Wettere
- Utah Veterinary Diagnostics Laboratory, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 950 East 1400 North, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84341, USA.
| | - Donal G Sinex
- Department of Communication Disorders and Deaf Education, 2800 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
| | - E Bart Tarbet
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
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58
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Xie L, Lu B, Zheng Z, Miao Y, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Zheng C, Ke X, Hu Q, Wang H. The 3C protease of enterovirus A71 counteracts the activity of host zinc-finger antiviral protein (ZAP). J Gen Virol 2018; 99:73-85. [PMID: 29182509 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a positive-strand RNA virus that causes hand-foot-mouth disease and neurological complications in children and infants. Although the underlying mechanisms remain to be further defined, impaired immunity is thought to play an important role. The host zinc-finger antiviral protein (ZAP), an IFN-stimulated gene product, has been reported to specifically inhibit the replication of certain viruses. However, whether ZAP restricts the infection of enteroviruses remains unknown. Here, we report that EV-A71 infection upregulates ZAP mRNA in RD and HeLa cells. Moreover, ZAP overexpression rendered 293 T cells resistant to EV-A71 infection, whereas siRNA-mediated depletion of endogenous ZAP enhanced EV-A71 infection. The EV-A71 infection stimulated site-specific proteolysis of two ZAP isoforms, leading to the accumulation of a 40 kDa N-terminal ZAP fragment in virus-infected cells. We further revealed that the 3C protease (3Cpro) of EV-A71 mediates ZAP cleavage, which requires protease activity. Furthermore, ZAP variants with single amino acid substitutions at Gln-369 were resistant to 3Cpro cleavage, implying that Gln-369 is the sole cleavage site in ZAP. Moreover, although ZAP overexpression inhibited EV-A71 replication, the cleaved fragments did not show this effect. Our results indicate that an equilibrium between ZAP and enterovirus 3Cpro controls viral infection. The findings in this study suggest that viral 3Cpro mediated ZAP cleavage may represent a mechanism to escape host antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Baojing Lu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Zhenhua Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yuanjiu Miao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Caishang Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xianliang Ke
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Qinxue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Hanzhong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
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59
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Tao T, He Z, Shao Z, Lu H. TAB3 O-GlcNAcylation promotes metastasis of triple negative breast cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 7:22807-18. [PMID: 27009840 PMCID: PMC5008402 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is a post-translational modification that regulates a broad range of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins and is emerging as a key regulator of various biological processes. Although previous studies have shown that increased levels of global O-GlcNAcylation and O-GlcNActransferase are linked to the incidence of metastasis in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients, the molecular basis behind this is not fully understood. In this study, we have determined that the TAK1 binding protein 3 (TAB3) was O-GlcNAcylated at Ser408 by OGT in the TNBC, which was required for its Thr404 phosphorylation, TAK1 activation and downstream nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation in TNBC. O-GlcNAcylation of TAB3 was induced by p38 MAPK and it in turn enhances the TAK1 mediated p38MAPK activation, which forms the positive feedback loop in TAB3mediated NF-κB activation. In TNBC, TAB3O-GlcNAcylationmediated cell migration and invasion by activating its downstream NF-κB. The expression of TAB3 O-GlcNAcylation increased in TNBC patients, and it was significantly correlated with poor prognoses of the patients. Our study provides insights into the mechanism of TAB3 regulating activity and suggests its important implications in TNBC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tao
- Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Zhixian He
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, P.R. China
| | - Zhiming Shao
- Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Haojie Lu
- Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research Ministry of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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60
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Wang T, Wang B, Huang H, Zhang C, Zhu Y, Pei B, Cheng C, Sun L, Wang J, Jin Q, Zhao Z. Enterovirus 71 protease 2Apro and 3Cpro differentially inhibit the cellular endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway via distinct mechanisms, and enterovirus 71 hijacks ERAD component p97 to promote its replication. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006674. [PMID: 28985237 PMCID: PMC5650186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) is an important function for cellular homeostasis. The mechanism of how picornavirus infection interferes with ERAD remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection significantly inhibits cellular ERAD by targeting multiple key ERAD molecules with its proteases 2Apro and 3Cpro using different mechanisms. Ubc6e was identified as the key E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in EV71 disturbed ERAD. EV71 3Cpro cleaves Ubc6e at Q219G, Q260S, and Q273G. EV71 2Apro mainly inhibits the de novo synthesis of key ERAD molecules Herp and VIMP at the protein translational level. Herp differentially participates in the degradation of different glycosylated ERAD substrates α-1 antitrypsin Null Hong Kong (NHK) and the C-terminus of sonic hedgehog (SHH-C) via unknown mechanisms. p97 was identified as a host factor in EV71 replication; it redistributed and co-exists with the viral protein and other known replication-related molecules in EV71-induced replication organelles. Electron microscopy and multiple-color confocal assays also showed that EV71-induced membranous vesicles were closely associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and the ER membrane molecule RTN3 was redistributed to the viral replication complex during EV71 infection. Therefore, we propose that EV71 rearranges ER membranes and hijacks p97 from cellular ERAD to benefit its replication. These findings add to our understanding of how viruses disturb ERAD and provide potential anti-viral targets for EV71 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Bei Wang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - He Huang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Chongyang Zhang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yuanmei Zhu
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Bin Pei
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Chaofei Cheng
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lei Sun
- Center for Biological Imaging, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, IPB, CAMS-Fondation Mérieux, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
- * E-mail: (JWW); (QJ); (ZDZ)
| | - Qi Jin
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
- * E-mail: (JWW); (QJ); (ZDZ)
| | - Zhendong Zhao
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
- Center of Clinical Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
- CAMS-Oxford University International Center for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
- * E-mail: (JWW); (QJ); (ZDZ)
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61
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Lei J, Hilgenfeld R. RNA-virus proteases counteracting host innate immunity. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:3190-3210. [PMID: 28850669 PMCID: PMC7163997 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Virus invasion triggers host immune responses, in particular, innate immune responses. Pathogen‐associated molecular patterns of viruses (such as dsRNA, ssRNA, or viral proteins) released during virus replication are detected by the corresponding pattern‐recognition receptors of the host, and innate immune responses are induced. Through production of type‐I and type‐III interferons as well as various other cytokines, the host innate immune system forms the frontline to protect host cells and inhibit virus infection. Not surprisingly, viruses have evolved diverse strategies to counter this antiviral system. In this review, we discuss the multiple strategies used by proteases of positive‐sense single‐stranded RNA viruses of the families Picornaviridae, Coronaviridae, and Flaviviridae, when counteracting host innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lei
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Rolf Hilgenfeld
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg - Lübeck - Borstel - Riems Site, University of Lübeck, Germany
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62
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Enterovirus 71 Inhibits Pyroptosis through Cleavage of Gasdermin D. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01069-17. [PMID: 28679757 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01069-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) can cause hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) in young children. Severe infection with EV71 can lead to neurological complications and even death. However, the molecular basis of viral pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Here, we report that EV71 induces degradation of gasdermin D (GSDMD), an essential component of pyroptosis. Remarkably, the viral protease 3C directly targets GSDMD and induces its cleavage, which is dependent on the protease activity. Further analyses show that the Q193-G194 pair within GSDMD is the cleavage site of 3C. This cleavage produces a shorter N-terminal fragment spanning amino acids 1 to 193 (GSDMD1-193). However, unlike the N-terminal fragment produced by caspase-1 cleavage, this fragment fails to trigger cell death or inhibit EV71 replication. Importantly, a T239D or F240D substitution abrogates the activity of GSDMD consisting of amino acids 1 to 275 (GSDMD1-275). This is correlated with the lack of pyroptosis or inhibition of viral replication. These results reveal a previously unrecognized strategy for EV71 to evade the antiviral response.IMPORTANCE Recently, it has been reported that GSDMD plays a critical role in regulating lipopolysaccharide and NLRP3-mediated interleukin-1β (IL-1β) secretion. In this process, the N-terminal domain of p30 released from GSDMD acts as an effector in cell pyroptosis. We show that EV71 infection downregulates GSDMD. EV71 3C cleaves GSDMD at the Q193-G194 pair, resulting in a truncated N-terminal fragment disrupted for inducing cell pyroptosis. Notably, GSDMD1-275 (p30) inhibits EV71 replication whereas GSDMD1-193 does not. These results reveal a new strategy for EV71 to evade the antiviral response.
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The Us2 Gene Product of Herpes Simplex Virus 2 modulates NF-κB activation by targeting TAK1. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8396. [PMID: 28827540 PMCID: PMC5566419 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08856-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
HSV-2 is one of the most common sexually transmitted pathogens worldwide and HSV-2 infection triggers cytokine and chemokine production. However, little is known about which HSV-2 genes engage in the regulation of NF-κB signaling and what mechanisms are involved. In a screen of the unique short (Us) regions of HSV-2, we observed that HSV-2 Us2 activates NF-κB signaling. We additionally indicated that deficiencies of Us2 decrease HSV-2 WT mediated NF-κB activation and cytokine and chemokine production, and overexpression of Us2 showed opposite effects. Co-immunoprecipitations indicated that Us2 interacted with TGF-β activated kinase 1 (TAK1), a serine/threonine kinase essential for NF-κB activation, and Us2 has the ability to regulate the TAK1-mediated pathway and induces TAK1 downstream signaling. Further studies verified that Us2 induced the phosphorylation of TAK1, resulting in the activation of TAK1 mediated downstream signaling. The role of Us2 in HSV-2 induced NF-κB pathways was also confirmed in the Us2-deficient mutant and HSV-2 WT infected mice. Our results indicate that HSV-2 Us2 gene product binds to TAK1 to positively regulate NF-κB signaling and, for the first time, provide insights into the molecular mechanism.
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Qian S, Fan W, Liu T, Wu M, Zhang H, Cui X, Zhou Y, Hu J, Wei S, Chen H, Li X, Qian P. Seneca Valley Virus Suppresses Host Type I Interferon Production by Targeting Adaptor Proteins MAVS, TRIF, and TANK for Cleavage. J Virol 2017; 91:e00823-17. [PMID: 28566380 PMCID: PMC5533933 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00823-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Seneca Valley virus (SVV) is an oncolytic RNA virus belonging to the Picornaviridae family. Its nucleotide sequence is highly similar to those of members of the Cardiovirus genus. SVV is also a neuroendocrine cancer-selective oncolytic picornavirus that can be used for anticancer therapy. However, the interaction between SVV and its host is yet to be fully characterized. In this study, SVV inhibited antiviral type I interferon (IFN) responses by targeting different host adaptors, including mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS), Toll/interleukin 1 (IL-1) receptor domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-β (TRIF), and TRAF family member-associated NF-κB activator (TANK), via viral 3C protease (3Cpro). SVV 3Cpro mediated the cleavage of MAVS, TRIF, and TANK at specific sites, which required its protease activity. The cleaved MAVS, TRIF, and TANK lost the ability to regulate pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-mediated IFN production. The cleavage of TANK also facilitated TRAF6-induced NF-κB activation. SVV was also found to be sensitive to IFN-β. Therefore, SVV suppressed antiviral IFN production to escape host antiviral innate immune responses by cleaving host adaptor molecules.IMPORTANCE Host cells have developed various defenses against microbial pathogen infection. The production of IFN is the first line of defense against microbial infection. However, viruses have evolved many strategies to disrupt this host defense. SVV, a member of the Picornavirus genus, is an oncolytic virus that shows potential functions in anticancer therapy. It has been demonstrated that IFN can be used in anticancer therapy for certain tumors. However, the relationship between oncolytic virus and innate immune response in anticancer therapy is still not well known. In this study, we showed that SVV has evolved as an effective mechanism to inhibit host type I IFN production by using its 3Cpro to cleave the molecules MAVS, TRIF, and TANK directly. These molecules are crucial for the Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)-mediated and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor (RLR)-mediated signaling pathway. We also found that SVV is sensitive to IFN-β. These findings increase our understanding of the interaction between SVV and host innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhong Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Division of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenchun Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Division of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Division of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengge Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Division of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huawei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaofang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Division of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Division of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junjie Hu
- Department of Gastrointerstinal Surgery, Hubei Colorectal Cancer Clinical Research Center, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaozhong Wei
- Department of Gastrointerstinal Surgery, Hubei Colorectal Cancer Clinical Research Center, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Division of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Division of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Division of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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65
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Rui Y, Su J, Wang H, Chang J, Wang S, Zheng W, Cai Y, Wei W, Gordy JT, Markham R, Kong W, Zhang W, Yu XF. Disruption of MDA5-Mediated Innate Immune Responses by the 3C Proteins of Coxsackievirus A16, Coxsackievirus A6, and Enterovirus D68. J Virol 2017; 91:e00546-17. [PMID: 28424289 PMCID: PMC5469270 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00546-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16), CV-A6, and enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) belong to the Picornaviridae family and are major causes of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and pediatric respiratory disease worldwide. The biological characteristics of these viruses, especially their interplay with the host innate immune system, have not been well investigated. In this study, we discovered that the 3Cpro proteins from CV-A16, CV-A6, and EV-D68 bind melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) and inhibit its interaction with MAVS. Consequently, MDA5-triggered type I interferon (IFN) signaling in the retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptor (RLR) pathway was blocked by the CV-A16, CV-A6, and EV-D68 3Cpro proteins. Furthermore, the CV-A16, CV-A6, and EV-D68 3Cpro proteins all cleave transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), resulting in the inhibition of NF-κB activation, a host response also critical for Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated signaling. Thus, our data demonstrate that circulating HFMD-associated CV-A16 and CV-A6, as well as severe respiratory disease-associated EV-D68, have developed novel mechanisms to subvert host innate immune responses by targeting key factors in the RLR and TLR pathways. Blocking the ability of 3Cpro proteins from diverse enteroviruses and coxsackieviruses to interfere with type I IFN induction should restore IFN antiviral function, offering a potential novel antiviral strategy.IMPORTANCE CV-A16, CV-A6, and EV-D68 are emerging pathogens associated with hand, foot, and mouth disease and pediatric respiratory disease worldwide. The pathogenic mechanisms of these viruses are largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that the CV-A16, CV-A6, and EV-D68 3Cpro proteins block MDA5-triggered type I IFN induction. The 3Cpro proteins of these viruses bind MDA5 and inhibit its interaction with MAVS. In addition, the CV-A16, CV-A6, and EV-D68 3Cpro proteins cleave TAK1 to inhibit the NF-κB response. Thus, our data demonstrate that circulating HFMD-associated CV-A16 and CV-A6, as well as severe respiratory disease-associated EV-D68, have developed a mechanism to subvert host innate immune responses by simultaneously targeting key factors in the RLR and TLR pathways. These findings indicate the potential merit of targeting the CV-A16, CV-A6, and EV-D68 3Cpro proteins as an antiviral strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Rui
- First Hospital of Jilin University, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jiaming Su
- First Hospital of Jilin University, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong Wang
- First Hospital of Jilin University, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Junliang Chang
- First Hospital of Jilin University, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Shaohua Wang
- First Hospital of Jilin University, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Wenwen Zheng
- First Hospital of Jilin University, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yong Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Wei Wei
- First Hospital of Jilin University, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - James T Gordy
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard Markham
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Wei Kong
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Wenyan Zhang
- First Hospital of Jilin University, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Yu
- First Hospital of Jilin University, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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66
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Chang YH, Lau KS, Kuo RL, Horng JT. dsRNA Binding Domain of PKR Is Proteolytically Released by Enterovirus A71 to Facilitate Viral Replication. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:284. [PMID: 28702377 PMCID: PMC5487429 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) causes hand, foot and mouth disease in young children and infants, but can also cause severe neurological complications or even death. The double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent protein kinase R (PKR), an interferon-induced antiviral protein, phosphorylates the regulatory α-subunit of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 in response to viral infection, thereby blocking the translation of cellular and viral mRNA and promoting apoptosis. The cleavage of PKR after infection with poliovirus, a prototype enterovirus, has been reported by others, but the underlying mechanism of this cleavage and its role in viral replication remain unclear. In the present study, we show that viral 3C protease cleaves PKR at a site, Q188, which differs from the site cleaved during apoptosis, D251. In contrast to the conventional phosphorylation of PKR by dsRNA, EV-A71 3C physically interacts with PKR to mediate the phosphorylation of PKR; this effect is dependent on 3C protease activity. Overexpression of a catalytically inactive PKR mutant (K296H) accelerates viral protein accumulation and increases virus titer, whereas a K64E substitution in the dsRNA binding site abolishes this advantage. We also demonstrate that PKR cleavage mediated by EV-A71 3C protease produces a short N-terminal PKR fragment that can enhance EV-A71 replication, in terms of viral RNA, viral protein, and viral titers. We conclude that PKR is co-opted by EV-A71 via viral protease 3C-mediated proteolytic activation to facilitate viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsiu Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuan, Taiwan.,National Defense Medical Center, Institute of Preventive MedicineTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Kean Seng Lau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Rei-Lin Kuo
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuan, Taiwan.,Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial HospitalTaoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jim-Tong Horng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuan, Taiwan.,Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuan, Taiwan.,Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial HospitalTaoyuan, Taiwan.,Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine and Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and TechnologyTaoyuan, Taiwan
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67
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Huang L, Xiong T, Yu H, Zhang Q, Zhang K, Li C, Hu L, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Liu Q, Wang S, He X, Bu Z, Cai X, Cui S, Li J, Weng C. Encephalomyocarditis virus 3C protease attenuates type I interferon production through disrupting the TANK-TBK1-IKKε-IRF3 complex. Biochem J 2017; 474:2051-2065. [PMID: 28487378 PMCID: PMC5465970 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20161037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
TRAF family member-associated NF-κB activator (TANK) is a scaffold protein that assembles into the interferon (IFN) regulator factor 3 (IRF3)-phosphorylating TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1)-(IκB) kinase ε (IKKε) complex, where it is involved in regulating phosphorylation of the IRF3 and IFN production. However, the functions of TANK in encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) infection-induced type I IFN production are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrated that, instead of stimulating type I IFN production, the EMCV-HB10 strain infection potently inhibited Sendai virus- and polyI:C-induced IRF3 phosphorylation and type I IFN production in HEK293T cells. Mechanistically, EMCV 3C protease (EMCV 3C) cleaved TANK and disrupted the TANK-TBK1-IKKε-IRF3 complex, which resulted in the reduction in IRF3 phosphorylation and type I IFN production. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that EMCV adopts a novel strategy to evade host innate immune responses through cleavage of TANK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, China
| | - Tao Xiong
- College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434100, China
| | - Huibin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434100, China
| | - Kunli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, China
| | - Changyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, China
| | - Liang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, China
| | - Yuanfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, China
| | - Qinfang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, China
| | - Shengnan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, China
| | - Xijun He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, China
| | - Zhigao Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, China
| | - Xuehui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, China
| | - Shangjin Cui
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiangnan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, China
| | - Changjiang Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, China
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68
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Li B, Yue Y, Zhang Y, Yuan Z, Li P, Song N, Lin W, Liu Y, Gu L, Meng H. A Novel Enterovirus 71 (EV71) Virulence Determinant: The 69th Residue of 3C Protease Modulates Pathogenicity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:26. [PMID: 28217559 PMCID: PMC5290453 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human enterovirus type 71 (EV71), the major causative agent of hand-foot-and-mouth disease, has been known to cause fatal neurological complications. Unfortunately, the reason for neurological complications that have been seen in fatal cases of the disease and the relationship between EV71 virulence and viral genetic sequences remains largely undefined. The 3C protease (3Cpro) of EV71 plays an irreplaceable role in segmenting the precursor polyprotein during viral replication, and intervening with host life activity during viral infection. In this study, for the first time, the 69th residue of 3C protease has been identified as a novel virulence determinant of EV71. The recombinant virus with single point variation, in the 69th of 3Cpro, exhibited obvious decline in replication, and virulence. We further determined the crystal structure of 3C N69D at 1.39 Ǻ resolution and found that conformation of 3C N69D demonstrated significant changes compared with a normal 3C protein, in the substrate-binding site and catalytic active site. Strikingly, one of the switch loops, essential in fixing substrates, adopts an open conformation in the 3C N69D-rupintrivir complex. Consistent with this apparent structural disruption, the catalytic activity of 3C N69D decreased sharply for host derived and viral derived substrates, detected for both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, in addition to EV71, Asp69 was also found in 3C proteases of other virus strains, such as CAV16, and was conserved in nearly all C type human rhinovirus. Overall, we identified a natural virulence determinant of 3C protease and revealed the mechanism of attenuated virulence is mediated by N69D substitution. Our data provides new insight into the enzymatic mechanism of a subdued 3C protease and suggests a theoretical basis for virulence determinantion of picornaviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinan, China
| | - Yingying Yue
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinan, China
| | - Yajie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinan, China
| | - Zenglin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong UniversityJinan, China
| | - Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinan, China
| | - Nannan Song
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinan, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinan, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinan, China
| | - Lichuan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong UniversityJinan, China
| | - Hong Meng
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinan, China
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69
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Li J, Yao Y, Chen Y, Xu X, Lin Y, Yang Z, Qiao W, Tan J. Enterovirus 71 3C Promotes Apoptosis through Cleavage of PinX1, a Telomere Binding Protein. J Virol 2017; 91:e02016-16. [PMID: 27847364 PMCID: PMC5215332 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02016-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is an emerging pathogen causing hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and fatal neurological diseases in infants and young children due to their underdeveloped immunocompetence. EV71 infection can induce cellular apoptosis through a variety of pathways, which promotes EV71 release. The viral protease 3C plays an important role in EV71-induced apoptosis. However, the molecular mechanism responsible for 3C-triggered apoptosis remains elusive. Here, we found that EV71 3C directly interacted with PinX1, a telomere binding protein. Furthermore, 3C cleaved PinX1 at the site of Q50-G51 pair through its protease activity. Overexpression of PinX1 reduced the level of EV71-induced apoptosis and EV71 release, whereas depletion of PinX1 by small interfering RNA promoted apoptosis induced by etoposide and increased EV71 release. Taken together, our study uncovered a mechanism that EV71 utilizes to promote host cell apoptosis through cleavage of cellular protein PinX1 by 3C. IMPORTANCE EV71 3C plays an important role in processing viral proteins and interacting with host cells. In this study, we showed that 3C promoted apoptosis through cleaving PinX1, a telomere binding protein, and that this cleavage facilitated EV71 release. Our study demonstrated that PinX1 plays an important role in EV71 release and revealed a novel mechanism that EV71 utilizes to induce apoptosis. This finding is important in understanding EV71-host cell interactions and has potential impact on understanding other enterovirus-host cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yunfang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongquan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhilong Yang
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Wentao Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Juan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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70
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Chen N, Li X, Li P, Pan Z, Ding Y, Zou D, Zheng L, Zhang Y, Li L, Xiao L, Song B, Cui Y, Cao H, Zhang H. Enterovirus 71 inhibits cellular type I interferon signaling by inhibiting host RIG-I ubiquitination. Microb Pathog 2016; 100:84-89. [PMID: 27633794 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a human pathogen that induces hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and fatal neurological diseases in young children and infants. Pathogenicity of EV71 is likely related to its ability to evade host innate immunity through inhibiting cellular type I interferon signaling. However, it is less well understood the molecular events governing this process. In this study, we found that EV71 infection suppressed the induction of antiviral immunity by inhibiting the expression levels of IFN-β and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), such as ISG54 and ISG56, at the late stage of viral infection. At the same time, our results showed that EV71 infection significantly inhibited ubiquitination of RIG-I. In contrast, up-regulation of RIG-I ubiquitination promoted expression of IFN-β and ISGs, suggesting that inhibition of cellular type I interferon signaling was caused by down-regulation of RIG-I ubiquitination during EV71 infection. These results suggest that inhibition of RIG-I-mediated type I IFN responses by EV71 may contribute to the pathogenesis of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Xingzhi Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Ziye Pan
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Yun Ding
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Dehua Zou
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Liang Zheng
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Yating Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Liyang Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Lijie Xiao
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Baifen Song
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Yudong Cui
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China.
| | - Hongwei Cao
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China.
| | - Hua Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China.
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71
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Sun D, Chen S, Cheng A, Wang M. Roles of the Picornaviral 3C Proteinase in the Viral Life Cycle and Host Cells. Viruses 2016; 8:82. [PMID: 26999188 PMCID: PMC4810272 DOI: 10.3390/v8030082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Picornaviridae family comprises a large group of non-enveloped viruses that have a major impact on human and veterinary health. The viral genome contains one open reading frame encoding a single polyprotein that can be processed by viral proteinases. The crucial 3C proteinases (3C(pro)s) of picornaviruses share similar spatial structures and it is becoming apparent that 3C(pro) plays a significant role in the viral life cycle and virus host interaction. Importantly, the proteinase and RNA-binding activity of 3C(pro) are involved in viral polyprotein processing and the initiation of viral RNA synthesis. In addition, 3C(pro) can induce the cleavage of certain cellular factors required for transcription, translation and nucleocytoplasmic trafficking to modulate cell physiology for viral replication. Due to interactions between 3C(pro) and these essential factors, 3C(pro) is also involved in viral pathogenesis to support efficient infection. Furthermore, based on the structural conservation, the development of irreversible inhibitors and discovery of non-covalent inhibitors for 3C(pro) are ongoing and a better understanding of the roles played by 3C(pro) may provide insights into the development of potential antiviral treatments. In this review, the current knowledge regarding the structural features, multiple functions in the viral life cycle, pathogen host interaction, and development of antiviral compounds for 3C(pro) is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Sun
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China.
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Shun Chen
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China.
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China.
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China.
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China.
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72
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Wang D, Fang L, Shi Y, Zhang H, Gao L, Peng G, Chen H, Li K, Xiao S. Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus 3C-Like Protease Regulates Its Interferon Antagonism by Cleaving NEMO. J Virol 2016; 90:2090-101. [PMID: 26656704 PMCID: PMC4733996 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02514-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an enteropathogenic coronavirus causing lethal watery diarrhea in piglets. Since 2010, a PEDV variant has spread rapidly in China, and it emerged in the United States in 2013, posing significant economic and public health concerns. The ability to circumvent the interferon (IFN) antiviral response, as suggested for PEDV, promotes viral survival and regulates pathogenesis of PEDV infections, but the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. Here, we show that PEDV-encoded 3C-like protease, nsp5, is an IFN antagonist that proteolytically cleaves the nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-κB) essential modulator (NEMO), an essential adaptor bridging interferon-regulatory factor and NF-κB activation. NEMO is cleaved at glutamine 231 (Q231) by PEDV, and this cleavage impaired the ability of NEMO to activate downstream IFN production and to act as a signaling adaptor of the RIG-I/MDA5 pathway. Mutations specifically disrupting the cysteine protease activity of PEDV nsp5 abrogated NEMO cleavage and the inhibition of IFN induction. Structural analysis suggests that several key residues outside the catalytic sites of PEDV nsp5 probably impact NEMO cleavage by modulating potential interactions of nsp5 with their substrates. These data show that PEDV nsp5 disrupts type I IFN signaling by cleaving NEMO. Previously, we and others demonstrated that NEMO is also cleaved by 3C or 3C-like proteinases of picornavirus and artertivirus. Thus, NEMO probably represents a prime target for 3C or 3C-like proteinases of different viruses. IMPORTANCE The continued emergence and reemergence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) underscore the importance of studying how this virus manipulates the immune responses of its hosts. During coevolution with its hosts, PEDV has acquired mechanisms to subvert host innate immune responses for its survival advantage. At least two proteins encoded by PEDV have been identified as interferon (IFN) antagonists, papain-like protease (PLP) and N protein. Here, we report that the PEDV nsp5 gene, which encodes the 3C-like protease of PEDV, is another IFN antagonist. Mechanistically, the cysteine protease activity of PEDV nsp5 mediates proteolysis of NEMO, the key adaptor for IFN synthesis, and NEMO is cleaved at glutamine 231 (Q231). The new molecular details and determinants impacting NEMO scission by PEDV nsp5 delineated in this study are fundamental to our understanding of critical virus-host interactions that determine PEDV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Liurong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanling Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Guiqing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Kui Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
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73
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Lei X, Xiao X, Wang J. Innate Immunity Evasion by Enteroviruses: Insights into Virus-Host Interaction. Viruses 2016; 8:v8010022. [PMID: 26784219 PMCID: PMC4728582 DOI: 10.3390/v8010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus genus includes multiple important human pathogens, such as poliovirus, coxsackievirus, enterovirus (EV) A71, EV-D68 and rhinovirus. Infection with EVs can cause numerous clinical conditions including poliomyelitis, meningitis and encephalitis, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, acute flaccid paralysis, diarrhea, myocarditis and respiratory illness. EVs, which are positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses, trigger activation of the host antiviral innate immune responses through pathogen recognition receptors such as retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG-I)-likeand Toll-like receptors. In turn, EVs have developed sophisticated strategies to evade host antiviral responses. In this review, we discuss the interplay between the host innate immune responses and EV infection, with a primary focus on host immune detection and protection against EV infection and viral strategies to evade these antiviral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Lei
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Xia Xiao
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Jianwei Wang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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74
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Ho BC, Yang PC, Yu SL. MicroRNA and Pathogenesis of Enterovirus Infection. Viruses 2016; 8:v8010011. [PMID: 26751468 PMCID: PMC4728571 DOI: 10.3390/v8010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There are no currently available specific antiviral therapies for non-polio Enterovirus infections. Although several vaccines have entered clinical trials, the efficacy requires further evaluation, particularly for cross-strain protective activity. Curing patients with viral infections is a public health problem due to antigen alterations and drug resistance caused by the high genomic mutation rate. To conquer these limits in the development of anti-Enterovirus treatments, a comprehensive understanding of the interactions between Enterovirus and host cells is urgently needed. MicroRNA (miRNA) constitutes the biggest family of gene regulators in mammalian cells and regulates almost a half of all human genes. The roles of miRNAs in Enterovirus pathogenesis have recently begun to be noted. In this review, we shed light on recent advances in the understanding of Enterovirus infection-modulated miRNAs. The impacts of altered host miRNAs on cellular processes, including immune escape, apoptosis, signal transduction, shutdown of host protein synthesis and viral replication, are discussed. Finally, miRNA-based medication provides a promising strategy for the development of antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Ching Ho
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1 Chang-Te Street, Taipei 10048, Taiwan.
- Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10048, Taiwan.
| | - Pan-Chyr Yang
- Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10048, Taiwan.
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10048, Taiwan.
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10048, Taiwan.
| | - Sung-Liang Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1 Chang-Te Street, Taipei 10048, Taiwan.
- Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10048, Taiwan.
- Center for Optoelectronic Biomedicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10048, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10048, Taiwan.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10048, Taiwan.
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75
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Innate Immunity and Immune Evasion by Enterovirus 71. Viruses 2015; 7:6613-30. [PMID: 26694447 PMCID: PMC4690884 DOI: 10.3390/v7122961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major infectious disease affecting millions of people worldwide and it is the main etiological agent for outbreaks of hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD). Infection is often associated with severe gastroenterological, pulmonary, and neurological diseases that are most prevalent in children. Currently, no effective vaccine or antiviral drugs exist against EV71 infection. A lack of knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of EV71 infection in the host and the virus-host interactions is a major constraint to developing specific antiviral strategies against this infection. Previous studies have identified and characterized the function of several viral proteins produced by EV71 that interact with the host innate immune proteins, including type I interferon signaling and microRNAs. These interactions eventually promote efficient viral replication and increased susceptibility to the disease. In this review we discuss the functions of EV71 viral proteins in the modulation of host innate immune responses to facilitate viral replication.
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76
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Hu E, Ding L, Miao H, Liu F, Liu D, Dou H, Hou Y. MiR-30a attenuates immunosuppressive functions of IL-1β-elicited mesenchymal stem cells via targeting TAB3. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:3899-907. [PMID: 26555189 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess the ability to modulate the immune response, and their abnormalities are related to several diseases. We previously reported that miR-30a expression significantly increased in the maternal-fetal interface during preeclampsia (PE), but the effects of miR-30a on the immunoregulatory characteristics of MSCs are unclear. In this study, we determined that miR-30a over-expression inhibited the IL-1β-elicited activation of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and JNK signaling pathways and the production of IL-6, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) and IL-8 by targeting transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 binding protein 3 (TAB3) in MSCs. Moreover, the over-expression of miR-30a also impaired MSCs' anti-inflammatory effects on macrophages. These data demonstrated that miR-30a in MSCs may participate in the immune dysregulation of the maternal-fetal interface during PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erling Hu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Liang Ding
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Huishuang Miao
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Fei Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Dan Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Huan Dou
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Yayi Hou
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing 210093, PR China.
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from genetic predisposition and environmental factors leading to the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells. Recently, a rapid increase in the incidence of childhood T1D has been observed worldwide; this is too fast to be explained by genetic factors alone, pointing to the spreading of environmental factors linked to the disease. Enteroviruses (EVs) are perhaps the most investigated environmental agents in relationship to the pathogenesis of T1D. While several studies point to the likelihood of such correlation, epidemiological evidence in its support is inconclusive or in some instances even against it. Hence, it is still unknown if and how EVs are involved in the development of T1D. Here we review recent findings concerning the biology of EV in beta cells and the potential implications of this knowledge for the understanding of beta cell dysfunction and autoimmune destruction in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Petzold
- />Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr.74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- />German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michele Solimena
- />Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr.74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- />German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
- />Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Knoch
- />Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr.74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- />German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
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78
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Lei X, Cui S, Zhao Z, Wang J. Etiology, pathogenesis, antivirals and vaccines of hand, foot, and mouth disease. Natl Sci Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwv038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), caused by enteroviruses, is a syndrome characterized by fever with vesicular eruptions mainly on the skin of the hands, feet, and oral cavity. HFMD primarily affects infants and young children. Although infection is usually self-limited, severe neurological complications in the central nervous system can present in some cases, which can lead to death. Widespread infection of HFMD across the Asia-Pacific region over the past two decades has made HFMD a major public health challenge, ranking first among the category C notifiable communicable diseases in China every year since 2008. This review summarizes our understanding of HFMD, focusing on the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease, as well as on progress toward antivirals and vaccines. The review also discusses the implications of these studies as they relate to the control and prevention of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Lei
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Sheng Cui
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Zhendong Zhao
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
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