51
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Kitagawa T, Nagoshi N, Kamata Y, Kawai M, Ago K, Kajikawa K, Shibata R, Sato Y, Imaizumi K, Shindo T, Shinozaki M, Kohyama J, Shibata S, Matsumoto M, Nakamura M, Okano H. Modulation by DREADD reveals the therapeutic effect of human iPSC-derived neuronal activity on functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:127-142. [PMID: 35021049 PMCID: PMC8758967 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) is considered to be a promising therapy for spinal cord injury (SCI) and will soon be translated to the clinical phase. However, how grafted neuronal activity influences functional recovery has not been fully elucidated. Here, we show the locomotor functional changes caused by inhibiting the neuronal activity of grafted cells using a designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD). In vitro analyses of inhibitory DREADD (hM4Di)-expressing cells demonstrated the precise inhibition of neuronal activity via administration of clozapine N-oxide. This inhibition led to a significant decrease in locomotor function in SCI mice with cell transplantation, which was exclusively observed following the maturation of grafted neurons. Furthermore, trans-synaptic tracing revealed the integration of graft neurons into the host motor circuitry. These results highlight the significance of engrafting functionally competent neurons by hiPSC-NS/PC transplantation for sufficient recovery from SCI. The neuronal activity of hM4Di-NS/PCs was controlled by CNO administration Inhibiting the neuronal activity of grafted NS/PCs led to functional decline Grafted neurons derived from hiPSC-NS/PCs integrated into host motor circuits
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kitagawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Narihito Nagoshi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Kamata
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Momotaro Kawai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ago
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Keita Kajikawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Reo Shibata
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yuta Sato
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan; Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako City, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kent Imaizumi
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Tomoko Shindo
- Electron Microscope Laboratory, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Munehisa Shinozaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Jun Kohyama
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Shibata
- Electron Microscope Laboratory, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Division of Microscopic Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata City, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Morio Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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52
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Coroadinha AS. Cancer Gene Therapy: Development and Production of Lentiviral Vectors for Gene Therapy. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2521:297-315. [PMID: 35733005 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2441-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors are among the most used vectors in gene therapy to treat pathologies of different origins, such as cancers, rare monogenic diseases or neurological disorders. This chapter provides an overview on lentiviral vector developments in terms of vector design and manufacture for gene therapy applications. The state of the art of vector production will be summarized face to the recent developments contributing to improve vector safety, efficacy and manufacturing robustness, focusing on human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) based lentiviral vectors. Transient and stable production systems will be discussed highlighting recent advances in producer cell line development. Challenges in lentiviral vector development upstream and downstream will be addressed with a particular focus on the improvements undertaken to increase vector yields and production scalability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S Coroadinha
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal.
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53
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Suleman S, Payne A, Bowden J, Haque SA, Zahn M, Fawaz S, Khalifa MS, Jobling S, Hay D, Franco M, Fronza R, Wang W, Strobel-Freidekind O, Deichmann A, Takeuchi Y, Waddington SN, Gil-Farina I, Schmidt M, Themis M. HIV- 1 lentivirus tethering to the genome is associated with transcription factor binding sites found in genes that favour virus survival. Gene Ther 2022; 29:720-729. [PMID: 35513551 PMCID: PMC9750860 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-022-00335-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors (LV) are attractive for permanent and effective gene therapy. However, integration into the host genome can cause insertional mutagenesis highlighting the importance of understanding of LV integration. Insertion site (IS) tethering is believed to involve cellular proteins such as PSIP1/LEDGF/p75, which binds to the virus pre-integration complexes (PICs) helping to target the virus genome. Transcription factors (TF) that bind both the vector LTR and host genome are also suspected influential to this. To determine the role of TF in the tethering process, we mapped predicted transcription factor binding sites (pTFBS) near to IS chosen by HIV-1 LV using a narrow 20 bp window in infected human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and their hepatocyte-like cell (HLC) derivatives. We then aligned the pTFBS with these sequences found in the LTRs of native and self-inactivated LTRs. We found significant enrichment of these sequences for pTFBS essential to HIV-1 life cycle and virus survival. These same sites also appear in HIV-1 patient IS and in mice infected with HIV-1 based LV. This in silco data analysis suggests pTFBS present in the virus LTR and IS sites selected by HIV-1 LV are important to virus survival and propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saqlain Suleman
- grid.7728.a0000 0001 0724 6933Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine & Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK ,Testavec Ltd, Queensgate House, Maidenhead, UK
| | - Annette Payne
- Testavec Ltd, Queensgate House, Maidenhead, UK ,grid.7728.a0000 0001 0724 6933Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering Design and Physical Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Johnathan Bowden
- grid.7728.a0000 0001 0724 6933Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine & Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Sharmin Al Haque
- grid.7728.a0000 0001 0724 6933Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine & Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Marco Zahn
- Genewerk GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373University Heidelberg, Medical Faculty, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Serena Fawaz
- grid.7728.a0000 0001 0724 6933Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine & Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Mohammad S. Khalifa
- grid.7728.a0000 0001 0724 6933Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine & Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Susan Jobling
- Testavec Ltd, Queensgate House, Maidenhead, UK ,grid.7728.a0000 0001 0724 6933Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, College of Business, Arts and Social Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - David Hay
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | - Wei Wang
- Genewerk GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Yasuhiro Takeuchi
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK ,grid.70909.370000 0001 2199 6511Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Simon N. Waddington
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Gene Transfer Technology, EGA Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, UK ,grid.11951.3d0000 0004 1937 1135MRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witswatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Manfred Schmidt
- Genewerk GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.461742.20000 0000 8855 0365Department of Translational Oncology, NCT and DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Themis
- grid.7728.a0000 0001 0724 6933Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine & Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK ,grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Division of Ecology and Evolution, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
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54
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Ito S, Nagoshi N, Kamata Y, Kojima K, Nori S, Matsumoto M, Takei K, Nakamura M, Okano H. LOTUS overexpression via ex vivo gene transduction further promotes recovery of motor function following human iPSC-NS/PC transplantation for contusive spinal cord injury. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:2703-2717. [PMID: 34653401 PMCID: PMC8580872 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional recovery is still limited mainly due to several mechanisms, such as the activation of Nogo receptor-1 (NgR1) signaling, when human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural stem/progenitor cells (hiPSC-NS/PC) are transplanted for subacute spinal cord injury (SCI). We previously reported the neuroprotective and regenerative benefits of overexpression of lateral olfactory tract usher substance (LOTUS), an endogenous NgR1 antagonist, in the injured spinal cord using transgenic mice. Here, we evaluate the effects of lentiviral transduction of LOTUS gene into hiPSC-NS/PCs before transplantation in a mouse model of subacute SCI. The transduced LOTUS contributes to neurite extension, suppression of apoptosis, and secretion of neurotrophic factors in vitro. In vivo, the hiPSC-NS/PCs enhance the survival of grafted cells and enhance axonal extension of the transplanted cells, resulting in significant restoration of motor function following SCI. Therefore, the gene transduction of LOTUS in hiPSC-NS/PCs could be a promising adjunct for transplantation therapy for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Ito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, 2-5-1 Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan
| | - Narihito Nagoshi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kamata
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kota Kojima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nori
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Morio Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kohtaro Takei
- Molecular Medical Bioscience Laboratory, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medical Life Science, 1-7-29 Suehirocho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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55
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Fujii S, Ishibashi T, Kokura M, Fujimoto T, Matsumoto S, Shidara S, Kurppa KJ, Pape J, Caton J, Morgan PR, Heikinheimo K, Kikuchi A, Jimi E, Kiyoshima T. RAF1-MEK/ERK pathway-dependent ARL4C expression promotes ameloblastoma cell proliferation and osteoclast formation. J Pathol 2021; 256:119-133. [PMID: 34622442 DOI: 10.1002/path.5814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ameloblastoma is an odontogenic neoplasm characterized by slow intraosseous growth with progressive jaw resorption. Recent reports have revealed that ameloblastoma harbours an oncogenic BRAFV600E mutation with mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway activation and described cases of ameloblastoma harbouring a BRAFV600E mutation in which patients were successfully treated with a BRAF inhibitor. Therefore, the MAPK pathway may be involved in the development of ameloblastoma; however, the precise mechanism by which it induces ameloblastoma is unclear. The expression of ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF)-like 4c (ARL4C), induced by a combination of the EGF-MAPK pathway and Wnt/β-catenin signalling, has been shown to induce epithelial morphogenesis. It was also reported that the overexpression of ARL4C, due to alterations in the EGF/RAS-MAPK pathway and Wnt/β-catenin signalling, promotes tumourigenesis. However, the roles of ARL4C in ameloblastoma are unknown. We investigated the involvement of ARL4C in the development of ameloblastoma. In immunohistochemical analyses of tissue specimens obtained from 38 ameloblastoma patients, ARL4C was hardly detected in non-tumour regions but tumours frequently showed strong expression of ARL4C, along with the expression of both BRAFV600E and RAF1 (also known as C-RAF). Loss-of-function experiments using inhibitors or siRNAs revealed that ARL4C elevation depended on the RAF1-MEK/ERK pathway in ameloblastoma cells. It was also shown that the RAF1-ARL4C and BRAFV600E-MEK/ERK pathways promoted cell proliferation independently. ARL4C-depleted tumour cells (generated by knockdown or knockout) exhibited decreased proliferation and migration capabilities. Finally, when ameloblastoma cells were co-cultured with mouse bone marrow cells and primary osteoblasts, ameloblastoma cells induced osteoclast formation. ARL4C elevation in ameloblastoma further promoted its formation capabilities through the increased RANKL expression of mouse bone marrow cells and/or primary osteoblasts. These results suggest that the RAF1-MEK/ERK-ARL4C axis, which may function in cooperation with the BRAFV600E-MEK/ERK pathway, promotes ameloblastoma development. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Fujii
- Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takuma Ishibashi
- Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Megumi Kokura
- Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tatsufumi Fujimoto
- Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinji Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Satsuki Shidara
- Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kari J Kurppa
- Institute of Biomedicine and MediCity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, and Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Judith Pape
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Department of Targeted Intervention, Centre for 3D Models of Health and Disease, University College London, London, UK
| | - Javier Caton
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Peter R Morgan
- Head & Neck Pathology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Kristiina Heikinheimo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Akira Kikuchi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Eijiro Jimi
- Oral Health/Brain Health/Total Health Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Kiyoshima
- Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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56
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Tamura R, Miyoshi H, Morimoto Y, Oishi Y, Sampetrean O, Iwasawa C, Mine Y, Saya H, Yoshida K, Okano H, Toda M. Gene Therapy Using Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells Derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Visualization of Migration and Bystander Killing Effect. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 31:352-366. [PMID: 32075424 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2019.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most aggressive brain tumor characterized by diffuse infiltration into the normal brain parenchyma. Neural stem cells are known to possess the tumor-tropic migratory capacity and thus can be used as cellular vehicles for targeted delivery of therapeutic agents. In the present study, we evaluated the efficacy of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) suicide gene therapy for glioblastoma using neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Although transduction of hiPSCs is preferable for a safe and stable supply in the clinical setting, high-level and/or constitutive HSV-TK expression was highly cytotoxic to hiPSCs. To overcome this problem, we used the tetracycline-inducible system to control the expression of HSV-TK. hiPSC-derived NS/PCs expressing HSV-TK were transplanted in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model of human glioblastoma. Glioblastoma cell growth in mice was dramatically inhibited following ganciclovir (GCV) administration. Survival of the mice was significantly prolonged with administration of GCV compared with control groups. Time-lapse imaging of organotypic brain slice cultures first demonstrated the directional migration of NS/PCs toward glioblastoma cells and the bystander killing effect upon GCV treatment. hiPSC-derived NS/PCs with HSV-TK/GCV suicide gene system may have considerable therapeutic potential for the treatment of glioblastoma. Color images are available online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Tamura
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Miyoshi
- Departments of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukina Morimoto
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumiko Oishi
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Oltea Sampetrean
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chizuru Iwasawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Mine
- Departments of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshida
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Departments of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Toda
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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57
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Consonni SR, de Carvalho ACPV, Mauro AB, Franchini KG, Bajgelman MC. Lentiviral transduction of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes preserves ultrastructural features of genetically modified cells. Virology 2021; 562:190-196. [PMID: 34365094 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Preserving morphological features that are important for cell function and structure is a critical parameter for in vitro experiments with rat cardiomyocytes. Lentiviral vectors are commonly used as gene transfer tool because of its high flexibility, efficiency to deliver expression cassettes and versatility of transducing quiescent cells. The tropism of the recombinant viral particle can be determined depending on the virus envelope, which shows a specific binding to cell surface receptors on the target cell. The combination of promoter arrangement and viral envelope must be optimized to achieve a greater transduction efficiency and a higher transgene expression. In this study we explored the optimization of promoters and heterologous envelopes to transduce primary culture of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. Our results suggest a robust expression driven by the cytomegalovirus promoter, and high efficiency transduction mediated by VSV-G envelope with no apparent compromising ultrastructural features of genetically modified cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvio R Consonni
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Anna C P V de Carvalho
- Brazilian National Laboratory for Biosciences (LNBio), Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Artur B Mauro
- Brazilian National Laboratory for Biosciences (LNBio), Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Kleber G Franchini
- Brazilian National Laboratory for Biosciences (LNBio), Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, Brazil; Medical School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcio C Bajgelman
- Brazilian National Laboratory for Biosciences (LNBio), Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, Brazil; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil; Medical School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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58
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Momeni A, Eagler L, Lo CY, Weil BR, Canty JM, Lang JK, Neelamegham S. Neutrophils aid cellular therapeutics by enhancing glycoengineered stem cell recruitment and retention at sites of inflammation. Biomaterials 2021; 276:121048. [PMID: 34343858 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of cell-based therapies relies on targeted payload delivery and enhanced cell retention. In vitro and in vivo studies suggest that the glycoengineering of mesenchymal and cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs) may enhance such recruitment at sites of injury. We evaluated the role of blood cells in amplifying this recruitment. Thus, the human α(1,3)fucosyltransferase FUT7 was stably expressed in CDCs, sometimes with P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1/CD162). Such FUT7 over-expression resulted in cell-surface sialyl Lewis-X (sLeX) expression, at levels comparable to blood neutrophils. Whereas FUT7 was sufficient for CDC recruitment on substrates bearing E-selectin under flow, PSGL-1 co-expression was necessary for P-/L-selectin binding. In both cone-plate viscometer and flow chamber studies, chemokine driven neutrophil activation promoted the adhesion of glycoengineered-CDCs to blood cells. Here, blood neutrophils activated upon contact with IL-1β stimulated endothelial cells, amplified glycoengineered-CDC recruitment. In vivo, local inflammation in a mouse ear elicited both glycoengineered-CDC and peripheral blood neutrophil homing to the inflamed site. Glycoengineering CDCs also resulted in enhanced (~16%) cell retention at 24 h in a murine myocardial infarction model, with CDCs often co-localized with blood neutrophils. Overall, peripheral blood neutrophils, activated at sites of injury, may enhance recruitment of glycoengineered cellular therapeutics via secondary capture mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Momeni
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Clinical and Translational Research Center, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
| | - Lisa Eagler
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Clinical and Translational Research Center, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA; Veterans Affairs Western New York Health Care System, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
| | - Chi Y Lo
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Clinical and Translational Research Center, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
| | - Brian R Weil
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Clinical and Translational Research Center, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
| | - John M Canty
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Clinical and Translational Research Center, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA; Veterans Affairs Western New York Health Care System, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA; Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
| | - Jennifer K Lang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Clinical and Translational Research Center, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA; Veterans Affairs Western New York Health Care System, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA; Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
| | - Sriram Neelamegham
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Clinical and Translational Research Center, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA; Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
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59
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Gene Therapy for Sickle Cell Disease - Moving from the Bench to the Bedside. Blood 2021; 138:932-941. [PMID: 34232993 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019003776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy as a potential cure for sickle cell disease (SCD) has long been pursued given that this hemoglobin disorder results from a single point mutation. Advances in genomic sequencing, increased understanding of hemoglobin regulation and discoveries of molecular tools for genome modification of hematopoietic stem cells have made gene therapy for SCD possible. Gene addition strategies using gene transfer vectors have been optimized over the last few decades to enable expression of normal or anti-sickling globins as strategies to ameliorate SCD. Many hurdles had to be addressed prior to clinical translation including collection of sufficient stem cells for gene-modification, increasing expression of transferred genes to a therapeutic level and conditioning patients in a safe manner that enabled adequate engraftment of gene-modified cells. The discovery of genome editors that make precise modifications has further advanced the safety and efficacy of gene therapy and a rapid movement to clinical trial has undoubtedly been supported by lessons learned from optimizing gene addition strategies. Current gene therapies being tested in clinical trial require significant infrastructure and expertise given the needs to harvest cells from and administer chemotherapy to patients who often have significant organ dysfunction and that gene-modification takes place ex vivo in specialized facilities. For these therapies to realize their full potential they would need to be portable, safe and efficient making an in-vivo based approach attractive. Additionally, adequate resources for SCD screening and access to standardized care are critically important for gene therapy to be a viable treatment option for SCD.
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60
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Lentiviral Vectors for Delivery of Gene-Editing Systems Based on CRISPR/Cas: Current State and Perspectives. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071288. [PMID: 34372494 PMCID: PMC8310029 DOI: 10.3390/v13071288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas technology has revolutionized the fields of the genome- and epigenome-editing by supplying unparalleled control over genomic sequences and expression. Lentiviral vector (LV) systems are one of the main delivery vehicles for the CRISPR/Cas systems due to (i) its ability to carry bulky and complex transgenes and (ii) sustain robust and long-term expression in a broad range of dividing and non-dividing cells in vitro and in vivo. It is thus reasonable that substantial effort has been allocated towards the development of the improved and optimized LV systems for effective and accurate gene-to-cell transfer of CRISPR/Cas tools. The main effort on that end has been put towards the improvement and optimization of the vector’s expression, development of integrase-deficient lentiviral vector (IDLV), aiming to minimize the risk of oncogenicity, toxicity, and pathogenicity, and enhancing manufacturing protocols for clinical applications required large-scale production. In this review, we will devote attention to (i) the basic biology of lentiviruses, and (ii) recent advances in the development of safer and more efficient CRISPR/Cas vector systems towards their use in preclinical and clinical applications. In addition, we will discuss in detail the recent progress in the repurposing of CRISPR/Cas systems related to base-editing and prime-editing applications.
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61
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Xu H, Wang F, Wang L. Suppression of miR-106a-5p expression inhibits tumorigenesis via increasing CELF-2 expression in spinal cord glioma. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:627. [PMID: 34267819 PMCID: PMC8258617 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord glioma is a tumor characterized by high recurrence and mortality rates, and its treatment remains a major challenge. It has been reported that abnormal expression of microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) is associated with tumor progression. Therefore, the current study aimed to identify novel miRNAs associated with spinal cord glioma. Herein, the expression levels of several miRNAs were determined in human spinal cord glioma and adjacent non-cancerous tissues by reverse transcription-quantitative (RT-qPCR). The results revealed that miR-106a-5p expression was markedly upregulated in spinal cord glioma tissues compared with in non-cancerous tissues. Furthermore, the biological effects of miR-106a-5p on spinal cord glioma cells were evaluated by MTT, Transwell and flow cytometric assays. In 0231SCG cells transfected with miR-106a-5p inhibitor, cell proliferation, migration and invasion were attenuated, whereas apoptosis was enhanced. A search of the TargetScan database revealed that miR-106a-5p directly targeted CUGBP Elav-like family member 2 (CELF-2). Western blot and RT-qPCR experiments further confirmed the association between miR-106a-5p and CELF-2 expression in spinal cord glioma tissues. The current results demonstrated that CELF-2 was a direct target of miR-106a-5p, and that the expression levels of CELF-2 were negatively associated with those of miR-106a-5p. In addition, overexpression of CELF-2 in spinal cord glioma cells reversed the tumor-promoting effects of miR-106a-5p both in vitro and in vivo. Overall, the aforementioned findings indicated that miR-106a-5p, which was highly expressed in spinal cord glioma tissues, may affect the proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis of spinal cord glioma cells via targeting CELF-2, thus indicating a potential approach to the future clinical management of spinal cord glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230000, P.R. China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230000, P.R. China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230000, P.R. China
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62
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Hossain MM, Nakayama K, Shanta K, Razia S, Ishikawa M, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Sato S, Iida K, Kanno K, Ishikawa N, Kiyono T, Kyo S. Establishment of a Novel In Vitro Model of Endometriosis with Oncogenic KRAS and PIK3CA Mutations for Understanding the Underlying Biology and Molecular Pathogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133174. [PMID: 34202354 PMCID: PMC8269352 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Endometriosis is a common gynecological condition that causes pelvic pain and infertility. Despite having normal histological features, several cells bear cancer-associated somatic mutations that result in local tissue invasion but rarely metastasize. Several cancer-associated genes, such as KRAS and PIK3CA, are frequently mutated in the endometriotic epithelium. However, the functional behavior and molecular pathogenesis of this disorder remain unclear. In this study, we developed an immortalized endometriotic epithelial cell line with mutations in KRAS and PIK3CA, which are genes associated with aggressive behaviors, such as increased cell migration, invasion, and proliferation. Through microarray analysis, the KRAS- and PIK3CA-specific gene signatures were identified; LOX and PTX3 were found to be responsible for this metastatic behavior. Knockdown of these two genes by siRNA markedly reduced the metastatic ability of the cells. Our findings suggest that inhibition of LOX and PTX3 may be an alternative therapeutic strategy to reduce the incidence of endometriosis. Abstract Endometriosis-harboring cancer-associated somatic mutations of PIK3CA and KRAS provides new opportunities for studying the multistep processes responsible for the functional and molecular changes in this disease. We aimed to establish a novel in vitro endometriosis model to clarify the functional behavior and molecular pathogenesis of this disorder. Immortalized HMOsisEC10 human ovarian endometriotic epithelial cell line was used in which KRAS and PIK3CA mutations were introduced. Migration, invasion, proliferation, and microarray analyses were performed using KRAS and PIK3CA mutant cell lines. In vitro assays showed that migration, invasion, and proliferation were significantly increased in KRAS and PIK3CA mutant cell lines, indicating that these mutations played causative roles in the aggressive behavior of endometriosis. Microarray analysis identified a cluster of gene signatures; among them, two significantly upregulated cancer-related genes, lysyl oxidase (LOX) and pentraxin3 (PTX3), were associated with cell proliferation, invasion, and migration capabilities. Furthermore, siRNA knockdown of the two genes markedly reduced the metastatic ability of the cells. These results suggest that endometriosis with KRAS or PIK3CA mutations can significantly enhance cell migration, invasion, and proliferation by upregulating LOX and PTX3. We propose that LOX and PTX3 silencing using small molecules could be an alternative therapeutic regimen for severe endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahmud Hossain
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (M.M.H.); (K.S.); (S.R.); (M.I.); (T.I.); (H.Y.); (S.S.); (K.I.); (K.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Kentaro Nakayama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (M.M.H.); (K.S.); (S.R.); (M.I.); (T.I.); (H.Y.); (S.S.); (K.I.); (K.K.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence: (K.N.); (T.K.)
| | - Kamrunnahar Shanta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (M.M.H.); (K.S.); (S.R.); (M.I.); (T.I.); (H.Y.); (S.S.); (K.I.); (K.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Sultana Razia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (M.M.H.); (K.S.); (S.R.); (M.I.); (T.I.); (H.Y.); (S.S.); (K.I.); (K.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Masako Ishikawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (M.M.H.); (K.S.); (S.R.); (M.I.); (T.I.); (H.Y.); (S.S.); (K.I.); (K.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Tomoka Ishibashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (M.M.H.); (K.S.); (S.R.); (M.I.); (T.I.); (H.Y.); (S.S.); (K.I.); (K.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Hitomi Yamashita
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (M.M.H.); (K.S.); (S.R.); (M.I.); (T.I.); (H.Y.); (S.S.); (K.I.); (K.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Seiya Sato
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (M.M.H.); (K.S.); (S.R.); (M.I.); (T.I.); (H.Y.); (S.S.); (K.I.); (K.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Kouji Iida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (M.M.H.); (K.S.); (S.R.); (M.I.); (T.I.); (H.Y.); (S.S.); (K.I.); (K.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Kosuke Kanno
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (M.M.H.); (K.S.); (S.R.); (M.I.); (T.I.); (H.Y.); (S.S.); (K.I.); (K.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Noriyoshi Ishikawa
- Department of Organ Pathology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan;
| | - Tohru Kiyono
- Project for Prevention of HPV-Related Cancer, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center (EPOC), National Cancer Center, Kashiwa 277-8577, Japan
- Correspondence: (K.N.); (T.K.)
| | - Satoru Kyo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (M.M.H.); (K.S.); (S.R.); (M.I.); (T.I.); (H.Y.); (S.S.); (K.I.); (K.K.); (S.K.)
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63
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Freter R, Falletta P, Omrani O, Rasa M, Herbert K, Annunziata F, Minetti A, Krepelova A, Adam L, Käppel S, Rüdiger T, Wang ZQ, Goding CR, Neri F. Establishment of a fluorescent reporter of RNA-polymerase II activity to identify dormant cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3318. [PMID: 34083536 PMCID: PMC8175728 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23580-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dormancy, a reversible quiescent cellular state characterized by greatly reduced metabolic activity, protects from genetic damage, prolongs survival and is crucial for tissue homeostasis and cellular response to injury or transplantation. Dormant cells have been characterized in many tissues, but their identification, isolation and characterization irrespective of tissue of origin remains elusive. Here, we develop a live cell ratiometric fluorescent Optical Stem Cell Activity Reporter (OSCAR) based on the observation that phosphorylation of RNA Polymerase II (RNApII), a hallmark of active mRNA transcription elongation, is largely absent in dormant stem cells from multiple lineages. Using the small intestinal crypt as a model, OSCAR reveals in real time the dynamics of dormancy induction and cellular differentiation in vitro, and allows the identification and isolation of several populations of transcriptionally diverse OSCARhigh and OSCARlow intestinal epithelial cell states in vivo. In particular, this reporter is able to identify a dormant OSCARhigh cell population in the small intestine. OSCAR therefore provides a tool for a better understanding of dormant stem cell biology. The identification and characterisation of dormant cells is currently difficult. Here the authors report Optical Stem Cell Activity Reporter (OSCAR) to assess RNA polymerase II activity and identify dormant cell populations in intestinal epithelial cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Freter
- Leibniz-Institute on Ageing, Fritz-Lipmann-Institute (FLI), Jena, 07745, Germany.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Paola Falletta
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Omid Omrani
- Leibniz-Institute on Ageing, Fritz-Lipmann-Institute (FLI), Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Mahdi Rasa
- Leibniz-Institute on Ageing, Fritz-Lipmann-Institute (FLI), Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Katharine Herbert
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Francesco Annunziata
- Leibniz-Institute on Ageing, Fritz-Lipmann-Institute (FLI), Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Alberto Minetti
- Leibniz-Institute on Ageing, Fritz-Lipmann-Institute (FLI), Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Anna Krepelova
- Leibniz-Institute on Ageing, Fritz-Lipmann-Institute (FLI), Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Lisa Adam
- Leibniz-Institute on Ageing, Fritz-Lipmann-Institute (FLI), Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Sandra Käppel
- Leibniz-Institute on Ageing, Fritz-Lipmann-Institute (FLI), Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Tina Rüdiger
- Leibniz-Institute on Ageing, Fritz-Lipmann-Institute (FLI), Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Zhao-Qi Wang
- Leibniz-Institute on Ageing, Fritz-Lipmann-Institute (FLI), Jena, 07745, Germany.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, 007743, Germany
| | - Colin R Goding
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | - Francesco Neri
- Leibniz-Institute on Ageing, Fritz-Lipmann-Institute (FLI), Jena, 07745, Germany.
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64
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Ishikawa S, Nishida N, Fujino S, Ogino T, Takahashi H, Miyoshi N, Uemura M, Satoh T, Yamamoto H, Mizushima T, Doki Y, Eguchi H. Comprehensive profiling of novel epithelial-mesenchymal transition mediators and their clinical significance in colorectal cancer. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11759. [PMID: 34083586 PMCID: PMC8175715 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91102-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a drastic phenotypic change during cancer metastasis and is one of the most important hallmarks of aggressive cancer. Although the overexpression of some specific transcription factors explains the functional alteration of EMT-induced cells, a complete picture of this biological process is yet to be elucidated. To comprehensively profile EMT-related genes in colorectal cancer, we quantified the EMT induction ability of each gene according to its similarity to the cancer stromal gene signature and termed it “mesenchymal score.” This bioinformatic approach successfully identified 90 candidate EMT mediators, which are strongly predictive of survival in clinical samples. Among these candidates, we discovered that the neuronal gene ARC, possibly originating from the retrotransposon, unexpectedly plays a crucial role in EMT induction. Profiling of novel EMT mediators we demonstrated here may help understand the complexity of the EMT program and open up new avenues for therapeutic intervention in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ishikawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naohiro Nishida
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan. .,Department of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Shiki Fujino
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ogino
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Norikatsu Miyoshi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mamoru Uemura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Taroh Satoh
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tsunekazu Mizushima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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65
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Bisgin A, Sanlioglu AD, Eksi YE, Griffith TS, Sanlioglu S. Current Update on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Vaccine Development with a Special Emphasis on Gene Therapy Viral Vector Design and Construction for Vaccination. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 32:541-562. [PMID: 33858231 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2021.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a newly emerging infectious disease (COVID-19) caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-coronavirus 2 (CoV-2). To combat the devastating spread of SARS-CoV-2, extraordinary efforts from numerous laboratories have focused on the development of effective and safe vaccines. Traditional live-attenuated or inactivated viral vaccines are not recommended for immunocompromised patients as the attenuated virus can still cause disease via phenotypic or genotypic reversion. Subunit vaccines require repeated dosing and adjuvant use to be effective, and DNA vaccines exhibit lower immune responses. mRNA vaccines can be highly unstable under physiological conditions. On the contrary, naturally antigenic viral vectors with well-characterized structure and safety profile serve as among the most effective gene carriers to provoke immune response via heterologous gene transfer. Viral vector-based vaccines induce both an effective cellular immune response and a humoral immune response owing to their natural adjuvant properties via transduction of immune cells. Consequently, viral vectored vaccines carrying the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein have recently been generated and successfully used to activate cytotoxic T cells and develop a neutralizing antibody response. Recent progress in SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, with an emphasis on gene therapy viral vector-based vaccine development, is discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atil Bisgin
- The Department of Gene and Cell Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ahter D Sanlioglu
- The Department of Gene and Cell Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Yunus Emre Eksi
- The Department of Gene and Cell Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Thomas S Griffith
- The Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Salih Sanlioglu
- The Department of Gene and Cell Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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66
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Garg H, Tatiossian KJ, Peppel K, Kato GJ, Herzog E. Gene therapy as the new frontier for Sickle Cell Disease. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:453-466. [PMID: 34047257 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210527092456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is one of the most common monogenic disorders caused by a point mutation in the β-globin gene. This mutation results in polymerization of hemoglobin (Hb) under reduced oxygenation conditions, causing rigid sickle-shaped RBCs and hemolytic anemia. This clearly defined fundamental molecular mechanism makes SCD a prototypical target for precision therapy. Both the mutant β-globin protein and its downstream pathophysiology are pharmacological targets of intensive research. SCD also is a disease well-suited for biological interventions like gene therapy. Recent advances in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation and gene therapy platforms, like Lentiviral vectors and gene editing strategies, expand the potentially curative options for patients with SCD. This review discusses the recent advances in precision therapy for SCD and the preclinical and clinical advances in autologous HSC gene therapy for SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Garg
- CSL Behring, 1020 1St Ave, King of Prussia, PA 19406, United States
| | | | - Karsten Peppel
- CSL Behring, 1020 1St Ave, King of Prussia, PA 19406, United States
| | - Gregory J Kato
- CSL Behring, 1020 1St Ave, King of Prussia, PA 19406, United States
| | - Eva Herzog
- CSL Behring, 1020 1St Ave, King of Prussia, PA 19406, United States
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67
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Villarraza CJ, Antuña S, Tardivo MB, Rodríguez MC, Mussio P, Cattaneo L, Fontana D, Díaz PU, Ortega HH, Tríbulo A, Macagno A, Bó GA, Ceaglio N, Prieto C. Development of a suitable manufacturing process for production of a bioactive recombinant equine chorionic gonadotropin (reCG) in CHO-K1 cells. Theriogenology 2021; 172:8-19. [PMID: 34082223 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) is a heterodimeric glycoprotein hormone produced by pregnant mares that has been used to improve reproductive performance in different domestic species. Several strategies to produce the hormone in a recombinant way have been reported; nevertheless, no approach has been able to produce a recombinant eCG (reCG) with significant in vivo bioactivity or in sufficient quantities for commercial purposes. For this reason, the only current product available on the market consists of partially purified preparations from serum of pregnant mares (PMSG). Herein, we describe a highly efficient process based on third-generation lentiviral vectors as delivery method for the production of reCG in suspension CHO-K1 cells, with productivities above 20 IU 106 cell-1.d-1 and 70% purification yields after one purification step. Importantly, reCG demonstrated biological activity in cattle, since around 30 μg of reCG were needed to exert the same biologic effect of 400 IU of PMSG in an ovulation synchronization protocol. The results obtained demonstrate that the developed strategy represents an attractive option for the production of reCG and constitutes an auspicious alternative for the replacement of animals as a source of PMSG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Javier Villarraza
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Cell Culture Laboratory, Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168 - Km 472.4 - C.C. 242, (S3000ZAA), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Antuña
- Biotecnofe S.A., PTLC, Ruta 168 Pje El Pozo, (CP3000), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | | | - María Celeste Rodríguez
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Cell Culture Laboratory, Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168 - Km 472.4 - C.C. 242, (S3000ZAA), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Pablo Mussio
- UNL, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Biotechnological Development Laboratory, Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168 - Km 472.4 - C.C. 242 - (S3000ZAA), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | | | - Diego Fontana
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Cell Culture Laboratory, Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168 - Km 472.4 - C.C. 242, (S3000ZAA), Santa Fe, Argentina; Cellargen Biotech S.R.L., Antonia Godoy 6369 (S3000ZAA), Santa Fe, Argentina; Biotecnofe S.A., PTLC, Ruta 168 Pje El Pozo, (CP3000), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Pablo U Díaz
- UNL, FCV, R.P. Kreder, 2805, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias Del Litoral (ICiVet Litoral), Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL) / Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Hugo H Ortega
- UNL, FCV, R.P. Kreder, 2805, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias Del Litoral (ICiVet Litoral), Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL) / Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Andres Tríbulo
- Instituto de Reproducción Animal Córdoba (IRAC), Paraje Pozo Del Tigre, Zona Rural Gral, Paz, (X5145), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Macagno
- Instituto AP de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional de Villa María (UNVM), Villa Del Rosario, (X5963), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gabriel A Bó
- Instituto AP de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional de Villa María (UNVM), Villa Del Rosario, (X5963), Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Reproducción Animal Córdoba (IRAC), Paraje Pozo Del Tigre, Zona Rural Gral, Paz, (X5145), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Natalia Ceaglio
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Cell Culture Laboratory, Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168 - Km 472.4 - C.C. 242, (S3000ZAA), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Claudio Prieto
- UNL, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Biotechnological Development Laboratory, Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168 - Km 472.4 - C.C. 242 - (S3000ZAA), Santa Fe, Argentina; Cellargen Biotech S.R.L., Antonia Godoy 6369 (S3000ZAA), Santa Fe, Argentina; Biotecnofe S.A., PTLC, Ruta 168 Pje El Pozo, (CP3000), Santa Fe, Argentina.
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68
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Yukimoto R, Nishida N, Hata T, Fujino S, Ogino T, Miyoshi N, Takahashi H, Uemura M, Satoh T, Hirofumi Y, Mizushima T, Doki Y, Eguchi H. Specific activation of glycolytic enzyme enolase 2 in BRAF V600E-mutated colorectal cancer. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:2884-2894. [PMID: 33934428 PMCID: PMC8253290 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The BRAF V600E mutation occurs in approximately 10% of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) and constitutes a distinct subtype of the disease with extremely poor prognosis. To address this refractory disease, we investigated the unique metabolic gene profile of BRAF V600E‐mutated tumors via in silico analysis using a large‐scale clinical database. We found that BRAF V600E‐mutated tumors exhibited a specific metabolic gene expression signature, including some genes that are associated with poor prognosis in CRC. We discovered that BRAF V600E‐mutated tumors expressed high levels of glycolytic enzyme enolase 2 (ENO2), which is mainly expressed in neuronal tissues under physiological conditions. In vitro experiments using CRC cells demonstrated that BRAF V600E‐mutated cells exhibited enhanced dependency on ENO2 compared to BRAF wild‐type cancer cells and that knockdown of ENO2 led to the inhibition of proliferation and migration of BRAF V600E‐mutated cancer cells. Moreover, inhibition of ENO2 resulted in enhanced sensitivity to vemurafenib, a selective inhibitor of BRAF V600E. We identified AP‐1 transcription factor subunit (FOSL1) as being involved in the transcription of ENO2 in CRC cells. In addition, both MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling were suppressed upon inhibition of ENO2, implying an additional oncogenic role of ENO2. These results suggest the crucial role of ENO2 in the progression of BRAF V600E‐mutated CRC and indicate the therapeutic implications of targeting this gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Yukimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Naohiro Nishida
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hata
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Shiki Fujino
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ogino
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Norikatsu Miyoshi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Mamoru Uemura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Taroh Satoh
- Department of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yamamoto Hirofumi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Tsunekazu Mizushima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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69
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Host serine proteases TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS11D mediate proteolytic activation and trypsin-independent infection in group A rotaviruses. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.00398-21. [PMID: 33762412 PMCID: PMC8139689 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00398-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses (RVAs) are representative enteric virus species and major causes of diarrhea in humans and animals. The RVA virion is a triple-layered particle, and the outermost layer consists of the glycoprotein VP7 and spike protein VP4. To increase the infectivity of RVA, VP4 is proteolytically cleaved into VP5* and VP8* subunits by trypsin; and these subunits form a rigid spike structure on the virion surface. In this study, we investigated the growth of RVAs in cells transduced with type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs), which cleave fusion proteins and promote infection by respiratory viruses, such as influenza viruses, paramyxoviruses, and coronaviruses. We identified TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS11D as host TTSPs that mediate trypsin-independent and multi-cycle infection by human and animal RVA strains. In vitro cleavage assays revealed that recombinant TMPRSS11D cleaved RVA VP4. We also found that TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS11D promote the infectious entry of immature RVA virions, but they could not activate nascent progeny virions in the late phase of infection. This observation differed from the TTSP-mediated activation process of paramyxoviruses, revealing the existence of virus species-specific activation processes in TTSPs. Our study provides new insights into the interaction between RVAs and host factors, and TTSP-transduced cells offer potential advantages for RVA research and development.ImportanceProteolytic cleavage of the viral VP4 protein is essential for virion maturation and infectivity in group A rotaviruses (RVAs). In cell culture, RVAs are propagated in culture medium supplemented with the exogenous protease trypsin, which cleaves VP4 and induces the maturation of progeny RVA virions. In this study, we demonstrated that the host proteases TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS11D mediate the trypsin-independent infection and growth of RVA. Our data revealed that the proteolytic activation of RVAs by TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS11D occurs at the viral entry step. Because TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS11D gene expression induced similar or higher levels of RVA growth as trypsin-supplemented culture, this approach offers potential advantages for RVA research and development.
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70
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Deogharkar A, Singh SV, Bharambe HS, Paul R, Moiyadi A, Goel A, Shetty P, Sridhar E, Gupta T, Jalali R, Goel N, Gadewal N, Muthukumar S, Shirsat NV. Downregulation of ARID1B, a tumor-suppressor in the WNT subgroup medulloblastoma, activates multiple oncogenic signaling pathways. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:1721-1733. [PMID: 33949667 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma, a common pediatric malignant brain tumor, consists of four distinct molecular subgroups WNT, SHH, Group 3, and Group 4. Exome sequencing of 11 WNT subgroup medulloblastomas from an Indian cohort identified mutations in several chromatin modifier genes, including genes of the mammalian SWI/SNF complex. The genome of WNT subgroup tumors is known to be stable except for monosomy 6. Two tumors, having monosomy 6, carried a loss of function mutation in the ARID1B gene located on chromosome 6. ARID1B expression is also lower in the WNT subgroup tumors compared to other subgroups and normal cerebellar tissues that could result in haploinsufficiency. The shRNA-mediated knockdown of ARID1B expression resulted in a significant increase in the malignant potential of medulloblastoma cells. Transcriptome sequencing identified upregulation of several genes encoding cell adhesion proteins, matrix metalloproteases indicating the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The ARID1B knockdown also upregulated ERK1/ERK2 and PI3K/AKT signaling with a decrease in the expression of several negative regulators of these pathways. The expression of negative regulators of the WNT signaling like TLE1, MDFI, GPX3, ALX4, DLC1, MEST decreased upon ARID1B knockdown resulting in the activation of the canonical WNT signaling pathway. Synthetic lethality has been reported between SWI-SNF complex mutations and EZH2 inhibition, suggesting EZH2 inhibition as a possible therapeutic modality for WNT subgroup medulloblastomas. Thus, the identification of ARID1B as a tumor suppressor and its downregulation resulting in the activation of multiple signaling pathways opens up opportunities for novel therapeutic modalities for the treatment of WNT subgroup medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Deogharkar
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research & Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210
| | - Satishkumar Vishram Singh
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research & Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210
| | - Harish Shrikrishna Bharambe
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research & Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210
| | - Raikamal Paul
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research & Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210
| | | | | | | | | | - Tejpal Gupta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Tata Memorial Centre, Parel, Mumbai 400012
| | - Rakesh Jalali
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Tata Memorial Centre, Parel, Mumbai 400012
| | - Naina Goel
- Department of Pathology, Seth G. S. Medical College, Parel, Mumbai 400012
| | - Nikhil Gadewal
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research & Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210
| | - Sahana Muthukumar
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research & Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210
| | - Neelam Vishwanath Shirsat
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research & Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210
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71
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Aso H, Nagaoka S, Kawakami E, Ito J, Islam S, Tan BJY, Nakaoka S, Ashizaki K, Shiroguchi K, Suzuki Y, Satou Y, Koyanagi Y, Sato K. Multiomics Investigation Revealing the Characteristics of HIV-1-Infected Cells In Vivo. Cell Rep 2021; 32:107887. [PMID: 32668246 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
For eradication of HIV-1 infection, it is important to elucidate the detailed features and heterogeneity of HIV-1-infected cells in vivo. To reveal multiple characteristics of HIV-1-producing cells in vivo, we use a hematopoietic-stem-cell-transplanted humanized mouse model infected with GFP-encoding replication-competent HIV-1. We perform multiomics experiments using recently developed technology to identify the features of HIV-1-infected cells. Genome-wide HIV-1 integration-site analysis reveals that productive HIV-1 infection tends to occur in cells with viral integration into transcriptionally active genomic regions. Bulk transcriptome analysis reveals that a high level of viral mRNA is transcribed in HIV-1-infected cells. Moreover, single-cell transcriptome analysis shows the heterogeneity of HIV-1-infected cells, including CXCL13high cells and a subpopulation with low expression of interferon-stimulated genes, which can contribute to efficient viral spread in vivo. Our findings describe multiple characteristics of HIV-1-producing cells in vivo, which could provide clues for the development of an HIV-1 cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Aso
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 1088639, Japan; Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068507, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068501, Japan
| | - Shumpei Nagaoka
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 1088639, Japan
| | - Eiryo Kawakami
- RIKEN Medical Sciences Innovation Hub Program, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan; Artificial Intelligence Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 2608670, Japan
| | - Jumpei Ito
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 1088639, Japan
| | - Saiful Islam
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 8600811, Japan; Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 8600811, Japan
| | - Benjy Jek Yang Tan
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 8600811, Japan; Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 8600811, Japan
| | - Shinji Nakaoka
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600810, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan
| | - Koichi Ashizaki
- RIKEN Medical Sciences Innovation Hub Program, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Shiroguchi
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Suita, Osaka 5650874, Japan; RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 2778561, Japan
| | - Yorifumi Satou
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 8600811, Japan; Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 8600811, Japan
| | - Yoshio Koyanagi
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068507, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068501, Japan
| | - Kei Sato
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 1088639, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
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72
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Fu X, Tao L, Zhang X. Comprehensive and systemic optimization for improving the yield of SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped virus. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2021; 20:350-356. [PMID: 33521163 PMCID: PMC7823204 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Virus neutralization assay is principally conducted by measuring the ability of the antibodies in patient sera to prevent the infection of susceptible cells by the virus. As SARS-CoV-2 is classified as a risk group 3 pathogen, neutralization assay using a live virus needs to be handled in a biosafety level 3 laboratory. To overcome this limitation, pseudotyped viruses have been developed as an alternative for the live SARS-CoV-2. However, one of the issues that we and others have encountered during the production of pseudotyped virus with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was the low virus yield. In our own experience, we were only able initially to produce a stock with a virus titer that is more than two orders of magnitude lower than what we usually get with a vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G) pseudotyped lentiviral vector. We have conducted a series of improvements, including using a C-terminal truncated form of spike protein and a D614G mutated spike. Together, these have led to a significant improvement in the yield of the pseudotyped virus. Finally, our data show that using a high-affinity ACE2-expressing cell line resulted in a reduction in detection sensitivity of the neutralization assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinping Fu
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and Center for Nuclear Receptor and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Lihua Tao
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and Center for Nuclear Receptor and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Xiaoliu Zhang
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and Center for Nuclear Receptor and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
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73
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Shiromoto Y, Sakurai M, Minakuchi M, Ariyoshi K, Nishikura K. ADAR1 RNA editing enzyme regulates R-loop formation and genome stability at telomeres in cancer cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1654. [PMID: 33712600 PMCID: PMC7955049 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21921-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ADAR1 is involved in adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing. The cytoplasmic ADAR1p150 edits 3'UTR double-stranded RNAs and thereby suppresses induction of interferons. Loss of this ADAR1p150 function underlies the embryonic lethality of Adar1 null mice, pathogenesis of the severe autoimmune disease Aicardi-Goutières syndrome, and the resistance developed in cancers to immune checkpoint blockade. In contrast, the biological functions of the nuclear-localized ADAR1p110 remain largely unknown. Here, we report that ADAR1p110 regulates R-loop formation and genome stability at telomeres in cancer cells carrying non-canonical variants of telomeric repeats. ADAR1p110 edits the A-C mismatches within RNA:DNA hybrids formed between canonical and non-canonical variant repeats. Editing of A-C mismatches to I:C matched pairs facilitates resolution of telomeric R-loops by RNase H2. This ADAR1p110-dependent control of telomeric R-loops is required for continued proliferation of telomerase-reactivated cancer cells, revealing the pro-oncogenic nature of ADAR1p110 and identifying ADAR1 as a promising therapeutic target of telomerase positive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masayuki Sakurai
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Kentaro Ariyoshi
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Integrated Center for Science and Humanities, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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74
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Ouyang W, Dong G, Zhao W, Li J, Zhou Z, Yang G, Liu R, Li Y, Zhang Q, Du X, Sun H, Gu Y, Lai Y, Liu S, Liu C. Restoration of β-Globin Expression with Optimally Designed Lentiviral Vector for β-Thalassemia Treatment in Chinese Patients. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 32:481-494. [PMID: 33256481 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2020.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Thalassemia is one of the most prevalent genetic diseases worldwide. The current treatment for β-thalassemia is allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, which is limited due to lack of matched donors. Gene therapy has been developed as an alternative therapeutic option for transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia (TDT). However, successful gene therapy for β-thalassemia patients in China has not been reported. Here, we present the results of preclinical studies of an optimally designed lentiviral vector (LV) named LentiHBBT87Q in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) derived from Chinese TDT patients. LentiHBBT87Q was selected from a series of LVs with optimized backbone and de novo cloning strategy. It contains an exogenous T87Q β-globin gene (HBBT87Q) driven by a specific reconstituted locus control region, and efficiently expresses HBB mRNA and HBB protein in erythroblasts derived from cord blood HSPCs. To facilitate clinical transformation, we manufactured clinical-grade LentiHBBT87Q (cLentiHBBT87Q) and optimized its transduction procedure. Importantly, transduction of cLentiHBBT87Q restored expression of HBB monomer and adult hemoglobin tetramer to relatively normal level in erythroblasts from bone marrow HSPCs of Chinese TDT patients that carry the most common mutation types and cover various genotypes, including β0/β0. Furthermore, viral integration sites (VISs) of cLentiHBBT87Q were similar to other LVs safely used in previous clinical trials, and gene-ontology (term) analysis of VIS targeted genes suggests that no tumor-associated pathways were enriched in treated samples. Taken together, we have engineered the cLentiHBBT87Q that can restore β-globin expression in the HSPCs-derived erythroblasts of Chinese TDT patients with minimal risk of tumorigenesis, providing a favorable starting point for future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Ouyang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guoyi Dong
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weihua Zhao
- Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Li
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ziheng Zhou
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gaohui Yang
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Rongrong Liu
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiaoxia Zhang
- Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Du
- Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haixi Sun
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying Gu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yongrong Lai
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Sixi Liu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chao Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
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75
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Miyazaki S, Tashiro F, Tsuchiya T, Sasaki K, Miyazaki JI. Establishment of a long-term stable β-cell line and its application to analyze the effect of Gcg expression on insulin secretion. Sci Rep 2021; 11:477. [PMID: 33436850 PMCID: PMC7804151 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79992-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A pancreatic β-cell line MIN6 was previously established in our lab from an insulinoma developed in an IT6 transgenic mouse expressing the SV40 T antigen in β-cells. This cell line has been widely used for in vitro analysis of β-cell function, but tends to lose the mature β-cell features, including glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), in long-term culture. The aim of this study was to develop a stable β-cell line that retains the characteristics of mature β-cells. Considering that mice derived from a cross between C3H and C57BL/6 strains are known to exhibit higher insulin secretory capacity than C57BL/6 mice, an IT6 male mouse of this hybrid background was used to isolate insulinomas, which were independently cultured. After 7 months of continuous culturing, we obtained the MIN6-CB4 β-cell line, which stably maintains its GSIS. It has been noted that β-cell lines express the glucagon (Gcg) gene at certain levels. MIN6-CB4 cells were utilized to assess the effects of differential Gcg expression on β-cell function. Our data show the functional importance of Gcg expression and resulting basal activation of the GLP-1 receptor in β-cells. MIN6-CB4 cells can serve as an invaluable tool for studying the regulatory mechanisms of insulin secretion, such as the GLP-1/cAMP signaling, in β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satsuki Miyazaki
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Division of Stem Cell Regulation Research, Center for Medical Research and Education, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka Japan
| | - Fumi Tashiro
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Division of Stem Cell Regulation Research, Center for Medical Research and Education, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka Japan
| | - Takashi Tsuchiya
- grid.410796.d0000 0004 0378 8307National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka Japan
| | - Kazuki Sasaki
- grid.410796.d0000 0004 0378 8307National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka Japan ,grid.419521.a0000 0004 1763 8692Present Address: Sasaki Institute, 2-2, Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062 Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Miyazaki
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 560-0047 Japan
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Conniot J, Talebian S, Simões S, Ferreira L, Conde J. Revisiting gene delivery to the brain: silencing and editing. Biomater Sci 2020; 9:1065-1087. [PMID: 33315025 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01278e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders, ischemic brain diseases, and brain tumors are debilitating diseases that severely impact a person's life and could possibly lead to their demise if left untreated. Many of these diseases do not respond to small molecule therapeutics and have no effective long-term therapy. Gene therapy offers the promise of treatment or even a cure for both genetic and acquired brain diseases, mediated by either silencing or editing disease-specific genes. Indeed, in the last 5 years, significant progress has been made in the delivery of non-coding RNAs as well as gene-editing formulations to the brain. Unfortunately, the delivery is a major limiting factor for the success of gene therapies. Both viral and non-viral vectors have been used to deliver genetic information into a target cell, but they have limitations. Viral vectors provide excellent transduction efficiency but are associated with toxic effects and have limited packaging capacity; however, non-viral vectors are less toxic and show a high packaging capacity at the price of low transfection efficiency. Herein, we review the progress made in the field of brain gene therapy, particularly in the design of non-toxic and trackable non-viral vectors, capable of controlled release of genes in response to internal/external triggers, and in the delivery of formulations for gene editing. The application of these systems in the context of various brain diseases in pre-clinical and clinical tests will be discussed. Such promising approaches could potentially pave the way for clinical realization of brain gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Conniot
- NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Page A, Fusil F, Cosset FL. Toward Tightly Tuned Gene Expression Following Lentiviral Vector Transduction. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121427. [PMID: 33322556 PMCID: PMC7764518 DOI: 10.3390/v12121427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors are versatile tools for gene delivery purposes. While in the earlier versions of retroviral vectors, transgene expression was controlled by the long terminal repeats (LTRs), the latter generations of vectors, including those derived from lentiviruses, incorporate internal constitutive or regulated promoters in order to regulate transgene expression. This allows to temporally and/or quantitatively control transgene expression, which is required for many applications such as for clinical applications, when transgene expression is required in specific tissues and at a specific timing. Here we review the main systems that have been developed for transgene regulated expression following lentiviral gene transfer. First, the induction of gene expression can be triggered either by external or by internal cues. Indeed, these regulated vector systems may harbor promoters inducible by exogenous stimuli, such as small molecules (e.g., antibiotics) or temperature variations, offering the possibility to tune rapidly transgene expression in case of adverse events. Second, expression can be indirectly adjusted by playing on inserted sequence copies, for instance by gene excision. Finally, synthetic networks can be developed to sense specific endogenous signals and trigger defined responses after information processing. Regulatable lentiviral vectors (LV)-mediated transgene expression systems have been widely used in basic research to uncover gene functions or to temporally reprogram cells. Clinical applications are also under development to induce therapeutic molecule secretion or to implement safety switches. Such regulatable approaches are currently focusing much attention and will benefit from the development of other technologies in order to launch autonomously controlled systems.
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78
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Hasegawa K, Fujii S, Matsumoto S, Tajiri Y, Kikuchi A, Kiyoshima T. YAP signaling induces PIEZO1 to promote oral squamous cell carcinoma cell proliferation. J Pathol 2020; 253:80-93. [PMID: 32985688 DOI: 10.1002/path.5553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Most cancer cells are exposed to altered extracellular environments, such as an increase in extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness and soluble signals consisting of growth factors and cytokines. It is therefore conceivable that changes in tumor extracellular environments affect tumor cell behavior. The Hippo pathway reportedly responds to the extracellular environment and regulates the nuclear localization of the transcription co-activator, yes-associated protein (YAP)/transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ). Inactivation of the Hippo pathway with nuclear translocation of YAP/TAZ stimulates cell proliferation. Its pathway also regulates gene expression, but the precise molecule(s) meditating the cell-proliferating effect of YAP signaling on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is unclear. First, we examined the effects of YAP signaling on OSCC tumorigenesis. Loss-of-function experiments using siRNA or an inhibitor, and immunohistochemical analyses of tissue specimens obtained from OSCC patients demonstrated that YAP signaling was involved in OSCC cell proliferation. Second, we identified Piezo-type mechanosensitive ion channel component 1 (PIEZO1), a Ca2+ channel, as a transcriptional target of YAP signaling and showed that elevated PIEZO1 was required for PIEZO1 agonist-dependent Ca2+ entry and cell proliferation in OSCC cells. Experiments using three-dimensional and suspension culture revealed that PIEZO1 was involved in OSCC cellular growth. Finally, YAP overexpression in the nucleus and/or cytoplasm was immunohistochemically detected in tumor lesions with frequent expression of both PIEZO1 and Ki-67, but not in non-tumor regions of OSCC specimens. These results suggest that the YAP/PIEZO1 axis promotes OSCC cell growth. © 2020 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Fujii
- Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinji Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yudai Tajiri
- Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akira Kikuchi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Kiyoshima
- Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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79
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Miyawaki S, Kuroki S, Maeda R, Okashita N, Koopman P, Tachibana M. The mouse Sry locus harbors a cryptic exon that is essential for male sex determination. Science 2020; 370:121-124. [PMID: 33004521 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb6430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian sex-determining gene Sry induces male development. Since its discovery 30 years ago, Sry has been believed to be a single-exon gene. Here, we identified a cryptic second exon of mouse Sry and a corresponding two-exon type Sry (Sry-T) transcript. XY mice lacking Sry-T were sex-reversed, and ectopic expression of Sry-T in XX mice induced male development. Sry-T messenger RNA is expressed similarly to that of canonical single-exon type Sry (Sry-S), but SRY-T protein is expressed predominantly because of the absence of a degron in the C terminus of SRY-S. Sry exon2 appears to have evolved recently in mice through acquisition of a retrotransposon-derived coding sequence to replace the degron. Our findings suggest that in nature, SRY-T, not SRY-S, is the bona fide testis-determining factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Miyawaki
- Laboratory of Epigenome Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Division of Epigenome Dynamics, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kuroki
- Laboratory of Epigenome Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Division of Epigenome Dynamics, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Ryo Maeda
- Laboratory of Epigenome Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Division of Epigenome Dynamics, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Naoki Okashita
- Laboratory of Epigenome Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Division of Epigenome Dynamics, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Peter Koopman
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Makoto Tachibana
- Laboratory of Epigenome Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan. .,Division of Epigenome Dynamics, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
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80
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The Oncogenic PRL Protein Causes Acid Addiction of Cells by Stimulating Lysosomal Exocytosis. Dev Cell 2020; 55:387-397.e8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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81
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Ros S, Wright AJ, D'Santos P, Hu DE, Hesketh RL, Lubling Y, Georgopoulou D, Lerda G, Couturier DL, Razavi P, Pelossof R, Batra AS, Mannion E, Lewis DY, Martin A, Baird RD, Oliveira M, de Boo LW, Linn SC, Scaltriti M, Rueda OM, Bruna A, Caldas C, Brindle KM. Metabolic Imaging Detects Resistance to PI3Kα Inhibition Mediated by Persistent FOXM1 Expression in ER + Breast Cancer. Cancer Cell 2020; 38:516-533.e9. [PMID: 32976773 PMCID: PMC7562820 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PIK3CA, encoding the PI3Kα isoform, is the most frequently mutated oncogene in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. Isoform-selective PI3K inhibitors are used clinically but intrinsic and acquired resistance limits their utility. Improved selection of patients that will benefit from these drugs requires predictive biomarkers. We show here that persistent FOXM1 expression following drug treatment is a biomarker of resistance to PI3Kα inhibition in ER+ breast cancer. FOXM1 drives expression of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) but not hexokinase 2 (HK-II). The downstream metabolic changes can therefore be detected using MRI of LDH-catalyzed hyperpolarized 13C label exchange between pyruvate and lactate but not by positron emission tomography measurements of HK-II-mediated trapping of the glucose analog 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluorodeoxyglucose. Rapid assessment of treatment response in breast cancer using this imaging method could help identify patients that benefit from PI3Kα inhibition and design drug combinations to counteract the emergence of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Ros
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Cancer Centre, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Alan J Wright
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Cancer Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paula D'Santos
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Cancer Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - De-En Hu
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Cancer Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard L Hesketh
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Cancer Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yaniv Lubling
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Cancer Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dimitra Georgopoulou
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Cancer Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Giulia Lerda
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Cancer Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dominique-Laurent Couturier
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pedram Razavi
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, X and Department of Pathology, Y and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rapahel Pelossof
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, X and Department of Pathology, Y and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ankita S Batra
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Cancer Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elizabeth Mannion
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Cancer Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Y Lewis
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Cancer Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alistair Martin
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Cancer Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard D Baird
- Breast Cancer Research Programme, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mafalda Oliveira
- Medical Oncology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leonora W de Boo
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sabine C Linn
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maurizio Scaltriti
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, X and Department of Pathology, Y and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Oscar M Rueda
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Cancer Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alejandra Bruna
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Cancer Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carlos Caldas
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Cancer Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kevin M Brindle
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Cancer Centre, Cambridge, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK.
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82
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Munis AM. Gene Therapy Applications of Non-Human Lentiviral Vectors. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101106. [PMID: 33003635 PMCID: PMC7599719 DOI: 10.3390/v12101106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent commercialization of lentiviral vector (LV)-based cell therapies and successful reports of clinical studies have demonstrated the untapped potential of LVs to treat diseases and benefit patients. LVs hold notable and inherent advantages over other gene transfer agents based on their ability to transduce non-dividing cells, permanently transform target cell genome, and allow stable, long-term transgene expression. LV systems based on non-human lentiviruses are attractive alternatives to conventional HIV-1-based LVs due to their lack of pathogenicity in humans. This article reviews non-human lentiviruses and highlights their unique characteristics regarding virology and molecular biology. The LV systems developed based on these lentiviruses, as well as their successes and shortcomings, are also discussed. As the field of gene therapy is advancing rapidly, the use of LVs uncovers further challenges and possibilities. Advances in virology and an improved understanding of lentiviral biology will aid in the creation of recombinant viral vector variants suitable for translational applications from a variety of lentiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altar M Munis
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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83
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Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Kurarinone Involves Induction of HO-1 via the KEAP1/Nrf2 Pathway. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9090842. [PMID: 32916869 PMCID: PMC7554885 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Kurarinone, a flavonoid isolated from the roots of Sophora flavescens, was suggested to exert potent antioxidant and immunosuppressive effects. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a key transcription factor that regulates the antioxidant defense system with anti-inflammatory activity. In the present study, we demonstrated that kurarinone activated Nrf2 and increased the expression of antioxidant enzymes, including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Mechanistically, kurarinone downregulated the expression of kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1), subsequently leading to the activation of Nrf2. Kurarinone also inhibited the expression of the inflammatory cytokine, interleukin (IL)-1β, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNos) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. The overexpression of HO-1 suppressed the LPS-induced production of inflammatory mediators in RAW264.7 cells, and the immunosuppressive effects of kurarinone were partially inhibited by a treatment with Tin Protomorphyrin IX (TinPPIX), an inhibitor of HO-1. These results indicate that kurarinone activates the KEAP1/Nrf2 pathway to induce HO-1 expression, thereby exerting immunosuppressive effects.
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84
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Manfredi F, Cianciotti BC, Potenza A, Tassi E, Noviello M, Biondi A, Ciceri F, Bonini C, Ruggiero E. TCR Redirected T Cells for Cancer Treatment: Achievements, Hurdles, and Goals. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1689. [PMID: 33013822 PMCID: PMC7494743 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) is a rapidly evolving therapeutic approach designed to harness T cell specificity and function to fight diseases. Based on the evidence that T lymphocytes can mediate a potent anti-tumor response, initially ACT solely relied on the isolation, in vitro expansion, and infusion of tumor-infiltrating or circulating tumor-specific T cells. Although effective in a subset of cases, in the first ACT clinical trials several patients experienced disease progression, in some cases after temporary disease control. This evidence prompted researchers to improve ACT products by taking advantage of the continuously evolving gene engineering field and by improving manufacturing protocols, to enable the generation of effective and long-term persisting tumor-specific T cell products. Despite recent advances, several challenges, including prioritization of antigen targets, identification, and optimization of tumor-specific T cell receptors, in the development of tools enabling T cells to counteract the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, still need to be faced. This review aims at summarizing the major achievements, hurdles and possible solutions designed to improve the ACT efficacy and safety profile in the context of liquid and solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Manfredi
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Beatrice Claudia Cianciotti
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Fondazione Centro San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Potenza
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano - Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Tassi
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maddalena Noviello
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Biondi
- Clinica Pediatrica Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Fondazione MBBM, Monza, Italy
| | - Fabio Ciceri
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Bonini
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Eliana Ruggiero
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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85
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Brommel CM, Cooney AL, Sinn PL. Adeno-Associated Virus-Based Gene Therapy for Lifelong Correction of Genetic Disease. Hum Gene Ther 2020; 31:985-995. [PMID: 32718227 PMCID: PMC7495917 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2020.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The list of successful gene therapy trials using adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based vectors continues to grow and includes a wide range of monogenic diseases. Replication incompetent AAV genomes typically remain episomal and expression dilutes as cells divide and die. Consequently, long-term transgene expression from AAV is best suited for quiescent cell types, such as retinal cells, myocytes, or neurons. For genetic diseases that involve cells with steady turnover, AAV-conferred correction may require routine readministration, where every dose carries the risk of developing an adaptive immune response that renders treatment ineffective. Here, we discuss innovative approaches to permanently modify the host genome using AAV-based platforms, thus potentially requiring only a single dose. Such approaches include using AAV delivery of DNA transposons, homologous recombination templates into safe harbors, and nucleases for targeting integration. In tissues with continual cell turnover, genetic modification of progenitor cell populations will help ensure persistent therapeutic outcomes. Combining the safety profile of AAV-based gene therapy vectors with the ability to integrate a therapeutic transgene creates novel solutions to the challenge of lifelong curative treatments for human genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashley L. Cooney
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Patrick L. Sinn
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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86
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Preece R, Georgiadis C, Gkazi SA, Etuk A, Christi A, Qasim W. 'Mini' U6 Pol III promoter exhibits nucleosome redundancy and supports multiplexed coupling of CRISPR/Cas9 effects. Gene Ther 2020; 27:451-458. [PMID: 32203198 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-020-0142-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RNA polymerase III (Pol III) promoters express short non-coding RNAs and have been adopted for expression of microRNA, interference RNA, and CRISPR single guide RNA (sgRNA). Vectors incorporating H1 and U6 Pol III promoters are being applied for therapeutic genome editing, including multiplexed CRISPR/Cas9 effects. We report a nucleosome-depleted, minimal U6 promoter, which when embedded within lentiviral long terminal repeat (LTR) regions, supports high level transcriptional activity. Furthermore, duplex minimal H1 & U6 promoters transcribed dual sgRNAs for simultaneous disruption of T cell receptor (TCR) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules, supporting efficient generation of 'universal' CAR T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Preece
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Christos Georgiadis
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK.
| | - Soragia Athina Gkazi
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Aniekan Etuk
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Abraham Christi
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Waseem Qasim
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
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87
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Niggemann P, György B, Chen ZY. Genome and base editing for genetic hearing loss. Hear Res 2020; 394:107958. [PMID: 32334889 PMCID: PMC7415640 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2020.107958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Genome editing opens up a new frontier in developing personalized therapeutic solutions. With the unprecedented advance in the discovery and engineering of gene editing nucleases, it has now become potentially feasible to therapeutically influence up to 90% of all human genetic mutations. Hearing loss is one of the most well studied fields from the genetics perspective, with more than one hundred identified deafness genes. Novel viral and non-viral vectors have been established as safe and efficient modalities to deliver transgenes into cells of the cochlea and to the vestibular system in animal models. Recent studies demonstrated proof-of-concept for therapeutic genome and base editing in the mammalian inner ear and preclinical development is ongoing. This review summarizes important advances and future challenges for this transformative therapeutic modality for genetic and non-genetic hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Niggemann
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bence György
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Zheng-Yi Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles St., Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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88
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Reprogramming and transdifferentiation - two key processes for regenerative medicine. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 882:173202. [PMID: 32562801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine based on transplants obtained from donors or foetal and new-born mesenchymal stem cells, encounter important obstacles such as limited availability of organs, ethical issues and immune rejection. The growing demand for therapeutic methods for patients being treated after serious accidents, severe organ dysfunction and an increasing number of cancer surgeries, exceeds the possibilities of the therapies that are currently available. Reprogramming and transdifferentiation provide powerful bioengineering tools. Both procedures are based on the somatic differentiated cells, which are easily and unlimitedly available, like for example: fibroblasts. During the reprogramming procedure mature cells are converted into pluripotent cells - which are capable to differentiate into almost any kind of desired cells. Transdifferentiation directly converts differentiated cells of one type into another differentiated cells type. Both procedures allow to obtained patient's dedicated cells for therapeutic purpose in regenerative medicine. In combination with biomaterials, it is possible to obtain even whole anatomical structures. Those patient's dedicated structures may serve for them upon serious accidents with massive tissue damage but also upon cancer surgeries as a replacement of damaged organ. Detailed information about reprogramming and transdifferentiation procedures as well as the current state of the art are presented in our review.
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89
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Hino N, Rossetti L, Marín-Llauradó A, Aoki K, Trepat X, Matsuda M, Hirashima T. ERK-Mediated Mechanochemical Waves Direct Collective Cell Polarization. Dev Cell 2020; 53:646-660.e8. [PMID: 32497487 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
During collective migration of epithelial cells, the migration direction is aligned over a tissue-scale expanse. Although the collective cell migration is known to be directed by mechanical forces transmitted via cell-cell junctions, it remains elusive how the intercellular force transmission is coordinated with intracellular biochemical signaling to achieve collective movements. Here, we show that intercellular coupling of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-mediated mechanochemical feedback yields long-distance transmission of guidance cues. Mechanical stretch activates ERK through epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation, and ERK activation triggers cell contraction. The contraction of the activated cell pulls neighboring cells, evoking another round of ERK activation and contraction in the neighbors. Furthermore, anisotropic contraction based on front-rear polarization guarantees unidirectional propagation of ERK activation, and in turn, the ERK activation waves direct multicellular alignment of the polarity, leading to long-range ordered migration. Our findings reveal that mechanical forces mediate intercellular signaling underlying sustained transmission of guidance cues for collective cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Hino
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Leone Rossetti
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | | | - Kazuhiro Aoki
- Quantitative Biology Research Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Division of Quantitative Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Xavier Trepat
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona 08028, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain; Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michiyuki Matsuda
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Tsuyoshi Hirashima
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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90
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Merola A, Van Laar A, Lonser R, Bankiewicz K. Gene therapy for Parkinson’s disease: contemporary practice and emerging concepts. Expert Rev Neurother 2020; 20:577-590. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2020.1763794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aristide Merola
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Amber Van Laar
- Brain Neurotherapy Bio, Inc., Columbus, OH, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Russell Lonser
- Department of Neurological Surgery, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Krzysztof Bankiewicz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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91
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Watabe T, Terai K, Sumiyama K, Matsuda M. Booster, a Red-Shifted Genetically Encoded Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) Biosensor Compatible with Cyan Fluorescent Protein/Yellow Fluorescent Protein-Based FRET Biosensors and Blue Light-Responsive Optogenetic Tools. ACS Sens 2020; 5:719-730. [PMID: 32101394 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Genetically encoded Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based biosensors have been developed for the visualization of signaling molecule activities. Currently, most of them are comprised of cyan and yellow fluorescent proteins (CFP and YFP), precluding the use of multiple FRET biosensors within a single cell. Moreover, the FRET biosensors based on CFP and YFP are incompatible with the optogenetic tools that operate at blue light. To overcome these problems, here, we have developed FRET biosensors with red-shifted excitation and emission wavelengths. We chose mKOκ and mKate2 as the favorable donor and acceptor pair by calculating the Förster distance. By optimizing the order of fluorescent proteins and modulatory domains of the FRET biosensors, we developed a FRET biosensor backbone named "Booster". The performance of the protein kinase A (PKA) biosensor based on the Booster backbone (Booster-PKA) was comparable to that of AKAR3EV, a previously developed FRET biosensor comprising CFP and YFP. For the proof of concept, we first showed simultaneous monitoring of activities of two protein kinases with Booster-PKA and ERK FRET biosensors based on CFP and YFP. Second, we showed monitoring of PKA activation by Beggiatoa photoactivated adenylyl cyclase, an optogenetic generator of cyclic AMP. Finally, we presented PKA activity in living tissues of transgenic mice expressing Booster-PKA. Collectively, the results demonstrate the effectiveness and versatility of Booster biosensors as an imaging tool in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Watabe
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kenta Terai
- Research Center for Dynamic Living Systems, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kenta Sumiyama
- Laboratory for Mouse Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Michiyuki Matsuda
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Research Center for Dynamic Living Systems, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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92
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Salama Y, Heida AH, Yokoyama K, Takahashi S, Hattori K, Heissig B. The EGFL7-ITGB3-KLF2 axis enhances survival of multiple myeloma in preclinical models. Blood Adv 2020; 4:1021-1037. [PMID: 32191808 PMCID: PMC7094020 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019001002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenic factors play a key role in multiple myeloma (MM) growth, relapse, and drug resistance. Here we show that malignant plasma cells (cell lines and patient-derived MM cells) express angiocrine factor EGF like-7 (EGFL7) mRNA and protein. MM cells both produced EGFL7 and expressed the functional EGFL7 receptor integrin β 3 (ITGB3), resulting in ITGB3 phosphorylation and focal adhesion kinase activation. Overexpression of ITGB3 or EGFL7 enhanced MM cell adhesion and proliferation. Intriguingly, ITGB3 overexpression upregulated the transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2), which further enhanced EGFL7 transcription in MM cells, thereby establishing an EGFL7-ITGB3-KLF2-EGFL7 amplification loop that supports MM cell survival and proliferation. EGFL7 expression was found in certain plasma cells of patients with refractory MM and of patients at primary diagnosis. NOD.CB17-Prkdc/J mice transplanted with MM cells showed elevated human plasma EGFL7 levels. EGFL7 knockdown in patient-derived MM cells and treatment with neutralizing antibodies against EGFL7 inhibited MM cell growth in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrate that the standard-of-care MM drug bortezomib upregulates EGFL7, ITGB3, and KLF2 expression in MM cells. Inhibition of EGFL7 signaling in synergy with BTZ may provide a novel strategy for inhibiting MM cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Salama
- Division of Stem Cell Dynamics, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- An-Najah Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Andries Hendrik Heida
- Division of Stem Cell Dynamics, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Satoshi Takahashi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | | | - Beate Heissig
- Division of Stem Cell Dynamics, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Immunological Diagnosis, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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93
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Simantirakis E, Tsironis I, Vassilopoulos G. FV Vectors as Alternative Gene Vehicles for Gene Transfer in HSCs. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030332. [PMID: 32204324 PMCID: PMC7150843 DOI: 10.3390/v12030332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs) are a unique population of cells, capable of reconstituting the blood system of an organism through orchestrated self-renewal and differentiation. They play a pivotal role in stem cell therapies, both autologous and allogeneic. In the field of gene and cell therapy, HSCs, genetically modified or otherwise, are used to alleviate or correct a genetic defect. In this concise review, we discuss the use of SFVpsc_huHSRV.13, formerly known as Prototype Foamy Viral (PFV or FV) vectors, as vehicles for gene delivery in HSCs. We present the properties of the FV vectors that make them ideal for HSC delivery vehicles, we review their record in HSC gene marking studies and their potential as therapeutic vectors for monogenic disorders in preclinical animal models. FVs are a safe and efficient tool for delivering genes in HSCs compared to other retroviral gene delivery systems. Novel technological advancements in their production and purification in closed systems, have allowed their production under cGMP compliant conditions. It may only be a matter of time before they find their way into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Simantirakis
- Gene Therapy Lab, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Division of Genetics and Gene Therapy, Basic Research II, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.S.); (I.T.)
| | - Ioannis Tsironis
- Gene Therapy Lab, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Division of Genetics and Gene Therapy, Basic Research II, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.S.); (I.T.)
| | - George Vassilopoulos
- Gene Therapy Lab, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Division of Genetics and Gene Therapy, Basic Research II, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.S.); (I.T.)
- Division of Hematology, University of Thessaly Medical School, 41500 Larissa, Greece
- Correspondence:
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94
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Abstract
A widely used third-generation lentiviral packaging system produces virus with enhanced biosafety by eliminating HIV accessory genes and separating packaging elements into three different plasmids. However, for certain vectors such as pLKO.1, third-generation safety features reduce lentiviral titers due to the lack of the accessory gene tat. Here we present a way to improve virus production and target gene knockdown with a modified pLKO.1 CMV pLKO.1C) vector and optimized packaging construct ratios. Replacing the pLKO.1 RSV promoter with the Cytomegalovirus promoter yielded an average of threefold higher titer than standard pLKO.1 packaged using the third-generation system, while optimizing the packaging vector ratios further increased titer and yielded an average of tenfold higher titer than pLKO.1 packaged with the second-generation system. Substituting the Rous Sarcoma Virus promoter of pLKO.1 with the Cytomegalovirus promoter dramatically enhanced virus production with the third-generation packaging system. Higher titers and improved target gene knockdown were achieved by optimizing the ratio of viral packaging constructs. This study suggests an approach to generate and deliver lentiviruses with maximized efficacy while maintaining biosafety.
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95
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Fujii S, Tajiri Y, Hasegawa K, Matsumoto S, Yoshimoto RU, Wada H, Kishida S, Kido MA, Yoshikawa H, Ozeki S, Kiyoshima T. The TRPV4-AKT axis promotes oral squamous cell carcinoma cell proliferation via CaMKII activation. J Transl Med 2020; 100:311-323. [PMID: 31857698 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-019-0357-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Most human malignant tumor cells arise from epithelial tissues, which show distinctive characteristics, such as polarization, cell-to-cell contact between neighboring cells, and anchoring to a basement membrane. When tumor cells invaginate into the stroma, the cells are exposed to extracellular environments, including the extracellular matrix (ECM). Increased ECM stiffness has been reported to promote cellular biological activities, such as excessive cellular growth and enhanced migration capability. Therefore, tumorous ECM stiffness is not only an important clinical tumor feature but also plays a pivotal role in tumor cell behavior. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4), a Ca2+-permeable nonselective cation channel, has been reported to be mechano-sensitive and to regulate tumorigenesis, but the underlying molecular mechanism in tumorigenesis remains unclear. The function of TRPV4 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is also unknown. The current study was conducted to investigate whether or not TRPV4 might be involved in OSCC tumorigenesis. TRPV4 mRNA levels were elevated in OSCC cell lines compared with normal oral epithelial cells, and its expression was required for TRPV4 agonist-dependent Ca2+ entry. TRPV4-depleted tumor cells exhibited decreased proliferation capabilities in three-dimensional culture but not in a low-attachment plastic dish. A xenograft tumor model demonstrated that TRPV4 expression was involved in cancer cell proliferation in vivo. Furthermore, loss-of-function experiments using siRNA or an inhibitor revealed that the TRPV4 expression was required for CaMKII-mediated AKT activation. Immunohistochemical analyses of tissue specimens obtained from 36 OSCC patients showed that TRPV4 was weakly observed in non-tumor regions but was strongly expressed in tumor lesions at high frequencies where phosphorylated AKT expression was frequently detected. These results suggest that the TRPV4/CaMKII/AKT axis, which might be activated by extracellular environments, promotes OSCC tumor cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Fujii
- Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Yudai Tajiri
- Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.,Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center, 1-8-1 Jigyohama, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka, 810-8563, Japan
| | - Kana Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shinji Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Reiko U Yoshimoto
- Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Division of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan.,Department of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroko Wada
- Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shosei Kishida
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Mizuho A Kido
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Division of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Yoshikawa
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center, 1-8-1 Jigyohama, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka, 810-8563, Japan
| | - Satoru Ozeki
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center, 1-8-1 Jigyohama, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka, 810-8563, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Kiyoshima
- Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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96
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Sampilvanjil A, Karasawa T, Yamada N, Komada T, Higashi T, Baatarjav C, Watanabe S, Kamata R, Ohno N, Takahashi M. Cigarette smoke extract induces ferroptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 318:H508-H518. [PMID: 31975626 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00559.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for aortic aneurysm and dissection; however, no causative link between smoking and these aortic disorders has been proven. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism by which cigarette smoke affects vascular wall cells and found that cigarette smoke extract (CSE) induced a novel form of regulated cell death termed ferroptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). CSE markedly induced cell death in A7r5 cells and primary rat VSMCs, but not in endothelial cells, which was completely inhibited by specific ferroptosis inhibitors [ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) and Liproxstatin-1] and an iron chelator (deferoxamine). CSE-induced VSMC death was partially inhibited by a GSH precursor (N-acetyl cysteine) and an NADPH oxidase inhibitor [diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI)], but not by inhibitors of pan-caspases (Z-VAD), caspase-1 (Z-YVAD), or necroptosis (necrostatin-1). CSE also upregulated IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase)in A7r5 cells, which was inhibited by Fer-1. Furthermore, CSE induced the upregulation of Ptgs2 mRNA, lipid peroxidation, and intracellular GSH depletion, which are key features of ferroptosis. VSMC ferroptosis was induced by acrolein and methyl vinyl ketone, major constituents of CSE. Furthermore, CSE caused medial VSMC loss in ex vivo aortas. Electron microscopy analysis showed mitochondrial damage and fragmentation in medial VSMCs of CSE-treated aortas. All of these manifestations were partially restored by Fer-1. These findings demonstrate that ferroptosis is responsible for CSE-induced VSMC death and suggest that ferroptosis is a potential therapeutic target for preventing aortic aneurysm and dissection.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced cell death in rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) was completely inhibited by specific ferroptosis inhibitors and an iron chelator. CSE also induced the upregulation of Ptgs2 mRNA, lipid peroxidation, and intracellular GSH depletion, which are key features of ferroptosis. CSE caused medial VSMC loss in ex vivo aortas. These findings demonstrate that ferroptosis is responsible for CSE-induced VSMC death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariunaa Sampilvanjil
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tadayoshi Karasawa
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Naoya Yamada
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takanori Komada
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tsunehito Higashi
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Chintogtokh Baatarjav
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Sachiko Watanabe
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Ryo Kamata
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Ohno
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.,Division of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masafumi Takahashi
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
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97
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Bajan S, Hutvagner G. RNA-Based Therapeutics: From Antisense Oligonucleotides to miRNAs. Cells 2020; 9:E137. [PMID: 31936122 PMCID: PMC7016530 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The first therapeutic nucleic acid, a DNA oligonucleotide, was approved for clinical use in 1998. Twenty years later, in 2018, the first therapeutic RNA-based oligonucleotide was United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved. This promises to be a rapidly expanding market, as many emerging biopharmaceutical companies are developing RNA interference (RNAi)-based, and RNA-based antisense oligonucleotide therapies. However, miRNA therapeutics are noticeably absent. miRNAs are regulatory RNAs that regulate gene expression. In disease states, the expression of many miRNAs is measurably altered. The potential of miRNAs as therapies and therapeutic targets has long been discussed and in the context of a wide variety of infections and diseases. Despite the great number of studies identifying miRNAs as potential therapeutic targets, only a handful of miRNA-targeting drugs (mimics or inhibitors) have entered clinical trials. In this review, we will discuss whether the investment in finding potential miRNA therapeutic targets has yielded feasible and practicable results, the benefits and obstacles of miRNAs as therapeutic targets, and the potential future of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bajan
- Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
- Health and Sport Science, University of Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Gyorgy Hutvagner
- School of Biomedical Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
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98
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Sasaki Y. Viral Transduction of DRG Neurons. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2143:55-62. [PMID: 32524472 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0585-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The manipulation of gene expression is an essential tool to study the function of genes or signaling pathways. Uniform and robust gene manipulation is crucial for successful assays. However, neuronal cells are generally difficult-to-transfect cells with conventional DNA/RNA transfection reagents. Therefore, virus-mediated gene delivery is a primary choice for the studies of gene functions in neurons. In this chapter, we will describe the methods for lentivirus-mediated gene expression or knockdown in DRG neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Sasaki
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis, Couch Biomedical Research Building, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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99
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Ryoden Y, Fujii T, Segawa K, Nagata S. Functional Expression of the P2X7 ATP Receptor Requires Eros. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 204:559-568. [PMID: 31862710 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In response to extracellular ATP, the purinergic receptor P2X7 mediates various biological processes, including phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) exposure, phospholipid scrambling, dye uptake, ion transport, and IL-1β production. A genome-wide CRISPR screen for molecules responsible for ATP-induced PtdSer exposure identified a transmembrane protein, essential for reactive oxygen species (Eros), as a necessary component for P2X7 expression. An Eros-null mouse T cell line lost the ability to expose PtdSer, to scramble phospholipids, and to internalize a dye YO-PRO-1 and Ca2+ ions. Eros-null mutation abolished the ability of an LPS-primed human THP-1 macrophage cell line and mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages to secrete IL-1β in response to ATP. Eros is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and functions as a chaperone for NADPH oxidase components. Similarly, Eros at the endoplasmic reticulum transiently associated with P2X7 to promote the formation of a stable homotrimeric complex of P2X7. These results indicated that Eros acts as a chaperone not only for NADPH oxidase, but also for P2X7, and contributes to the innate immune reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Ryoden
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, World Premier International Research Center, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Fujii
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, World Premier International Research Center, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Katsumori Segawa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, World Premier International Research Center, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Nagata
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, World Premier International Research Center, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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100
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Kanemaru K, Noguchi E, Tahara-Hanaoka S, Mizuno S, Tateno H, Denda-Nagai K, Irimura T, Matsuda H, Sugiyama F, Takahashi S, Shibuya K, Shibuya A. Clec10a regulates mite-induced dermatitis. Sci Immunol 2019; 4:4/42/eaax6908. [DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aax6908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
House dust mite (HDM) is a major allergen that causes allergic diseases such as atopic dermatitis. However, the regulatory mechanisms of HDM-induced immune responses are incompletely understood. NC/Nga mice are an inbred strain that is more susceptible to HDM and develops more severe dermatitis than other strains. Using whole-exome sequencing, we found that NC/Nga mice carry a stop-gain mutation inClec10a, which encodes a C-type lectin receptor, Clec10a (MGL1/CD301a). The repair of this gene mutation using the CRISPR-Cas9 system ameliorated HDM-induced dermatitis, indicating that the Clec10a mutation is responsible for hypersensitivity to HDM in NC/Nga mice. Similarly,Clec10a−/−mice on the C57BL/6J background showed exacerbated HDM-induced dermatitis. Clec10a expressed on skin macrophages inhibits HDM-induced Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)–mediated inflammatory cytokine production through the inhibitory immunoreceptor tyrosine activating motif in its cytoplasmic portion. We identified asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 (Asgr1) as a functional homolog of mouse Clec10a in humans. Moreover, we found that a mucin-like molecule in HDM is a ligand for mouse Clec10a and human Asgr1. Skin application of the ligand ameliorated a TLR4 ligand-induced dermatitis in mice. Our findings suggest that Clec10a in mice and Asgr1 in humans play an important role in skin homeostasis against inflammation associated with HDM-induced dermatitis.
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