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The influence of incubation time on adenovirus quantitation in A549 cells by most probable number. J Virol Methods 2016; 237:200-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Bofill-De Ros X, Villanueva E, Fillat C. Late-phase miRNA-controlled oncolytic adenovirus for selective killing of cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:6179-90. [PMID: 25714032 PMCID: PMC4467430 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-specific detargeting by miRNAs has been demonstrated to be a potent strategy to restrict adenoviral replication to cancer cells. These studies have generated adenoviruses with miRNA target sites placed in the 3′UTR of early gene products. In this work, we have studied the feasibility of providing tissue-specific selectivity to replication-competent adenoviruses through the regulation of the late structural protein fiber (L5 gene). We have engineered a 3′UTR containing eight miR-148a binding sites downstream the L5 coding sequence (Ad-L5-8miR148aT). We present in vitro and in vivo evidences of Ad-L5-8miR148aT miRNA-dependent regulation. In vitro data show that at 72 hours post-infection miR-148a-regulation impaired fiber expression leading to a 70% reduction of viral release. The application of seven consecutive rounds of infection in miR-148a cells resulted in 10.000-fold reduction of viral genomes released. In vivo, liver production of infective viral particles was highly impaired, similarly to that triggered by an adenovirus with miRNA target sites regulating the early E1A gene. Noticeably, mice treated with Ad-L5-8miR148aT showed an attenuation of adenoviral-induced hepatotoxicity but retained full lytic activity in cancer cells and exhibited robust antitumoral responses in patient-derived xenografts. Thus, miRNA-control of late proteins constitutes a novel strategy to provide selectivity to adenoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Bofill-De Ros
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eneko Villanueva
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Fillat
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
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Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis-Causing Adenoviruses Induce MUC16 Ectodomain Release To Infect Ocular Surface Epithelial Cells. mSphere 2016; 1:mSphere00112-15. [PMID: 27303700 PMCID: PMC4863608 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00112-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are double-stranded DNA viruses that cause infections across all mucosal tissues in the body. At the ocular surface, HAdVs cause keratoconjunctivitis (E. Ford, K. E. Nelson, and D. Warren, Epidemiol Rev 9:244–261, 1987, and C. M. Robinson, D. Seto, M. S. Jones, D. W. Dyer, and J. Chodosh, Infect Genet Evol 11:1208–1217, 2011, doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2011.04.031)—a highly contagious infection that accounts for nearly 60% of conjunctivitis cases in the United States (R. P. Sambursky, N. Fram, and E. J. Cohen, Optometry 78:236–239, 2007, doi:10.1016/j.optm.2006.11.012, and A. M. Pihos, J Optom 6:69–74, 2013, doi:10.1016/j.optom.2012.08.003). The infection begins with HAdV entry within ocular surface epithelial cells; however, the mechanisms used by HAdVs to transit the otherwise protective mucosal barrier of ocular surface epithelial cells prior to entry remain unknown. Here, we report that the highly virulent keratoconjunctivitis-causing HAdV-D37 induces release of the extracellular domain (ectodomain) of MUC16, a major component of the mucosal barrier of ocular surface epithelial cells, prior to infecting underlying cells. Currently, there is no specific treatment for controlling this infection. Understanding the early steps involved in the pathogenesis of keratoconjunctivitis and using this information to intercept adenoviral entry within cells may guide the development of novel strategies for controlling the infection. Human adenoviruses (HAdV), species D in particular (HAdV-D), are frequently associated with epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC). Although the infection originates at the ocular surface epithelium, the mechanisms by which HAdV-Ds bypass the membrane-associated mucin (MAM)-rich glycocalyx of the ocular surface epithelium to trigger infection and inflammation remain unknown. Here, we report that an EKC-causing adenovirus (HAdV-D37), but not a non-EKC-causing one (HAdV-D19p), induces ectodomain release of MUC16—a MAM with barrier functions at the ocular surface—from cultured human corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells. HAdV-D37, but not HAdV-D19p, is also found to decrease the glycocalyx barrier function of corneal epithelial cells, as determined by rose bengal dye penetrance assays. Furthermore, results from quantitative PCR (qPCR) amplification of viral genomic DNA using primers specific to a conserved region of the E1B gene show that, in comparison to infection by HAdV-D19p, infection by HAdV-D37 is significantly increased in corneal epithelial cells. Collectively, these results point to a MUC16 ectodomain release-dependent mechanism utilized by the EKC-causing HAdV-D37 to initiate infection at the ocular surface. These findings are important in terms of understanding the pathogenesis of adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis. Similar MAM ectodomain release mechanisms may be prevalent across other mucosal epithelia in the body (e.g., the airway epithelium) that are prone to adenoviral infection. IMPORTANCE Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are double-stranded DNA viruses that cause infections across all mucosal tissues in the body. At the ocular surface, HAdVs cause keratoconjunctivitis (E. Ford, K. E. Nelson, and D. Warren, Epidemiol Rev 9:244–261, 1987, and C. M. Robinson, D. Seto, M. S. Jones, D. W. Dyer, and J. Chodosh, Infect Genet Evol 11:1208–1217, 2011, doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2011.04.031)—a highly contagious infection that accounts for nearly 60% of conjunctivitis cases in the United States (R. P. Sambursky, N. Fram, and E. J. Cohen, Optometry 78:236–239, 2007, doi:10.1016/j.optm.2006.11.012, and A. M. Pihos, J Optom 6:69–74, 2013, doi:10.1016/j.optom.2012.08.003). The infection begins with HAdV entry within ocular surface epithelial cells; however, the mechanisms used by HAdVs to transit the otherwise protective mucosal barrier of ocular surface epithelial cells prior to entry remain unknown. Here, we report that the highly virulent keratoconjunctivitis-causing HAdV-D37 induces release of the extracellular domain (ectodomain) of MUC16, a major component of the mucosal barrier of ocular surface epithelial cells, prior to infecting underlying cells. Currently, there is no specific treatment for controlling this infection. Understanding the early steps involved in the pathogenesis of keratoconjunctivitis and using this information to intercept adenoviral entry within cells may guide the development of novel strategies for controlling the infection.
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Gao DS, Li XJ, Wan WY, Li HJ, Wang XX, Yang X, Li YT, Chang HT, Chen L, Wang CQ, Zhao J. Permissive growth of human adenovirus type 4 vaccine strain-based vector in porcine cell lines. Res Vet Sci 2016; 104:83-5. [PMID: 26850542 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been considerable interest in using adenoviruses as live vectors to develop recombinant vaccines. Previous studies have demonstrated the safety and effectiveness of HIV/SIV and influenza vaccine candidates based on human adenovirus type 4 (Ad4) replication-competent vectors in rhesus macaque and human model. To explore the possibility of human Ad4 vaccine strain used as a vector in developing porcine vaccines, the growth properties of replication-competent human Ad4 vaccine strain recombinant encoding EGFP in different porcine cell lines were investigated. All tested cell lines are permissive for Ad4 vaccine strain vector with varied replication efficiency. Thus, human Ad4 based vectors would be promising supplement to adenovirus vectors as a delivery vehicle for recombinant vaccines in swine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-sheng Gao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Rd., Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Xiao-jing Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Rd., Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Wen-yan Wan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Rd., Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Hong-jie Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Rd., Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Xiao-xue Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Rd., Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Rd., Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Yong-tao Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Rd., Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Hong-tao Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Rd., Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Rd., Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Chuan-qing Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Rd., Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Rd., Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China.
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Wares JR, Crivelli JJ, Yun CO, Choi IK, Gevertz JL, Kim PS. Treatment strategies for combining immunostimulatory oncolytic virus therapeutics with dendritic cell injections. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2015; 12:1237-1256. [PMID: 26775859 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2015.12.1237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are used to treat cancer, as they selectively replicate inside of and lyse tumor cells. The efficacy of this process is limited and new OVs are being designed to mediate tumor cell release of cytokines and co-stimulatory molecules, which attract cytotoxic T cells to target tumor cells, thus increasing the tumor-killing effects of OVs. To further promote treatment efficacy, OVs can be combined with other treatments, such as was done by Huang et al., who showed that combining OV injections with dendritic cell (DC) injections was a more effective treatment than either treatment alone. To further investigate this combination, we built a mathematical model consisting of a system of ordinary differential equations and fit the model to the hierarchical data provided from Huang et al. We used the model to determine the effect of varying doses of OV and DC injections and to test alternative treatment strategies. We found that the DC dose given in Huang et al. was near a bifurcation point and that a slightly larger dose could cause complete eradication of the tumor. Further, the model results suggest that it is more effective to treat a tumor with immunostimulatory oncolytic viruses first and then follow-up with a sequence of DCs than to alternate OV and DC injections. This protocol, which was not considered in the experiments of Huang et al., allows the infection to initially thrive before the immune response is enhanced. Taken together, our work shows how the ordering, temporal spacing, and dosage of OV and DC can be chosen to maximize efficacy and to potentially eliminate tumors altogether.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna R Wares
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States
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Kim PS, Crivelli JJ, Choi IK, Yun CO, Wares JR. Quantitative impact of immunomodulation versus oncolysis with cytokine-expressing virus therapeutics. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2015; 12:841-858. [PMID: 25974336 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2015.12.841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The past century's description of oncolytic virotherapy as a cancer treatment involving specially-engineered viruses that exploit immune deficiencies to selectively lyse cancer cells is no longer adequate. Some of the most promising therapeutic candidates are now being engineered to produce immunostimulatory factors, such as cytokines and co-stimulatory molecules, which, in addition to viral oncolysis, initiate a cytotoxic immune attack against the tumor. This study addresses the combined effects of viral oncolysis and T-cell-mediated oncolysis. We employ a mathematical model of virotherapy that induces release of cytokine IL-12 and co-stimulatory molecule 4-1BB ligand. We found that the model closely matches previously published data, and while viral oncolysis is fundamental in reducing tumor burden, increased stimulation of cytotoxic T cells leads to a short-term reduction in tumor size, but a faster relapse. In addition, we found that combinations of specialist viruses that express either IL-12 or 4-1BBL might initially act more potently against tumors than a generalist virus that simultaneously expresses both, but the advantage is likely not large enough to replace treatment using the generalist virus. Finally, according to our model and its current assumptions, virotherapy appears to be optimizable through targeted design and treatment combinations to substantially improve therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Kim
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdV) are the cause of many acute infections, mostly in the respiratory and gastrointestinal (GI) tracts, as well as conjunctivitis. HAdV diseases in immunocompetent individuals are mostly self-limiting; however, in immunocompromised individuals, especially in pediatric units, HAdV infections are the cause of high morbidity and mortality. Despite the significant clinical impact, there are currently no approved antiviral therapies for HAdV infections. Here, we provide an overview of the different targets that could be considered for the design of specific drugs against HAdV, as well as the available in vitro and in vivo tools for the screening and evaluation of candidate molecules.
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Gibson H, Munns S, Freytag S, Barton K, Veenstra J, Bettahi I, Bissonette J, Wei WZ. Immunotherapeutic intervention with oncolytic adenovirus in mouse mammary tumors. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e984523. [PMID: 25949865 PMCID: PMC4368120 DOI: 10.4161/2162402x.2014.984523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal is to elucidate the immune modulating activity of an adenovirus (Adv) vector which showed therapeutic activity in human clinical trials. The oncolytic adenovirus (Adv/CD-TK) expressing two suicide genes was tested in two HER2/neu positive BALB/c mouse mammary tumor systems: rat neu-induced TUBO and human HER2-transfected D2F2/E2. Intra-tumoral (i.t.) Adv/CD-TK injection of TUBO tumor plus systemic prodrug therapy showed limited antitumor activity, not exceeding that by the virus itself. Antibody (Ab) to the virus was induced in Adv-/Luc-treated mice, to coincide with the loss of transgene expression. Low replication activity of adenoviruses in rodent cells may limit viral persistence. Host immunity against Adv or Adv-infected cells further mutes suicide gene activity. Treatment of TUBO tumors with Adv/CD-TK alone, however, induced neu-specific Ab responses. Treatment with Adv/CD-TK/GM (Adv/GM) that also expressed mouse granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), but without prodrug treatment, delayed tumor growth, enhanced anti-neu Ab production and conferred complete protection against secondary tumor challenge. D2F2/E2 tumor-bearing mice showed decreased tumor growth following i.t. Adv/GM treatment and they generated greater HER2-specific T-cell responses. These data suggest that i.t. injection of Adv itself induces immune reactivity to tumor-associated antigens and the encoded cytokine, GM-CSF, amplifies that immune response, resulting in tumor growth inhibition. Incorporation of suicide gene therapy did not improve the efficacy of Adv therapy in this mouse mammary tumor system. Oncolytic adenoviral therapy may be streamlined and improved by substituting the suicide genes with immune modulating genes to exploit tumor immunity for therapeutic benefit.
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Key Words
- 5-FC, 5-fluorocytosine
- 5-FU, 5-fluorouracil
- Ab, antibody
- Adv, adenovirus
- CD, cytosine deaminase
- GCV, ganciclovir
- GCV-MP, ganciclovir monophosphate
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- GM-CSF, granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor
- HER2/neu
- HSV-1, herpes simplex virus 1
- IFNγ, interferon gamma
- IL-12, interleukin 12
- IgG, immunoglobulin
- MOI, multiplicity of infection
- PFU, plaque-forming unit
- PSA, prostate-specific antigen
- SC, splenocytes
- SFU, spot forming units
- TK, thymidine kinase
- adenovirus
- granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor
- i.p., intra-peritoneal
- i.t., intra-tumoral
- immunotherapy
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- mouse mammary tumor
- s.c., subcutaneous
- suicide gene
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Gibson
- Karmanos Cancer Institute; Wayne State University ; Detroit, MI USA
| | - Stephanie Munns
- Karmanos Cancer Institute; Wayne State University ; Detroit, MI USA
| | - Svend Freytag
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Henry Ford Health System ; Detroit, MI USA
| | - Kenneth Barton
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Henry Ford Health System ; Detroit, MI USA
| | - Jesse Veenstra
- Karmanos Cancer Institute; Wayne State University ; Detroit, MI USA
| | - Ilham Bettahi
- Karmanos Cancer Institute; Wayne State University ; Detroit, MI USA
| | - Jayne Bissonette
- Karmanos Cancer Institute; Wayne State University ; Detroit, MI USA
| | - Wei-Zen Wei
- Karmanos Cancer Institute; Wayne State University ; Detroit, MI USA
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A novel immunocompetent murine model for replicating oncolytic adenoviral therapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2014; 22:17-22. [PMID: 25525035 PMCID: PMC4298785 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2014.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic adenoviruses are under investigation as a promising novel strategy for cancer immunotherapeutics. Unfortunately, there is no immunocompetent mouse cancer model to test oncolytic adenovirus because murine cancer cells are generally unable to produce infectious viral progeny from human adenoviruses. We find that the murine K-ras-induced lung adenocarcinoma cell line ADS-12 supports adenoviral infection and generates infectious viral progeny. ADS-12 cells express the coxsackie and adenovirus receptor and infected ADS-12 cells express the viral protein E1A. We find that our previously described oncolytic virus, adenovirus TAV-255 (AdTAV-255), kills ADS-12 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. We investigated ADS-12 cells as an in-vivo model system for replicating oncolytic adenoviruses. Subcutaneous injection of ADS-12 cells into immunocompetent 129 mice led to tumor formation in all injected mice. Intratumoral injection of AdTAV-255 in established tumors causes a significant reduction in tumor growth. This model system represents the first fully immunocompetent mouse model for cancer treatment with replicating oncolytic adenoviruses, and therefore will be useful to study the therapeutic effect of oncolytic adenoviruses in general and particularly immunostimulatory viruses designed to evoke an antitumor immune response.
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Combinatorial treatment with oncolytic adenovirus and helper-dependent adenovirus augments adenoviral cancer gene therapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2014; 1:14008. [PMID: 27119096 PMCID: PMC4782941 DOI: 10.1038/mto.2014.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic adenoviruses (Onc.Ads) produce significant antitumor effects but as single agents they rarely eliminate tumors. Investigators have therefore incorporated sequences into these vectors that encode immunomodulatory molecules to enhance antitumor immunity. Successful implementation of this strategy requires multiple tumor immune inhibitory mechanisms to be overcome, and insertion of the corresponding multiple functional genes reduces the titer and replication of Onc.Ads, compromising their direct ant-tumor effects. By contrast, helper-dependent (HD) Ads are devoid of viral coding sequences, allowing inclusion of multiple transgenes. HDAds, however, lack replicative capacity. Since HDAds encode the adenoviral packaging signal, we hypothesized that the coadministration of Onc.Ad with HDAd would allow to be amplified and packaged during replication of Onc.Ad in transduced cancer cells. This combination could provide immunostimulation without losing oncolytic activity. We now show that coinfection of Onc.Ad with HDAd subsequently replicates HDAd vector DNA in trans in human cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo, amplifying the transgenes the HDAd encode. This combinatorial treatment significantly suppresses the tumor growth compared to treatment with a single agent in an immunocompetent mouse model. Hence, combinatorial treatment of Onc.Ad with HDAd should overcome the inherent limitations of each agent and provide a highly immunogenic oncolytic therapy.
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Rodríguez-García A, Giménez-Alejandre M, Rojas JJ, Moreno R, Bazan-Peregrino M, Cascalló M, Alemany R. Safety and efficacy of VCN-01, an oncolytic adenovirus combining fiber HSG-binding domain replacement with RGD and hyaluronidase expression. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 21:1406-18. [PMID: 25391696 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumor targeting upon intravenous administration and subsequent intratumoral virus dissemination are key features to improve oncolytic adenovirus therapy. VCN-01 is a novel oncolytic adenovirus that combines selective replication conditional to pRB pathway deregulation, replacement of the heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan putative-binding site KKTK of the fiber shaft with an integrin-binding motif RGDK for tumor targeting, and expression of hyaluronidase to degrade the extracellular matrix. In this study, we evaluate the safety and efficacy profile of this novel oncolytic adenovirus. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN VCN-01 replication and potency were assessed in a panel of tumor cell lines. VCN-01 tumor-selective replication was evaluated in human fibroblasts and pancreatic islets. Preclinical toxicity, biodistribution, and efficacy studies were conducted in mice and Syrian hamsters. RESULTS Toxicity and biodistribution preclinical studies support the selectivity and safety of VCN-01. Antitumor activity after intravenous or intratumoral administration of the virus was observed in all tumor models tested, including melanoma and pancreatic adenocarcinoma, both in immunodeficient mice and immunocompetent hamsters. CONCLUSIONS Oncolytic adenovirus VCN-01 characterized by the expression of hyaluronidase and the RGD shaft retargeting ligand shows an efficacy-toxicity prolife in mice and hamsters by intravenous and intratumoral administration that warrants clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Rodríguez-García
- Translational Research Laboratory, IDIBELL-Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Juan J Rojas
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rafael Moreno
- Translational Research Laboratory, IDIBELL-Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Manel Cascalló
- VCN Biosciences, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Alemany
- Translational Research Laboratory, IDIBELL-Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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Novel permissive murine immunocompetent orthotopic colon carcinoma model for comparison of the antitumoral and safety profiles of three Adv-TKs. Gene Ther 2014; 21:975-83. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2014.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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63
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Hendrickx R, Stichling N, Koelen J, Kuryk L, Lipiec A, Greber UF. Innate immunity to adenovirus. Hum Gene Ther 2014; 25:265-84. [PMID: 24512150 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2014.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenoviruses are the most widely used vectors in gene medicine, with applications ranging from oncolytic therapies to vaccinations, but adenovirus vectors are not without side effects. In addition, natural adenoviruses pose severe risks for immunocompromised people, yet infections are usually mild and self-limiting in immunocompetent individuals. Here we describe how adenoviruses are recognized by the host innate defense system during entry and replication in immune and nonimmune cells. Innate defense protects the host and represents a major barrier to using adenoviruses as therapeutic interventions in humans. Innate response against adenoviruses involves intrinsic factors present at constant levels, and innate factors mounted by the host cell upon viral challenge. These factors exert antiviral effects by directly binding to viruses or viral components, or shield the virus, for example, soluble factors, such as blood clotting components, the complement system, preexisting immunoglobulins, or defensins. In addition, Toll-like receptors and lectins in the plasma membrane and endosomes are intrinsic factors against adenoviruses. Important innate factors restricting adenovirus in the cytosol are tripartite motif-containing proteins, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like inflammatory receptors, and DNA sensors triggering interferon, such as DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box polypeptide 41 and cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase. Adenovirus tunes the function of antiviral autophagy, and counters innate defense by virtue of its early proteins E1A, E1B, E3, and E4 and two virus-associated noncoding RNAs VA-I and VA-II. We conclude by discussing strategies to engineer adenovirus vectors with attenuated innate responses and enhanced delivery features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodinde Hendrickx
- 1 Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich , CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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A pRb-responsive, RGD-modified, and hyaluronidase-armed canine oncolytic adenovirus for application in veterinary oncology. Mol Ther 2014; 22:986-98. [PMID: 24448161 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human and canine cancer share similarities such as genetic and molecular aspects, biological complexity, tumor epidemiology, and targeted therapeutic treatment. Lack of good animal models for human adenovirotherapy has spurred the use of canine adenovirus 2-based oncolytic viruses. We have constructed a canine oncolytic virus that mimics the characteristics of our previously published human adenovirus ICOVIR17: expression of E1a controlled by E2F sites, deletion of the pRb-binding site of E1a, insertion of an RGD integrin-binding motif at the fiber Knob, and expression of hyaluronidase under the major late promoter/IIIa protein splicing acceptor control. Preclinical studies showed selectivity, increased cytotoxicity, and strong hyaluronidase activity. Intratumoral treatment of canine osteosarcoma and melanoma xenografts in mice resulted in inhibition of tumor growth and prolonged survival. Moreover, we treated six dogs with different tumor types, including one adenoma, two osteosarcomas, one mastocitoma, one fibrosarcoma, and one neuroendocrine hepatic carcinoma. No virus-associated adverse effects were observed, but toxicity associated to tumor lysis, including disseminated intravascular coagulation and systemic failure, was found in one case. Two partial responses and two stable diseases warrant additional clinical testing.
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Bramante S, Koski A, Kipar A, Diaconu I, Liikanen I, Hemminki O, Vassilev L, Parviainen S, Cerullo V, Pesonen SK, Oksanen M, Heiskanen R, Rouvinen-Lagerström N, Merisalo-Soikkeli M, Hakonen T, Joensuu T, Kanerva A, Pesonen S, Hemminki A. Serotype chimeric oncolytic adenovirus coding for GM-CSF for treatment of sarcoma in rodents and humans. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:720-30. [PMID: 24374597 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sarcomas are a relatively rare cancer, but often incurable at the late metastatic stage. Oncolytic immunotherapy has gained attention over the past years, and a wide range of oncolytic viruses have been delivered via intratumoral injection with positive safety and promising efficacy data. Here, we report preclinical and clinical results from treatment of sarcoma with oncolytic adenovirus Ad5/3-D24-GMCSF (CGTG-102). Ad5/3-D24-GMCSF is a serotype chimeric oncolytic adenovirus coding for human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). The efficacy of Ad5/3-D24-GMCSF was evaluated on a panel of soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) cell lines and in two animal models. Sarcoma specific human data were also collected from the Advanced Therapy Access Program (ATAP), in preparation for further clinical development. Efficacy was seen in both in vitro and in vivo STS models. Fifteen patients with treatment-refractory STS (13/15) or primary bone sarcoma (2/15) were treated in ATAP, and treatments appeared safe and well-tolerated. A total of 12 radiological RECIST response evaluations were performed, and two cases of minor response, six cases of stable disease and four cases of progressive disease were detected in patients progressing prior to virus treatment. Overall, the median survival time post treatment was 170 days. One patient is still alive at 1,459 days post virus treatment. In summary, Ad5/3-D24-GMCSF appears promising for the treatment of advanced STS; a clinical trial for treatment of refractory injectable solid tumors including STS is ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Bramante
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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66
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Lukashevich IS, Shirwan H. Adenovirus-Based Vectors for the Development of Prophylactic and Therapeutic Vaccines. NOVEL TECHNOLOGIES FOR VACCINE DEVELOPMENT 2014. [PMCID: PMC7121347 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1818-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases as well as cancer pose great global health impacts on the society. Vaccines have emerged as effective treatments to prevent or reduce the burdens of already developed diseases. This is achieved by means of activating various components of the immune system to generate systemic inflammatory reactions targeting infectious agents or diseased cells for control/elimination. DNA virus-based genetic vaccines gained significant attention in the past decades owing to the development of DNA manipulation technologies, which allowed engineering of recombinant viral vectors encoding sequences for foreign antigens or their immunogenic epitopes as well as various immunomodulatory molecules. Despite tremendous progress in the past 50 years, many hurdles still remain for achieving the full clinical potential of viral-vectored vaccines. This chapter will present the evolution of vaccines from “live” or “attenuated” first-generation agents to recombinant DNA and viral-vectored vaccines. Particular emphasis will be given to human adenovirus (Ad) for the development of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. Ad biological properties related to vaccine development will be highlighted along with their advantages and potential hurdles to be overcome. In particular, we will discuss (1) genetic modifications in the Ad capsid protein to reduce the intrinsic viral immunogenicity, (2) antigen capsid incorporation for effective presentation of foreign antigens to the immune system, (3) modification of the hexon and fiber capsid proteins for Ad liver de-targeting and selective retargeting to cancer cells, (4) Ad-based vaccines carrying “arming” transgenes with immunostimulatory functions as immune adjuvants, and (5) oncolytic Ad vectors as a new therapeutic approach against cancer. Finally, the combination of adenoviral vectors with other non-adenoviral vector systems, the prime/boost strategy of immunization, clinical trials involving Ad-based vaccines, and the perspectives for the field development will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor S Lukashevich
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicolog Department of Microbiology and Immunolog, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky USA
| | - Haval Shirwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunolog, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky USA
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67
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Anhenn O, Stamatis G, Theegarten D. Experimental respiratory syncytial virus infection of human peribronchial gland cells in vitro. Ultrastruct Pathol 2013; 37:312-7. [PMID: 24047348 DOI: 10.3109/01913123.2013.810685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a relevant agent of respiratory tract infections, especially in exacerbations of chronic lung diseases. Peribronchial submucosal glands are the main source of tracheobronchial mucus and therefore of major interest. The authors isolated and cultured human peribronchial gland cells and infected them with RSV. The course of infection was monitored by transmission electron, immuno-, and lectin fluorescence microscopy. Morphology shows virus factories with budding particles within cytoplasmatic vacuoles and virus release after 44 h of infection. Experimental infection of human peribronchial gland cells in primary culture appears to be a suitable model in pulmonary research.
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José A, Sobrevals L, Miguel Camacho-Sánchez J, Huch M, Andreu N, Ayuso E, Navarro P, Alemany R, Fillat C. Intraductal delivery of adenoviruses targets pancreatic tumors in transgenic Ela-myc mice and orthotopic xenografts. Oncotarget 2013; 4:94-105. [PMID: 23328228 PMCID: PMC3702210 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene-based anticancer therapies delivered by adenoviruses are limited by the poor viral distribution into the tumor. In the current work we have explored the feasibility of targeting pancreatic tumors through a loco-regional route. We have taken advantage of the ductal network in the pancreas to retrogradelly inject adenoviruses through the common bile duct in two different mouse models of pancreatic carcinogenesis: The transgenic Ela-myc mice that develop mixed neoplasms displaying both acinar-like and duct-like neoplastic cells affecting the whole pancreas; and mice bearing PANC-1 and BxPC-3 orthotopic xenografts that constitute a model of localized human neoplastic tumors. We studied tumor targeting and the anticancer effects of newly thymidine kinase-engineered adenoviruses both in vitro and in vivo, and conducted comparative studies between intraductal or intravenous administration. Our data indicate that the intraductal delivery of adenovirus efficiently targets pancreatic tumors in the two mouse models. The in vivo application of AduPARTKT plus ganciclovir (GCV) treatment induced tumor regression in Ela-myc mice. Moreover, the intraductal injection of ICOVIR15-TKT oncolytic adenoviruses significantly improved mean survival of mice bearing PANC-1 and BxPC-3 pancreatic xenografts from 30 to 52 days and from 20 to 68 days respectively (p less than 0.0001) when combined with GCV. Of notice, both AduPARTKT and ICOVIR15-TKT antitumoral responses were stronger by ductal viral application than intravenously, in line with the 38-fold increase in pancreas transduction observed upon ductal administration. In summary our data show that cytotoxic adenoviruses retrogradelly injected to the pancreas can be a feasible approach to treat localized pancreatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabel José
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
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69
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Prospects for oral replicating adenovirus-vectored vaccines. Vaccine 2013; 31:3236-43. [PMID: 23707160 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Orally delivered replicating adenovirus (Ad) vaccines have been used for decades to prevent adenovirus serotype 4 and 7 respiratory illness in military recruits, demonstrating exemplary safety and high efficacy. That experience suggests that oral administration of live recombinant Ads (rAds) holds promise for immunization against other infectious diseases, including those that have been refractory to traditional vaccination methods. Live rAds can express intact antigens from free-standing transgenes during replication in infected cells. Alternatively, antigenic epitopes can be displayed on the rAd capsid itself, allowing presentation of the epitope to the immune system both prior to and during replication of the virus. Such capsid-display rAds offer a novel vaccine approach that could be used either independently of or in combination with transgene expression strategies to provide a new tool in the search for protection from infectious disease.
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70
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Porcine corneal cell culture models for studying epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. Mol Vis 2013; 19:614-22. [PMID: 23559855 PMCID: PMC3611943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) is a severe ocular infection caused by a few types (8, 19a [relabeled as 64 recently], 37, 53, and 54) of human adenoviruses (HAdVs). HAdVs are known for their strong host species specificity that limits studying HAdV virulence and pathophysiology in animal models. METHODS A HAdV infection model of primary porcine corneal epithelial cells (PPCE) and primary porcine corneal keratocytes (PPCK) was established and compared to primary human corneal epithelial cells (PHCE) and primary human corneal keratocytes (PHCK). Induction of interleukin-8 (IL-8) messenger RNA (mRNA), HAdV DNA replication, and the release of infectious virus progeny by the EKC-associated type HAdV-D37 and the non-EKC-associated type HAdV-D22 were studied. RESULTS PPCE and PPCK morphology and the expression of α2,3-linked sialic acid, the main receptor of EKC-associated HAdV types, were akin to human corneal cells (PHCE and PHCK). Induction of IL-8 mRNA was observed as early as 8 h after HAdV infection. Induction of IL-8 mRNA by HAdV-D37 infection was significantly higher (p≤0.001) than by HAdV-D22 infection in PPCE, PPCK, PHCE, and PHCK. Detection of HAdV-DNA replication, release of infectious virus progeny, and the development of cytopathic effect indicated that PPCE and PPCK were fully permissive for HAdV-D37 and HAdV-D22 replication as were the human corneal cells (PHCE and PHCK). Infectious virus titers after HAdV-D37 infection (1.0 × 10(5) TCID50/ml) were significantly higher (p=0.001) than after HAdV-D22 infection (1.8 × 10(4) TCID50/ml) in PPCE, PHCE, and PHCK but not significantly different in PPCK. CONCLUSIONS Primary porcine epithelial cells and keratocytes are nonhuman corneal cell culture models fully permissive for HAdV infection. The models hold promise for studying the virulence and pathophysiology of EKC-associated adenovirus types compared to other adenovirus types.
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71
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Wold WSM, Toth K. Chapter three--Syrian hamster as an animal model to study oncolytic adenoviruses and to evaluate the efficacy of antiviral compounds. Adv Cancer Res 2013; 115:69-92. [PMID: 23021242 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398342-8.00003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Syrian (golden) hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) has served as a useful model for different aspects of biology for at least 50 years, and its use has been expanding recently. In earlier years, among other things, it was a model for cancer development. More recently, it has become a model for many different infectious diseases. It has also become an alternative model for the study of oncolytic adenovirus vectors for cancer gene therapy. Among several other human pathogens, the hamster is permissive for the replication of human species C adenoviruses, which are the parental virus for the majority of adenovirus vectors in use today. These vectors replicate in some of the established hamster tumor cell lines that can be used to generate tumors in vivo, that is, one can study oncolytic (replication competent) adenoviruses in a permissive, immunocompetent model. This has afforded the opportunity to study the effect of the host immune system on the vector-infected tumor and has allowed the use of a more relevant animal model to determine the safety and biodistribution of replication-competent adenoviruses. The hamster has also been used to evaluate antiviral compounds and vaccines against many viruses, including adenoviruses, flaviviruses, alphaviruses, arenaviruses, bunyaviruses, and paramyxoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S M Wold
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA.
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72
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Ylösmäki E, Lavilla-Alonso S, Jäämaa S, Vähä-Koskela M, af Hällström T, Hemminki A, Arola J, Mäkisalo H, Saksela K. MicroRNA-mediated suppression of oncolytic adenovirus replication in human liver. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54506. [PMID: 23349911 PMCID: PMC3551754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important and ubiquitous regulators of gene expression that can suppress their target genes by translational inhibition as well as mRNA destruction. Cell type-specific miRNA expression patterns have been successfully exploited for targeting the expression of experimental and therapeutic gene constructs, for example to reduce pathogenic effects of cancer virotherapy in normal tissues. In order to avoid liver damage associated with systemic or intrahepatic delivery of oncolytic adenoviruses we have introduced the concept of suppressing adenovirus replication in hepatic cells by inserting target elements for the liver-specific miR122 into the viral genome. Here we show using ex vivo cultured tissue specimens that six perfectly complementary miR122 target sites in the 3′ untranslated region of the viral E1A gene are sufficient in the absence of any other genetic modifications to prevent productive replication of serotype 5 adenovirus (Ad5) in normal human liver. This modification did not compromise the replicative capacity of the modified virus in cancer tissue derived from a colon carcinoma liver metastasis or its oncolytic potency in a human lung cancer xenograft mouse model. Unlike wild-type Ad5, the modified virus did not result in increased serum levels of liver enzymes in infected mice. These results provide a strong preclinical proof of concept for the use of miR122 target sites for reducing the risk of liver damage caused by oncolytic adenoviruses, and suggest that ectopic miR122 target elements should be considered as an additional safety measure included in any therapeutic virus or viral vector posing potential hazard to the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkko Ylösmäki
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sergio Lavilla-Alonso
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sari Jäämaa
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Molecular Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Vähä-Koskela
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Molecular Cancer Biology Program and Transplantation Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Helsinki
| | - Taija af Hällström
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Molecular Cancer Biology Program and Transplantation Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Helsinki
| | - Johanna Arola
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Mäkisalo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kalle Saksela
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
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73
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Wu C, Öberg D, Rashid A, Gupta R, Mignardi M, Johansson S, Akusjärvi G, Svensson C. A mouse mammary epithelial cell line permissive for highly efficient human adenovirus growth. Virology 2012; 435:363-71. [PMID: 23168297 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although a few immunocompetent animal models to study the immune response against human adenoviruses (HAdV) are available, such as Syrian hamsters and cotton rats, HAdV replication is several logs lower compared to human control cells. We have identified a non-transformed mouse epithelial cell line (NMuMG) where HAdV-2 gene expression and progeny formation was as efficient as in the highly permissive human A549 cells. HAdV from species, D and E (HAdV-37 and HAdV-4, respectively) also caused a rapid cytopathic effect in NMuMG cells, while HAdV from species A, B1, B2 and F (HAdV-12, HAdV-3, HAdV-11 and HAdV-41, respectively) failed to do so. NMuMG cells might therefore be useful in virotherapy research and the analysis of antiviral defense mechanisms and the determination of toxicity, biodistribution and specific antitumour activity of oncolytic HAdV vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjun Wu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Sweden
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74
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Yang H, Zheng Z, Zhao LY, Li Q, Liao D. Downregulation of Mdm2 and Mdm4 enhances viral gene expression during adenovirus infection. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:582-93. [PMID: 22262167 DOI: 10.4161/cc.11.3.19052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful viral replication entails elimination or bypass of host antiviral mechanisms. Here, we show that shRNA-mediated knockdown of murine double minute (Mdm2) and its paralog Mdm4 enhanced the expression of early and late viral gene products during adenovirus (HAdV) infection. Remarkably, whereas the expression of HAdV genes was low in p53-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts (p53KO MEFs), the HAdV early gene products were efficiently expressed in Mdm2/p53 double-knockout (DKO) and Mdm4/p53 DKO MEFs, and viral capsid proteins were produced in Mdm2/p53 DKO MEFs. Thus, Mdm2 and Mdm4 seem to have potent antiviral property. In cells infected with wt HAdV or a mutant virus lacking the E1B-55K gene (dl 1520), both Mdm2 and Mdm4 were rapidly depleted, whereas replication-deficient mutant viruses (Ad-GFP) or ΔpTP with deletions within the coding sequence of preterminal binding protein failed to induce their downregulation. Reduced expression of Mdm2 and Mdm4 was not due to general shutoff of host protein synthesis. Additionally, expression of a dominant-negative mutant of Cul5 did not affect Mdm2/Mdm4 downregulation. Thus, viral replication but not the presence of E1B-55K is required for Mdm2/Mdm4 degradation. Surprisingly, treatment of HAdV-infected cells with proteasome inhibitor MG132 only partially restored the protein levels of Mdm2 and Mdm4, suggesting that they may also be downregulated through an additional mechanism independent of proteasome. Interestingly, cyclin D1 and p21 appear to be downregulated similarly during HAdV infection. Collectively, our work provides the first biochemical evidence for antiviral function of Mdm2 and Mdm4 and that viruses employ efficient countermeasure to ensure viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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75
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Adamson RE, Frazier AA, Evans H, Chambers KF, Schenk E, Essand M, Birnie R, Mitry RR, Dhawan A, Maitland NJ. In vitro primary cell culture as a physiologically relevant method for preclinical testing of human oncolytic adenovirus. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 23:218-30. [PMID: 21823897 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2011.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ad[I/PPT-E1A] is an oncolytic adenovirus that specifically kills prostate cells via restricted replication by a prostate-specific regulatory element. Off-target replication of oncolytic adenoviruses would have serious clinical consequences. As a proposed ex vivo test, we describe the assessment of the specificity of Ad[I/PPT-E1A] viral cytotoxicity and replication in human nonprostate primary cells. Four primary nonprostate cell types were selected to mimic the effects of potential in vivo exposure to Ad[I/PPT-E1A] virus: bronchial epithelial cells, urothelial cells, vascular endothelial cells, and hepatocytes. Primary cells were analyzed for Ad[I/PPT-E1A] viral cytotoxicity in MTS assays, and viral replication was determined by hexon titer immunostaining assays to quantify viral hexon protein. The results revealed that at an extreme multiplicity of infection of 500, unlikely to be achieved in vivo, Ad[I/PPT-E1A] virus showed no significant cytotoxic effects in the nonprostate primary cell types apart from the hepatocytes. Transmission electron microscopy studies revealed high levels of Ad[I/PPT-E1A] sequestered in the cytoplasm of these cells. Adenoviral green fluorescent protein reporter studies showed no evidence for nuclear localization, suggesting that the cytotoxic effects of Ad[I/PPT-E1A] in human primary hepatocytes are related to viral sequestration. Also, hepatocytes had increased amounts of coxsackie adenovirus receptor surface protein. Active viral replication was only observed in the permissive primary prostate cells and LNCaP prostate cell line, and was not evident in any of the other nonprostate cells types tested, confirming the specificity of Ad[I/PPT-E1A]. Thus, using a relevant panel of primary human cells provides a convenient and alternative preclinical assay for examining the specificity of conditionally replicating oncolytic adenoviruses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Adamson
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York , Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.
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76
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Banerjee PS, Zuniga ES, Ojima I, Carrico IS. Targeted and armed oncolytic adenovirus via chemoselective modification. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:4985-8. [PMID: 21669527 PMCID: PMC3413283 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic adenoviruses (Ads) are an emerging alternative therapy for cancer; however, clinical trial have not yet demonstrated sufficient efficacy. When oncolytic Ads are used in combination with taxoids a synergistic increase in both cytotoxicity and viral replication is observed. In order to generate a next generation oncolytic adenovirus, virion were physically conjugated to a highly potent taxoid, SB-T-1214, and a folate targeting motif. Conjugation was enabled via the metabolic incorporation of non-canonical monosaccharides (O-GlcNAz) and amino acids (homopropargylglycine), which served as sites for chemoselective modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha S. Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, State University of New York Stony Brook, New York 11790
| | - Edison S. Zuniga
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, State University of New York Stony Brook, New York 11790
| | - Iwao Ojima
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, State University of New York Stony Brook, New York 11790
| | - Isaac S. Carrico
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, State University of New York Stony Brook, New York 11790
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77
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Lam E, Ramke M, Groos S, Warnecke G, Heim A. A differentiated porcine bronchial epithelial cell culture model for studying human adenovirus tropism and virulence. J Virol Methods 2011; 178:117-23. [PMID: 21907242 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The species specificity of human adenoviruses (HAdV) almost precludes studying virulence and tropism in animal models, e.g. rodent models, or derived tissue and cell culture models. However, replication of HAdV type 5 (HAdV-C5) has been shown after intravenous injection in swine. In order to study adenovirus replication in airway tissue propagation of bronchial epithelial cells from porcine lungs was established. These primary cells proved to be fully permissive for HAdV-C5 infection in submerged culture, demonstrating efficient HAdV genome replication, infectious viral particle release (1.07×10(8) TCID(50)/ml±6.63×10(7)) and development of cytopathic effect (CPE). Differentiation of porcine bronchial epithelial cells was achieved at the air-liquid interface on collagen I coated 0.4μm polyester membranes. Morphology, expression of tubulin and occludin, the development of tight-junctions and cilia were similar to human bronchial epithelial cells. Infection with HAdV-C5 from the basolateral side resulted in release of infectious virus progeny (2.05×10(7) TCID(50)/ml±2.39×10(7)) to the apical surface as described recently in human bronchial epithelial cells, although complete CPE was not observed. Differentiated porcine bronchial epithelial cells hold promise as a novel method for studying the virulence and pathophysiology of pneumonia associated HAdV types.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lam
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neubergstr. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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78
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Woller N, Knocke S, Mundt B, Gürlevik E, Strüver N, Kloos A, Boozari B, Schache P, Manns MP, Malek NP, Sparwasser T, Zender L, Wirth TC, Kubicka S, Kühnel F. Virus-induced tumor inflammation facilitates effective DC cancer immunotherapy in a Treg-dependent manner in mice. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:2570-82. [PMID: 21646722 DOI: 10.1172/jci45585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination using DCs pulsed with tumor lysates or specific tumor-associated peptides has so far yielded limited clinical success for cancer treatment, due mainly to the low immunogenicity of tumor-associated antigens. In this study, we have identified intratumoral virus-induced inflammation as a precondition for effective antitumor DC vaccination in mice. Administration of a tumor-targeted DC vaccine during ongoing virus-induced tumor inflammation, a regimen referred to as oncolysis-assisted DC vaccination (ODC), elicited potent antitumoral CD8+ T cell responses. This potent effect was not replicated by TLR activation outside the context of viral infection. ODC-elicited immune responses mediated marked tumor regression and successful eradication of preestablished lung colonies, an essential prerequisite for potentially treating metastatic cancers. Unexpectedly, depletion of Tregs during ODC did not enhance therapeutic efficacy; rather, it abrogated antitumor cytotoxicity. This phenomenon could be attributed to a compensatory induction of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in Treg-depleted and thus vigorously inflamed tumors, which prevented ODC-mediated immune responses. Consequently, Tregs are not only general suppressors of immune responses, but are essential for the therapeutic success of multimodal and temporally fine-adjusted vaccination strategies. Our results highlight tumor-targeting, replication-competent viruses as attractive tools for eliciting effective antitumor responses upon DC vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Woller
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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79
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Detection of known and novel adenoviruses in cattle wastes via broad-spectrum primers. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:5001-8. [PMID: 21622778 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00625-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical assessment of bovine adenoviruses (BAdV) as indicators of environmental fecal contamination requires improved knowledge of their prevalence, shedding dynamics, and genetic diversity. We examined DNA extracted from bovine and other animal waste samples collected in Wisconsin for atadenoviruses and mastadenoviruses using novel, broad-spectrum PCR primer sets. BAdV were detected in 13% of cattle fecal samples, 90% of cattle urine samples, and 100% of cattle manure samples; 44 percent of BAdV-positive samples contained both Atadenovirus and Mastadenovirus DNA. Additionally, BAdV were detected in soil, runoff water from a cattle feedlot, and residential well water. Overall, we detected 8 of 11 prototype BAdV, plus bovine, rabbit, and porcine mastadenoviruses that diverged significantly from previously reported genotypes. The prevalence of BAdV shedding by cattle supports targeting AdV broadly as indicators of the presence of fecal contamination in aqueous environments. Conversely, several factors complicate the use of AdV for fecal source attribution. Animal AdV infecting a given livestock host were not monophyletic, recombination among livestock mastadenoviruses was detected, and the genetic diversity of animal AdV is still underreported. These caveats highlight the need for continuing genetic surveillance for animal AdV and for supporting data when BAdV detection is invoked for fecal source attribution in environmental samples. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report natural BAdV excretion in urine, BAdV detection in groundwater, and recombination in AdV of livestock origin.
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80
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von Freyend MJ, Untergasser A, Arzberger S, Oberwinkler H, Drebber U, Schirmacher P, Protzer U. Sequential control of hepatitis B virus in a mouse model of acute, self-resolving hepatitis B. J Viral Hepat 2011; 18:216-26. [PMID: 20367794 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2010.01302.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The determinants of an immune response to the human hepatitis B virus (HBV) are poorly understood. As studies in man and chimpanzees are limited, we aimed at developing a model of self-limiting hepatitis B in mice that helps to dissect the control of HBV by humoral and cellular immune responses. Adenoviral vectors containing 1.3-fold HBV genomes allowed an efficient and reproducible transfer of HBV genomes into mouse livers and initiated HBV replication in mice. HBV transcripts were detected in mouse livers for more than 3 months. HBsAg and HBeAg peaked around day 6 and slowly declined thereafter. A two-phase mild to moderate liver inflammation with elevated serum alanine transaminase activities was observed around day 7 and around day 70 when the vast majority of HBV-specific T cells were detected in the liver. HBV was initially controlled when specific and nonspecific T cells infiltrated the liver and intrahepatic interferon γ levels peaked around day 7, but replicated again from day 10 to day 24 and persisted at low levels thereafter despite the presence of HBV-specific T cells. Finally, HBV replication was terminated after a sufficient B-cell response had been mounted- indicated by anti-HBs seroconversion around day 35. HBV-specific T cells infiltrated the liver a second time around day 70 postinfection. This demonstrates that the established mouse model allows studying the onset and termination of HBV infection and will help to dissect the determinants of HBV control and clearance by the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M John von Freyend
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
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81
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Uil TG, Vellinga J, de Vrij J, van den Hengel SK, Rabelink MJWE, Cramer SJ, Eekels JJM, Ariyurek Y, van Galen M, Hoeben RC. Directed adenovirus evolution using engineered mutator viral polymerases. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 39:e30. [PMID: 21138963 PMCID: PMC3061072 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq1258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses (Ads) are the most frequently used viruses for oncolytic and gene therapy purposes. Most Ad-based vectors have been generated through rational design. Although this led to significant vector improvements, it is often hampered by an insufficient understanding of Ad’s intricate functions and interactions. Here, to evade this issue, we adopted a novel, mutator Ad polymerase-based, ‘accelerated-evolution’ approach that can serve as general method to generate or optimize adenoviral vectors. First, we site specifically substituted Ad polymerase residues located in either the nucleotide binding pocket or the exonuclease domain. This yielded several polymerase mutants that, while fully supportive of viral replication, increased Ad’s intrinsic mutation rate. Mutator activities of these mutants were revealed by performing deep sequencing on pools of replicated viruses. The strongest identified mutators carried replacements of residues implicated in ssDNA binding at the exonuclease active site. Next, we exploited these mutators to generate the genetic diversity required for directed Ad evolution. Using this new forward genetics approach, we isolated viral mutants with improved cytolytic activity. These mutants revealed a common mutation in a splice acceptor site preceding the gene for the adenovirus death protein (ADP). Accordingly, the isolated viruses showed high and untimely expression of ADP, correlating with a severe deregulation of E3 transcript splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taco G Uil
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2300 RC, The Netherlands
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82
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Banerjee PS, Ostapachuk P, Hearing P, Carrico I. Chemoselective attachment of small molecule effector functionality to human adenoviruses facilitates gene delivery to cancer cells. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:13615-7. [PMID: 20831164 PMCID: PMC4086407 DOI: 10.1021/ja104547x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate here a novel two-step "click" labeling process in which adenoviral particles are first metabolically labeled during production with unnatural azido sugars. Subsequent chemoselective modification allows access to viruses decorated with a broad array of effector functionality. Adenoviruses modified with folate, a known cancer-targeting motif, demonstrated a marked increase in gene delivery to a murine cancer cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Sarathi Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York Stony Brook, NY 11790
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, State University of New York Stony Brook, NY 11790
| | - Philomena Ostapachuk
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, State University of New York Stony Brook, NY 11790
| | - Patrick Hearing
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, State University of New York Stony Brook, NY 11790
| | - Isaac Carrico
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York Stony Brook, NY 11790
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, State University of New York Stony Brook, NY 11790
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83
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Critical issues related to porcine xenograft exposure to human viruses: lessons from allotransplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2010; 15:230-5. [DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e328336b8f9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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84
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Takahashi MN, Rolling JA, Owen KE. Characterization of transgene expression in adenoviral vector-based HIV-1 vaccine candidates. Virol J 2010; 7:39. [PMID: 20163742 PMCID: PMC2828417 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adenovirus vectors have been extensively used in gene therapy clinical studies. More recently, the capability of inducing potent cell-mediated and humoral immunity has made these vectors equally attractive candidates for prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine applications. Merck and Co., Inc., developed HIV-1 vaccine candidates based on adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) vectors in which the E1 gene, a critical component for adenovirus replication, was replaced by the cytomegalovirus immediate/early promoter, followed by mutated versions of the HIV-1 gag, pol or nef genes (constructs referred to as MRKAd5gag, MRKAd5pol and MRKAd5nef, respectively). Vaccine performance was evaluated in vitro in a novel assay that measures the level of transgene expression in non-permissive A549 cells. Various combinations of vectors were studied. The results indicate that the vaccine induces a dose-dependent expression of the HIV-1 transgenes in vitro. Furthermore, the gag, pol, and nef transgenes are expressed differentially in A549 cells in an MOI-dependent and formulation-dependent manner, yielding an unexpected enhancement of protein expression in trivalent vs. monovalent formulations. Our data suggest that the presence of additional virus in multivalent formulations increases individual transgene expression in A549 cells, even when the amount of DNA encoding the gene of interest remains constant. This enhancement appears to be controlled at the transcriptional level and related to both the total amount of virus and the combination of transgenes present in the formulation.
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85
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Arendt M, Nasir L, Morgan IM. Oncolytic gene therapy for canine cancers: teaching old dog viruses new tricks. Vet Comp Oncol 2009; 7:153-61. [PMID: 19691644 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2009.00187.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of viruses to treat cancer has been studied for decades. With the advancement of molecular biology, viruses have been modified and genetically engineered to optimize their ability to target cancer cells. Canine viruses, such as distemper virus and adenovirus, are being exploited for the treatment of canine cancer as the dog has proven to be a good comparative model for human cancer research and proof of concept investigations. In this review, we introduce the concept of oncolytic viruses and describe some of the preliminary attempts to use oncolytic viruses for the treatment of canine cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Arendt
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Division of Pathological Sciences, University of Glasgow Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Glasgow, UK
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86
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Park MY, Kim DR, Jung HW, Yoon HI, Lee JH, Lee CT. Genetic immunotherapy of lung cancer using conditionally replicating adenovirus and adenovirus-interferon-β. Cancer Gene Ther 2009; 17:356-64. [DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2009.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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87
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Dorer DE, Nettelbeck DM. Targeting cancer by transcriptional control in cancer gene therapy and viral oncolysis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:554-71. [PMID: 19394376 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-specificity is the key requirement for a drug or treatment regimen to be effective against malignant disease--and has rarely been achieved adequately to date. Therefore, targeting strategies need to be implemented for future therapies to ensure efficient activity at the site of patients' tumors or metastases without causing intolerable side-effects. Gene therapy and viral oncolysis represent treatment modalities that offer unique opportunities for tumor targeting. This is because both the transfer of genes with anti-cancer activity and viral replication-induced cell killing, respectively, facilitate the incorporation of multiple mechanisms restricting their activity to cancer. To this end, cellular mechanisms of gene regulation have been successfully exploited to direct therapeutic gene expression and viral cell lysis to cancer cells. Here, transcriptional targeting has been the role model and most widely investigated. This approach exploits cellular gene regulatory elements that mediate cell type-specific transcription to restrict the expression of therapeutic genes or essential viral genes, ideally to cancer cells. In this review, we first discuss the rationale for such promoter targeting and its limitations. We then give an overview how tissue-/tumor-specific promoters are being identified and characterized. Strategies to apply and optimize such promoters for the engineering of targeted viral gene transfer vectors and oncolytic viruses-with respect to promoter size, selectivity and activity in the context of viral genomes-are described. Finally, we discuss in more detail individual examples for transcriptionally targeted virus drugs. First highlighting oncolytic viruses targeted by prostate-specific promoters and by the telomerase promoter as representatives of tissue-targeted and pan-cancer-specific virus drugs respectively, and secondly recent developments of the last two years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik E Dorer
- Helmholtz-University Group Oncolytic Adenoviruses, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Dermatology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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88
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Jordan I, Horn D, Oehmke S, Leendertz FH, Sandig V. Cell lines from the Egyptian fruit bat are permissive for modified vaccinia Ankara. Virus Res 2009; 145:54-62. [PMID: 19540275 PMCID: PMC7172177 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Revised: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bats are reservoir hosts for a spectrum of infectious diseases. Some pathogens (such as Hendra, Nipah and Marburg viruses) appear to use mainly fruit bats as reservoir. We describe designed immortalization of primary fetal cells from the Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) to facilitate isolation and characterization of pathogens associated with these mammals. Three cell lines with different properties were recovered and successful immortalization was confirmed by continuous cultivation for over 18 months. Surprisingly, the cell lines are fully permissive for a highly attenuated poxvirus, modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA). MVA is a safe and well characterized vaccine vector that cannot replicate in most mammalian cells. High permissivity of Rousettus cell lines could justify testing bats for susceptibility to MVA as a replication competent vector with low zoonotic potential to induce herd immunity in bat colonies against viruses causing rabies or haemorrhagic fevers.
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89
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Shin J, Bae DR, Latshaw JD, Wick MP, Reddish JM, Lee K. Technical note: a gene delivery system in the embryonic cells of avian species using a human adenoviral vector. J Anim Sci 2009; 87:2791-5. [PMID: 19502509 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus (Ad) has been used in vivo and in vitro as a vector to carry a foreign gene for efficient gene delivery into various cell types and tissues of animals. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the Ad delivery system in primary avian cells. Primary cells isolated from the embryonic pectoralis major muscles of the chicken and quail were cultured and incubated with human recombinant Ad serotype 5 (Ad5) containing sequences encoding either the green fluorescence protein (GFP) gene alone, as a tracking marker, or both GFP and murine 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase (mHIBCH) as a target gene. The fluorescent GFP images showed the successful delivery of a target gene using Ad5 in the primary avian cultured cells. In addition, immunostaining of the myosin heavy chain (MyHC) in these cells indicated that a large population of the cells was myogenic. Colocalization of GFP-positive cells with MyHC staining was mostly found in MyHC-negative cells, indicating successful delivery of Ad5 into a large population of mononucleated cells. Furthermore, the current fluorescence study detected the dual expression of GFP and mHIBCH protein in GFP-positive cells. Finally, Western blot analysis confirmed that the Ad-mediated expression of mHIBCH protein was specific in primary cultures of avian myogenic cells and that the mHIBCH protein expression was continued for 15 d after infection in chicken primary cells. These data demonstrate that Ad5 is a feasible tool to express foreign genes in primary cultured cells of avian species, providing a new approach to study the function of genes of interest in muscle development and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Shin
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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90
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Spencer JF, Sagartz JE, Wold WSM, Toth K. New pancreatic carcinoma model for studying oncolytic adenoviruses in the permissive Syrian hamster. Cancer Gene Ther 2009; 16:912-22. [PMID: 19478829 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2009.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Syrian hamster is a practical animal model for studying the systemic effects of oncolytic vectors derived from adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5). Ad5 replicates well in Syrian hamster tissues, and Syrian hamster cell lines are available that are known to support Ad5 replication. In this study, we established four new Syrian hamster cell lines from transplantable pancreatic, renal, hepatic and lung tumors. The pancreatic cell line (SHPC6) and the renal cell line were highly permissive for Ad5 replication. The SHPC6 cell line formed disseminated intraperitoneal tumors when cells were injected into the peritoneal cavity. INGN 007, an oncolytic Ad5-based vector, completely reversed the growth of disseminated intraperitoneal SHPC6 tumor nodules following intraperitoneal injection of the vector, leading to 100% survival of the treated animals. SHPC6 cells also formed subcutaneous tumors, whose growth was suppressed by INGN 007 following intratumoral injection. INGN 007 replicated in both the intraperitoneal and subcutaneous SHPC6 tumors. Following intraperitoneal injection, INGN 007 did not replicate in the livers of hamsters with intraperitoneal SHPC6 tumors, and was not hepatotoxic. These studies suggest that the SHPC6 cell line may be useful as a model for disseminated pancreatic cancer, and that INGN 007 may be a safe and effective vector to treat these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Spencer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, MO 63104, USA
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91
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Young AM, McNeish IA. Oncolytic adenoviral gene therapy in ovarian cancer: why we are not wasting our time. Future Oncol 2009; 5:339-57. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.09.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical gene-therapy studies in the past 15 years have repeatedly raised hopes that we were about to enter a brave new era. However, many clinical trials have disappointed. For tumor types with poor response rates to first-line conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy and/or high rates of chemorefractory disease, there remain very few treatment options. In this article we review gene therapy within the context of ovarian cancer. We examine why clinical data have been discouraging and discuss how the lessons learned from earlier trials are being applied to current research.
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Affiliation(s)
- AM Young
- Centre for Molecular Oncology & Imaging, Institute of Cancer, Barts & The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Iain A McNeish
- Centre for Molecular Oncology & Imaging, Institute of Cancer, Barts & The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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92
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Peled M, Shaish A, Katav A, Greenberger S, Barshack I, Tal R, Bangio L, Breitbart E, Harats D. Systemic Administration of a Conditionally Replicating Adenovirus, Targeted to Angiogenesis, Reduced Lung Metastases Burden in Cotton Rats. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:1664-73. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-1670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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93
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Abstract
Adenoviruses have been studied intensively for over 50 years as models of virus-cell interactions and latterly as gene vectors. With the advent of more sophisticated structural analysis techniques the disposition of most of the 13 structural proteins have been defined to a reasonable level. This review seeks to describe the functional properties of these proteins and shows that they all have a part to play in deciding the outcome of an infection and act at every level of the virus's path through the host cell. They are primarily involved in the induction of the different arms of the immune system and a better understanding of their overall properties should lead to more effective ways of combating virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Russell
- School of Biology, Biomolecular Sciences Building, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK.
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94
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An acute toxicology study with INGN 007, an oncolytic adenovirus vector, in mice and permissive Syrian hamsters; comparisons with wild-type Ad5 and a replication-defective adenovirus vector. Cancer Gene Ther 2009; 16:644-54. [PMID: 19197324 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2009.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic (replication-competent) adenoviruses as anticancer agents provide new, promising tools to fight cancer. In support of a Phase I clinical trial, here we report safety data with INGN 007 (VRX-007), an oncolytic adenovirus with increased anti-tumor efficacy due to overexpression of the adenovirus-encoded ADP protein. Wild-type adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) and a replication-defective version of Ad5 were also studied as controls. A parallel study investigating the biodistribution of these viruses is described elsewhere in this issue. The toxicology experiments were conducted in two species, the Syrian hamster, which is permissive for INGN 007 and Ad5 replication and the poorly permissive mouse. The studies demonstrated that the safety profile of INGN 007 is similar to Ad5. Both viruses caused transient liver damage upon intravenous injection that resolved by 28 days post-infection. The No-Observable-Adverse-Effect-Level (NOAEL) for INGN 007 in hamsters was 3 x 10(10) viral particles per kg. In hamsters, the replication-defective vector caused less toxicity, indicating that replication of Ad vectors in the host is an important factor in pathogenesis. With mice, INGN 007 and Ad5 caused toxicity comparable to the replication-defective adenovirus vector. Partially based on these results, the FDA granted permission to enter into a Phase I clinical trial with INGN 007.
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95
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Ketola A, Hinkkanen A, Yongabi F, Furu P, Määttä AM, Liimatainen T, Pirinen R, Björn M, Hakkarainen T, Mäkinen K, Wahlfors J, Pellinen R. Oncolytic Semliki forest virus vector as a novel candidate against unresectable osteosarcoma. Cancer Res 2008; 68:8342-50. [PMID: 18922906 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are a promising tool for treatment of cancer. We studied an oncolytic Semliki Forest virus (SFV) vector, VA7, carrying the enhanced green fluorescent protein gene (EGFP), as a novel virotherapy candidate against unresectable osteosarcoma. The efficiency and characteristics of the VA7-EGFP treatment were compared with a widely studied oncolytic adenovirus, Ad5Delta24, both in vitro and in vivo. VA7-EGFP resulted in more rapid oncolysis and was more efficient at low multiplicities of infection (MOI) when compared with Ad5Delta24 in vitro. Yet, in MG-63 cells, a subpopulation resistant to the VA7-EGFP vector emerged. In subcutaneous human osteosarcoma xenografts in nude mice treatment with either vector reduced tumor size, whereas tumors in control mice expanded quickly. The VA7-EGFP-treated tumors were either completely abolished or regressed to pinpoint size. The efficacy of VA7-EGFP vector was studied also in an orthotopic osteosarcoma nude mouse model characterized by highly aggressive tumor growth. Treatment with oncolytic SFV extended survival of the animals significantly (P < 0.01), yet none of the animals were finally cured. Sera from SFV-treated mice contained neutralizing antibodies, and as nude mice are not able to establish IgG response, the result points out the role of IgM class antibodies in clearance of virus from peripheral tumors. Furthermore, biodistribution analysis at the survival end point verified the presence of virus in some of the brain samples, which is in line with previous studies demonstrating that IgG is required for clearance of SFV from central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ketola
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, AI Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland.
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96
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Huang X, Zhuang L, Cao Y, Gao Q, Han Z, Tang D, Xing H, Wang W, Lu Y, Xu G, Wang S, Zhou J, Ma D. Biodistribution and kinetics of the novel selective oncolytic adenovirus M1 after systemic administration. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:1624-32. [PMID: 18566233 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-2134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic adenoviruses represent a promising novel therapeutic option for the treatment of cancer. Despite their demonstrated safety in human clinical trials, the fundamental properties of oncolytic adenovirus biodistribution, spread, viral persistence, and replication in vivo have not been well characterized. The aim of this study was to evaluate the kinetics of viral distribution, spread, replication, and antitumoral efficacy after i.v. administration of a novel oncolytic mutant M1. This mutant consists of the E1A CR2-deleted Adv5 with a fragment of antisense polo-like kinase 1 (plk1) cDNA inserted into the deleted 6.7K/gp19K region, which combines oncolytic properties with efficient plk1 silencing, as described in our previous reports. In the present study, we established a new human orthotopic gastric carcinoma with a high frequency metastasis mouse model and showed that M1 spread not only in local primary tumors but also in disseminated metastases. M1 could effectively replicate in tumor cells leading to "oncolysis" and was able to eliminate expression of the targeted gene plk1 in human orthotopic gastric carcinoma model mice. Therefore, i.v. administration of M1 could prolong the survival time of tumor-bearing mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Huang
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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97
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Hexadecyloxypropyl-cidofovir, CMX001, prevents adenovirus-induced mortality in a permissive, immunosuppressed animal model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:7293-7. [PMID: 18490659 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0800200105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses (Ads) cause a wide array of end-organ and disseminated diseases in severely immunosuppressed patients. For example, approximately 20% of pediatric allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients develop disseminated Ad infection, and the disease proves fatal in as many as 50-80% of these patients. Ad infections are a serious problem for solid-organ transplant recipients and AIDS patients as well. Unfortunately, there are no antiviral drugs approved specifically to treat these infections. A suitable animal model that is permissive for Ad replication would help in the discovery process. Here we identify an animal model to study Ad pathogenesis and the efficacy of antiviral compounds. We show that human serotype 5 Ad (Ad5) causes severe systemic disease in immunosuppressed Syrian hamsters that is similar to that seen in immunocompromised patients. We also demonstrate that hexadecyloxypropyl-cidofovir (CMX001) rescues the hamsters from a lethal challenge with Ad5. The antiviral drug provided protection both prophylactically and when given up to 2 days after i.v. exposure to Ad5. CMX001 acts by reducing Ad replication in key target organs. Thus, the immunosuppressed Syrian hamster is a powerful model to evaluate anti-Ad drugs, and its use can facilitate the entry of drugs such as CMX001 into clinical trials.
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98
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Hoffmann D, Grunwald T, Bayer W, Wildner O. Immune-mediated anti-neoplastic effect of intratumoral RSV envelope glycoprotein expression is related to apoptotic death of tumor cells but not to the size of syncytia. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:1842-50. [PMID: 18350621 PMCID: PMC2701513 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.1842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To promote the development of improved tumor vaccination strategies relying on the intratumoral expression of viral fusogenic membrane proteins, we elucidated whether the size of syncytia or the way tumor cells die has an effect on the therapeutic outcome.
METHODS: In two syngeneic subcutaneous murine colon cancer models we assessed the anti-neoplastic effect on vector-treated and contralateral untreated tumors.
RESULTS: Intratumoral injection of a replication-defective adenovirus encoding respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein (RSV-F) alone (Ad.RSV-F) or together with the attachment glycoprotein RSV-G (Ad.RSV-F/G) led to a significant growth reduction of the vector-treated and contralateral untreated tumors. The treatment response was associated with a strong tumor-specific CTL response and significantly improved survival with medians of 46 d and 44 d, respectively. Intratumoral injection of Ad.RSV-G or a soluble RSV-F encoding adenovirus (Ad.RSV-Fsol) had no significant anti-neoplastic effect. The median survival of these treatment groups and of Ad.Null-treated control animals was about 30 d.
CONCLUSION: Although in vitro transduction of colon cancer cell lines with Ad.RSV-F/G resulted in about 8-fold larger syncytia than with Ad.RSV-F, the in vivo outcome was not significantly different. Transduction of murine colon cancer cell lines with Ad.RSV-F or Ad.RSV-F/G caused apoptotic cell death, in contrast to transduction with Ad.RSV-G or Ad.RSV-Fsol, suggesting an importance of the mode of cell death. Overall, these findings provide insight into improved tumor vaccination strategies relying on the intratumoral expression of viral fusogenic membrane proteins.
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Suvas PK, Dech HM, Sambira F, Zeng J, Onami TM. Systemic and mucosal infection program protective memory CD8 T cells in the vaginal mucosa. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 179:8122-7. [PMID: 18056354 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.12.8122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Whether mucosal immunization is required for optimal protective CD8 T cell memory at mucosal surfaces is controversial. In this study, using an adoptive transfer system, we compare the efficacy of two routes of acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis viral infection on the generation, maintenance, and localization of Ag-specific CD8 T cells in tissues, including the vaginal mucosa. Surprisingly, at day 8, i.p. infection results in higher numbers of Ag-specific CD8 T cells in the vaginal mucosa and iliac lymph node, as well as 2-3x more Ag-specific CD8 T cells that coexpress both IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha in comparison to the intranasal route of infection. Expression of the integrin/activation marker CD103 (alphaEbeta7) is low on vaginal mucosal Ag-specific CD8 T cells in comparison to gut mucosal intraepithelial lymphocytes. At memory, no differences are evident in the number, cytokine production, or protective function of Ag-specific CD8 T cells in the vaginal mucosa comparing the two routes of infection. However, differences persist in the cytokine profile of genital tract vs peripheral Ag-specific CD8 T cells. So although the initial route of infection, as well as tissue microenvironment, appear to influence both the magnitude and quality of the effector CD8 T cell response, both systemic and mucosal infection are equally effective in the differentiation of protective memory CD8 T cell responses against vaginal pathogenic challenge.
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Griesche N, Zikos D, Witkowski P, Nitsche A, Ellerbrok H, Spiller OB, Pauli G, Biere B. Growth characteristics of human adenoviruses on porcine cell lines. Virology 2008; 373:400-10. [PMID: 18191169 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Revised: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (hAdV) have been recognized as a highly prevalent virus family causing severe disease in immunocompromised patients. In xenotransplantation the xenograft therefore will be exposed to these viruses, which in case of its infection might contribute to posttransplant complications. To evaluate the susceptibility of porcine cells for hAdV, we infected the porcine cell line POEK with seven serotypes representing all six hAdV species. Additionally, a second porcine cell line (ST) was infected with two serotypes. Viral replication of serotypes varied: porcine cells were fully permissive for serotypes 1, 4 and 17, semi-permissive for 11 and 21, and non-permissive for 31 and 40. Furthermore, we demonstrated the interaction of serotype 1 with the porcine homologue of the coxsackie-adenovirus receptor, the receptor used by many hAdV serotypes for cell attachment. Thus, various adenovirus types of different hAdV species may be capable of infecting different porcine tissue types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Griesche
- Robert Koch-Institut, Zentrum für Biologische Sicherheit 1, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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