51
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Chen YQ, Gilliam DM, Rydzewski B, Naftilan AJ. Multiple enhancer elements mediate induction of c-fos in vascular smooth muscle cells. Hypertension 1996; 27:1224-33. [PMID: 8641728 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.27.6.1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Previous work from this and other laboratories has demonstrated that the vasoconstrictor peptide angiotensin II results in hypertrophy of rat aortic smooth muscle cells that is associated with an increase in transcription of the early growth response gene c-fos. To explore the molecular mechanism responsible for c-fos induction in rat aortic smooth muscle cells, we used a series of reporter constructs linked to the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase gene in transient transfection experiments in rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Constructs containing both the serum response element and cAMP response element exhibited a 20-fold increase in chloramphenicol acetyl transferase activity in response to either serum or angiotensin II, whereas no increase was seen in vehicle-treated cells. Mutations in either the serum response element or cAMP response element alone, which have been demonstrated to inactivate these elements in other cell types, had no effect on chloramphenicol acetyl transferase inducibility. In contrast, if both elements were mutated, inducibility was almost abolished. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays with oligonucleotides corresponding to either serum response element or cAMP response element demonstrated that these oligonucleotides are capable of forming specific complexes with proteins from rat aortic smooth muscle cell nuclear extracts. One of the proteins binding to the serum response element is the previously described serum response factor, since it was supershifted by a monospecific antibody. These studies demonstrate that c-fox induction in smooth muscle occurs by a dual mechanism that can activate transcription via the serum response element or cAMP response element. These elements appear to act equally and independently, involving a distinct set of transacting factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Q Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-2170, USA
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52
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Hsu DK, Guo Y, Alberts GF, Peifley KA, Winkles JA. Fibroblast growth factor-1-inducible gene FR-17 encodes a nonmuscle alpha-actinin isoform. J Cell Physiol 1996; 167:261-8. [PMID: 8613466 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4652(199605)167:2<261::aid-jcp9>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Polypeptide growth factor binding to cell surface receptors activates a cytoplasmic signaling cascade that ultimately promotes the expression of specific nuclear genes. As an approach to investigate the molecular mechanism of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-1 mitogenic signaling, we have begun to identify and characterize FGF-1-inducible genes in murine NIH 3T3 cells. Here we report that one of these genes, termed FGF-regulated (FR)-17, is predicted to encode a nonmuscle isoform of alpha-actinin, an actin cross-linking protein found along microfilaments and in focal adhesion plaques. FGF-1 induction of alpha-actinin mRNA expression is first detectable at 2 h after mitogen addition and is dependent on the novo RNA and protein synthesis. Maximal alpha-actinin mRNA expression, corresponding to an approximately nineteenfold level of induction, is present after 12 h of FGF-1 stimulation. Western blot analysis indicated that FGF-1-stimulated cells also produce an increased amount of alpha-actinin protein. The FGF-1-related mitogen FGF-2, calf serum, several of the polypeptide growth factors present in serum, and the tumor promoter phorbol myristate acetate can also induce alpha-actinin mRNA expression. Finally, nonmuscle alpha-actinin mRNA is expressed in vivo in a tissue-specific manner, with relatively high levels detected in adult mouse intestine and kidney. These results indicate that nonmuscle alpha-actinin is a serum-, polypeptide growth factor-, and tumor promoter-inducible gene in mouse fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Hsu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Holland Laboratory, American Red Cross, Rockville, Maryland 20855, USA
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53
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Kambe F, Miyazaki T, Seo H. Differential induction of fos and jun family genes by thyrotropin in rat thyroid FRTL-5 cells. Thyroid 1996; 6:123-8. [PMID: 8733883 DOI: 10.1089/thy.1996.6.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Effect of thyrotropin (TSH) on the expression of the members of fos and jun family genes in a rat thyroid cell line (FRTL-5) was examined by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. FRTL-5 cells were maintained in a TSH-deprived medium for 5 days. After 1 mU/mL TSH addition, the cells were harvested at intervals. Total RNA extracted from the cells was subjected to RT-PCR. TSH induced a rapid and transient expression of c-fos, fosB, and fra-1 with different kinetics. Increase in c-fos mRNA was most rapid with a peak level at 30 min after TSH addition. The fosB mRNA reached a peak level at 60 min poststimulation with a rapid decline at 90 min. The fra-1 mRNA increased at 60 min followed by a gradual decrease until 120 min. The change in fra-2 mRNA level was similar to that of fra-1. TSH induced similar changes in the levels of c-jun and junB mRNAs. They significantly increased within 30 min followed by a sustained high level until 90 min. The differential induction of fos and jun family genes suggests an important role of their gene products on the regulation of thyroid cell function by TSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kambe
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nagoya University, Japan
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54
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Poirier J, Beffert U, Dea D, Alonso R, O'Donnell D, Boksa P. Increased levels of statin, a marker of cell cycle arrest, in response to hippocampal neuronal injury. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1995; 34:57-64. [PMID: 8750861 DOI: 10.1016/0169-328x(95)00134-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Injured neurons in the CNS are known to synthesize high levels of proliferation related oncogene products and heat shock proteins without dividing. Statin is a cell cycle regulated nuclear phosphoprotein, selectively associated with the non-proliferative state in a wide variety of cell types. In the present study, neuronal statin was examined following lethal or sublethal neuronal injuries in the hippocampus of Alzheimer's disease patients, in rats receiving kainate lesions to the dorsal hippocampus and in entorhinal cortex lesioned rats. Immunolabelling of nuclear statin showed that statin immunoreactivity increased preferentially in CA1 pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus in Alzheimer's disease. In kainate lesioned rats, statin immunoreactivity was markedly induced in the CA3 hippocampal region in association with neuronal loss. Entorhinal cortex lesioned rats showed a transient induction of statin between 2 and 6 days post lesion in CA1 neurons. However, cell counts in entorhinal cortex lesioned rats remained unaltered in the CA1 and granule cell layers during the entire 30 day time course, indicating that increased statin levels are not secondary to neuronal degeneration and are not necessarily accompanied by irreversible neuronal death. It is concluded that, in addition to proliferation related gene products, neuronal injury induces an increase in levels of statin, a nuclear marker of cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, statin may be a potentially useful marker of injurious neuronal stress, even under conditions that do not necessarily lead to irreversible cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Poirier
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Que., Canada
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55
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Barone MV, Courtneidge SA. Myc but not Fos rescue of PDGF signalling block caused by kinase-inactive Src. Nature 1995; 378:509-12. [PMID: 7477410 DOI: 10.1038/378509a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) elicit the transcriptional activation of a large number of immediate early genes (many of which encode transcription factors), and ultimately DNA synthesis. Both AP1 and Myc are activated in fibroblasts in response to growth factor stimulation, and various experiments suggest their importance in proliferation. Src family kinases are required for PDGF (and other growth factors) to induce DNA synthesis. We have examined which transcription factors, when constitutively expressed, 'rescue' the block elicited by dominant negative Src. We report here that Myc, but not Fos and/or Jun, was able to rescue the block. In contrast, Fos and Jun, but not Myc, rescued the block induced by dominant negative Ras. Our data suggest that Src kinases control the transcriptional activation of Myc.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Barone
- Differentiation Programme, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
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56
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57
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Todisco A, Takeuchi Y, Seva C, Dickinson CJ, Yamada T. Gastrin and glycine-extended progastrin processing intermediates induce different programs of early gene activation. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:28337-41. [PMID: 7499334 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.47.28337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that gastrin and glycine-extended progastrin processing intermediates (G-Gly) exert growth-promoting effects on AR4-2J cells (derived from rat pancreas) via interaction with distinct receptors. In this study we sought to investigate the mechanisms by which gastrin and G-Gly stimulate cell proliferation. While gastrin increased [Ca2+]i in AR4-2J cells, G-Gly had no effect. Similarly, G-Gly had no effect either on basal and 10(-7) M vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-stimulated cAMP generation, although gastrin is known to inhibit cAMP generation. Gastrin dose dependently stimulated AR4-2J cell mRNA content of both c-fos and c-jun, two genes known to function in regulating cell proliferation, but G-Gly had no effect. Gastrin also induced the expression of luciferase in AR4-2J cells transfected with a construct consisting of a luciferase reporter gene coupled to the serum response element of the c-fos gene promoter. In similar fashion, gastrin stimulated the activity of mitogen-activated protein kinase, an enzyme known to mediate the induction of the c-fos serum response element in response to growth factor stimulation. Although G-Gly had none of these effects of gastrin in AR4-2J cells, it stimulated activity of c-Jun amino-terminal kinase, an enzyme known to phosphorylate and transcriptionally activate c-Jun. These data support the notion that gastrin stimulates cell proliferation by inducing c-fos and c-jun gene expression, while G-Gly acts by post-translationally regulating early gene transcriptional activation. Our studies represent a novel model in which both the precursor and the product of a key processing reaction, peptide alpha-amidation, act cooperatively to stimulate cell proliferation via distinct receptors linked to different signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Todisco
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor 48109-0368, USA
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58
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular or gene therapy involves the introduction of genetic material (DNA) into host cells to induce the expression of the therapeutic product of that gene. This ability to transfer genetic material provides a novel approach for the investigation and potential treatment of a variety of both inherited and acquired diseases. METHODS This review summarizes the principles of molecular therapy and potential strategies for its use in the treatment of solid malignancies. Some molecular therapy strategies permanently integrate the gene into the targeted cells, whereas others induce only transient expression of a therapeutic gene product. Initial clinical studies in gene therapy are being closely regulated for public safety by both the National Institutes of Health Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. CONCLUSIONS These studies will provide insight into further applications of gene therapy and novel molecular interventions that may alter our management of solid malignancies; they may also reveal mechanisms for preventing or reversing the carcinogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Clayman
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
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59
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Kaptein JS, Yang CL, Lin CK, Nguyen TT, Chen FS, Lad PM. Synergy between signal transduction pathways is obligatory for expression of c-fos in B and T cell lines: implication for c-fos control via surface immunoglobulin and T cell antigen receptors. Immunobiology 1995; 193:465-85. [PMID: 8522361 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-2985(11)80431-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the protooncogene c-fos is controlled by three main regulatory pathways involving kinase C, cAMP, and calcium. Kinase C mediates its effects via phosphorylation of serum response factor (SRF) which interacts with the serum response element (SRE); cAMP and calcium mediate their effects via phosphorylation of CREB (cAMP regulatory element binding protein) presumably by activation of a protein kinase A or calmodulin-regulated kinase. We have examined the function of these elements in Burkitt's lymphoma cells (Ramos and Daudi) as well as a T lymphocytic cell line (Jurkat). We have found that stimulation of any one of these pathways alone has little or no effect on c-fos induction. However, kinase C activation (PMA stimulation) combined with either cAMP (forskolin plus MIX) or calcium stimulation (ionophore) leads to greatly enhanced c-fos induction. By contrast, cAMP in the presence of calcium shows no synergy in c-fos induction. Okadaic acid augments PMA- as well as calcium-mediated activation of c-fos, and has little or no effect when combined with cAMP. The main difference between Ramos (B cells) and Jurkat (T cells) in the regulation of c-fos is that cAMP plus calcium is strongly synergistic in Jurkat and is without effect in Ramos. Analysis of AP-1 activity using gel mobility shift assays confirms that the requirements for synergy in c-fos mRNA induction are paralleled by requirements for synergy in induction of AP-1 activity. Signaling in B cells due to anti-Ig stimulation involves both kinase C activation and release of intracellular calcium, and results in c-fos mRNA induction. Our results indicate that synergy between the kinase C activation and calcium is needed for efficient c-fos induction since neither of these two alone induces c-fos well. That synergy of signaling pathways is relevant for the anti-Ig induction of c-fos is supported by the fact that cAMP-inducing agents and okadaic acid further enhance anti-Ig induction of c-fos. These results suggest that cell-specific patterns of synergy are an essential feature for c-fos induction and may be relevant for c-fos control through B and T cell antigen receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Kaptein
- Regional Research Laboratory, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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60
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Li T, Hightower LE. Effects of dexamethasone, heat shock, and serum responses on the inhibition of Hsc70 synthesis by antisense RNA in NIH 3T3 cells. J Cell Physiol 1995; 164:344-55. [PMID: 7542664 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041640215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A dexamethasone (Dex)-inducible antisense RNA expression vector was constructed that contains the 5'-untranslated region and one third of the coding sequence for the bovine hsc70 protein. This vector was used to transfect NIH 3T3 cells from which clonal cell lines expressing hsc70 antisense RNA were developed. Quantitative Northern blot analysis with strand-specific probes was used to demonstrate the Dex-inducible accumulation of hsc70 antisense RNA in proliferating cell cultures and the inhibition of hsc70 RNA levels. Surprisingly, antisense RNA was either much less effective in reducing the amounts of hsc70 RNA in Dex-treated cultures than in untreated controls or cells compensated by producing more hsc70 RNA in response to increasing amounts of antisense RNA. Hsc70 protein synthesis did not decrease in either Dex-treated or untreated cultures: it actually increased, again suggesting the activation of a compensatory response. In Dex-treated cultures subjected to heat shock, hsc70 antisense RNA blocked the induction of hsp70, indicating that newly synthesized RNA was targeted effectively before it became translationally active. To test this hypothesis further, Dex-treated cultures were made quiescent by serum deprivation and then restimulated with serum, which causes a burst of RNA and protein synthesis. Consistent with this hypothesis, increased synthesis of hsc70 was blocked in serum-stimulated cultures expressing antisense RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Li
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269-3044, USA
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61
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Choi AM, Pignolo RJ, apRhys CM, Cristofalo VJ, Holbrook NJ. Alterations in the molecular response to DNA damage during cellular aging of cultured fibroblasts: reduced AP-1 activation and collagenase gene expression. J Cell Physiol 1995; 164:65-73. [PMID: 7790398 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041640109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional activation of c-fos in response to both serum stimulation and DNA damage requires the serum response element. The inability of in vitro aged or senescent fibroblasts to proliferate in response to serum has been shown to be associated with repressed c-fos expression and reduced AP-1 binding activity. In contrast, we have observed similar levels of c-fos mRNA and protein expression in young (early passage) and old (late passage) cells following their treatment with ultraviolet (UV) irradiation or methyl methanesulfonate (MMS). Thus, the early events in the signal transduction pathway leading to transcriptional activation of c-fos following DNA damage are distinct from those mediating the gene's expression in response to mitogenic stimulation. Despite normal levels of c-fos expression, we observed a reduced level of AP-1 binding activity in old cells relative to young cells treated with UV irradiation or MMS. Reduced AP-1 binding activity is associated with reduced expression of the AP-1-dependent gene, collagenase, in old cells treated with DNA damaging agents. Since other DNA damage-inducible genes also contain an AP-1 regulatory element presumed to play a role in their expression, reduced AP-1 binding activity is likely to have a major impact on the old cell's ability to respond appropriately to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Choi
- Gene Expression and Aging Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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62
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Murguía JR, De Vries L, Gomez-García L, Schönthal A, Perona R. Activation of the c-fos promoter by increased internal pH. J Cell Biochem 1995; 57:630-40. [PMID: 7615647 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240570407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Changes in intracellular pH (pHin) take part in the mitogenic response. Their importance has been stressed by the finding that mouse fibroblasts expressing a yeast proton pumping ATPase (PMA1) exhibit a transformed phenotype and are tumorigenic. These cells do maintain a higher pHin, supporting the idea that elevated pHin may act as a proliferative trigger. Here we show that cells constitutively expressing PMA1 have higher levels of the AP-1 transcription factor. The use of stable transfectants and transient transfection assays show that PMA1 activity induces transactivation of the c-fos promoter. The activation of the promoter is mediated throughout the serum response element (SRE). The use of protein kinase C inhibitors suggests that AP-1 activation is achieved through a pathway independent of protein kinase C.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Murguía
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas del C.S.I.C., Madrid, Spain
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63
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Wollnik F, Brysch W, Uhlmann E, Gillardon F, Bravo R, Zimmermann M, Schlingensiepen KH, Herdegen T. Block of c-Fos and JunB expression by antisense oligonucleotides inhibits light-induced phase shifts of the mammalian circadian clock. Eur J Neurosci 1995; 7:388-93. [PMID: 7773436 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1995.tb00334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Light-induced phase shifts of circadian rhythmic locomotor activity are associated with the expression of c-Jun, JunB, c-Fos and FosB transcription factors in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus, as shown in the present study. In order to explore the importance of c-Fos and JunB, the predominantly expressed AP-1 proteins for the phase-shifting effects of light, we blocked the expression of c-Fos and JunB in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of male rats, housed under constant darkness, by intracerebroventricular application of 2 microliters of 1 mM antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides (ASO) specifically directed against c-fos and junB mRNA. A light pulse (300 lux for 1 h) at circadian time 15 induced a significant phase shift (by 125 +/- 15 min) of the circadian locomotor activity rhythm, whereas application of ASO 6 h before the light pulse completely prevented this phase shift. Application of control nonsense oligodeoxynucleotides had no effect. ASO strongly reduced the light-induced expression of c-Fos and JunB proteins. In contrast, light pulses with or without the control nonsense oligodeoxynucleotides evoked strong nuclear c-Fos and JunB immunoreactivity in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. These results demonstrate for the first time that inducible transcription factors such as c-Fos and JunB are an essential part of fundamental biological processes in the adult mammalian nervous system, e.g. of light-induced phase shifts of the circadian pacemaker.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Wollnik
- Faculty of Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany
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64
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Herdegen T, Zimmermann M. Immediate early genes (IEGs) encoding for inducible transcription factors (ITFs) and neuropeptides in the nervous system: functional network for long-term plasticity and pain. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1995; 104:299-321. [PMID: 8552775 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61797-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Herdegen
- University of Heidelberg II. Institute of Physiology, Germany
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65
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Affiliation(s)
- C Robinson-Benion
- Department of Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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66
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Sequential Expression of Immediate Early Genes and Neurotrophin Genes after Focal Cerebral Ischemia**Studies cited in this review are supported by NIH grants, NS25545 and NS 28995. We thank Drs. G. An, M.H. Jiang, T.N. Lin, J.S. Liu, and J.J. Xue for their contribution to works presented here. Cerebrovasc Dis 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7506-9603-6.50031-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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67
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Hanchett LA, Baker RM, Dolnick BJ. Subclonal heterogeneity of the multidrug resistance phenotype in a cell line expressing antisense MDR1 RNA. SOMATIC CELL AND MOLECULAR GENETICS 1994; 20:463-80. [PMID: 7892646 DOI: 10.1007/bf02255838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A multidrug resistant (MDR) cell line was transfected with an antisense MDR1 expression vector and transfectant clones were analyzed for reversion of the MDR phenotype. Only one of 10 antisense-expressing transfectants showed a reduction in drug resistance, MDR1 mRNA and P-glycoprotein. Observations made using rhodamine-123, a fluorescent substrate for P-glycoprotein, revealed that dye retention in individual cells was highly variable within this antisense-expressing clone. Subpopulations were established from the original clone based on differences in rhodamine-123 retention. Rhodamine-123 retention varied inversely with levels of P-glycoprotein and MDR1 mRNA. All subpopulations expressed similar levels of antisense MDR1 RNA yet had dramatic differences in MDR1 mRNA levels. Analysis of vector integration site restriction fragment length polymorphisms confirmed that all populations originated from the same transfectant clone. Nuclear run-on analysis indicated that the mdr1 gene is transcribed at the same rate in all populations, suggesting that the reduction in MDR1 mRNA is mediated posttranscriptionally. Cells with the greatest reduction in MDR1 mRNA accumulate distinct antisense RNA transcripts in the nuclear RNA fraction, suggesting that antisense effectiveness in this system is associated with a nuclear event or process. These results reveal that antisense RNA activity is not necessarily distributed equally within a clonal population.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Hanchett
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Grace Cancer Drug Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
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68
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Liu PK, Salminen A, He YY, Jiang MH, Xue JJ, Liu JS, Hsu CY. Suppression of ischemia-induced fos expression and AP-1 activity by an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide to c-fos mRNA. Ann Neurol 1994; 36:566-76. [PMID: 7944289 PMCID: PMC2714915 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410360405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Activation of c-fos, an immediate early gene, and the subsequent expression of the Fos protein have been noted following focal cerebral ischemia. Fos and Jun form a heterodimer as activator protein 1 (AP-1), which transregulates the expression of several genes. To study the postischemic events related to c-fos expression, we suppressed the expression of c-fos by intraventricular infusion of an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (anti-rncfosr115) of c-fos mRNA. The effectiveness of anti-rncfosr115 was confirmed first by its capability to block in vitro c-fos mRNA translation. In vivo, after intraventricular infusion of 32P-labeled anti-rncfosr115, the oligodeoxynucleotide was internalized within 6 hours and detectable also in the nucleic acids fraction up to 41 hours. Treatment of the recovered nucleic acids with RNase H separated the labeled oligodeoxynucleotide from the nucleic acid fraction, indicating an association of the antisense oligodeoxynucleotide and cellular RNA after uptake. When focal cerebral ischemia was induced 16 hours after the infusion of anti-rncfosr115, the postischemic increase in Fos expression and AP-1 binding activity were suppressed. Specificity of the effect of anti-rncfosr115 was suggested by its failure to suppress the DNA binding activity of nuclear cyclic AMP response elements. These results support the hypothesis that increased AP-1 binding activity following focal cerebral ischemia is dependent on Fos expression and can be inhibited in vivo by antisense c-fos oligodeoxynucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Liu
- Division of Restorative Neurology and Human Neurobiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
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69
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Affiliation(s)
- M Piechaczyk
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 9942, CNRS, BP5051, France
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70
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Cosenza SC, Yumet G, Soprano DR, Soprano KJ. Induction of c-fos and c-jun mRNA at the M/G1 border is required for cell cycle progression. J Cell Biochem 1994; 55:503-12. [PMID: 7962180 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240550410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The proto-oncogenes c-fos and c-jun have been shown in numerous model systems to be induced within minutes of growth factor stimulation, during the G0/G1 transition. In this report we use the mitotic shake-off procedure to generate a population of highly synchronized Swiss 3T3 cells. We show that both of these immediate-early, competence genes are also induced during the M/G1 transition, immediately after completion of mitosis. While c-fos mRNA levels drop to undetectable levels within 2 hr after division, c-jun mRNA levels are maintained at a basal level which is approximately 30% maximum throughout the remainder of G1. In order to access the functional significance of these patterns of c-fos and c-jun expression, antisense oligodeoxynucleotides specific to c-fos or c-jun were added to either actively growing Swiss 3T3 cells or mitotically synchronized cells, and their ability to inhibit DNA synthesis and cell division determined. Our results show that treatment of Swiss 3T3 cells with either c-fos or c-jun antisense oligodeoxynucleotides, while actively growing, during mitosis, or in early G1, results in a reduction in ability to enter S and subsequently divide. This was also true if Swiss 3T3 cells were treated during mid-G1 with c-jun antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. These results demonstrate that the regulation of G1 progression following mitosis is dependent upon the expression and function of the immediate-early, competence proto-oncogenes c-fos and c-jun.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Cosenza
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140
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71
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Radhakrishna M, Almazan G. Protein kinases mediate basic fibroblast growth factor's stimulation of proliferation and c-fos induction in oligodendrocyte progenitors. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1994; 24:118-28. [PMID: 7968349 DOI: 10.1016/0169-328x(94)90123-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Primary culture was used to examine the effects of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation and c-fos expression. Basic FGF induced proliferation approximately six fold. This increased DNA synthesis could be blocked both with genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and H-7, a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor. These results indicate that protein tyrosine kinase activity and protein kinase C are involved in mediating oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation. The protooncogene c-fos was investigated as a likely proliferation mediator. Firstly, optimal conditions for bFGF-induced c-fos expression were determined. The oncogene responded maximally between 30 and 60 min of bFGF stimulation. Induction in response to bFGF occurred at 1 ng/ml, increased in a concentration-dependent manner and was maximal at 50 ng/ml. H-7 (50 microM) and genistein (100 microM) blocked c-fos induction as did PKC down-regulation with chronic treatment of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. These results indicate that bFGF induces c-fos expression through receptor tyrosine phosphorylation and PKC activation. Thus similar early signals lead to bFGF-driven proliferation and c-fos induction suggesting a link between these two processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Radhakrishna
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Que., Canada
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72
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Ghirnikar RS, Yu AC, Eng LF. Astrogliosis in culture: III. Effect of recombinant retrovirus expressing antisense glial fibrillary acidic protein RNA. J Neurosci Res 1994; 38:376-85. [PMID: 7523690 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490380403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Injury to the central nervous system (CNS) either from trauma or due to demyelinating/degenerating diseases results in a typical response of astrocytes, termed astrogliosis. This reaction is characterized by astrocyte proliferation, extensive hypertrophy of nuclei, cell body, and cytoplasmic processes and an increase in immunodetectable glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). GFAP accumulation may cause a physical barrier preventing the reestablishment of a functional environment. Our studies have aimed at modulating astrogliosis by inhibiting or delaying GFAP synthesis in damaged and reactive astrocytes. The present study investigates the use of a recombinant retrovirus expressing antisense GFAP RNA in controlling the response of mechanically injured astrocytes. A 650 bp fragment from the coding region of mouse GFAP cDNA was cloned in the antisense orientation under the control of long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter of Moloney murine leukemia virus. Increase in GFAP as detected by immunocytochemical staining in injured astrocytes was inhibited by treatment with retrovirus expressing antisense GFAP RNA. Also, astrocytes at the site of injury in these scratched cultures did not show cell body hypertrophy compared to control cultures. These observations demonstrate that the increase in GFAP at the site of injury can be inhibited using retroviral treatment and indicate the potential of retrovirus-mediated gene transfer in modulating scar formation in the CNS in vivo. These studies also shed light on the role of GFAP in maintaining the morphology of astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Ghirnikar
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California
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73
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Wick M, Bürger C, Brüsselbach S, Lucibello F, Müller R. A novel member of human tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP) gene family is regulated during G1 progression, mitogenic stimulation, differentiation, and senescence. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)32259-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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74
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Shillitoe EJ, Lapeyre JN, Adler-Storthz K. Gene therapy--its potential in the management of oral cancer. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CANCER. PART B, ORAL ONCOLOGY 1994; 30B:143-54. [PMID: 7920160 DOI: 10.1016/0964-1955(94)90083-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy is an important new approach to the treatment of many diseases. This review summarises the methods that are available for developing gene therapy, and demonstrates that oral cancer is probably susceptible to these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Shillitoe
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston
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75
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Bauters C, Van Belle E, Wernert N, Delcayre C, Thomas F, Dupuis B, Lablanche JM, Bertrand ME, Swynghedauw B. Angiopeptin inhibits oncogene induction in rabbit aorta after balloon denudation. Circulation 1994; 89:2327-31. [PMID: 7910119 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.89.5.2327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiopeptin, a synthetic cyclic octapeptide analogue of somatostatin, reduces neointimal hyperplasia after balloon denudation of rabbit aorta if administered before injury. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of angiopeptin pretreatment on the level of expression of the c-fos and c-jun protooncogenes, early markers of smooth muscle cell proliferation, after balloon denudation of rabbit aorta. METHODS AND RESULTS For histological analysis of the effect of angiopeptin on neointimal thickening after aortic balloon denudation, rabbits were randomized into three groups: group 1 (controls), twice-daily injections of saline begun 24 hours before balloon denudation (n = 9); group 2, twice-daily injections of angiopeptin 10 micrograms/kg begun 24 hours before balloon denudation (n = 9); and group 3, twice-daily injections of angiopeptin 10 micrograms/kg begun 1 hour after balloon denudation (n = 7). The degree of neointimal thickening 28 days after balloon denudation was significantly less in group 2 than in group 1 (neointimal area: group 1, 0.59 +/- 0.11 mm2; group 2, 0.22 +/- 0.05 mm2; P < .05. Neointima/media: group 1, 0.85 +/- 0.17; group 2, 0.23 +/- 0.05; P < .05). When angiopeptin was started 1 hour after denudation (group 3), however, the neointimal area (0.52 +/- 0.09 mm2) and the neointima/media ratio (0.76 +/- 0.10) were not statistically different from the control group. For analysis of protooncogene induction, rabbits received twice-daily subcutaneous injections of saline (n = 7), angiopeptin 10 micrograms/kg (n = 8), or angiopeptin 100 micrograms/kg (n = 4) begun 24 hours before balloon denudation. The animals were killed 30 minutes after balloon denudation, and total aortic RNA was hybridized with fos and jun probes. Expression of c-fos and c-jun was detected 30 minutes after injury; angiopeptin pretreatment at 20 micrograms.kg-1.d-1 induced a 41% reduction in c-fos expression and a 42% reduction in c-jun expression compared with control animals. The inhibitory effect at the higher dose of angiopeptin was similar. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that the inhibitory effect of angiopeptin on neointimal thickening is related to events that occur very early after injury and suggest that the inhibition of smooth muscle cell activation may be responsible, at least in part, for this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bauters
- Department of Cardiology, University of Lille, France
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76
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Abstract
Cell proliferation is governed by the influence of both mitogens and inhibitors. Although cell contact has long been thought to play a fundamental role in cell cycling regulation, and negative regulators have long been suspected to exist, their isolation and purification has been complicated by a variety of technical difficulties. Nevertheless, over recent years an ever-expanding list of putative negative regulators have emerged. In many cases, their biological inhibitory activities are consistent with density-dependent growth inhibition. Most likely their interactions with mitogenic agents, at an intracellular level, are responsible for either mitotic arrest or continued cell cycling. A review of naturally occurring cell growth inhibitors is presented with an emphasis on those factors shown to be residents of the cell surface membrane. Particular attention is focused on a cell surface sialoglycopeptide, isolated from intact bovine cerebral cortex cells, which has been shown to inhibit the proliferation of an unusually wide range of target cells. The glycopeptide arrest cells obtained from diverse species, both fibroblasts and epithelial cells, and a broad variety of transformed cells. Signal transduction events and a limited spectrum of cells that are refractory to the sialoglycopeptide have provided insight into the molecular events mediated by this cell surface inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Johnson
- Center for Basic Cancer Research, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
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77
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van Wijk R, Ooms H, Wiegant F, Souren J, Ovelgönne J, van Aken J, Bol A. A Molecular Basis for Understanding the Benefits from Subharmful Doses of Toxicants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1108/09566169410051502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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78
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Abstract
The reduction of glucose supply induced the killing of tumor cells by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in vivo and in vitro. In contrast, normal cell lines were resistant to TNF regardless of the presence or absence of glucose. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) did not exert a cytotoxic effect on tumor cells in the absence of glucose. Therefore, the killing mechanism of TNF under conditions of reduced glucose supply was investigated. Flow cytometry experiments and studies of kinetics revealed that the S-phase of the cell cycle was prolonged in the absence of glucose. After TNF treatment, the S-phase was found to be shortened and the rate of 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA was increased, whereas EGF failed to exert such an effect. DNA synthesis and entry into mitosis are known to be regulated by cyclin A. In serum-starved tumor cells (HeLa) we have observed increased cyclin A synthesis within 10 hr, in parallel with enhancement of DNA synthesis and shortening of the S-phase after TNF treatment. We conclude that, under conditions of low glucose supply, TNF can assume the role of a growth factor in transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Volland
- Department of Molecular Biology of DNA Tumor Viruses, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg
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79
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Hara E, Yamaguchi T, Nojima H, Ide T, Campisi J, Okayama H, Oda K. Id-related genes encoding helix-loop-helix proteins are required for G1 progression and are repressed in senescent human fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)42146-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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80
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Abstract
In this chapter I have attempted to outline the rationale that underlies the antisense approach to treatment of virus infection, to catalog the effector molecules that are currently available, and to estimate the relative worth of each. In so doing I have tried to describe the criteria that might be employed in their design and the factors that may determine their efficacy in tissue culture and, perhaps, in vivo. Finally, I have described the few examples presently available that indicate that antisense approaches may one day be therapeutically useful in treatment of disease of viral or nonviral origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Whitton
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
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81
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Pfaus JG, Kleopoulos SP, Mobbs CV, Gibbs RB, Pfaff DW. Sexual stimulation activates c-fos within estrogen-concentrating regions of the female rat forebrain. Brain Res 1993; 624:253-67. [PMID: 8252398 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(93)90085-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Regions of the brain that concentrate estrogen and progesterone are thought to regulate female sexual behavior by altering gene expression and neural sensitivity to afferent stimulation. We used immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization to examine c-fos gene expression within estrogen-concentrating regions of the forebrain following various types of sexual stimulation with or without hormone treatment. Ovariectomized rats received injections of estradiol benzoate 48 h and progesterone 4 h before testing. Control rats that had been ovariectomized at least 5 months before testing did not receive hormone treatment. Rats were then either placed into bilevel testing chambers with sexually vigorous males, received manual stimulation of the flanks, received vaginocervical stimulation with a glass rod, or were left in their home cages. Copulation with intromission and ejaculation in hormone-treated rats, or stimulation of the vaginal cervix in both hormone-treated and control rats, produced a dramatic induction of c-fos mRNA and Fos-like immunoreactivity in estrogen-concentrating regions, such as the lateral septum, medial preoptic area, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, ventromedial hypothalamus, lateral habenula, and medial amygdala, in addition to regions that do not readily concentrate estrogen, such as the neocortex, thalamus, and striatum. Mechanical stimulation of the flanks produced a smaller induction of Fos in these rats, whereas hormone treatment alone had no effect. These data demonstrate that afferent sensory stimulation, but not estrogen or progesterone, regulates c-fos gene expression within different estrogen-concentrating and non-concentrating regions of the female rat forebrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Pfaus
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Behavior, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021
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82
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Müller R, Mumberg D, Lucibello FC. Signals and genes in the control of cell-cycle progression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1155:151-79. [PMID: 8357825 DOI: 10.1016/0304-419x(93)90003-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Müller
- Institut für Molekularbiologie und Tumorforschung (IMT), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany
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83
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Wlaschek M, Bolsen K, Herrmann G, Schwarz A, Wilmroth F, Heinrich PC, Goerz G, Scharffetter-Kochanek K. UVA-induced autocrine stimulation of fibroblast-derived-collagenase by IL-6: a possible mechanism in dermal photodamage? J Invest Dermatol 1993; 101:164-8. [PMID: 7688402 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12363644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Like other cytokines, IL-6 has been reported to stimulate collagenase. In this study we were interested in whether IL-6 is involved in the ultraviolet (UV) mediated up-regulation of fibroblast-derived collagenase. Confluent fibroblast monolayers were irradiated under standardized conditions. Following UVA irradiation the bioactivity of IL-6 increased up to fiftyfold in the supernatants of irradiated compared to mock-irradiated fibroblasts. As determined by Northern blot analysis this was also reflected on the pre-translational level by a tenfold increase of IL-6-specific mRNA following UVA irradiation. Induction of IL-6-specific mRNA was maximal at 6 h post-irradiation, thus clearly preceding the maximal induction of collagenase mRNA at 24 h post-irradiation. To elucidate the regulatory role of IL-6 in the UVA induction of fibroblast-derived collagenase, monospecific polyclonal neutralizing antibodies directed against recombinant human IL-6 and antisense oligonucleotides specifically inhibiting the translation of IL-6 mRNA were used at various concentrations. The amount of UVA-induced collagenase mRNA was reduced in a dose-dependent manner when antibodies or specific antisense oligonucleotides were present during and after irradiation. Taken together our data provide first evidence that UVA enhances IL-6 synthesis and secretion in fibroblasts. IL-6 induces via an autocrine mechanism collagenase and may thus contribute to the actinic damage of the dermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wlaschek
- Department of Dermatology, University of Düsseldorf, F.R.G
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84
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Takada M, Koizumi T, Bachiller D, Rüther U, Tokuhisa T. Deregulated c-fos modulates IgG2b production of B cells mediated by lipopolysaccharide. Immunobiology 1993; 188:233-41. [PMID: 8225387 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-2985(11)80232-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We have examined effects of the deregulated c-fos protein on IgG2b production of B cells cultured with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) using splenic B cells from a transgenic line carrying the mouse c-fos gene under the control of the interferon alpha/beta (IFN) inducible Mx promoter (Mx-c-fosD). High c-fos expression was induced in the Mx-c-fosD B cells during the first two days of culture. DNA synthesis and IgG2b production were augmented in the culture. When IFN was added together with LPS, the high c-fos expression was prolonged until day 3 of culture. IgG2b production was remarkably suppressed. However, the production was not suppressed by upregulation of c-fos via exogenous IFN on day 4 of culture. These results suggest a regulatory effect of the c-fos protein on the differentiation of B cells to IgG2b producing cells at a distinct period.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Takada
- Department of Immunology, ICMR, Kobe University School of Medicine, Japan
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85
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Affiliation(s)
- T Friedmann
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla 92093
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86
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Van Wijk R, Welters M, Souren JE, Ovelgonne H, Wiegant FA. Serum-stimulated cell cycle progression and stress protein synthesis in C3H10T1/2 fibroblasts treated with sodium arsenite. J Cell Physiol 1993; 155:265-72. [PMID: 8482719 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041550207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrated that a nonlethal dose of arsenite administered to quiescent C3H10T1/2 fibroblasts can enhance the mitogenic effect of suboptimal concentrations of serum. The mitogenic effect was dependent on the serum concentration and on the time interval between the administration of arsenite and that of serum. This suggests that mitogen sensitivity changes in time after arsenite treatment. It is shown that the concentrations of arsenite that enhance the mitogenic effect of serum also increase the mRNA levels of c-fos, HSP68, and HSP84 and induce the specific synthesis of Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs). The physiological significance of this phenomenon is most likely to counteract the long-term toxic effect of arsenite by early induction of compensation for cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Van Wijk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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87
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Ivins KJ, Neve KA, Feller DJ, Fidel SA, Neve RL. Antisense GAP-43 inhibits the evoked release of dopamine from PC12 cells. J Neurochem 1993; 60:626-33. [PMID: 8419540 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1993.tb03194.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the role of the neuronal growth-associated protein GAP-43 (neuromodulin, B-50, F1, P-57) in neurotransmitter release, we transfected PC12 cells with a recombinant expression vector coding for antisense human GAP-43 cRNA. Two stable transfectants, designated AS1 and AS2, were selected that had integrated the recombinant sequence and expressed antisense GAP-43 RNA. Immunoblot analysis of proteins from AS1 and AS2 cells indicated that the level of GAP-43 in these cell lines was reduced. In the presence of extracellular calcium, a depolarizing concentration of K+ (56 mM) evoked dopamine release from control cells, but not from AS1 and AS2 cells. Similarly, the calcium ionophore A23187 evoked dopamine release from control cells, but was ineffective in stimulating dopamine release from AS1 and AS2 cells. The antisense transfectants, as well as the control cells, contained appreciable quantities of dopamine and secretory granules with a normal appearance. Because the expression of antisense GAP-43 RNA in PC12 cells leads to a decrease in GAP-43 expression and to the loss of evoked dopamine release, these results provide evidence of a role for GAP-43 in calcium-dependent neurotransmitter release.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Ivins
- Department of Psychobiology, University of California, Irvine
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88
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Lorenz P, Pepperkok R, Ansorge W, Pyerin W. Cell biological studies with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against human casein kinase II subunit beta demonstrate participation of the kinase in mitogenic signaling. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53835-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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89
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Takada M, Koizumi T, Bachiller D, Rüther U, Tokuhisa T. Deregulated c-fos augments cell proliferation of B cells mediated by lipopolysaccharide. Cancer Lett 1993; 68:243-7. [PMID: 8443797 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(93)90153-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We have examined effects of the deregulated c-fos protein on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated B cell responses using splenic B cells from transgenic lines carrying the mouse c-fos gene under the control of the H-2K (H2-c-fos) and the inducible Mx promoter (Mx-c-fosD). High c-fos expression was induced in Mx-c-fosD B cells by LPS stimulation. DNA synthesis of the B cells from both lines was augmented depending on the amount of exogenous c-fos. This augmentation resulted in the increase of IgM and IgG2b productions in the culture. These results suggest a functional role of c-fos protein in cell cycle progression of the activated B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Takada
- Department of Immunology, ICMR, Kobe University School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
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90
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Abstract
The product of the retinoblastoma gene (RB1) is believed to function as a negative regulator of cell growth. Recent experimental results suggest that RB1 may exert its growth-suppressing activity by regulating the transcription of a variety of growth-related genes, including FOS, MYC, and TGFBI. A series of biochemical and molecular analyses suggest that RB1 indirectly affects gene expression via cell-cycle-regulated interactions with transcription factors, such as E2F and SPI. Determination of the mechanisms regulating such protein-protein interactions and the identification of additional targets of RB1 function will provide vital insights into the role of this tumor-suppressor gene in mammalian cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Horowitz
- Section of Cell Growth, Regulation and Oncogenesis, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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91
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Involvement of immediate-early gene expression in the synergistic effects of steel factor in combination with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor or interleukin-3 on proliferation of a human factor-dependent cell line. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54028-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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92
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Holt J. Fos and Jun: Inducible transcription factors regulating growth of normal and transformed cells. Cancer Treat Res 1993; 63:301-11. [PMID: 1363363 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-3088-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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93
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Ohta S, Hiraki Y, Shigeno C, Suzuki F, Kasai R, Ikeda T, Kohno H, Lee K, Kikuchi H, Konishi J. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP-2 and BMP-3) induce the late phase expression of the proto-oncogene c-fos in murine osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. FEBS Lett 1992; 314:356-60. [PMID: 1468569 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(92)81505-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Here we report that bone morphogenetic proteins 2 and 3 (BMP-2 and BMP-3) induced marked expression of c-fos mRNA in a biphasic manner, i.e. the late phase (48 to 60 h) as well as the immediate-early phase (0.5 h), in murine osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells in vitro. The BMP-induced late phase c-fos gene expression was temporally associated with the onset of marked expression of the genes for osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase, differentiation markers of mature osteoblasts. In contrast, none of TGF-beta 1, 10% FBS, IGF-I and IGF-II, which induced only the immediate-early c-fos mRNA expression, stimulated the expression of osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase genes. These data suggest that in osteoblasts BMP-2 and BMP-3 induce the late phase expression of c-fos, which may play a role in transcriptional activation of the genes involved in differentiation of osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ohta
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
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94
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Manos P, Edmond J. Immunofluorescent analysis of creatine kinase in cultured astrocytes by conventional and confocal microscopy: a nuclear localization. J Comp Neurol 1992; 326:273-82. [PMID: 1282525 DOI: 10.1002/cne.903260209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The subcellular localization of creatine kinase (CK) was examined in primary cultures of astrocytes with immunofluorescent labeling methods and detection by both standard fluorescence microscopy and confocal laser-scanning microscopy. With conventional microscopy, the pattern of CK staining was uniform throughout the cell cytoplasm and appeared to stain the nuclear region intensely. Staining of CK in the nuclear region co-localized with the DNA-specific Hoechst nuclear stain. CK produced a diffuse cytoplasmic staining pattern that was different from the staining pattern produced by the cytoskeletal proteins glial fibrillary acidic protein and tubulin, both of which showed a filamentous cytoskeletal network that excluded the nucleus. To examine the structural details of CK in the nuclear region, serial optical sections were taken through the cell monolayer with a confocal microscope. The cells were immunostained for CK, and the CK-staining pattern was compared with the staining pattern produced by propidium iodide, which is specific for DNA in RNase-treated samples and stains total nucleic acid in untreated samples. CK staining was present within the nucleus in each section taken through the monolayer. The nucleolus did not stain for CK. The pattern of CK staining in the nucleus (and cytoplasm) was distinctly different from the staining pattern of either DNA or total nucleic acid. Nuclear CK appeared to have a granular, particulate pattern, which is suggestive of a nucleoplasmic distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Manos
- Department of Biological Chemistry, UCLA School of Medicine 90024
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95
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Abstract
The c-fos proto-oncogene has been implicated as a central regulatory component of the nuclear response to mitogens and other extracellular stimuli. Embryonic stem cells targeted at the c-fos locus have been used to generate chimeric mice that have transmitted the mutated allele through the germline. Homozygous mutants show reduced placental and fetal weights and significant loss of viability at birth. Approximately 40% of the homozygous mutants survive and grow at normal rates until severe osteopetrosis, characterized by foreshortening of the long bones, ossification of the marrow space, and absence of tooth eruption, begins to develop at approximately 11 days. Among other abnormalities, these mice show delayed or absent gametogenesis, lymphopenia, and altered behavior. Despite these defects, many live as long as their wild-type or heterozygous littermates (currently 7 months). These data indicate that c-fos is not required for the growth of most cell types but is involved in the development and function of several distinct tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Johnson
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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96
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Sikora E, Kamińska B, Radziszewska E, Kaczmarek L. Loss of transcription factor AP-1 DNA binding activity during lymphocyte aging in vivo. FEBS Lett 1992; 312:179-82. [PMID: 1426249 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(92)80930-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The main feature of cellular senescence is cessation of cell proliferation. Protooncogene c-fos, which is required for the cell to enter into DNA synthesis, is repressed in senescent fibroblasts. Diminished expression of c-fos and impaired formation of AP-1, which is a complex of c-Fos and c-Jun proteins acting as a transcription factor, was found in lymphocytes derived from old (> 18 months) mice and stimulated with Con A. There were no differences in c-jun expression and formation of other transcription factors (AP-2 and AP-3) between lymphocytes isolated from old and young mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sikora
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
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97
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Abstract
The influence of cell shape on the expression of proto-oncogenes was examined in normal and malignant human cells that varied in their sensitivities to contact-inhibition of proliferation. Cells were constrained into varying degrees of roundness by plating onto culture surfaces coated with different concentrations of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (poly[HEMA]) and assayed for proliferation capacity and levels of c-myc, c-ras, c-fos, and c-fes mRNAs. Proliferation of contact-inhibited normal CUA-1 fibroblasts and the variant HT-IFNr cells was highly coupled to cell shape. As these cells became more rounded, a critical degree of roundness was reached at which proliferation ceased. In contrast, proliferation of non-contact-inhibited malignant HT-1080 cells was independent of cell shape. Northern analysis revealed that expression of c-myc and c-ras was highly sensitive to cell shape in the normal CUA-1 cells but not in the malignant HT-1080 or variant HT-IFNr cells. Levels of c-myc and c-ras mRNAs declined to nearly undetectable levels in CUA-1 cells at degrees of roundness that correlated with loss of proliferative ability. Expression of c-fos and c-fes oncogenes were independent of cell shape in all cells tested. Quantification of transcription rates by the nuclear run-off assay showed that shape modulation of c-myc and c-ras oncogene expression occurred at the transcriptional level. These data suggest that changes in cell shape can modulate expression of certain oncogenes and that these changes correlate with the cell's ability to proliferate. Moreover, inability to regulate c-myc and c-ras oncogene expression is associated with loss of shape-dependent growth controls and contact inhibition but that loss of this regulation alone is not sufficient to release cells from contact-inhibited controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Farrell
- Department of Biology, Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064
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98
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Abstract
The double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) unwinding/modifying activity is a recently discovered cellular activity capable of unwinding or denaturing dsRNAs by modifying multiple adenosine residues to inosines and creating I-U mismatched base-pairings. The biological functions of this activity, which can potentially mutate the coding capacity of messenger RNAs (mRNAs), are presently not known. However, this unwinding/modifying activity is likely to affect the secondary structures, processing, and turn-over of various eukaryotic as well as viral transcripts. Although the activity was originally found and proposed as a cellular factor that interfered with the use of antisense RNA, it now appears more likely that the activity in fact may participate in antisense RNA suppression of target genes, either by altering the coding capacity of the sense mRNAs or by accelerating the degradation of duplex RNAs. Further understanding of this novel enzymatic activity, and thus, in turn, of the metabolism of dsRNAs in vivo, should allow us to derive a better strategy for designing antisense RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nishikura
- Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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99
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Soprano KJ, Cosenza SC, Yumet G, Soprano DR. Use of antisense oligomers to study the role of c-jun in G1 progression. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1992; 660:231-9. [PMID: 1340125 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb21075.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In actively proliferating Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts, expression of the protooncogene c-jun is maximally induced early in G1, immediately after completion of mitosis. Within 2 hours, c-jun mRNA levels drop to a basal amount that is approximately 30% of the maximum. This is maintained throughout the remainder of G1. To access the functional implications of this pattern of c-jun expression, antisense oligomers specific to c-jun were added to either actively proliferating or synchronized Swiss 3T3 cells, and their ability to inhibit DNA synthesis and division was determined. Our results show that if Swiss 3T3 cells are treated with anti-c-jun while actively growing or at any time during G1 after completion of mitosis, they exhibit a reduced ability to enter S-phase and subsequently divide. These results demonstrate that the regulation of G1 progression following mitosis depends on the expression and function of the protooncogene c-jun.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Soprano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140
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100
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Ferrari S, Manfredini R, Grande A, Torelli U. Antisense strategies to characterize the role of genes and oncogenes involved in myeloid differentiation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1992; 660:11-26. [PMID: 1340115 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb21053.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Ferrari
- Experimental Hematology Center, II Medical Clinic, University of Modena, Italy
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