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Tun KNW, Aminah NS, Kristanti AN, Aung HT, Takaya Y. Natural products isolated from Casimiroa. OPEN CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2020-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractAbout 140 genera and more than 1,600 species belong to the Rutaceae family. They grow in temperate and tropical zones on both hemispheres, as trees, shrubs, and herbs. Casimiroa is one of the genera constituting 13 species, most of which are found in tropical and subtropical regions. Many chemical constituents have been derived from this genus, including quinoline alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins, and N-benzoyltyramide derivatives. This article reviews different studies carried out on aromatic compounds of genus Casimiroa; their biological activities; the different skeletons of coumarins, alkaloids, flavonoids, and others; and their characteristic NMR spectral data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khun Nay Win Tun
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Komplek Kampus C UNAIR, Jl. Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Department of Chemistry, Taunggyi University, Taunggyi, Myanmar
| | - Nanik Siti Aminah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Komplek Kampus C UNAIR, Jl. Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Alfinda Novi Kristanti
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Komplek Kampus C UNAIR, Jl. Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | | | - Yoshiaki Takaya
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
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Zetzsche LE, Narayan ARH. Broadening the scope of biocatalytic C-C bond formation. Nat Rev Chem 2020; 4:334-346. [PMID: 34430708 PMCID: PMC8382263 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-0191-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The impeccable control over chemo-, site-, and stereoselectivity possible in enzymatic reactions has led to a surge in the development of new biocatalytic methods. Despite carbon-carbon (C-C) bonds providing the central framework for organic molecules, development of biocatalytic methods for their formation has been largely confined to the use of a select few lyases over the last several decades, limiting the types of C-C bond-forming transformations possible through biocatalytic methods. This Review provides an update on the suite of enzymes available for highly selective biocatalytic C-C bond formation. Examples will be discussed in reference to the (1) native activity of enzymes, (2) alteration of activity through protein or substrate engineering for broader applicability, and (3) utility of the biocatalyst for abiotic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara E. Zetzsche
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alison R. H. Narayan
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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53
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Lucini L, Miras-Moreno B, Rouphael Y, Cardarelli M, Colla G. Combining Molecular Weight Fractionation and Metabolomics to Elucidate the Bioactivity of Vegetal Protein Hydrolysates in Tomato Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:976. [PMID: 32695133 PMCID: PMC7338714 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The comprehension of the bioactive fractions involved in the biostimulant activity of plant derived protein hydrolysates (PH) is a complex task, but it can also lead to significant improvements in the production of more effective plant biostimulants. The aim of this work is to shed light onto the bioactivity of different PH dialysis fractions (PH1 < 0.5-1 kDa; PH2 > 0.5-1 kDa; PH3 < 8-10 kDa; PH4 > 8-10 kDa) of a commercial PH-based biostimulant through a combined in vivo bioassay and metabolomics approach. A first tomato rooting bioassay investigated the auxin-like activity of PH and its fractions, each of them at three nitrogen levels (3, 30, and 300 mg L-1 of N) in comparison with a negative control (water) and a positive control (indole-3-butyric acid, IBA). Thereafter, a second experiment was carried out where metabolomics was applied to elucidate the biochemical changes imposed by the PH and its best performing fraction (both at 300 mg L-1 of N) in comparison to water and IBA. Overall, both the PH and its fractions increased the root length of tomato cuttings, compared to negative control. Moreover, the highest root length was obtained in the treatment PH1 following foliar application. Metabolomics allowed highlighting a response to PH1 that involved changes at phytohormones and secondary metabolite level. Notably, such metabolic reprogramming supported the effect on rooting of tomato cuttings, being shared with the response induced by the positive control IBA. Taken together, the outcome of in vivo assays and metabolomics indicate an auxin-like activity of the selected PH1 fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Lucini
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Research Centre for Nutrigenomics and Proteomics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Begoña Miras-Moreno
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics—Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics (CREA-GB), Fiorenzuola d'Arda, Italy
| | - Youssef Rouphael
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Cardarelli
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, Centro di ricerca Orticoltura e Florovivaismo, Pontecagnano Faiano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Colla
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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Alsamadany H. De novo leaf transcriptome assembly of Bougainvillea spectabilis for the identification of genes involves in the secondary metabolite pathways. Gene 2020; 746:144660. [PMID: 32275998 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bougainvillea spectabilis is known as a vital medicinal, ornamental as well as an essential oil producing plant. It is also a rich source of important secondary metabolites with several therapeutic properties. Various studies on its pharmacological and toxicological aspects have been published but there is no genomic or transcriptomic resource available in the public databases. To address this important issue, the de-novo transcriptome assembly of B. spectabilis leaf tissue has been done for the identification of genes involved in various important secondary metabolites, Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) and Simple sequence repeats (SSRs). The transcriptome sequencing of B. spectabilis leaf tissue generated 79,811,024 raw reads with GC value 42.77%. The transcriptomic assembly was performed by Trinity software which generated 100,374 transcripts and 99,793 unigenes with minimum and maximum length of 201 bp and 13,237 bp and N50 value of 1470 and 1472 respectively. Annotation of these unigenes was performed using seven databases including NR, PFAM, GO and KEGG. Approximately, 44,302 unigenes were annotated in GO database. The KEGG pathway analysis revealed 23,102 unigenes in which 19,054 genes were assigned to five groups in KEGG and 130 biochemical pathways. The highest group among the five groups was Metabolism with 9230 unigenes. Moreover, about 63,226 SNPs and 30,333 SSRs in the leaf transcriptome of B. spectabilis were identified. To the best of my understanding it will be the first comprehensive transcriptome analysis of B. spectabilis from family Nyctaginaceae which will help as a reference line for further genomic and transcriptomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hameed Alsamadany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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Zhong F, Huang L, Qi L, Ma Y, Yan Z. Full-length transcriptome analysis of Coptis deltoidea and identification of putative genes involved in benzylisoquinoline alkaloids biosynthesis based on combined sequencing platforms. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:477-499. [PMID: 31902069 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00959-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The study carry out comprehensive transcriptome analysis of C. deltoidea and exploration of BIAs biosynthesis and accumulation based on UHPLC-MS/MS and combined sequencing platforms. Coptis deltoidea is an important medicinal plant with a long history of medicinal use, which is rich in benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs). In this study, Ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS) and combined sequencing platforms were performed for exploration of BIAs biosynthesis, accumulation and comprehensive transcriptome analysis of C. deltoidea. By metabolism profiling, the accumulation of ten BIAs was analyzed using UHPLC-MS/MS and different contents were observed in different organs. From transcriptome sequencing result, we applied single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing to C. deltoidea and generated a total of 75,438 full-length transcripts. We proposed the candidate biosynthetic pathway of tyrosine, precursor of BIAs, and identified 64 full length-transcripts encoding enzymes putatively involved in BIAs biosynthesis. RNA-Seq data indicated that the majority of genes exhibited relatively high expression level in roots. Transport of BIAs was also important for their accumulation. Here, 9 ABC transporters and 2 MATE transporters highly homologous to known alkaloid transporters related with BIAs transport in roots and rhizomes were identified. These findings based on the combined sequencing platforms provide valuable genetic information for C. deltoidea and the results of transcriptome combined with metabolome analysis can help us better understand BIAs biosynthesis and transport in this medicinal plant. The information will be critical for further characterization of C. deltoidea transcriptome and molecular-assisted breeding for this medicinal plant with scarce resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furong Zhong
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Ling Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Luming Qi
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yuntong Ma
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Zhuyun Yan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
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56
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Chen Y, Ma T, Zhang L, Kang M, Zhang Z, Zheng Z, Sun P, Shrestha N, Liu J, Yang Y. Genomic analyses of a “living fossil”: The endangered dove‐tree. Mol Ecol Resour 2020; 20. [DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Resource and Eco‐Environment of Ministry of Education & State Key Lab of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering College of Life Sciences Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Tao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Resource and Eco‐Environment of Ministry of Education & State Key Lab of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering College of Life Sciences Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Lushui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Resource and Eco‐Environment of Ministry of Education & State Key Lab of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering College of Life Sciences Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Minghui Kang
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Resource and Eco‐Environment of Ministry of Education & State Key Lab of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering College of Life Sciences Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Zhiyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Resource and Eco‐Environment of Ministry of Education & State Key Lab of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering College of Life Sciences Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Zeyu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐Ecosystem Institute of Innovation Ecology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Pengchuan Sun
- School of Life Sciences North China University of Science and Technology Caofeidian, Tangshan China
| | - Nawal Shrestha
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐Ecosystem Institute of Innovation Ecology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Jianquan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Resource and Eco‐Environment of Ministry of Education & State Key Lab of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering College of Life Sciences Sichuan University Chengdu China
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐Ecosystem Institute of Innovation Ecology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Yongzhi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Resource and Eco‐Environment of Ministry of Education & State Key Lab of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering College of Life Sciences Sichuan University Chengdu China
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐Ecosystem Institute of Innovation Ecology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
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Natural compounds as angiogenic enzyme thymidine phosphorylase inhibitors: In vitro biochemical inhibition, mechanistic, and in silico modeling studies. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225056. [PMID: 31743355 PMCID: PMC6863536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural flora is the richest source of novel therapeutic agents due to their immense chemical diversity and novel biological properties. In this regard, eighteen natural products belonging to different chemical classes were evaluated for their thymidine phosphorylase (TP) inhibitory activity. TP shares identity with an angiogenic protein platelet derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF). It assists tumor angiogenesis and is a key player in cancer progression, thus an ideal target to develop anti-angiogenic drugs. Eleven compounds 1–2, 5–10, 11, 15, and 18 showed a good to weak TP inhibitory activity (IC50 values between 44.0 to 420.3 μM), as compared to standards i.e. tipiracil (IC50 = 0.014 ± 0.002 μM) and 7-deazaxanthine (IC50 = 41.0 ± 1.63 μM). Kinetic studies were also performed on active compounds, in order to deduce the mechanism of ligand binding to enzyme. To get further insight into receptor protein (enzyme) and ligand interaction at atomic level, in- sillico studies were also performed. Active compounds were finally evaluated for cytotoxicity test against mouse fibroblast (3T3) cell line. Compound 18 (Masoprocol) showed a significant TP inhibitory activity (IC50 = 44.0 ± 0.5 μM). Kinetic studies showed that it inhibits the enzyme in a competitive manner (Ki = 25.6 ± 0.008 μM), while it adopts a binding pose different than the substrate thymidine. It is further found to be non-toxic in MTT cytotoxicity assay. This is the first report on TP inhibitory activity of several natural compounds, some of which may serve as leads for further research towards drug the development.
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58
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A sensitive UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS method for the determination of tropane alkaloids in herbal teas and extracts. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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59
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Madhavan A, Arun KB, Sindhu R, Binod P, Kim SH, Pandey A. Tailoring of microbes for the production of high value plant-derived compounds: From pathway engineering to fermentative production. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2019; 1867:140262. [PMID: 31404685 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.140262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Plant natural products have been an attracting platform for the isolation of various active drugs and other bioactives. However large-scale extraction of these compounds is affected by the difficulty in mass cultivation of these plants and absence of strategies for successful extraction. Even though, synthesis by chemical method is an alternative method; it is less efficient as their chemical structure is highly complex which involve enantio-selectivity. Thus an alternate bio-system for heterologous production of plant natural products using microbes has emerged. Advent of various omics, synthetic and metabolic engineering strategies revolutionised the field of heterologous plant metabolite production. In this context, various engineering methods taken to synthesise plant natural products are described with an additional focus to fermentation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Madhavan
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum 695 014, India
| | | | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR- NIIST), Trivandrum 695 019, India
| | - Parameswaran Binod
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR- NIIST), Trivandrum 695 019, India
| | - Sang Hyoun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Center for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow 226 001, India.
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60
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Wang Y, Tappertzhofen N, Méndez‐Sánchez D, Bawn M, Lyu B, Ward JM, Hailes HC. Design and Use of de novo Cascades for the Biosynthesis of New Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201902761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Nadine Tappertzhofen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Daniel Méndez‐Sánchez
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Maria Bawn
- Department of Biochemical EngineeringUniversity College London London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Boyu Lyu
- Department of Biochemical EngineeringUniversity College London London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - John M. Ward
- Department of Biochemical EngineeringUniversity College London London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Helen C. Hailes
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
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61
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Wang Y, Tappertzhofen N, Méndez-Sánchez D, Bawn M, Lyu B, Ward JM, Hailes HC. Design and Use of de novo Cascades for the Biosynthesis of New Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:10120-10125. [PMID: 31100182 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201902761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) are an important group of secondary metabolites from higher plants and have been reported to show significant biological activities. The production of BIAs through synthetic biology approaches provides a higher-yielding strategy than traditional synthetic methods or isolation from plant material. However, the reconstruction of BIA pathways in microorganisms by combining heterologous enzymes can also give access to BIAs through cascade reactions. Most importantly, non-natural BIAs can be generated through such artificial pathways. In the current study, we describe the use of tyrosinases and decarboxylases and combine these with a transaminase enzyme and norcoclaurine synthase for the efficient synthesis of several BIAs, including six non-natural alkaloids, in cascades from l-tyrosine and analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Nadine Tappertzhofen
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Daniel Méndez-Sánchez
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Maria Bawn
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Boyu Lyu
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - John M Ward
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Helen C Hailes
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
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de Oliveira MVV, Jin X, Chen X, Griffith D, Batchu S, Maeda HA. Imbalance of tyrosine by modulating TyrA arogenate dehydrogenases impacts growth and development of Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 97:901-922. [PMID: 30457178 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
l-Tyrosine is an essential aromatic amino acid required for the synthesis of proteins and a diverse array of plant natural products; however, little is known on how the levels of tyrosine are controlled in planta and linked to overall growth and development. Most plants synthesize tyrosine by TyrA arogenate dehydrogenases, which are strongly feedback-inhibited by tyrosine and encoded by TyrA1 and TyrA2 genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. While TyrA enzymes have been extensively characterized at biochemical levels, their in planta functions remain uncertain. Here we found that TyrA1 suppression reduces seed yield due to impaired anther dehiscence, whereas TyrA2 knockout leads to slow growth with reticulate leaves. The tyra2 mutant phenotypes were exacerbated by TyrA1 suppression and rescued by the expression of TyrA2, TyrA1 or tyrosine feeding. Low-light conditions synchronized the tyra2 and wild-type growth, and ameliorated the tyra2 leaf reticulation. After shifting to normal light, tyra2 transiently decreased tyrosine and subsequently increased aspartate before the appearance of the leaf phenotypes. Overexpression of the deregulated TyrA enzymes led to hyper-accumulation of tyrosine, which was also accompanied by elevated aspartate and reticulate leaves. These results revealed that TyrA1 and TyrA2 have distinct and overlapping functions in flower and leaf development, respectively, and that imbalance of tyrosine, caused by altered TyrA activity and regulation, impacts growth and development of Arabidopsis. The findings provide critical bases for improving the production of tyrosine and its derived natural products, and further elucidating the coordinated metabolic and physiological processes to maintain tyrosine levels in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos V V de Oliveira
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Xing Jin
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Xuan Chen
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Daniel Griffith
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Sai Batchu
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Biology, The College of New Jersey, Biology Building, 2000 Pennington Road, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA
| | - Hiroshi A Maeda
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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Li G, D’Auria J, Kumar Katakam N, W. Seifert C. Efficient Synthesis of Methyl (S)-4-(1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)-3-oxobutanoate as the Key Intermediate for Tropane Alkaloid Biosynthesis with Optically Active Form. HETEROCYCLES 2019. [DOI: 10.3987/com-18-s(f)4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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64
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Bains S, Thakur V, Kaur J, Singh K, Kaur R. Elucidating genes involved in sesquiterpenoid and flavonoid biosynthetic pathways in Saussurea lappa by de novo leaf transcriptome analysis. Genomics 2018; 111:1474-1482. [PMID: 30343181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Saussurea lappa (family Asteraceae) possesses immense pharmacological potential mainly due to the presence of sesquiterpene lactones. In spite of its medicinal importance, S. lappa has been poorly explored at the molecular level. We initiated leaf transcriptome sequencing of S. lappa using the illumina highseq 2000 platform and generated 62,039,614 raw reads. Trinity assembler generated 122,434 contigs with an N50 value of 1053 bp. The assembled transcripts were compared against the non-redundant protein database at NCBI. The Blast2GO analysis assigned gene ontology (GO) terms, categorized into molecular functions (3132), biological processes (4477) and cellular components (1.927). Using KEGG, around 476 contigs were assigned to 39 pathways. For secondary metabolic pathways, we identified transcripts encoding genes involved in sesquiterpenoid and flavonoid biosynthesis. Relatively low number of transcripts were also found encoding for genes involved in the alkaloid pathway. Our data will contribute to functional genomics and metabolic engineering studies in this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita Bains
- Deparment of Biotechnology, Panjab University, BMS Block I, Sector 25, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Vasundhara Thakur
- Deparment of Biotechnology, Panjab University, BMS Block I, Sector 25, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Jagdeep Kaur
- Deparment of Biotechnology, Panjab University, BMS Block I, Sector 25, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Kashmir Singh
- Deparment of Biotechnology, Panjab University, BMS Block I, Sector 25, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Ravneet Kaur
- Deparment of Biotechnology, Panjab University, BMS Block I, Sector 25, Chandigarh 160014, India.
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Meelaph T, Kobtrakul K, Chansilpa NN, Han Y, Rani D, De-Eknamkul W, Vimolmangkang S. Coregulation of Biosynthetic Genes and Transcription Factors for Aporphine-Type Alkaloid Production in Wounded Lotus Provides Insight into the Biosynthetic Pathway of Nuciferine. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:8794-8802. [PMID: 31459012 PMCID: PMC6644620 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) contains various bioactive compounds, with benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) as one of the major groups. The biosynthetic pathways of two major bioactive BIAs in this plant, nuciferine and N-nornuciferine, are still not clear. Therefore, several genes related to BIA biosynthesis were searched from the lotus database to study the role of key genes in regulating these pathways. In this study, the expression profiles of NCS, CNMT, 6OMT, CYP80G2, and WRKY TFs were investigated in mechanically wounded lotus leaves. It was found that the accumulation of nuciferine and N-nornuciferine significantly increased in the mechanically wounded lotus leaves in accordance with the relative expression of putative CYP80G2 and one WRKY transcription factor (NNU_24385), with the coregulation of CNMT. Furthermore, the role of methyltransferase-related genes in this study suggested that methylation of the isoquinoline nucleus to yield a methylated-BIA structure may occur at the N position before the O position. Altogether, this study provides improved understanding of the genes regulating BIA biosynthesis under stressed conditions, which could lead to improvements in BIA production from the commercial lotus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thitirat Meelaph
- Research
Unit for Natural Product Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Khwanlada Kobtrakul
- Research
Unit for Natural Product Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - N. Nopchai Chansilpa
- Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-ok, Chonburi 20110, Thailand
| | - Yuepeng Han
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement
and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical
Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Dolly Rani
- Research
Unit for Natural Product Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Wanchai De-Eknamkul
- Research
Unit for Natural Product Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sornkanok Vimolmangkang
- Research
Unit for Natural Product Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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66
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Pagáč T, Šafář P, Marchalín Š, Ježíková Z, Balónová B, Šupolíková M, Nováková E, Kubíčková J, Šoral M, Sivý J, Olejníková P. Asymmetric synthesis and study of biological activity of (epi-)benzoanalogues of bioactive phenanthroquinolizidine alkaloids. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-018-2244-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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67
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Epstein SC, Charkoudian LK, Medema MH. A standardized workflow for submitting data to the Minimum Information about a Biosynthetic Gene cluster (MIBiG) repository: prospects for research-based educational experiences. Stand Genomic Sci 2018; 13:16. [PMID: 30008988 PMCID: PMC6042397 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-018-0318-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms utilize complex enzymatic pathways to biosynthesize structurally complex and pharmacologically relevant molecules. These pathways are encoded by gene clusters and are found in a diverse set of organisms. The Minimum Information about a Biosynthetic Gene cluster repository facilitates standardized and centralized storage of experimental data on these gene clusters and their molecular products, by utilizing user-submitted data to translate scientific discoveries into a format that can be analyzed computationally. This accelerates the processes of connecting genes to chemical structures, understanding biosynthetic gene clusters in the context of environmental diversity, and performing computer-assisted design of synthetic gene clusters. Here, we present a Standard Operating Procedure, Excel templates, a tutorial video, and a collection of relevant review literature to support scientists in their efforts to submit data into MiBIG. Further, we provide tools to integrate gene cluster annotation projects into the classroom environment, including workflows and assessment materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C. Epstein
- Department of Chemistry, Haverford College, Haverford, PA 19041-1391 USA
| | | | - Marnix H. Medema
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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68
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Wang X, Zeng L, Liao Y, Zhou Y, Xu X, Dong F, Yang Z. An alternative pathway for the formation of aromatic aroma compounds derived from l-phenylalanine via phenylpyruvic acid in tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) leaves. Food Chem 2018; 270:17-24. [PMID: 30174031 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic aroma compounds contribute to flavor of tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) and they are mostly derived from l-phenylalanine via trans-cinnamic acid or directly from l-phenylalanine. The objective of this study was to investigate whether an alternative pathway derived from l-phenylalanine via phenylpyruvic acid is involved in formation of aroma compounds in tea. Enzyme reaction with phenylpyruvic acid showed that benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, and methyl benzoate were derived from phenylpyruvic acid in tea leaves. Feeding experiments using [2H8]l-phenylalanine indicated that phenylpyruvic acid was derived from l-phenylalanine in a reaction catalyzed by aromatic amino acid aminotransferases (AAATs). CsAAAT1 showed higher catalytic efficiency towards l-phenylalanine (p ≤ 0.001) while CsAAAT2 showed higher catalytic efficiency towards l-tyrosine (p ≤ 0.001). Both CsAAATs were localized in the cytoplasm of leaf cells. In conclusion, an alternative pathway for the formation of aromatic aroma compounds derived from l-phenylalanine via phenylpyruvic acid occurred in tea leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Wang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lanting Zeng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yinyin Liao
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinlan Xu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Fang Dong
- Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, Longdongbei Road 321, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Ziyin Yang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
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69
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Pan YJ, Lin YC, Yu BF, Zu YG, Yu F, Tang ZH. Transcriptomics comparison reveals the diversity of ethylene and methyl-jasmonate in roles of TIA metabolism in Catharanthus roseus. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:508. [PMID: 29966514 PMCID: PMC6029152 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4879-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The medicinal plant, Catharanthus roseus (C. roseus), accumulates a wide range of terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs). Ethylene (ET) and methyl-jasmonate (MeJA) were previously reported as effective elicitors for the production of various valuable secondary metabolites of C. roseus, while a few ET or MeJA induced transcriptomic research is yet reported on this species. In this study, the de-novo transcriptome assembly of C. roseus is performed by using the next-generation sequencing technology. Results The result shows that phenolic biosynthesis genes respond specifically to ET in leaves, monoterpenoid biosynthesis genes respond specifically to MeJA in roots. By screening the database, 23 ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter partial sequences are identified in C. roseus. On this basis, more than 80 key genes that encode key enzymes (namely TIA pathway, transcriptional factor (TF) and candidate ABC transporter) of alkaloid synthesis in TIA biosynthetic pathways are chosen to explore the integrative responses to ET and MeJA at the transcriptional level. Our data indicated that TIA accumulation is strictly regulated by the TF ethylene responsive factor (ERF) and bHLH iridoid synthesis 1 (BIS1). The heatmap, combined with principal component analysis (PCA) of C. roseus, shows that ERF co-expression with ABC2 and ABC8 specific expression in roots affect the root-specific accumulation of vinblastine in C. roseus. On the contrast, BIS1 activities follow a similar pattern of ABC3 and CrTPT2 specific expression in leaves, which affects the leaf-specific accumulation of vindoline in C. roseus. Conclusions Results presented above illustrate that ethylene has a stronger effect than MeJA on TIA induction at both transcriptional and metabolite level. Furthermore, meta-analysis reveals that ERF and BIS1 form a positive feedback loop connecting two ABC transporters respectively and are actively involved in TIAs responding to ET and MeJA in C. roseus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4879-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jie Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Ying-Chao Lin
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Research, Guiyang, 550081, China
| | - Bo-Fan Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yuan-Gang Zu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Fang Yu
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China.
| | - Zhong-Hua Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
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70
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Wang D, Zhao L, Jiang J, Liu J, Wang D, Yu X, Wei Y, Ouyang Z. Cloning, expression, and functional analysis of lysine decarboxylase in mulberry (Morus alba L.). Protein Expr Purif 2018; 151:30-37. [PMID: 29894803 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) is the main bioactive compound of Morus alba L.. DNJ has pharmacological effects, including blood sugar level regulation and antiviral activity. In this study, the mulberry lysine decarboxylase gene (MaLDC), which is involved in the biosynthesis of DNJ alkaloids, was cloned, expressed, and functionally verified. MaLDC was induced and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The recombinant soluble MaLDC protein had a relative molecular mass of 24.0 kDa. The protein was purified by Ni-NTA separation. The results showed that MaLDC protein could catalyze lysine decarboxylation to produce cadaverine. The Km and Vmax values were 19.2 μM and 3.31 μM/min, respectively. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction revealed that MaLDC expression was positively correlated with DNJ content (P < 0.001), indicating that the MaLDC could encode a functional protein involved in the biosynthesis of DNJ alkaloid in mulberry. Our results provided a foundation for further studies of the enzymatic properties of LDC and established a basis for the analysis of key enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of mulberry DNJ alkaloid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dujun Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Li Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Jiayi Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Dan Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Yuan Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Zhen Ouyang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China; School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China.
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71
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Schenck CA, Maeda HA. Tyrosine biosynthesis, metabolism, and catabolism in plants. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 149:82-102. [PMID: 29477627 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
L-Tyrosine (Tyr) is an aromatic amino acid (AAA) required for protein synthesis in all organisms, but synthesized de novo only in plants and microorganisms. In plants, Tyr also serves as a precursor of numerous specialized metabolites that have diverse physiological roles as electron carriers, antioxidants, attractants, and defense compounds. Some of these Tyr-derived plant natural products are also used in human medicine and nutrition (e.g. morphine and vitamin E). While the Tyr biosynthesis and catabolic pathways have been extensively studied in microbes and animals, respectively, those of plants have received much less attention until recently. Accumulating evidence suggest that the Tyr biosynthetic pathways differ between microbes and plants and even within the plant kingdom, likely to support the production of lineage-specific plant specialized metabolites derived from Tyr. The interspecies variations of plant Tyr pathway enzymes can now be used to enhance the production of Tyr and Tyr-derived compounds in plants and other synthetic biology platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Schenck
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Hiroshi A Maeda
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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72
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Jablonická V, Ziegler J, Vatehová Z, Lišková D, Heilmann I, Obložinský M, Heilmann M. Inhibition of phospholipases influences the metabolism of wound-induced benzylisoquinoline alkaloids in Papaver somniferum L. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 223:1-8. [PMID: 29433083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) are important secondary plant metabolites and include medicinally relevant drugs, such as morphine or codeine. As the de novo synthesis of BIA backbones is (still) unfeasible, to date the opium poppy plant Papaver somniferum L. represents the main source of BIAs. The formation of BIAs is induced in poppy plants by stress conditions, such as wounding or salt treatment; however, the details about regulatory processes controlling BIA formation in opium poppy are not well studied. Environmental stresses, such as wounding or salinization, are transduced in plants by phospholipid-based signaling pathways, which involve different classes of phospholipases. Here we investigate whether pharmacological inhibition of phospholipase A2 (PLA2, inhibited by aristolochic acid (AA)) or phospholipase D (PLD; inhibited by 5-fluoro-2-indolyl des-chlorohalopemide (FIPI)) in poppy plants influences wound-induced BIA accumulation and the expression of key biosynthetic genes. We show that inhibition of PLA2 results in increased morphinan biosynthesis concomitant with reduced production of BIAs of the papaverine branch, whereas inhibition of PLD results in increased production of BIAs of the noscapine branch. The data suggest that phospholipid-dependent signaling pathways contribute to the activation of morphine biosynthesis at the expense of the production of other BIAs in poppy plants. A better understanding of the effectors and the principles of regulation of alkaloid biosynthesis might be the basis for the future genetic modification of opium poppy to optimize BIA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Jablonická
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str.3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Kalinčiakova 8, SK-832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jörg Ziegler
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Zuzana Vatehová
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Desana Lišková
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ingo Heilmann
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str.3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Marek Obložinský
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Kalinčiakova 8, SK-832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Mareike Heilmann
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str.3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Llebrés MT, Pascual MB, Debille S, Trontin JF, Harvengt L, Avila C, Cánovas FM. The role of arginine metabolic pathway during embryogenesis and germination in maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.). TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:471-484. [PMID: 29112758 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Vegetative propagation through somatic embryogenesis is critical in conifer biotechnology towards multivarietal forestry that uses elite varieties to cope with environmental and socio-economic issues. An important and still sub-optimal process during in vitro maturation of somatic embryos (SE) is the biosynthesis and deposition of storage proteins, which are rich in amino acids with high nitrogen (N) content, such as arginine. Mobilization of these N-rich proteins is essential for the germination and production of vigorous somatic seedlings. Somatic embryos accumulate lower levels of N reserves than zygotic embryos (ZE) at a similar stage of development. To understand the molecular basis for this difference, the arginine metabolic pathway has been characterized in maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.). The genes involved in arginine metabolism have been identified and GFP-fusion constructs were used to locate the enzymes in different cellular compartments and clarify their metabolic roles during embryogenesis and germination. Analysis of gene expression during somatic embryo maturation revealed high levels of transcripts for genes involved in the biosynthesis and metabolic utilization of arginine. By contrast, enhanced expression levels were only observed during the last stages of maturation and germination of ZE, consistent with the adequate accumulation and mobilization of protein reserves. These results suggest that arginine metabolism is unbalanced in SE (simultaneous biosynthesis and degradation of arginine) and could explain the lower accumulation of storage proteins observed during the late stages of somatic embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Teresa Llebrés
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - María-Belén Pascual
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Sandrine Debille
- Institut Technologique FCBA, Pôle Biotechnologies et Sylviculture Avancée (BSA), 71 Route d'Arcachon, Pierroton, 33610 Cestas, France
| | - Jean-François Trontin
- Institut Technologique FCBA, Pôle Biotechnologies et Sylviculture Avancée (BSA), 71 Route d'Arcachon, Pierroton, 33610 Cestas, France
| | - Luc Harvengt
- Institut Technologique FCBA, Pôle Biotechnologies et Sylviculture Avancée (BSA), 71 Route d'Arcachon, Pierroton, 33610 Cestas, France
| | - Concepción Avila
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco M Cánovas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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da Silva AC, de Oliveira Silva FM, Milagre JC, Omena-Garcia RP, Abreu MC, Mafia RG, Nunes-Nesi A, Alfenas AC. Eucalypt plants are physiologically and metabolically affected by infection with Ceratocystis fimbriata. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 123:170-179. [PMID: 29247937 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Ceratocystis wilt, caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata, is currently one of the most important disease in eucalypt plantations. Plants infected by C. fimbriata have lower volumetric growth, lower pulp yields and reduced timber values. The physiological bases of infection induced by this pathogen in eucalypt plant are not known. Therefore, this study aims to assess the physiological and metabolic changes in eucalypt clones that are resistant and susceptible to C. fimbriata. Once, we evaluated in detail their leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, water potential, metabolite profiling and growth-related parameters. When inoculated, the susceptible clone displayed reduced water potential, CO2 assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, photochemical quenching coefficient, electron transport rate, and root biomass. Inoculated resistant and susceptible clones both presented higher respiration rates than healthy plants. Many compounds of primary and secondary metabolism were significantly altered after fungal infection in both clones. These results suggest that, C. fimbriata interferes in the primary and secondary metabolism of plants that may be linked to the induction of defense mechanisms and that, due to water restrictions caused by the fungus in susceptible plants, there is a partial closure of the stomata to prevent water loss and a consequent reduction in photosynthesis and the transpiration rate, which in turn, leads to a decrease in the plant's growth-related. These results combined, allowed for a better understanding of the physiological and metabolic changes following the infectious process of C. fimbriata, which limit eucalypt plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Costa da Silva
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Mário Castro Abreu
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | | | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | - Acelino Couto Alfenas
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
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Hori K, Yamada Y, Purwanto R, Minakuchi Y, Toyoda A, Hirakawa H, Sato F. Mining of the Uncharacterized Cytochrome P450 Genes Involved in Alkaloid Biosynthesis in California Poppy Using a Draft Genome Sequence. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:222-233. [PMID: 29301019 PMCID: PMC5913652 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Land plants produce specialized low molecular weight metabolites to adapt to various environmental stressors, such as UV radiation, pathogen infection, wounding and animal feeding damage. Due to the large variety of stresses, plants produce various chemicals, particularly plant species-specific alkaloids, through specialized biosynthetic pathways. In this study, using a draft genome sequence and querying known biosynthetic cytochrome P450 (P450) enzyme-encoding genes, we characterized the P450 genes involved in benzylisoquinoline alkaloid (BIA) biosynthesis in California poppy (Eschscholzia californica), as P450s are key enzymes involved in the diversification of specialized metabolism. Our in silico studies showed that all identified enzyme-encoding genes involved in BIA biosynthesis were found in the draft genome sequence of approximately 489 Mb, which covered approximately 97% of the whole genome (502 Mb). Further analyses showed that some P450 families involved in BIA biosynthesis, i.e. the CYP80, CYP82 and CYP719 families, were more enriched in the genome of E. californica than in the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana, a plant that does not produce BIAs. CYP82 family genes were highly abundant, so we measured the expression of CYP82 genes with respect to alkaloid accumulation in different plant tissues and two cell lines whose BIA production differs to estimate the functions of the genes. Further characterization revealed two highly homologous P450s (CYP82P2 and CYP82P3) that exhibited 10-hydroxylase activities with different substrate specificities. Here, we discuss the evolution of the P450 genes and the potential for further genome mining of the genes encoding the enzymes involved in BIA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Hori
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Yamada
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Ratmoyo Purwanto
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Yohei Minakuchi
- National Institute for Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540 Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- National Institute for Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540 Japan
| | - Hideki Hirakawa
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818 Japan
| | - Fumihiko Sato
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
- Corresponding author: E-mail,
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Lan X, Zeng J, Liu K, Zhang F, Bai G, Chen M, Liao Z, Huang L. Comparison of two hyoscyamine 6β-hydroxylases in engineering scopolamine biosynthesis in root cultures of Scopolia lurida. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 497:25-31. [PMID: 29407173 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Scopolia lurida, a medicinal plant native to the Tibetan Plateau, is among the most effective producers of pharmaceutical tropane alkaloids (TAs). The hyoscyamine 6β-hydroxylase genes of Hyoscyamus niger (HnH6H) and S. lurida (SlH6H) were cloned and respectively overexpressed in hairy root cultures of S. lurida, to compare their effects on promoting the production of TAs, especially the high-value scopolamine. Root cultures with SlH6H/HnH6H overexpression were confirmed by PCR and real-time quantitative PCR, suggesting that the enzymatic steps defined by H6H were strongly elevated at the transcriptional level. Tropane alkaloids, including hyoscyamine, anisodamine and scopolamine, were analyzed by HPLC. Scopolamine and anisodamine contents were remarkably elevated in the root cultures overexpressing SlH6H/HnH6H, whereas that of hyoscyamine was more or less reduced, when compared with those of the control. These results also indicated that SlH6H and HnH6H promoted anisodamine production at similar levels in S. lurida root cultures. More importantly, HnH6H-overexpressing root cultures had more scopolamine in them that did SlH6H-overexpressing root cultures. This study not only provides a feasible way of overexpressing H6H to produce high-value scopolamine in engineered root cultures of S. lurida but also found that HnH6H was better than SlH6H for engineering scopolamine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhong Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs Breeding Base, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; Center for Post-doctoral Research, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; TAAHC-SWU Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, Tibetan Collaborative Innovation Centre of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Resources, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College, Nyingchi of Tibet 860000, China
| | - Junlan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Fangyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ge Bai
- Tobacco Breeding and Biotechnology Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming 650021, China
| | - Min Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhihua Liao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; TAAHC-SWU Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, Tibetan Collaborative Innovation Centre of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Resources, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College, Nyingchi of Tibet 860000, China.
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs Breeding Base, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; Center for Post-doctoral Research, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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Stpiczyńska M, Kamińska M, Davies KL, Pansarin ER. Nectar-Secreting and Nectarless Epidendrum: Structure of the Inner Floral Spur. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:840. [PMID: 29973945 PMCID: PMC6019460 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Epidendrum, the largest genus of Neotropical orchids, contains both nectar-secreting and nectarless species. Here, we compare the fine structure of the inner floral spur, termed the cuniculus, in nectariferous (E. difforme, E. nocturnum,E. porpax, E. rigidum, E. vesicatum) and seemingly nectarless (E. capricornu, E. ciliare, E. criniferum, E. pseudepidendrum, E. radicans, E. xanthoianthinum) species. This is the first time for such a detailed investigation of cuniculus structure to be undertaken for Epidendrum. Our aim was to characterize features indicative of secretory activity and to ascertain whether flowers presumed to be nectarless produce alternative pollinator food-rewards. The cuniculus is formed by fusion of the basal part of the labellum and column and extends alongside the ovary and transmitting tract. Our study indicates that all investigated species produce nectar or nectar-like secretion to varying degrees, and no alternative pollinator food-rewards were observed. Even though macroscopic investigation of presumed rewardless species failed to reveal the presence of secretion within the cuniculus, close observations of the cells lining the cuniculus by LM, SEM, and TEM revealed the presence of cuticular blisters and surface material. Moreover, the similarity of both the thick tangential cell walls (with the exception of E. vesicatum) and organelle complement of cuniculus epidermal cells in both copiously nectariferous species and those producing only small quantities of surface secretion confirmed the presence of secretory activity in species generally regarded to be rewardless. The secretory character was particularly obvious in the cells of the cuniculus of E. nocturnum, but also in E. ciliare, E. radicans and E. xanthoianthinum, since electron-dense cytoplasm and mitochondria, ER and secretory vesicles were abundant. Furthermore, cell wall protuberances occurred in E. nocturnum, which was indicative of intense transmembrane transport. This investigation highlights the need to examine more closely whether Epidendrum spp. considered to lack food-rewards based solely on macroscopic examination really are rewardless and deceptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Stpiczyńska
- Faculty of Biology, Botanic Garden, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- *Correspondence: Małgorzata Stpiczyńska,
| | - Magdalena Kamińska
- Department of Botany, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Kevin L. Davies
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Emerson R. Pansarin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Literature of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Deng X, Zhao L, Fang T, Xiong Y, Ogutu C, Yang D, Vimolmangkang S, Liu Y, Han Y. Investigation of benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthetic pathway and its transcriptional regulation in lotus. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2018; 5:29. [PMID: 29872534 PMCID: PMC5981371 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-018-0035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Lotus predominantly accumulates benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs), but their biosynthesis and regulation remain unclear. Here, we investigated structural and regulatory genes involved in BIA accumulation in lotus. Two clustered CYP80 genes were identified to be responsible for the biosynthesis of bis-BIAs and aporphine-type BIAs, respectively, and their tissue-specific expression causes divergence in alkaloid component between leaf and embryo. In contrast with the common (S)-reticuline precursor for most BIAs, aporphine alkaloids in lotus leaf may result from the (S)-N-methylcoclaurine precursor. Structural diversity of BIA alkaloids in the leaf is attributed to enzymatic modifications, including intramolecular C-C phenol coupling on ring A and methylation and demethylation at certain positions. Additionally, most BIA biosynthetic pathway genes show higher levels of expression in the leaf of high-BIA cultivar compared with low-BIA cultivar, suggesting transcriptional regulation of BIA accumulation in lotus. Five transcription factors, including three MYBs, one ethylene-responsive factor, and one basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH), were identified to be candidate regulators of BIA biosynthesis in lotus. Our study reveals a BIA biosynthetic pathway and its transcriptional regulation in lotus, which will enable a deeper understanding of BIA biosynthesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbao Deng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Ting Fang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yaqian Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Collins Ogutu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Dong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Sornkanok Vimolmangkang
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Yanling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Yuepeng Han
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- Sino-African Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
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Green Routes for the Production of Enantiopure Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloids. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112464. [PMID: 29156609 PMCID: PMC5713430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) are among the most important plant secondary metabolites, in that they include a number of biologically active substances widely employed as pharmaceuticals. Isolation of BIAs from their natural sources is an expensive and time-consuming procedure as they accumulate in very low levels in plant. Moreover, total synthesis is challenging due to the presence of stereogenic centers. In view of these considerations, green and scalable methods for BIA synthesis using fully enzymatic approaches are getting more and more attention. The aim of this paper is to review fully enzymatic strategies for producing the benzylisoquinoline central precursor, (S)-norcoclaurine and its derivatives. Specifically, we will detail the current status of synthesis of BIAs in microbial hosts as well as using isolated and recombinant enzymes.
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80
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Yamada Y, Shimada T, Motomura Y, Sato F. Modulation of benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis by heterologous expression of CjWRKY1 in Eschscholzia californica cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186953. [PMID: 29077729 PMCID: PMC5659775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors control many processes in plants and have high potentials to manipulate specialized metabolic pathways. Transcriptional regulation of the biosynthesis of monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIAs), nicotine alkaloids, and benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) has been characterized using Catharanthus roseus, Nicotiana and Coptis plants. However, metabolic engineering in which specific transcription factors are used in alkaloid biosynthesis is limited. In this study, we characterized the effects of ectopic expression of CjWRKY1, which is a transcriptional activator with many targets in BIA biosynthesis in Coptis japonica (Ranunculaceae) and Eschscholzia californica (California poppy, Papaveraceae). Heterologous expression of CjWRKY1 in cultured California poppy cells induced increases in transcripts of several genes encoding BIA biosynthetic enzymes. Metabolite analyses indicated that the overexpression of the CjWRKY1 gene also induced increases in the accumulation of BIAs such as sanguinarine, chelerythrine, chelirubine, protopine, allocryptopine, and 10-hydroxychelerythrine in the culture medium. Previous characterization of EcbHLH1 and current results indicated that both transcription factors, WRKY1 and bHLH1, are substantially involved in the regulation of BIA biosynthesis. We discuss the function of CjWRKY1 in E. californica cells and its potential for metabolic engineering in BIA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Yamada
- Department of Plant Gene and Totipotency, Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoe Shimada
- Department of Plant Gene and Totipotency, Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukiya Motomura
- Department of Plant Gene and Totipotency, Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Sato
- Department of Plant Gene and Totipotency, Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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81
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Purwanto R, Hori K, Yamada Y, Sato F. Unraveling Additional O-Methylation Steps in Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloid Biosynthesis in California Poppy (Eschscholzia californica). PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1528-1540. [PMID: 28922749 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
California poppy (Eschscholzia californica), a member of the Papaveraceae family, produces many biologically active benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs), such as sanguinarine, macarpine and chelerythrine. Sanguinarine biosynthesis has been elucidated at the molecular level, and its biosynthetic genes have been isolated and used in synthetic biology approaches to produce BIAs in vitro. However, several genes involved in the biosynthesis of macarpine and chelerythrine have not yet been characterized. In this study, we report the isolation and characterization of a novel O-methyltransferase (OMT) involved in the biosynthesis of partially characterized BIAs, especially chelerythrine. A search of the RNA sequence database from NCBI and PhytoMetaSyn for the conserved OMT domain identified 68 new OMT-like sequences, of which the longest 22 sequences were selected based on sequence similarity. Based on their expression in cell lines with different macarpine/chelerythrine profiles, we selected three OMTs (G2, G3 and G11) for further characterization. G3 expression in Escherichia coli indicated O-methylation activity of the simple benzylisoquinolines, including reticuline and norreticuline, and the protoberberine scoulerine with dual regio-reactivities. G3 produced 7-O-methylated, 3'-O-methylated and dual O-methylated products from reticuline and norreticuline, and 9-O-methylated tetrahydrocolumbamine, 2-O-methylscoulerine and tetrahydropalmatine from scoulerine. Further enzymatic analyses suggested that G3 is a scoulerine-9-O-methyltransferase for the biosynthesis of chelerythrine in California poppy. In the present study, we discuss the physiological role of G3 in BIA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratmoyo Purwanto
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Totipotency, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kentaro Hori
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Totipotency, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Yamada
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Totipotency, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Totipotency, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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82
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Identification of candidate genes involved in isoquinoline alkaloids biosynthesis in Dactylicapnos scandens by transcriptome analysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9119. [PMID: 28831066 PMCID: PMC5567367 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08672-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dactylicapnos scandens (D. Don) Hutch (Papaveraceae) is a well-known traditional Chinese herb used for treatment of hypertension, inflammation, bleeding and pain for centuries. Although the major bioactive components in this herb are considered as isoquinoline alkaloids (IQAs), little is known about molecular basis of their biosynthesis. Here, we carried out transcriptomic analysis of roots, leaves and stems of D. scandens, and obtained a total of 96,741 unigenes. Based on gene expression and phylogenetic relationship, we proposed the biosynthetic pathways of isocorydine, corydine, glaucine and sinomenine, and identified 67 unigenes encoding enzymes potentially involved in biosynthesis of IQAs in D. scandens. High performance liquid chromatography analysis demonstrated that while isocorydine is the most abundant IQA in D. scandens, the last O-methylation biosynthesis step remains unclear. Further enzyme activity assay, for the first time, characterized a gene encoding O- methyltransferase (DsOMT), which catalyzes O-methylation at C7 of (S)-corytuberine to form isocorydine. We also identified candidate transcription factor genes belonging to WRKY and bHLH families that may be involved in the regulation of IQAs biosynthesis. Taken together, we first provided valuable genetic information for D. scandens, shedding light on candidate genes involved in IQA biosynthesis, which will be critical for further gene functional characterization.
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83
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Vardhan PV, Shukla LI. Gamma irradiation of medicinally important plants and the enhancement of secondary metabolite production. Int J Radiat Biol 2017; 93:967-979. [PMID: 28714761 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2017.1344788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The profitable production of some important plant-based secondary metabolites (ginsenosides, saponins, camptothecin, shikonins etc.) in vitro by gamma irradiation is a current area of interest. We reviewed different types of secondary metabolites, their mode of synthesis and effect of γ-radiation on their yield for different plants, organs and in vitro cultures (callus, suspension, hairy root). Special effort has been made to review the biochemical mechanisms underlying the increase in secondary metabolites. A comparison of yield improvement with biotic and abiotic stresses was made. RESULTS Phenolic compounds increase with γ-irradiation in whole plants/plant parts; psoralen content in the common herb babchi (Psoralea corylifolia) was increased as high as 32-fold with γ-irradiation of seeds at 20 kGy. The capsaicinoids, a phenolic compound increased about 10% with 10 kGy in paprika (Capsicum annum L.). The in vitro studies show all the three types of secondary metabolites are reported to increase with γ-irradiation. Stevioside, total phenolic and flavonoids content were slightly increased in 15 Gy-treated callus cultures of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bert.). In terpenoids, total saponin and ginsenosides content were increased 1.4- and 1.8-fold, respectively, with 100 Gy for wild ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) hairy root cultures. In alkaloids, camptothecin yield increased as high as 20-fold with 20 Gy in callus cultures of ghanera (Nothapodytes foetida). Shikonins increased up to 4-fold with 16 Gy in suspension cultures of purple gromwell (Lithospermum erythrorhizon S.). The enzymes associated with secondary metabolite production were increased with γ-irradiation of 20 Gy; namely, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) for phenolics, chalcone synthase (CHS) for flavonoids, squalene synthase (SS), squalene epoxidase (SE) and oxidosqualene cyclases (OSC) for ginsenosides and PHB (p-hydroxylbenzoic acid) geranyl transferase for shikonins. CONCLUSIONS An increase in secondary metabolites in response to various biotic and abiotic stresses is compared with ionizing radiation. A ∼5- to 20-fold increase is noted with ∼20 Gy irradiation dose. It increases the yield of secondary metabolites by enhancing the activity of certain key biosynthetic enzymes. Identification of the optimum dose is the important step in the large-scale production of secondary metabolites at industrial level.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vivek Vardhan
- a Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Pondicherry University , Pondicherry , India
| | - Lata I Shukla
- a Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Pondicherry University , Pondicherry , India
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84
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Hasan MM, Bashir T, Bae H. Use of Ultrasonication Technology for the Increased Production of Plant Secondary Metabolites. Molecules 2017; 22:E1046. [PMID: 28644383 PMCID: PMC6152368 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) provide taste, color, odor, and resistance to plants, and they are also used to treat cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Synthesis of PSMs in plants is stimulated in response to different forms of external stress. Use of ultrasonication (US) to clean or decontaminate fruits and vegetables leads to physical stress that finally results in the accumulation of PSMs. US can stimulate accumulation of taxol, ginsenoside saponins, shikonin, and resveratrol, e.g., up to 319-fold increase of resveratrol synthesis has been observed in grape due to US. US also increases carotenoids, total phenolics, and isoflavonoids accumulation. Furthermore, US shows synergistic effects in PSMs synthesis-when combined with ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, jasmonic acid (JA) or salicylic acid (SA). It has been observed that US stimulates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which then upregulates expression of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), resulting in the synthesis of PSMs. In this review, we summarize the effects of US, as a physical stress, to maximize the accumulation of PSMs in crop produce and in cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mohidul Hasan
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea.
| | - Tufail Bashir
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea.
| | - Hanhong Bae
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea.
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85
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Experimental Evidence and In Silico Identification of Tryptophan Decarboxylase in Citrus Genus. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22020272. [PMID: 28208655 PMCID: PMC6155898 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22020272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC) converts tryptophan into tryptamine, precursor of indolealkylamine alkaloids. The recent finding of tryptamine metabolites in Citrus plants leads to hypothesize the existence of TDC activity in this genus. Here, we report for the first time that, in Citrus x limon seedlings, deuterium labeled tryptophan is decarboxylated into tryptamine, from which successively deuterated N,N,N-trimethyltryptamine is formed. These results give an evidence of the occurrence of the TDC activity and the successive methylation pathway of the tryptamine produced from the tryptophan decarboxylation. In addition, with the aim to identify the genetic basis for the presence of TDC, we carried out a sequence similarity search for TDC in the Citrus genomes using as a probe the TDC sequence reported for the plant Catharanthus roseus. We analyzed the genomes of both Citrus clementina and Citrus sinensis, available in public database, and identified putative protein sequences of aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase. Similarly, 42 aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase sequences from 23 plant species were extracted from public databases. Potential sequence signatures for functional TDC were then identified. With this research, we propose for the first time a putative protein sequence for TDC in the genus Citrus.
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86
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Klink VP, Sharma K, Pant SR, McNeece B, Niraula P, Lawrence GW. Components of the SNARE-containing regulon are co-regulated in root cells undergoing defense. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2017; 12:e1274481. [PMID: 28010187 PMCID: PMC5351740 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1274481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The term regulon has been coined in the genetic model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, denoting a structural and physiological defense apparatus defined genetically through the identification of the penetration (pen) mutants. The regulon is composed partially by the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein attachment protein receptor (SNARE) syntaxin PEN1. PEN1 has homology to a Saccharomyces cerevisae gene that regulates a Secretion (Sec) protein, Suppressor of Sec 1 (Sso1p). The regulon is also composed of the β-glucosidase (PEN2) and an ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter (PEN3). While important in inhibiting pathogen infection, limited observations have been made regarding the transcriptional regulation of regulon genes until now. Experiments made using the model agricultural Glycine max (soybean) have identified co-regulated gene expression of regulon components. The results explain the observation of hundreds of genes expressed specifically in the root cells undergoing the natural process of defense. Data regarding additional G. max genes functioning within the context of the regulon are presented here, including Sec 14, Sec 4 and Sec 23. Other examined G. max homologs of membrane fusion genes include an endosomal bromo domain-containing protein1 (Bro1), syntaxin6 (SYP6), SYP131, SYP71, SYP8, Bet1, coatomer epsilon (ϵ-COP), a coatomer zeta (ζ-COP) paralog and an ER to Golgi component (ERGIC) protein. Furthermore, the effectiveness of biochemical pathways that would function within the context of the regulon ave been examined, including xyloglucan xylosyltransferase (XXT), reticuline oxidase (RO) and galactinol synthase (GS). The experiments have unveiled the importance of the regulon during defense in the root and show how the deposition of callose relates to the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent P. Klink
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Keshav Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Shankar R. Pant
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Brant McNeece
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Prakash Niraula
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Gary W. Lawrence
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
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87
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Volkov RA, Panchuk II, Borisjuk NV, Hosiawa-Baranska M, Maluszynska J, Hemleben V. Evolutional dynamics of 45S and 5S ribosomal DNA in ancient allohexaploid Atropa belladonna. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:21. [PMID: 28114894 PMCID: PMC5260122 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-0978-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyploid hybrids represent a rich natural resource to study molecular evolution of plant genes and genomes. Here, we applied a combination of karyological and molecular methods to investigate chromosomal structure, molecular organization and evolution of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) in nightshade, Atropa belladonna (fam. Solanaceae), one of the oldest known allohexaploids among flowering plants. Because of their abundance and specific molecular organization (evolutionarily conserved coding regions linked to variable intergenic spacers, IGS), 45S and 5S rDNA are widely used in plant taxonomic and evolutionary studies. RESULTS Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequencing of A. belladonna 45S rDNA repeats revealed a general structure characteristic of other Solanaceae species, and a very high sequence similarity of two length variants, with the only difference in number of short IGS subrepeats. These results combined with the detection of three pairs of 45S rDNA loci on separate chromosomes, presumably inherited from both tetraploid and diploid ancestor species, example intensive sequence homogenization that led to substitution/elimination of rDNA repeats of one parent. Chromosome silver-staining revealed that only four out of six 45S rDNA sites are frequently transcriptionally active, demonstrating nucleolar dominance. For 5S rDNA, three size variants of repeats were detected, with the major class represented by repeats containing all functional IGS elements required for transcription, the intermediate size repeats containing partially deleted IGS sequences, and the short 5S repeats containing severe defects both in the IGS and coding sequences. While shorter variants demonstrate increased rate of based substitution, probably in their transition into pseudogenes, the functional 5S rDNA variants are nearly identical at the sequence level, pointing to their origin from a single parental species. Localization of the 5S rDNA genes on two chromosome pairs further supports uniparental inheritance from the tetraploid progenitor. CONCLUSIONS The obtained molecular, cytogenetic and phylogenetic data demonstrate complex evolutionary dynamics of rDNA loci in allohexaploid species of Atropa belladonna. The high level of sequence unification revealed in 45S and 5S rDNA loci of this ancient hybrid species have been seemingly achieved by different molecular mechanisms.
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MESH Headings
- Atropa belladonna/classification
- Atropa belladonna/genetics
- Atropa belladonna/metabolism
- Chromosomes, Plant/genetics
- Chromosomes, Plant/metabolism
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/metabolism
- Evolution, Molecular
- Phylogeny
- Polyploidy
- RNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal/metabolism
- RNA, Ribosomal, 5S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 5S/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman A. Volkov
- Department of General Genetics, Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Yuriy Fedkovych University of Chernivtsi, Kotsiubynski str. 2, 58012 Chernivtsi, Ukraine
| | - Irina I. Panchuk
- Department of General Genetics, Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Yuriy Fedkovych University of Chernivtsi, Kotsiubynski str. 2, 58012 Chernivtsi, Ukraine
| | - Nikolai V. Borisjuk
- Department of General Genetics, Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics (ACPFG), The University of Adelaide, Hartley Grove, Urrbrae, SA 5064 Australia
- Current addres: School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, 223300 Huaian, China
| | | | - Jolanta Maluszynska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, University of Silesia, 40032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Vera Hemleben
- Department of General Genetics, Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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88
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Tiago O, Maicon N, Ivan RC, Diego NF, Vinícius JS, Mauricio F, Alan JDP, Velci QDS. Plant secondary metabolites and its dynamical systems of induction in response to environmental factors: A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.5897/ajar2016.11677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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89
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Khan S, ur Rahman L. Pathway Modulation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Through Metabolic Engineering Using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. REFERENCE SERIES IN PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28669-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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90
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Jiang X, Zhang F, Yang J, Yu P, Yi P, Sun Y, Wang Y. Fluorination-Oxidation of 2-Hydroxymethylindole Using Selectfluor. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Jiang
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases, J; inan University College of Pharmacy; Guangzhou 510632 People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases, J; inan University College of Pharmacy; Guangzhou 510632 People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Yang
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases, J; inan University College of Pharmacy; Guangzhou 510632 People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Yu
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases, J; inan University College of Pharmacy; Guangzhou 510632 People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Yi
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases, J; inan University College of Pharmacy; Guangzhou 510632 People's Republic of China
| | - Yewei Sun
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases, J; inan University College of Pharmacy; Guangzhou 510632 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqiang Wang
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases, J; inan University College of Pharmacy; Guangzhou 510632 People's Republic of China
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91
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Yang L, Li J, Ji J, Li P, Yu L, Abd_Allah EF, Luo Y, Hu L, Hu X. High Temperature Induces Expression of Tobacco Transcription Factor NtMYC2a to Regulate Nicotine and JA Biosynthesis. Front Physiol 2016; 7:465. [PMID: 27833561 PMCID: PMC5081390 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental stress elevates the level of jasmonic acid (JA) and activates the biosynthesis of nicotine and related pyridine alkaloids in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) by up-regulating the expression of putrescine N-methyltransferase 1 (NtPMT1), which encodes a putrescine N-methyl transferase that catalyzes nicotine formation. The JA signal suppressor JASMONATE ZIM DOMAIN 1 (NtJAZ1) and its target protein, NtMYC2a, also regulate nicotine biosynthesis; however, how these proteins interact to regulate abiotic-induced nicotine biosynthesis is poorly understood. In this study, we found that high-temperature (HT) treatment activated transcription of NtMYC2a, which subsequently stimulated the transcription of genes associated with JA biosynthesis, including Lipoxygenase (LOX), Allene oxide synthase (AOS), Allene oxide cyclase (AOC), and 12-oxophytodienodate reductase (OPR). Overexpression of NtMYC2a increased nicotine biosynthesis by enhancing its binding to the promoter of NtPMT1. Overexpression of either NtJAZ1 or proteasome-resistant NtJAZ1ΔC suppressed nicotine production under normal conditions, but overexpression only of the former resulted in low levels of nicotine under HT treatment. These data suggest that HT induces NtMYC2a accumulation through increased transcription to activate nicotine synthesis; meanwhile, HT-induced NtMYC2a can activate JA synthesis to promote additional NtMYC2a activity by degrading NtJAZ1 at the post-transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Yang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environment Protection, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agriculture Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal UniversityHuaian, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of GeorgiaTifton, GA, USA
| | - Junying Li
- Department of Agronomy, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural SciencesKunming, China
| | - Jianhui Ji
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environment Protection, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agriculture Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal UniversityHuaian, China
| | - Ping Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Liangliang Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Elsayed F. Abd_Allah
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud UniversityRiyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Seed Pathology Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agriculture Research CenterGiza, Egypt
| | - Yuming Luo
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environment Protection, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agriculture Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal UniversityHuaian, China
| | - Liwei Hu
- Laboratory of Tobacco Agriculture, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTCZhengzhou, China
| | - Xiangyang Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai UniversityShanghai, China
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92
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Koopman JE, Hoogenkamp MA, Buijs MJ, Brandt BW, Keijser BJF, Crielaard W, Ten Cate JM, Zaura E. Changes in the oral ecosystem induced by the use of 8% arginine toothpaste. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 73:79-87. [PMID: 27697693 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bacterial metabolism of arginine in the oral cavity has a pH-raising and thus, potential anti-caries effect. However, the influence of arginine on the oral microbial ecosystem remains largely unresolved. DESIGN In this pilot study, nine healthy individuals used toothpaste containing 8% arginine for eight weeks. Saliva was collected to determine arginolytic potential and sucrose metabolic activity at the Baseline, Week 4, Week 8 and after a two weeks Wash-out period. To follow the effects on microbial ecology, 16S rDNA sequencing on saliva and plaque samples at Baseline and Week 8 and metagenome sequencing on selected saliva samples of the same time-points was performed. RESULTS During the study period, the arginolytic potential of saliva increased, while the sucrose metabolism in saliva decreased. These effects were reversed during the Wash-out period. Although a few operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in plaque changed in abundance during the study period, there was no real shift in the plaque microbiome. In the saliva microbiome there was a significant compositional shift, specifically the genus Veillonella had increased significantly in abundance at Week 8. CONCLUSION Indeed, the presence of arginine in toothpaste affects the arginolytic capacity of saliva and reduces its sucrose metabolic activity. Additionally, it leads to a shift in the salivary microbiome composition towards a healthy ecology from a caries point of view. Therefore, arginine can be regarded as a genuine oral prebiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Koopman
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michel A Hoogenkamp
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark J Buijs
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bernd W Brandt
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart J F Keijser
- Research Group Microbiology and Systems Biology, TNO Earth, Life and Social Sciences, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Crielaard
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob M Ten Cate
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Egija Zaura
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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93
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Pandey DK, Radha, Dey A. A validated and densitometric HPTLC method for the simultaneous quantification of reserpine and ajmalicine in Rauvolfia serpentina and Rauvolfia tetraphylla. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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94
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Tyrosine phosphorylation and protein degradation control the transcriptional activity of WRKY involved in benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31988. [PMID: 27552928 PMCID: PMC4995487 DOI: 10.1038/srep31988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIQ) are among the most structurally diverse and pharmaceutically valuable secondary metabolites. A plant-specific WRKY-type transcription factor, CjWRKY1, was isolated from Coptis japonica and identified as a transcriptional activator of BIQ biosynthesis. However, the expression of CjWRKY1 gene alone was not sufficient for the activation of genes encoding biosynthetic enzymes. Here, we report the importance of post-translational regulation of CjWRKY1 in BIQ biosynthesis. First, we detected the differential accumulation of CjWRKY1 protein in two cell lines with similar CjWRKY1 gene expression but different levels of accumulated alkaloids. Further investigation of the WRKY protein identified the phosphorylation of the WRKYGQK core domain at Y115. The CjWRKYY115E phosphorylation-mimic mutant showed loss of nuclear localization, DNA-binding activity, and transactivation activity compared to wild-type CjWRKY1. Rapid degradation of the CjWRKY1 protein was also confirmed following treatment with inhibitors of the 26S proteasome and protease inhibitors. The existence of two independent degradation pathways as well as protein phosphorylation suggests the fine-tuning of CjWRKY1 activities is involved in the regulation of biosynthesis of BIQs.
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95
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Zhang GH, Jiang NH, Song WL, Ma CH, Yang SC, Chen JW. De novo Sequencing and Transcriptome Analysis of Pinellia ternata Identify the Candidate Genes Involved in the Biosynthesis of Benzoic Acid and Ephedrine. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1209. [PMID: 27579029 PMCID: PMC4986801 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The medicinal herb, Pinellia ternata, is purported to be an anti-emetic with analgesic and sedative effects. Alkaloids are the main biologically active compounds in P. ternata, especially ephedrine that is a phenylpropylamino alkaloid specifically produced by Ephedra and Catha edulis. However, how ephedrine is synthesized in plants is uncertain. Only the phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and relevant genes in this pathway have been characterized. Genomic information of P. ternata is also unavailable. RESULTS We analyzed the transcriptome of the tuber of P. ternata with the Illumina HiSeq™ 2000 sequencing platform. 66,813,052 high-quality reads were generated, and these reads were assembled de novo into 89,068 unigenes. Most known genes involved in benzoic acid biosynthesis were identified in the unigene dataset of P. ternata, and the expression patterns of some ephedrine biosynthesis-related genes were analyzed by reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). Also, 14,468 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were identified from 12,000 unigenes. Twenty primer pairs for SSRs were randomly selected for the validation of their amplification effect. CONCLUSION RNA-seq data was used for the first time to provide a comprehensive gene information on P. ternata at the transcriptional level. These data will advance molecular genetics in this valuable medicinal plant.
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96
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Suástegui M, Guo W, Feng X, Shao Z. Investigating strain dependency in the production of aromatic compounds in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 113:2676-2685. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Suástegui
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringIowa State UniversityAmesIowa
- NSF Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals (CBiRC)AmesIowa
| | - Weihua Guo
- Department of Biological Systems EngineeringVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburgVirginia
| | - Xueyang Feng
- Department of Biological Systems EngineeringVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburgVirginia
| | - Zengyi Shao
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringIowa State UniversityAmesIowa
- NSF Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals (CBiRC)AmesIowa
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97
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Bonamore A, Calisti L, Calcaterra A, Ismail OH, Gargano M, D'Acquarica I, Botta B, Boffi A, Macone A. A Novel Enzymatic Strategy for the Synthesis of Substituted Tetrahydroisoquinolines. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Bonamore
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche and Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari (IBPM), CNR; Sapienza Università di Roma; Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 Roma 00185 Italy
- MOLIROM s.r.l; Via Carlo Bartolomeo Piazza 8 Roma 00161 Italy
| | - Lorenzo Calisti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche and Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari (IBPM), CNR; Sapienza Università di Roma; Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 Roma 00185 Italy
| | - Andrea Calcaterra
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco; Sapienza Università di Roma; Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 Roma 00185 Italy
| | - Omar H. Ismail
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco; Sapienza Università di Roma; Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 Roma 00185 Italy
| | - Maurizio Gargano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche and Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari (IBPM), CNR; Sapienza Università di Roma; Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 Roma 00185 Italy
| | - Ilaria D'Acquarica
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco; Sapienza Università di Roma; Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 Roma 00185 Italy
| | - Bruno Botta
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco; Sapienza Università di Roma; Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 Roma 00185 Italy
- MOLIROM s.r.l; Via Carlo Bartolomeo Piazza 8 Roma 00161 Italy
| | - Alberto Boffi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche and Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari (IBPM), CNR; Sapienza Università di Roma; Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 Roma 00185 Italy
- MOLIROM s.r.l; Via Carlo Bartolomeo Piazza 8 Roma 00161 Italy
| | - Alberto Macone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche and Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari (IBPM), CNR; Sapienza Università di Roma; Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 Roma 00185 Italy
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Xie J, Fan L. Nicotine biosynthesis is regulated by two more layers: Small and long non-protein-coding RNAs. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1184811. [PMID: 27172239 PMCID: PMC4973799 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1184811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, many small RNAs and long non-protein-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been identified and characterized. They have been proved to play essential regulatory roles in gene expression in both primary and secondary metabolisms. In nature, many plants produce alkaloids. However, there are only few reports on the involvement of non-coding RNAs in alkaloid biosynthesis. Nicotine is major alkaloid in tobacco plants. Its biosynthesis and regulation in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) have been well studied; and major structural genes involved in the nicotine biosynthesis and transcriptional regulators related to its biosynthesis have been identified and characterized. In our recent studies, we identified a microRNA (nta-miRX27) and also a lncRNA (nta-eTMX27) as an endogenous target mimicry (eTM) in tobacco targeting the nicotine biosynthesis key gene QPT2 encoding quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase (QPT) and thereby regulating the nicotine content. Their regulatory pattern leads us to conclude that nicotine biosynthesis is regulated by 2 more layers besides previously known mechanisms. Future study on the relationship between the non-coding RNAs and transcription factors in nicotine biosynthesis was discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahua Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute & Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Longjiang Fan
- Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Rezaei M, Naghavi MR, Hosseinzadeh AH, Abbasi A. Measurement of some Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloids in Different Organs of Persian Poppy during Ontogenetical Stages. Chem Biodivers 2016; 13:539-43. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201500172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Rezaei
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding; University of Tehran; Karaj 3158711167 Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Naghavi
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding; University of Tehran; Karaj 3158711167 Iran
| | | | - Alireza Abbasi
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding; University of Tehran; Karaj 3158711167 Iran
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100
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Evolutionary origin of the NCSI gene subfamily encoding norcoclaurine synthase is associated with the biosynthesis of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids in plants. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26323. [PMID: 27189519 PMCID: PMC4870700 DOI: 10.1038/srep26323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Sacred lotus is rich in biologically active compounds, particularly benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs). Here, we report on isolation of genes encoding (S)-norcoclaurine synthase (NCS) in sacred lotus, which is a key entry-enzyme in BIA biosynthesis. Seven NCS genes, designated NnNCS1 through NnNCS7, were identified in the sacred lotus genome, and five are located next to each other within a 83 kb region on scaffold 8. The NCS genes are divided into two subfamilies, designated NCSI and NCSII. The NCSII genes are universal in plants, while the NCSI genes are only identified in a limited number of dicotyledonous taxa that produce BIAs. In sacred lotus, only NnNCS4 belongs to the NCSII subfamily, whilst the rest NCS genes within the NCSI subfamily. Overall, the NnNCS7 gene was predominantly expressed in all tested tissues, and its expression is significantly correlated with alkaloid content in leaf. In contrast, the NnNCS4 expression shows no significant correlation with alkaloid accumulation in leaf, and its lack of expression cannot inhibit alkaloid accumulation. Taken together, these results suggest that the NCSI subfamily is crucial for BIA biosynthesis, and its origin may represent an important evolutionary event that allows certain plant taxa to produce BIAs.
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