51
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Shen H, Wang Y, Wang J, Li Z, Yuan Q. Emerging Biomimetic Applications of DNA Nanotechnology. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:13859-13873. [PMID: 29939004 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b06175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Re-engineering cellular components and biological processes has received great interest and promised compelling advantages in applications ranging from basic cell biology to biomedicine. With the advent of DNA nanotechnology, the programmable self-assembly ability makes DNA an appealing candidate for rational design of artificial components with different structures and functions. This Forum Article summarizes recent developments of DNA nanotechnology in mimicking the structures and functions of existing cellular components. We highlight key successes in the achievements of DNA-based biomimetic membrane proteins and discuss the assembly behavior of these artificial proteins. Then, we focus on the construction of higher-order structures by DNA nanotechnology to recreate cell-like structures. Finally, we explore the current challenges and speculate on future directions of DNA nanotechnology in biomimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan , 430072 , China
| | - Yingqian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan , 430072 , China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan , 430072 , China
| | - Zhihao Li
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan , 430072 , China
| | - Quan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan , 430072 , China
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52
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Comparison of cell mechanical measurements provided by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Micropipette Aspiration (MPA). J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 95:103-115. [PMID: 30986755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A comparative analysis of T-lymphocyte mechanical data obtained from Micropipette Aspiration (MPA) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is presented. Results obtained by fitting the experimental data to simple Hertz and Theret models led to non-Gaussian distributions and significantly different values of the elastic moduli obtained by both techniques. The use of more refined models, taking into account the finite size of cells (simplified double contact and Zhou models) reduces the differences in the values calculated for the elastic moduli. Several possible sources for the discrepancy between the techniques are considered. The analysis suggests that the local nature of AFM measurements compared with the more general character of MPA measurements probably contributed to the differences observed.
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53
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Gong B, Wei X, Qian J, Lin Y. Modeling and Simulations of the Dynamic Behaviors of Actin-Based Cytoskeletal Networks. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:3720-3734. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Gong
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Xi Wei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jin Qian
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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54
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Modeling Cell Adhesion and Extravasation in Microvascular System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 30315548 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96445-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The blood flow behaviors in the microvessels determine the transport modes and further affect the metastasis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). Much biochemical and biological efforts have been made on CTC metastasis; however, precise experimental measurement and accurate theoretical prediction on its mechanical mechanism are limited. To complement these, numerical modeling of a CTC extravasation from the blood circulation, including the steps of adhesion and transmigration, is discussed in this chapter. The results demonstrate that CTCs prefer to adhere at the positive curvature of curved microvessels, which is attributed to the positive wall shear stress/gradient. Then, the effects of particulate nature of blood on CTC adhesion are investigated and are found to be significant in the microvessels. Furthermore, the presence of red blood cell (RBC) aggregates is also found to promote the CTC adhesion by providing an additional wall-directed force. Finally, a single cell passing through a narrow slit, mimicking CTC transmigration, was examined under the effects of cell deformability. It showed that the cell shape and surface area increase play a more important role than the cell elasticity in cell transit across the narrow slit.
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55
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Chim YH, Mason LM, Rath N, Olson MF, Tassieri M, Yin H. A one-step procedure to probe the viscoelastic properties of cells by Atomic Force Microscopy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14462. [PMID: 30262873 PMCID: PMC6160452 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32704-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasingly recognised importance of viscoelastic properties of cells in pathological conditions requires rapid development of advanced cell microrheology technologies. Here, we present a novel Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)-microrheology (AFM2) method for measuring the viscoelastic properties in living cells, over a wide range of continuous frequencies (0.005 Hz ~ 200 Hz), from a simple stress-relaxation nanoindentation. Experimental data were directly analysed without the need for pre-conceived viscoelastic models. We show the method had an excellent agreement with conventional oscillatory bulk-rheology measurements in gels, opening a new avenue for viscoelastic characterisation of soft matter using minute quantity of materials (or cells). Using this capability, we investigate the viscoelastic responses of cells in association with cancer cell invasive activity modulated by two important molecular regulators (i.e. mutation of the p53 gene and Rho kinase activity). The analysis of elastic (G′(ω)) and viscous (G″(ω)) moduli of living cells has led to the discovery of a characteristic transitions of the loss tangent (G″(ω)/G′(ω)) in the low frequency range (0.005 Hz ~ 0.1 Hz) that is indicative of the capability for cell restructuring of F-actin network. Our method is ready to be implemented in conventional AFMs, providing a simple yet powerful tool for measuring the viscoelastic properties of living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Hua Chim
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, UK
| | - Louise M Mason
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, UK
| | - Nicola Rath
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Michael F Olson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Manlio Tassieri
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, UK.
| | - Huabing Yin
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, UK.
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56
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Tong CF, Zhang Y, Lü SQ, Li N, Gong YX, Yang H, Feng SL, Du Y, Huang DD, Long M. Binding of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 to β 2-integrin regulates distinct cell adhesion processes on hepatic and cerebral endothelium. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 315:C409-C421. [PMID: 29791209 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00083.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Flowing polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are forced to recruit toward inflamed tissue and adhere to vascular endothelial cells, which is primarily mediated by the binding of β2-integrins to ICAM-1. This process is distinct among different organs such as liver and brain; however, the underlying kinetic and mechanical mechanisms regulating tissue-specific recruitment of PMNs remain unclear. Here, binding kinetics measurement showed that ICAM-1 on murine hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) bound to lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) with higher on- and off-rates but lower effective affinity compared with macrophage-1 antigen (Mac-1), whereas ICAM-1 on cerebral endothelial cells (BMECs or bEnd.3 cells) bound to LFA-1 with higher on-rates, similar off-rates, and higher effective affinity compared with Mac-1. Physiologically, free crawling tests of PMN onto LSEC, BMEC, or bEnd.3 monolayers were consistent with those kinetics differences between two β2-integrins interacting with hepatic sinusoid or cerebral endothelium. Numerical calculations and Monte Carlo simulations validated tissue-specific contributions of β2-integrin-ICAM-1 kinetics to PMN crawling on hepatic sinusoid or cerebral endothelium. Thus, this work first quantified the biophysical regulation of PMN adhesion in hepatic sinusoids compared with cerebral endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Fang Tong
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China.,School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Shou-Qin Lü
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China.,School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Ning Li
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Yi-Xin Gong
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Hao Yang
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Shi-Liang Feng
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Yu Du
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Dan-Dan Huang
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Mian Long
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China.,School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
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57
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Christensen A, West AKV, Wullkopf L, Terra Erler J, Oddershede LB, Mathiesen J. Friction-limited cell motility in confluent monolayer tissue. Phys Biol 2018; 15:066004. [DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/aacedc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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58
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TARFULEA NICOLETA. A DISCRETE MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR SINGLE AND COLLECTIVE MOVEMENT IN AMOEBOID CELLS. J BIOL SYST 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s0218339018500134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we develop a new discrete mathematical model for individual and collective cell motility. We introduce a mechanical model for the movement of a cell on a two-dimensional rigid surface to describe and investigate the cell–cell and cell–substrate interactions. The cell cytoskeleton is modeled as a series of springs and dashpots connected in parallel. The cell–substrate attachments and the cell protrusions are also included. In particular, this model is used to describe the directed movement of endothelial cells on a Matrigel plate. We compare the results from our model with experimental data. We show that cell density and substrate rigidity play an important role in network formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- NICOLETA TARFULEA
- Department of Mathematics, Purdue University Northwest, 2200 169th Street, Hammond, Indiana 46323, USA
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59
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Chen JY, Penn LS, Xi J. Quartz crystal microbalance: Sensing cell-substrate adhesion and beyond. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 99:593-602. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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60
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Zouaoui J, Trunfio-Sfarghiu AM, Brizuela L, Piednoir A, Maniti O, Munteanu B, Mebarek S, Girard-Egrot A, Landoulsi A, Granjon T. Multi-scale mechanical characterization of prostate cancer cell lines: Relevant biological markers to evaluate the cell metastatic potential. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:3109-3119. [PMID: 28899829 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considering the importance of cellular mechanics in the birth and evolution of cancer towards increasingly aggressive stages, we compared nano-mechanical properties of non-tumoral (WPMY-1) and highly aggressive metastatic (PC-3) prostate cell lines both on cell aggregates, single cells, and membrane lipids. METHODS Cell aggregate rheological properties were analyzed during dynamic compression stress performed on a homemade rheometer. Single cell visco-elasticity measurements were performed by Atomic Force Microscopy using a cantilever with round tip on surface-attached cells. At a molecular level, the lateral diffusion coefficient of total extracted lipids deposited as a Langmuir monolayer on an air-water interface was measured by the FRAP technique. RESULTS At cellular pellet scale, and at single cell scale, PC-3 cells were less stiff, less viscous, and thus more prone to deformation than the WPMY-1 control. Interestingly, stress-relaxation curves indicated a two-step response, which we attributed to a differential response coming from two cell elements, successively stressed. Both responses are faster for PC-3 cells. At a molecular scale, the dynamics of the PC-3 lipid extracts are also faster than that of WPMY-1 lipid extracts. CONCLUSIONS As the evolution of cancer towards increasingly aggressive stages is accompanied by alterations both in membrane composition and in cytoskeleton dynamical properties, we attribute differences in viscoelasticity between PC-3 and WPMY-1 cells to modifications of both elements. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE A decrease in stiffness and a less viscous behavior may be one of the diverse mechanisms that cancer cells adopt to cope with the various physiological conditions that they encounter.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zouaoui
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry Institute ICBMS UMR 5246, F-69622 Lyon, France; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, FSB, Tunisia
| | - A M Trunfio-Sfarghiu
- Univ Lyon, INSA, Mechanics of Contacts and Structures Laboratory LaMCoS, UMR 5259, F-69621 Lyon, France
| | - L Brizuela
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry Institute ICBMS UMR 5246, F-69622 Lyon, France
| | - A Piednoir
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière IML UMR 5306, F-69622 Lyon, France
| | - O Maniti
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry Institute ICBMS UMR 5246, F-69622 Lyon, France
| | - B Munteanu
- Univ Lyon, INSA, Mechanics of Contacts and Structures Laboratory LaMCoS, UMR 5259, F-69621 Lyon, France
| | - S Mebarek
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry Institute ICBMS UMR 5246, F-69622 Lyon, France
| | - A Girard-Egrot
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry Institute ICBMS UMR 5246, F-69622 Lyon, France
| | - A Landoulsi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, FSB, Tunisia
| | - T Granjon
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry Institute ICBMS UMR 5246, F-69622 Lyon, France.
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61
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Size- and speed-dependent mechanical behavior in living mammalian cytoplasm. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:9529-9534. [PMID: 28827333 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1702488114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Active transport in the cytoplasm plays critical roles in living cell physiology. However, the mechanical resistance that intracellular compartments experience, which is governed by the cytoplasmic material property, remains elusive, especially its dependence on size and speed. Here we use optical tweezers to drag a bead in the cytoplasm and directly probe the mechanical resistance with varying size a and speed V We introduce a method, combining the direct measurement and a simple scaling analysis, to reveal different origins of the size- and speed-dependent resistance in living mammalian cytoplasm. We show that the cytoplasm exhibits size-independent viscoelasticity as long as the effective strain rate V/a is maintained in a relatively low range (0.1 s-1 < V/a < 2 s-1) and exhibits size-dependent poroelasticity at a high effective strain rate regime (5 s-1 < V/a < 80 s-1). Moreover, the cytoplasmic modulus is found to be positively correlated with only V/a in the viscoelastic regime but also increases with the bead size at a constant V/a in the poroelastic regime. Based on our measurements, we obtain a full-scale state diagram of the living mammalian cytoplasm, which shows that the cytoplasm changes from a viscous fluid to an elastic solid, as well as from compressible material to incompressible material, with increases in the values of two dimensionless parameters, respectively. This state diagram is useful to understand the underlying mechanical nature of the cytoplasm in a variety of cellular processes over a broad range of speed and size scales.
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62
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Rianna C, Kumar P, Radmacher M. The role of the microenvironment in the biophysics of cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 73:107-114. [PMID: 28746843 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
During the last decades, cell mechanics has been recognized as a quantitative measure to discriminate between many physiological and pathological states of single cells. In the field of biophysics of cancer, a large body of research has been focused on the comparison between normal and cancer mechanics and slowly the hypothesis that cancer cells are softer than their normal counterparts has been accepted, even though in situ tumor tissue is usually stiffer than the surrounding normal tissue. This corroborates the idea that the extra-cellular matrix (ECM) has a critical role in regulating tumor cell properties and behavior. Rearrangements in ECM can lead to changes in cancer cell mechanics and in specific conditions the general assumption about cancer cell softening could be confuted. Here, we highlight the contribution of ECM in cancer cell mechanics and argue that the statement that cancer cells are softer than normal cells should be firmly related to the properties of cell environment and the specific stage of cancer cell progression. In particular, we will discuss that when employing cell mechanics in cancer diagnosis and discrimination, the chemical, the topographical and - last but not least - the mechanical properties of the microenvironment are very important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Rianna
- Institute of Biophysics, University of Bremen, Otto-Hahn Allee 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Prem Kumar
- Institute of Biophysics, University of Bremen, Otto-Hahn Allee 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Manfred Radmacher
- Institute of Biophysics, University of Bremen, Otto-Hahn Allee 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
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63
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Liu H, Wang N, Zhang Z, Wang H, Du J, Tang J. Effects of Tumor Necrosis Factor- α on Morphology and Mechanical Properties of HCT116 Human Colon Cancer Cells Investigated by Atomic Force Microscopy. SCANNING 2017; 2017:2027079. [PMID: 29109804 PMCID: PMC5661774 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2027079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation orchestrates the tumor microenvironment and is strongly associated with cancer. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) is involved in tumor invasion and metastasis by inducing epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). This process is defined by the loss of epithelial characteristics and gain of mesenchymal traits. The mechanisms of TNFα-induced EMT in cancer cells have been well studied. However, mechanical properties have not yet been probed. In this work, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was applied to investigate the morphology and mechanical properties of EMT in HCT116 human colon cancer cells. A remarkable morphological change from cobblestone shape to spindle-like morphology was observed. In parallel, AFM images showed that the cellular cytoskeleton was rearranged from a cortical to a stress-fiber pattern. Moreover, cell stiffness measurements indicated that Young's modulus of cells gradually reduced from 1 to 3 days with TNFα-treatment, but it has an apparent increase after 4 days of treatment compared with that for 3 days. Additionally, Young's modulus of the cells treated with TNFα for 4 days is slightly larger than that for 1 or 2 days, but still less than that of the untreated cells. Our work contributes to a better understanding of colorectal cancer metastasis induced by inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Hongda Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Jun Du
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jilin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
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64
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Oakes PW, Wagner E, Brand CA, Probst D, Linke M, Schwarz US, Glotzer M, Gardel ML. Optogenetic control of RhoA reveals zyxin-mediated elasticity of stress fibres. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15817. [PMID: 28604737 PMCID: PMC5477492 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoskeletal mechanics regulates cell morphodynamics and many physiological processes. While contractility is known to be largely RhoA-dependent, the process by which localized biochemical signals are translated into cell-level responses is poorly understood. Here we combine optogenetic control of RhoA, live-cell imaging and traction force microscopy to investigate the dynamics of actomyosin-based force generation. Local activation of RhoA not only stimulates local recruitment of actin and myosin but also increased traction forces that rapidly propagate across the cell via stress fibres and drive increased actin flow. Surprisingly, this flow reverses direction when local RhoA activation stops. We identify zyxin as a regulator of stress fibre mechanics, as stress fibres are fluid-like without flow reversal in its absence. Using a physical model, we demonstrate that stress fibres behave elastic-like, even at timescales exceeding turnover of constituent proteins. Such molecular control of actin mechanics likely plays critical roles in regulating morphodynamic events. Cellular contractility is regulated by the GTPase RhoA, but how local signals are translated to a cell-level response is not known. Here the authors show that targeted RhoA activation results in propagation of force along stress fibres and actin flow, and identify zyxin as a regulator of stress fibre mechanics and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W Oakes
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 606037, USA.,James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 606037, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 606037, USA.,Department of Physics &Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Elizabeth Wagner
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Christoph A Brand
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Dimitri Probst
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Marco Linke
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schwarz
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Michael Glotzer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Margaret L Gardel
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 606037, USA.,James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 606037, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 606037, USA
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65
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Zhang Z, Chen X, Jiang C, Fang Z, Feng Y, Jiang W. The effect and mechanism of inhibiting glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity on the proliferation of Plasmodium falciparum. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:771-781. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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66
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Curvature-Induced Spatial Ordering of Composition in Lipid Membranes. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2017; 2017:7275131. [PMID: 28473867 PMCID: PMC5394915 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7275131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Phase segregation of membranal components, such as proteins, lipids, and cholesterols, leads to the formation of aggregates or domains that are rich in specific constituents. This process is important in the interaction of the cell with its surroundings and in determining the cell's behavior and fate. Motivated by published experiments on curvature-modulated phase separation in lipid membranes, we formulate a mathematical model aiming at studying the spatial ordering of composition in a two-component biomembrane that is subjected to a prescribed (imposed) geometry. Based on this model, we identified key nondimensional quantities that govern the biomembrane response and performed numerical simulations to quantitatively explore their influence. We reproduce published experimental observations and extend them to surfaces with geometric features (imposed geometry) and lipid phases beyond those used in the experiments. In addition, we demonstrate the possibility for curvature-modulated phase separation above the critical temperature and propose a systematic procedure to determine which mechanism, the difference in bending stiffness or difference in spontaneous curvatures of the two phases, dominates the coupling between shape and composition.
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67
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Lin L, Zeng X. Computational study of cell adhesion and rolling in flow channel by meshfree method. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2017; 20:832-841. [PMID: 28290214 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2017.1303051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tethering and rolling of circulating leukocytes on the surface of endothelium are critical steps during an inflammatory response. A soft solid cell model was proposed to study monocytes tethering and rolling behaviors on substrate surface in shear flow. The interactions between monocytes and micro-channel surface were modeled by a coarse-grained molecular adhesive potential. The computational model was implemented in a Lagrange-type meshfree Galerkin formulation to investigate the monocyte tethering and rolling process with different flow rates. From the simulation results, it was found that the flow rate has profound effects on the rolling velocity, contact area and effective stress of monocytes. As the flow rate increased, the rolling velocity would increase linearly, whereas the contact area and average effective stress in monocyte showed nonlinear increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Lin
- a Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Texas at San Antonio , San Antonio , TX , USA
| | - Xiaowei Zeng
- a Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Texas at San Antonio , San Antonio , TX , USA
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68
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Zhang G, Fan N, Lv X, Liu Y, Guo J, Yang L, Peng B, Jiang H. Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of the Human Osteosarcoma Cell at Different Cell Cycle Stages †. MICROMACHINES 2017. [PMCID: PMC6190040 DOI: 10.3390/mi8030089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of a single cell play substantial roles in cell mitosis, differentiation, and carcinogenesis. According to the difference of elastic modulus between the benign cell and the tumor cell, it has been shown that the mechanical properties of cells, as special biomarkers, may contribute greatly to disease diagnosis and drug screening. However, the mechanical properties of cells at different cell cycle stages are still not clear, which may mislead us when we use them as biomarkers. In this paper, the target regions of the human osteosarcoma cell were precisely scanned without causing any cell damage by using an atomic force microscopy (AFM) for the first time. Then, the elasticity properties of the human osteosarcoma cells were investigated quantitatively at various regions and cell cycle stages. The 32 × 32 resolution map of the elasticity showed that the elastic modulus of the cells at the interphase was larger than that at the telophase of mitosis. Moreover, the elastic modulus of the cell in the peripheral region was larger than that in the nuclear region of the cell. This work provides an accurate approach to measure the elasticity properties of cells at different stages of the cell cycle for further application in the disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guocheng Zhang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, Sichuan, China; (G.Z.); (N.F.); (J.G.); (L.Y.)
| | - Na Fan
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, Sichuan, China; (G.Z.); (N.F.); (J.G.); (L.Y.)
| | - Xiaoying Lv
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, Sichuan, China; (X.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yiyao Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, Sichuan, China; (X.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jian Guo
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, Sichuan, China; (G.Z.); (N.F.); (J.G.); (L.Y.)
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, China
| | - Longxiang Yang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, Sichuan, China; (G.Z.); (N.F.); (J.G.); (L.Y.)
| | - Bei Peng
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, Sichuan, China; (G.Z.); (N.F.); (J.G.); (L.Y.)
- Center for Robotics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, Sichuan, China
- Correspondence: (B.P.); (H.J.); Tel.: +86-28-61831723 (B.P.); +86-28-61830242 (H.J.)
| | - Hai Jiang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, Sichuan, China; (G.Z.); (N.F.); (J.G.); (L.Y.)
- Correspondence: (B.P.); (H.J.); Tel.: +86-28-61831723 (B.P.); +86-28-61830242 (H.J.)
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69
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Huang W, Qin M, Li Y, Cao Y, Wang W. Dimerization of Cell-Adhesion Molecules Can Increase Their Binding Strength. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:1398-1404. [PMID: 28110537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b04396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell-adhesion molecules (CAMs) often exist as homodimers under physiological conditions. However, owing to steric hindrance, simultaneous binding of two ligands to the homodimers at the same location can hardly be satisfied, and the molecular mechanism underlying this natural design is still unknown. Here, we present a theoretical model to understand the rupture behavior of cell-adhesion bonds formed by multiple binding ligands with a single receptor. We found that the dissociation forces for the cell-adhesion bond could be greatly enhanced in comparison with the monomer case through a ligand rebinding and exchange mechanism. We also confirmed this prediction by measuring dimeric cRGD (cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp) unbinding from integrin (αvβ3) using atomic force microscopy-based single-molecule force spectroscopy. Our finding addresses the mechanism of increasing the binding strength of cell-adhesion bonds through dimerization at the single-molecule level, representing a key step toward the understanding of complicated cell-adhesion behaviors. Moreover, our results also highlight a wealth of opportunities to design mechanically stronger bioconjunctions for drug delivery, biolabeling, and surface modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenmao Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure and Department of Physics, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Meng Qin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure and Department of Physics, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Ying Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, China
| | - Yi Cao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure and Department of Physics, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure and Department of Physics, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, China
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70
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Nakayama Y, Slavchov RI, Bavi N, Martinac B. Energy of Liposome Patch Adhesion to the Pipet Glass Determined by Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:4530-4534. [PMID: 27791368 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The formation of the gigaseal in the patch clamp technique is dependent on the adhesion between the cell or liposome membrane and the glass pipet. The adhesion results in a capillary force causing creep of the patch membrane up the pipet. The membrane can be immobilized by counteracting the capillary force by positive pressure applied to the patch pipet. We use this phenomenon to develop a method for static measurement of the adhesion free energy of the lipid bilayer to the glass. Confocal fluorescent microscopy is used to track the bilayer creep inside the pipet and measure the immobilization pressure at various salt concentrations and pH. The adhesion energy is simply related to this pressure. For the studied phospholipid bilayers, its values were in the 0.3-0.7 mJ/m2 range, increased with salt concentration, and had a maximum as a function of pH. This method offers a way to measure bilayer-glass adhesion energy in patch clamp experiments that is more precise than dynamic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Nakayama
- Mechanosensory Biophysics Laboratory, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute , Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Radomir I Slavchov
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Sofia University , 1 J. Bourchier Blvd., Sofia 1126, Bulgaria
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Cambridge University , Pembroke Street, New Museums Site, CB2 3RA Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Navid Bavi
- Mechanosensory Biophysics Laboratory, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute , Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales , Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Boris Martinac
- Mechanosensory Biophysics Laboratory, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute , Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales , Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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71
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Hateley S, Hosamani R, Bhardwaj SR, Pachter L, Bhattacharya S. Transcriptomic response of Drosophila melanogaster pupae developed in hypergravity. Genomics 2016; 108:158-167. [PMID: 27621057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Altered gravity can perturb normal development and induce corresponding changes in gene expression. Understanding this relationship between the physical environment and a biological response is important for NASA's space travel goals. We use RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR techniques to profile changes in early Drosophila melanogaster pupae exposed to chronic hypergravity (3g, or three times Earth's gravity). During the pupal stage, D. melanogaster rely upon gravitational cues for proper development. Assessing gene expression changes in the pupae under altered gravity conditions helps highlight gravity-dependent genetic pathways. A robust transcriptional response was observed in hypergravity-treated pupae compared to controls, with 1513 genes showing a significant (q<0.05) difference in gene expression. Five major biological processes were affected: ion transport, redox homeostasis, immune response, proteolysis, and cuticle development. This outlines the underlying molecular and biological changes occurring in Drosophila pupae in response to hypergravity; gravity is important for many biological processes on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Hateley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States.
| | - Ravikumar Hosamani
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Mountain View, CA 94035, United States.
| | - Shilpa R Bhardwaj
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Mountain View, CA 94035, United States.
| | - Lior Pachter
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; Departments of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States.
| | - Sharmila Bhattacharya
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Mountain View, CA 94035, United States.
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72
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Lee LM, Lee JW, Chase D, Gebrezgiabhier D, Liu AP. Development of an advanced microfluidic micropipette aspiration device for single cell mechanics studies. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:054105. [PMID: 27703591 PMCID: PMC5035296 DOI: 10.1063/1.4962968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Various micro-engineered tools or platforms have been developed recently for cell mechanics studies based on acoustic, magnetic, and optical actuations. Compared with other techniques for single cell manipulations, microfluidics has the advantages with simple working principles and device implementations. In this work, we develop a multi-layer microfluidic pipette aspiration device integrated with pneumatically actuated microfluidic control valves. This configuration enables decoupling of cell trapping and aspiration, and hence causes less mechanical perturbation on trapped single cells before aspiration. A high trapping efficiency is achieved by the microfluidic channel design based on fluid resistance model and deterministic microfluidics. Compared to conventional micropipette aspiration, the suction pressure applied on the aspirating cells is highly stable due to the viscous nature of low Reynolds number flow. As a proof-of-concept of this novel microfluidic technology, we built a microfluidic pipette aspiration device with 2 × 13 trapping arrays and used this device to measure the stiffness of a human breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231, through the observation of cell deformations during aspiration. As a comparison, we studied the effect of Taxol, a FDA-approved anticancer drug on single cancer cell stiffness. We found that cancer cells treated with Taxol were less deformable with a higher Young's modulus. The multi-layer microfluidic pipette aspiration device is a scalable technology for single cell mechanophenotyping studies and drug discovery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lap Man Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Jin Woo Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Danielle Chase
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota , Twin Cities, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Daniel Gebrezgiabhier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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73
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López-Marín LM, Millán-Chiu BE, Castaño-González K, Aceves C, Fernández F, Varela-Echavarría A, Loske AM. Shock Wave-Induced Damage and Poration in Eukaryotic Cell Membranes. J Membr Biol 2016; 250:41-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-016-9921-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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74
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Ali W, Ilyas A, Bui L, Sayles B, Hur Y, Kim YT, Iqbal SM. Differentiating Metastatic and Non-metastatic Tumor Cells from Their Translocation Profile through Solid-State Micropores. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:4924-4934. [PMID: 27035212 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer treatment, care, and outcomes are much more effective if started at early stages of the disease. The presence of malignant cancer cells in human samples such as blood or biopsied tissue can be used to reduce overtreatment and underdiagnosis as well as for prognosis monitoring. Reliable quantification of metastatic tumor cells (MTCs) and non-metastatic tumor cells (NMTCs) from human samples can help in cancer staging as well. We report a simple, fast, and reliable approach to identify and quantify metastatic and non-metastatic cancer cells from whole biological samples in a point-of-care manner. The metastatic (MDA MB-231) and non-metastatic (MCF7) breast cancer cells were pushed through a solid-state micropore made in a 200 nm thin SiO2 membrane while measuring current across the micropore. The cells generated very distinctive translocation profiles. The translocation differences stemmed from their peculiar mechanophysical properties. The detection efficiency of the device for each type of tumor cells was ∼75%. MTCs showed faster translocation (36%) and 34% less pore blockage than NMTCs. The micropore approach is simple, exact, and quantitative for metastatic cell detection in a lab-on-a chip setting, without the need for any preprocessing of the sample.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Young-Tae Kim
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas , Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - Samir M Iqbal
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas , Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
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75
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Xiao LL, Liu Y, Chen S, Fu BM. Numerical simulation of a single cell passing through a narrow slit. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2016; 15:1655-1667. [PMID: 27080221 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-016-0789-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The narrow slit between endothelial cells that line the microvessel wall is the principal pathway for tumor cell extravasation to the surrounding tissue. To understand this crucial step for tumor hematogenous metastasis, we used dissipative particle dynamics method to investigate an individual cell passing through a narrow slit numerically. The cell membrane was simulated by a spring-based network model which can separate the internal cytoplasm and surrounding fluid. The effects of the cell elasticity, cell shape, nucleus and slit size on the cell transmigration through the slit were investigated. Under a fixed driving force, the cell with higher elasticity can be elongated more and pass faster through the slit. When the slit width decreases to 2/3 of the cell diameter, the spherical cell becomes jammed despite reducing its elasticity modulus by 10 times. However, transforming the cell from a spherical to ellipsoidal shape and increasing the cell surface area by merely 9.3 % can enable the cell to pass through the narrow slit. Therefore, the cell shape and surface area increase play a more important role than the cell elasticity in cell passing through the narrow slit. In addition, the simulation results indicate that the cell migration velocity decreases during entrance but increases during exit of the slit, which is qualitatively in agreement with the experimental observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Xiao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - S Chen
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - B M Fu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
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76
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Bjørnøy SH, Bassett DC, Ucar S, Andreassen JP, Sikorski P. Controlled mineralisation and recrystallisation of brushite within alginate hydrogels. Biomed Mater 2016; 11:015013. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/11/1/015013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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77
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Bullerjahn JT, Kroy K. Analytical catch-slip bond model for arbitrary forces and loading rates. Phys Rev E 2016; 93:012404. [PMID: 26871098 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.93.012404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Some biological bonds exhibit a so-called catch regime, where the bond strengthens with increasing load. We build upon recent advances in slip-bond kinetics to develop an analytically tractable, microscopic catch-slip bond model. To facilitate the analysis of force-spectroscopy data, we calculate the bond's mean lifetime and the rupture-force distribution for static loading and linear force ramps. Our results are applicable for arbitrary forces and loading rates, covering the whole range of conditions found in experiments and all-atom simulations. A generalization to account for force transducers of finite stiffness is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Bullerjahn
- Universität Leipzig, Institut für Theoretische Physik, Postfach 100 920, D-04009 Leipzig, Germany
| | - K Kroy
- Universität Leipzig, Institut für Theoretische Physik, Postfach 100 920, D-04009 Leipzig, Germany
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78
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El Nady K, Ganghoffer JF. Computation of the effective mechanical response of biological networks accounting for large configuration changes. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2015; 58:28-44. [PMID: 26541071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The asymptotic homogenization technique is involved to derive the effective elastic response of biological membranes viewed as repetitive beam networks. Thereby, a systematic methodology is established, allowing the prediction of the overall mechanical properties of biological membranes in the nonlinear regime, reflecting the influence of the geometrical and mechanical micro-parameters of the network structure on the overall response of the equivalent continuum. Biomembranes networks are classified based on nodal connectivity, so that we analyze in this work 3, 4 and 6-connectivity networks, which are representative of most biological networks. The individual filaments of the network are described as undulated beams prone to entropic elasticity, with tensile moduli determined from their persistence length. The effective micropolar continuum evaluated as a continuum substitute of the biological network has a kinematics reflecting the discrete network deformation modes, involving a nodal displacement and a microrotation. The statics involves the classical Cauchy stress and internal moments encapsulated into couple stresses, which develop internal work in duality to microcurvatures reflecting local network undulations. The relative ratio of the characteristic bending length of the effective micropolar continuum to the unit cell size determines the relevant choice of the equivalent medium. In most cases, the Cauchy continuum is sufficient to model biomembranes. The peptidoglycan network may exhibit a re-entrant hexagonal configuration due to thermal or pressure fluctuations, for which micropolar effects become important. The homogenized responses are in good agreement with FE simulations performed over the whole network. The predictive nature of the employed homogenization technique allows the identification of a strain energy density of a hyperelastic model, for the purpose of performing structural calculations of the shape evolutions of biomembranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K El Nady
- LEMTA - Université de Lorraine, 2, Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 60604, 54054 Vandoeuvre, France
| | - J F Ganghoffer
- LEMTA - Université de Lorraine, 2, Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 60604, 54054 Vandoeuvre, France.
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79
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LIU YAN, LUO YUANCAI, WANG DELING, GAO YANFEI. ALIGNMENT OF CELLULAR FOCAL CONTACTS AND THEIR SHAPES BY SUBSTRATE ANISOTROPY. J MECH MED BIOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519415500670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix is accomplished by the clustering of receptor–ligand bonds into focal contacts on the cell-substrate interface. The contractile forces applied onto these focal contacts lead to elastic deformation of the surrounding, which results into a cellular mechanosensory capability that plays a key role in cell adhesion, spreading, and migration, among many others. The mechanosensitivity can be manipulated by the substrate anisotropy, by which focal contacts may align into certain directions so to minimize the total mechanical potential energy. Using the elastic anisotropic contact analysis, this work systematically analyzes the dependence of the alignment on the elastic anisotropy, and more importantly, the direction of the inclined contractile forces. The contact displacement fields are a complex function of the elastic constants, so simple analysis based on tensile or shear softest direction cannot properly predict the alignment orientation. It is also proved that if these focal contacts are of elongated shape, the major axis will be parallel to the alignment direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- YAN LIU
- Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300192, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37922, USA
| | - YUANCAI LUO
- Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300192, P. R. China
| | - DELING WANG
- Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300192, P. R. China
| | - YANFEI GAO
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37922, USA
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80
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Isabey D, Pelle G, André Dias S, Bottier M, Nguyen NM, Filoche M, Louis B. Multiscale evaluation of cellular adhesion alteration and cytoskeleton remodeling by magnetic bead twisting. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2015; 15:947-63. [PMID: 26459324 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-015-0734-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cellular adhesion forces depend on local biological conditions meaning that adhesion characterization must be performed while preserving cellular integrity. We presently postulate that magnetic bead twisting provides an appropriate stress, i.e., basically a clamp, for assessment in living cells of both cellular adhesion and mechanical properties of the cytoskeleton. A global dissociation rate obeying a Bell-type model was used to determine the natural dissociation rate ([Formula: see text]) and a reference stress ([Formula: see text]). These adhesion parameters were determined in parallel to the mechanical properties for a variety of biological conditions in which either adhesion or cytoskeleton was selectively weakened or strengthened by changing successively ligand concentration, actin polymerization level (by treating with cytochalasin D), level of exerted stress (by increasing magnetic torque), and cell environment (by using rigid and soft 3D matrices). On the whole, this multiscale evaluation of the cellular and molecular responses to a controlled stress reveals an evolution which is consistent with stochastic multiple bond theories and with literature results obtained with other molecular techniques. Present results confirm the validity of the proposed bead-twisting approach for its capability to probe cellular and molecular responses in a variety of biological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Isabey
- Inserm, U955, Équipe 13, Biomécanique and Appareil Respiratoire: une approche multi-échelle, UMR S955, CNRS, ERL 7240, Université Paris Est, UPEC, 8, rue du Général Sarrail, 94010, Créteil Cedex, France.
| | - Gabriel Pelle
- Inserm, U955, Équipe 13, Biomécanique and Appareil Respiratoire: une approche multi-échelle, UMR S955, CNRS, ERL 7240, Université Paris Est, UPEC, 8, rue du Général Sarrail, 94010, Créteil Cedex, France.,APHP, Groupe Hospitalier H. Mondor A. Chenevier, Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles, 51, Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010, Créteil Cedex, France
| | - Sofia André Dias
- Inserm, U955, Équipe 13, Biomécanique and Appareil Respiratoire: une approche multi-échelle, UMR S955, CNRS, ERL 7240, Université Paris Est, UPEC, 8, rue du Général Sarrail, 94010, Créteil Cedex, France
| | - Mathieu Bottier
- Inserm, U955, Équipe 13, Biomécanique and Appareil Respiratoire: une approche multi-échelle, UMR S955, CNRS, ERL 7240, Université Paris Est, UPEC, 8, rue du Général Sarrail, 94010, Créteil Cedex, France
| | - Ngoc-Minh Nguyen
- Inserm, U955, Équipe 13, Biomécanique and Appareil Respiratoire: une approche multi-échelle, UMR S955, CNRS, ERL 7240, Université Paris Est, UPEC, 8, rue du Général Sarrail, 94010, Créteil Cedex, France
| | - Marcel Filoche
- Inserm, U955, Équipe 13, Biomécanique and Appareil Respiratoire: une approche multi-échelle, UMR S955, CNRS, ERL 7240, Université Paris Est, UPEC, 8, rue du Général Sarrail, 94010, Créteil Cedex, France.,Physique de la Matière Condensée, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, 91128, Palaiseau, France
| | - Bruno Louis
- Inserm, U955, Équipe 13, Biomécanique and Appareil Respiratoire: une approche multi-échelle, UMR S955, CNRS, ERL 7240, Université Paris Est, UPEC, 8, rue du Général Sarrail, 94010, Créteil Cedex, France
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81
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Smith JP, Kirby BJ. A transfer function approach for predicting rare cell capture microdevice performance. Biomed Microdevices 2015; 17:9956. [PMID: 25971361 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-015-9956-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Rare cells have the potential to improve our understanding of biological systems and the treatment of a variety of diseases; each of those applications requires a different balance of throughput, capture efficiency, and sample purity. Those challenges, coupled with the limited availability of patient samples and the costs of repeated design iterations, motivate the need for a robust set of engineering tools to optimize application-specific geometries. Here, we present a transfer function approach for predicting rare cell capture in microfluidic obstacle arrays. Existing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools are limited to simulating a subset of these arrays, owing to computational costs; a transfer function leverages the deterministic nature of cell transport in these arrays, extending limited CFD simulations into larger, more complicated geometries. We show that the transfer function approximation matches a full CFD simulation within 1.34 %, at a 74-fold reduction in computational cost. Taking advantage of these computational savings, we apply the transfer function simulations to simulate reversing array geometries that generate a "notch filter" effect, reducing the collision frequency of cells outside of a specified diameter range. We adapt the transfer function to study the effect of off-design boundary conditions (such as a clogged inlet in a microdevice) on overall performance. Finally, we have validated the transfer function's predictions for lateral displacement within the array using particle tracking and polystyrene beads in a microdevice.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Smith
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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82
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Samadi-Dooki A, Shodja HM, Malekmotiei L. The effect of the physical properties of the substrate on the kinetics of cell adhesion and crawling studied by an axisymmetric diffusion-energy balance coupled model. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:3693-3705. [PMID: 25823723 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm00394f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper an analytical approach to study the effect of the substrate physical properties on the kinetics of adhesion and motility behavior of cells is presented. Cell adhesion is mediated by the binding of cell wall receptors and substrate's complementary ligands, and tight adhesion is accomplished by the recruitment of the cell wall binders to the adhesion zone. The binders' movement is modeled as their axisymmetric diffusion in the fluid-like cell membrane. In order to preserve the thermodynamic consistency, the energy balance for the cell-substrate interaction is imposed on the diffusion equation. Solving the axisymmetric diffusion-energy balance coupled equations, it turns out that the physical properties of the substrate (substrate's ligand spacing and stiffness) have considerable effects on the cell adhesion and motility kinetics. For a rigid substrate with uniform distribution of immobile ligands, the maximum ligand spacing which does not interrupt adhesion growth is found to be about 57 nm. It is also found that as a consequence of the reduction in the energy dissipation in the isolated adhesion system, cell adhesion is facilitated by increasing substrate's stiffness. Moreover, the directional movement of cells on a substrate with gradients in mechanical compliance is explored with an extension of the adhesion formulation. It is shown that cells tend to move from soft to stiff regions of the substrate, but their movement is decelerated as the stiffness of the substrate increases. These findings based on the proposed theoretical model are in excellent agreement with the previous experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aref Samadi-Dooki
- Department of Civil Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-9313, Tehran, Iran
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83
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Shawky JH, Davidson LA. Tissue mechanics and adhesion during embryo development. Dev Biol 2015; 401:152-64. [PMID: 25512299 PMCID: PMC4402132 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
During development cells interact mechanically with their microenvironment through cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions. Many proteins involved in these adhesions serve both mechanical and signaling roles. In this review we will focus on the mechanical roles of these proteins and their complexes in transmitting force or stress from cell to cell or from cell to the extracellular matrix. As forces operate against tissues they establish tissue architecture, extracellular matrix assembly, and pattern cell shapes. As tissues become more established, adhesions play a major role integrating cells with the mechanics of their local environment. Adhesions may serve as both a molecular-specific glue, holding defined populations of cells together, and as a lubricant, allowing tissues to slide past one another. We review the biophysical principles and experimental tools used to study adhesion so that we may aid efforts to understand how adhesions guide these movements and integrate their signaling functions with mechanical function. As we conclude we review efforts to develop predictive models of adhesion that can be used to interpret experiments and guide future efforts to control and direct the process of tissue self-assembly during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Shawky
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Lance A Davidson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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84
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Daza R, Cruces J, Arroyo-Hernández M, Marí-Buyé N, De la Fuente M, Plaza GR, Elices M, Pérez-Rigueiro J, Guinea GV. Topographical and mechanical characterization of living eukaryotic cells on opaque substrates: development of a general procedure and its application to the study of non-adherent lymphocytes. Phys Biol 2015; 12:026005. [DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/12/2/026005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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85
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Puricelli L, Galluzzi M, Schulte C, Podestà A, Milani P. Nanomechanical and topographical imaging of living cells by atomic force microscopy with colloidal probes. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:033705. [PMID: 25832236 DOI: 10.1063/1.4915896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) has a great potential as a tool to characterize mechanical and morphological properties of living cells; these properties have been shown to correlate with cells' fate and patho-physiological state in view of the development of novel early-diagnostic strategies. Although several reports have described experimental and technical approaches for the characterization of cellular elasticity by means of AFM, a robust and commonly accepted methodology is still lacking. Here, we show that micrometric spherical probes (also known as colloidal probes) are well suited for performing a combined topographic and mechanical analysis of living cells, with spatial resolution suitable for a complete and accurate mapping of cell morphological and elastic properties, and superior reliability and accuracy in the mechanical measurements with respect to conventional and widely used sharp AFM tips. We address a number of issues concerning the nanomechanical analysis, including the applicability of contact mechanical models and the impact of a constrained contact geometry on the measured Young's modulus (the finite-thickness effect). We have tested our protocol by imaging living PC12 and MDA-MB-231 cells, in order to demonstrate the importance of the correction of the finite-thickness effect and the change in Young's modulus induced by the action of a cytoskeleton-targeting drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Puricelli
- CIMaINa and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Galluzzi
- CIMaINa and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Carsten Schulte
- CIMaINa and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Podestà
- CIMaINa and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Milani
- CIMaINa and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
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86
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Labriola NR, Darling EM. Temporal heterogeneity in single-cell gene expression and mechanical properties during adipogenic differentiation. J Biomech 2015; 48:1058-66. [PMID: 25683518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adipose-derived stem/stromal cells (ASCs) respond heterogeneously when exposed to lineage-specific induction medium. Variable responses at the single-cell level can be observed in the production of lineage-specific metabolites, expression of mRNA transcripts, and adoption of mechanical phenotypes. Understanding the relationship between the biological and mechanical characteristics for individual ASCs is crucial for interpreting how cellular heterogeneity affects the differentiation process. The goal of the current study was to monitor the gene expression of peroxisome proliferator receptor gamma (PPARG) in adipogenically differentiating ASC populations over two weeks, while also characterizing the expression-associated mechanical properties of individual cells using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Results showed that ASC mechanical properties did not change significantly over time in either adipogenic or control medium; however, cells expressing PPARG exhibited significantly greater compliance and fluidity compared to those lacking expression in both adipogenic and control media environments. The percent of PPARG+ cells in adipogenic samples increased over time but stayed relatively constant in controls. Previous reports of a slow, gradual change in cellular mechanical properties are explained by the increase in the number of positively differentiating cells in a sample rather than being reflective of actual, single-cell mechanical property changes. Cytoskeletal remodeling was more prevalent in adipogenic samples than controls, likely driving the adoption of a more compliant mechanical phenotype and upregulation of PPARG. The combined results reinforce the importance of understanding single-cell characteristics, in the context of heterogeneity, to provide more accurate interpretations of biological phenomena such as stem cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Labriola
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | - Eric M Darling
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, & Biotechnology, Department of Orthopaedics, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States.
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87
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88
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Smith JP, Huang C, Kirby BJ. Enhancing sensitivity and specificity in rare cell capture microdevices with dielectrophoresis. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2015; 9:014116. [PMID: 25759749 PMCID: PMC4327920 DOI: 10.1063/1.4908049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The capture and subsequent analysis of rare cells, such as circulating tumor cells from a peripheral blood sample, has the potential to advance our understanding and treatment of a wide range of diseases. There is a particular need for high purity (i.e., high specificity) techniques to isolate these cells, reducing the time and cost required for single-cell genetic analyses by decreasing the number of contaminating cells analyzed. Previous work has shown that antibody-based immunocapture can be combined with dielectrophoresis (DEP) to differentially isolate cancer cells from leukocytes in a characterization device. Here, we build on that work by developing numerical simulations that identify microfluidic obstacle array geometries where DEP-immunocapture can be used to maximize the capture of target rare cells, while minimizing the capture of contaminating cells. We consider geometries with electrodes offset from the array and parallel to the fluid flow, maximizing the magnitude of the resulting electric field at the obstacles' leading and trailing edges, and minimizing it at the obstacles' shoulders. This configuration attracts cells with a positive DEP (pDEP) response to the leading edge, where the shear stress is low and residence time is long, resulting in a high capture probability; although these cells are also repelled from the shoulder region, the high local fluid velocity at the shoulder minimizes the impact on the overall transport and capture. Likewise, cells undergoing negative DEP (nDEP) are repelled from regions of high capture probability and attracted to regions where capture is unlikely. These simulations predict that DEP can be used to reduce the probability of capturing contaminating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (using nDEP) from 0.16 to 0.01 while simultaneously increasing the capture of several pancreatic cancer cell lines from 0.03-0.10 to 0.14-0.55, laying the groundwork for the experimental study of hybrid DEP-immunocapture obstacle array microdevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Smith
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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89
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Affiliation(s)
- D.E. Leckband
- Departments of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Chemistry, and Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801;
| | - J. de Rooij
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands;
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90
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Finite element models and molecular dynamic simulations for studying the response of mast cell under mechanical activation. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-014-0504-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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91
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Smith JP, Lannin TB, Syed Y, Santana SM, Kirby BJ. Parametric control of collision rates and capture rates in geometrically enhanced differential immunocapture (GEDI) microfluidic devices for rare cell capture. Biomed Microdevices 2014; 16:143-51. [PMID: 24078270 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-013-9814-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The enrichment and isolation of rare cells from complex samples, such as circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from whole blood, is an important engineering problem with widespread clinical applications. One approach uses a microfluidic obstacle array with an antibody surface functionalization to both guide cells into contact with the capture surface and to facilitate adhesion; geometrically enhanced differential immunocapture is a design strategy in which the array is designed to promote target cell–obstacle contact and minimize other interactions (Gleghorn et al. 2010; Kirby et al. 2012). We present a simulation that uses capture experiments in a simple Hele-Shaw geometry (Santana et al. 2012) to inform a target-cell-specific capture model that can predict capture probability in immunocapture microdevices of any arbitrary complex geometry. We show that capture performance is strongly dependent on the array geometry, and that it is possible to select an obstacle array geometry that maximizes capture efficiency (by creating combinations of frequent target cell–obstacle collisions and shear stress low enough to support capture), while simultaneously enhancing purity by minimizing nonspecific adhesion of both smaller contaminant cells (with infrequent cell–obstacle collisions) and larger contaminant cells (by focusing those collisions into regions of high shear stress).
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92
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Dura B, Liu Y, Voldman J. Deformability-based microfluidic cell pairing and fusion. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:2783-90. [PMID: 24898933 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00303a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We present a microfluidic cell pairing device capable of sequential trapping and pairing of hundreds of cells using passive hydrodynamics and flow-induced deformation. We describe the design and operation principles of our device and show its applicability for cell fusion. Using our device, we achieved both homotypic and heterotypic cell pairing, demonstrating efficiencies up to 80%. The platform is compatible with fusion protocols based on biological, chemical and physical stimuli with fusion yields up to 95%. Our device further permits its disconnection from the fluidic hardware enabling its transportation for imaging and culture while maintaining cell registration on chip. Our design principles and cell trapping technique can readily be applied for different cell types and can be extended to trap and fuse multiple (>2) cell partners as demonstrated by our preliminary experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Dura
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room 36-824, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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93
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Oh J, Daniels GJ, Chiou LS, Ye EA, Jeong YS, Sakaguchi DS. Multipotent adult hippocampal progenitor cells maintained as neurospheres favor differentiation toward glial lineages. Biotechnol J 2014; 9:921-33. [PMID: 24844209 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adult hippocampal progenitor cells (AHPCs) are generally maintained as a dispersed monolayer population of multipotent neural progenitors. To better understand cell-cell interactions among neural progenitors and their influences on cellular characteristics, we generated free-floating cellular aggregates, or neurospheres, from the adherent monolayer population of AHPCs. Results from in vitro analyses demonstrated that both populations of AHPCs were highly proliferative under maintenance conditions, but AHPCs formed in neurospheres favored differentiation along a glial lineage and displayed greater migrational activity than the traditionally cultured AHPCs. To study the plasticity of AHPCs from both populations in vivo, we transplanted green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing AHPCs via intraocular injection into the developing rat eyes. Both AHPC populations were capable of surviving and integrating into developing host central nervous system, but considerably more GFP-positive cells were observed in the retinas transplanted with neurosphere AHPCs, compared to adherent AHPCs. These results suggest that the culture configuration during maintenance for neural progenitor cells (NPCs) influences cell fate and motility in vitro as well as in vivo. Our findings have implication for understanding different cellular characteristics of NPCs according to distinct intercellular architectures and for developing cell-based therapeutic strategies using lineage-committed NPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisun Oh
- Neuroscience Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA; Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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94
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Shah N, Morsi Y, Manasseh R. From mechanical stimulation to biological pathways in the regulation of stem cell fate. Cell Biochem Funct 2014; 32:309-25. [PMID: 24574137 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical stimuli are important in directing the fate of stem cells; the effects of mechanical stimuli reported in recent research are reviewed here. Stem cells normally undergo two fundamental processes: proliferation, in which their numbers multiply, and differentiation, in which they transform into the specialized cells needed by the adult organism. Mechanical stimuli are well known to affect both processes of proliferation and differentiation, although the complete pathways relating specific mechanical stimuli to stem cell fate remain to be elucidated. We identified two broad classes of research findings and organized them according to the type of mechanical stress (compressive, tensile or shear) of the stimulus. Firstly, mechanical stress of any type activates stretch-activated channels (SACs) on the cell membrane. Activation of SACs leads to cytoskeletal remodelling and to the expression of genes that regulate the basic growth, survival or apoptosis of the cells and thus regulates proliferation. Secondly, mechanical stress on cells that are physically attached to an extracellular matrix (ECM) initiates remodelling of cell membrane structures called integrins. This second process is highly dependent on the type of mechanical stress applied and result into various biological responses. A further process, the Wnt pathway, is also implicated: crosstalk between the integrin and Wnt pathways regulates the switch from proliferation to differentiation and finally regulates the type of differentiation. Therefore, the stem cell differentiation process involves different signalling molecules and their pathways and most likely depends upon the applied mechanical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirali Shah
- Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, VIC, Melbourne, Australia
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95
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Shen H, Tong S, Bao G, Wang B. Structural responses of cells to intracellular magnetic force induced by superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:1914-20. [PMID: 24336693 PMCID: PMC4326048 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp51435h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we study the effects of intracellular force on human umbilical vein endothelial cells. We generated intracellular force on endothelial cells under different magnetic fields using the cell uptake of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Cell responses to intracellular force were observed using fluorescent microscopy. Our results indicated that nanoparticles were taken up by the cell by endocytosis and were deposited in lysosomes. Nanoparticles and lysosomes inside the cell could be relocated by the application of a magnetic force. The intracellular magnetic force could also be used to accelerate cell migration by adjusting the magnetic fields and giving the cell free culture space. No cytotoxicity of nanoparticles was found in our experiments. By comparing intracellular relocalization with migration of the whole cell, we obtained a better understanding of the self-defence mechanisms of cells based on their mechanical properties. Based on the promising mechanical properties and low cytotoxicity of our magnetic nanoparticles, their potential applications in cytomechanics and cell patterning are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Micro & Nano Physics and Mechanics Research Laboratory, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- Wallace H. Coulter Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 30332, USA
| | - Sheng Tong
- Wallace H. Coulter Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 30332, USA
| | - Gang Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Micro & Nano Physics and Mechanics Research Laboratory, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- Wallace H. Coulter Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 30332, USA
| | - Biao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Micro & Nano Physics and Mechanics Research Laboratory, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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96
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Nelson MT, Johnson J, Lannutti J. Media-based effects on the hydrolytic degradation and crystallization of electrospun synthetic-biologic blends. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2014; 25:297-309. [PMID: 24178985 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-013-5077-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering scaffold degradation in aqueous environments is a widely recognized factor determining the fate of the associated anchorage-dependent cells. Electrospun blends of synthetic polycaprolactone (PCL) and a biological polymer, gelatin, of 25, 50, and 75 wt% were investigated for alterations in crystallinity, microstructure and morphology following widely used in vitro biological exposures. To our knowledge, the effects of these different aqueous-based biological media compositions on the degradation of these blends have never been directly compared. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis exposed that differences in PCL crystallinity were observed following exposures to phosphate buffered solution (PBS), Dulbecco's modified eagle medium (DMEM) cell culture media, and DI water following 7 days of exposure at 37 °C. XRD data suggested that in vitro medium exposures aid in providing chain mobility and rearrangement due to hydrolytic degradation of the gelatin phase, allowing previously constrained, poorly crystalline PCL regions to achieve more intense reflections resulting in the presence of crystalline peaks. The dry, as-spun modulus of relatively soft 100 % PCL fibers was approximately 10 % of any gelatin-containing composition. Tensile testing results indicate that hydrated gelatin containing scaffolds on average had a fivefold increase in elongation compared to as-spun scaffolds. After 24-h of aqueous exposure, the elastic modulus decreased in proportion to increasing gelatin content. After 1 day of exposure, the 75 and 100 % gelatin compositions largely ceased to display measurable values of modulus, elongation or tensile strength due to considerable hydrolytic degradation. On a relative basis, common aqueous in vitro medium exposures (deionized water, PBS, and DMEM) resulted in significantly divergent amounts of crystalline PCL, overall microstructure and fiber morphology in the blended compositions, subsequently 'shielding' scaffolds from significant changes in mechanical properties after 24-h of exposure. Understanding electrospun PCL-gelatin scaffold dynamics in different aqueous-based cell culture medias enables the ability to tailor scaffold composition to 'tune' degradation rate, microstructure, and long-term mechanical stability for optimal cellular growth, proliferation, and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tyler Nelson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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97
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Biomechanical profile of cancer stem-like/tumor-initiating cells derived from a progressive ovarian cancer model. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2014; 10:1013-9. [PMID: 24407147 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We herein report, for the first time, the mechanical properties of ovarian cancer stem-like/tumor-initiating cells (CSC/TICs). The represented model is a spontaneously transformed murine ovarian surface epithelial (MOSE) cell line that mimics the progression of ovarian cancer from early/non-tumorigenic to late/highly aggressive cancer stages. Elastic modulus measurements via atomic force microscopy (AFM) illustrate that the enriched CSC/TICs population (0.32±0.12kPa) are 46%, 61%, and 72% softer (P<0.0001) than their aggressive late-stage, intermediate, and non-malignant early-stage cancer cells, respectively. Exposure to sphingosine, an anti-cancer agent, induced an increase in the elastic moduli of CSC/TICs by more than 46% (0.47±0.14kPa, P<0.0001). Altogether, our data demonstrate that the elastic modulus profile of CSC/TICs is unique and responsive to anti-cancer treatment strategies that impact the cytoskeleton architecture of cells. These findings increase the chance for obtaining distinctive cell biomechanical profiles with the intent of providing a means for effective cancer detection and treatment control. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR This novel study utilized atomic force microscopy to demonstrate that the elastic modulus profile of cancer stem cell-like tumor initiating cells is unique and responsive to anti-cancer treatment strategies that impact the cytoskeleton of these cells. These findings pave the way to the development of unique means for effective cancer detection and treatment control.
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98
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Unal M, Alapan Y, Jia H, Varga AG, Angelino K, Aslan M, Sayin I, Han C, Jiang Y, Zhang Z, Gurkan UA. Micro and Nano-Scale Technologies for Cell Mechanics. Nanobiomedicine (Rij) 2014; 1:5. [PMID: 30023016 PMCID: PMC6029242 DOI: 10.5772/59379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell mechanics is a multidisciplinary field that bridges cell biology, fundamental mechanics, and micro and nanotechnology, which synergize to help us better understand the intricacies and the complex nature of cells in their native environment. With recent advances in nanotechnology, microfabrication methods and micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS), we are now well situated to tap into the complex micro world of cells. The field that brings biology and MEMS together is known as Biological MEMS (BioMEMS). BioMEMS take advantage of systematic design and fabrication methods to create platforms that allow us to study cells like never before. These new technologies have been rapidly advancing the study of cell mechanics. This review article provides a succinct overview of cell mechanics and comprehensively surveys micro and nano-scale technologies that have been specifically developed for and are relevant to the mechanics of cells. Here we focus on micro and nano-scale technologies, and their applications in biology and medicine, including imaging, single cell analysis, cancer cell mechanics, organ-on-a-chip systems, pathogen detection, implantable devices, neuroscience and neurophysiology. We also provide a perspective on the future directions and challenges of technologies that relate to the mechanics of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Unal
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Yunus Alapan
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
- Case Biomanufacturing and Microfabrication Laboratory, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Hao Jia
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Adrienn G. Varga
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Keith Angelino
- Department of Civil Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Mahmut Aslan
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
- Case Biomanufacturing and Microfabrication Laboratory, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Ismail Sayin
- Case Biomanufacturing and Microfabrication Laboratory, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Chanjuan Han
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Yanxia Jiang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Zhehao Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Umut A. Gurkan
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
- Case Biomanufacturing and Microfabrication Laboratory, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, USA
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Schneider D, Baronsky T, Pietuch A, Rother J, Oelkers M, Fichtner D, Wedlich D, Janshoff A. Tension monitoring during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition links the switch of phenotype to expression of moesin and cadherins in NMuMG cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80068. [PMID: 24339870 PMCID: PMC3855076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural alterations during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) pose a substantial challenge to the mechanical response of cells and are supposed to be key parameters for an increased malignancy during metastasis. Herein, we report that during EMT, apical tension of the epithelial cell line NMuMG is controlled by cell-cell contacts and the architecture of the underlying actin structures reflecting the mechanistic interplay between cellular structure and mechanics. Using force spectroscopy we find that tension in NMuMG cells slightly increases 24 h after EMT induction, whereas upon reaching the final mesenchymal-like state characterized by a complete loss of intercellular junctions and a concerted down-regulation of the adherens junction protein E-cadherin, the overall tension becomes similar to that of solitary adherent cells and fibroblasts. Interestingly, the contribution of the actin cytoskeleton on apical tension increases significantly upon EMT induction, most likely due to the formation of stable and highly contractile stress fibers which dominate the elastic properties of the cells after the transition. The structural alterations lead to the formation of single, highly motile cells rendering apical tension a good indicator for the cellular state during phenotype switching. In summary, our study paves the way towards a more profound understanding of cellular mechanics governing fundamental morphological programs such as the EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schneider
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thilo Baronsky
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anna Pietuch
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan Rother
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marieelen Oelkers
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Fichtner
- Institute for Cell and Developmental Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz Haber Weg 2, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Doris Wedlich
- Institute for Cell and Developmental Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz Haber Weg 2, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andreas Janshoff
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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100
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Wang G, Mao W, Byler R, Patel K, Henegar C, Alexeev A, Sulchek T. Stiffness dependent separation of cells in a microfluidic device. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75901. [PMID: 24146787 PMCID: PMC3797716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal cell mechanical stiffness can point to the development of various diseases including cancers and infections. We report a new microfluidic technique for continuous cell separation utilizing variation in cell stiffness. We use a microfluidic channel decorated by periodic diagonal ridges that compress the flowing cells in rapid succession. The compression in combination with secondary flows in the ridged microfluidic channel translates each cell perpendicular to the channel axis in proportion to its stiffness. We demonstrate the physical principle of the cell sorting mechanism and show that our microfluidic approach can be effectively used to separate a variety of cell types which are similar in size but of different stiffnesses, spanning a range from 210 Pa to 23 kPa. Atomic force microscopy is used to directly measure the stiffness of the separated cells and we found that the trajectories in the microchannel correlated to stiffness. We have demonstrated that the current processing throughput is 250 cells per second. This microfluidic separation technique opens new ways for conducting rapid and low-cost cell analysis and disease diagnostics through biophysical markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonghao Wang
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Wenbin Mao
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Byler
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Krishna Patel
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Caitlin Henegar
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Alexander Alexeev
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Todd Sulchek
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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