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Eguchi T, Yamanashi Y. Adeno-associated virus-mediated expression of an inactive CaMKIIβ mutant enhances muscle mass and strength in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 589:192-196. [PMID: 34922202 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A concurrent reduction in muscle mass and strength is frequently observed in numerous conditions, including neuromuscular disease, ageing, and muscle inactivity due to limb immobilization or prolonged bed rest. Thus, identifying the molecular mechanisms that control skeletal muscle mass and strength is fundamental for developing interventions aimed at counteracting muscle loss (muscle atrophy). It was recently reported that muscle atrophy induced by denervation of motor nerves was associated with increased expression of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase II β (CaMKIIβ) in muscle. In addition, treatment with KN-93 phosphate, which inhibits CaMKII-family kinases, partly suppressed denervation-induced muscle atrophy. Therefore, to test a possible role for CaMKIIβ in muscle mass regulation, we generated and injected recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors encoding wild-type (AAV-WT), inactive (AAV-K43 M), or constitutively active (AAV-T287D) CaMKIIβ into the left hindlimb tibialis anterior muscle of mice at three months of age. Although AAV-WT infection induced expression of exogenous CaMKIIβ in the hindlimb muscle, no significant changes in muscle mass and strength were observed. By contrast, AAV-K43 M or AAV-T287D infection induced exogenous expression of the corresponding mutants and significantly increased or decreased the muscle mass and strength of the infected hind limb, respectively. Together, these findings demonstrate the potential of CaMKIIβ as a novel therapeutic target for enhancing muscle mass and strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Eguchi
- Division of Genetics, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yuji Yamanashi
- Division of Genetics, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
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52
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Sanz B, Rezola-Pardo C, Arrieta H, Fraile-Bermúdez AB, Alonso-Puyo J, Molano I, Rodriguez-Larrad A, Irazusta J. Serum Sestrin-1 Concentration Is Higher in Frail than Non-Frail Older People Living in Nursing Homes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031079. [PMID: 35162104 PMCID: PMC8834059 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Given the increasing prevalence of frailty and its implications for public health, the identification of biomarkers to detect frailty is essential. Sestrin-1 is a protein with a protective role in muscle function. This study aimed to determine whether the serum sestrin-1 concentration differed between frail and non-frail populations and to investigate its association with frailty-related variables in 225 older women and men living in nursing homes (Gipuzkoa, Spain). Serum sestrin-1 concentration was measured by ELISA. Frailty, dependence, anthropometry, physical function, and physical activity were determined by validated tests and tools. The associations between sestrin-1 concentration and the other variables were determined using generalized linear models. The differences between frail and non-frail individuals were analyzed by the Mann–Whitney U-test, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to calculate the capability of sestrin-1 to detect frailty. Unexpectedly, frail individuals—according to the Fried Frailty Phenotype or the Clinical Frailty Scale—had higher serum sestrin-1 concentrations than non-frail individuals. Furthermore, the higher serum sestrin-1 concentration was associated with the increased frailty scores and dependence as well as the poorer physical function and the less physical activity. Given the contradictory results regarding serum sestrin-1 and frailty, further investigation is required to propose it as a molecular biomarker of frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Sanz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 489040 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; (C.R.-P.); (J.A.-P.); (A.R.-L.); (J.I.)
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-946013307
| | - Chloe Rezola-Pardo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 489040 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; (C.R.-P.); (J.A.-P.); (A.R.-L.); (J.I.)
| | - Haritz Arrieta
- Department of Nursing II, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain;
| | - Ana Belén Fraile-Bermúdez
- Department of Nursing I, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain;
| | - Janire Alonso-Puyo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 489040 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; (C.R.-P.); (J.A.-P.); (A.R.-L.); (J.I.)
| | - Irene Molano
- Residencia Sanmarcosene, Carretera de San Marcos, s/n, 20100 Errenteria, Gipuzkoa, Spain;
| | - Ana Rodriguez-Larrad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 489040 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; (C.R.-P.); (J.A.-P.); (A.R.-L.); (J.I.)
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Jon Irazusta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 489040 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; (C.R.-P.); (J.A.-P.); (A.R.-L.); (J.I.)
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
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53
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Antioxidant Activity of Valeriana fauriei Protects against Dexamethasone-Induced Muscle Atrophy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3645431. [PMID: 35069972 PMCID: PMC8769843 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3645431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is defined as wasting or loss of muscle. Although glucocorticoids (GCs) are well-known anti-inflammatory drugs, their long-term or high-dose use induces skeletal muscle atrophy. Valeriana fauriei (VF) is used to treat restlessness, anxiety, and sleep disorders; however, its effects on skeletal muscle health have not been investigated. This study investigated whether Valeriana fauriei could ameliorate muscle atrophy. We induced muscle atrophy in vitro and in vivo, by treatment with dexamethasone (DEX), a synthetic GC. In DEX-induced myotube atrophy, Valeriana fauriei treatment increased the fusion index and decreased the expression of muscle atrophic genes such as muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx/Atrogin-1) and muscle RING-finger protein 1 (MuRF1). In DEX-treated mice with muscle atrophy, Valeriana fauriei supplementation increased the ability to exercise, muscle weight, and cross-sectional area, whereas it inhibited myosin heavy chain isoform transition and the expression of muscle atrophy biomarkers. Valeriana fauriei treatment led to via the downregulation of muscle atrophic genes via inhibition of GC receptor translocation. Valeriana fauriei was also found to act as a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger. Didrovaltrate (DI), an iridoid compound from Valeriana fauriei, was found to downregulate atrophic genes and decrease ROS in the DEX-induced myotube atrophy. Consolidated, our results indicate that Valeriana fauriei prevents DEX-induced muscle atrophy by inhibiting GC receptor translocation. Further, Valeriana fauriei acts as a ROS scavenger, and its functional compound is didrovaltrate. We suggest that Valeriana fauriei and its functional compound didrovaltrate possess therapeutic potentials against muscle atrophy.
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54
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Zhang X, Zhang C, Yang C, Kuang L, Zheng J, Tang L, Lei M, Li C, Ren Y, Guo Z, Ji Y, Deng X, Huang D, Wang G, Xie X. Circular RNA, microRNA and Protein Profiles of the Longissimus Dorsi of Germany ZIKA and Sichuan White Rabbits. Front Genet 2022; 12:777232. [PMID: 35003217 PMCID: PMC8740122 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.777232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the dietetic properties and remarkable nutritive value of rabbit meat, its industry is increasing rapidly. However, the association between circular RNAs, microRNAs, and proteins and muscle fiber type, and meat quality of rabbit is still unknown. Here, using deep sequencing and iTRAQ proteomics technologies we first identified 3159 circRNAs, 356 miRNAs, and 755 proteins in the longissimus dorsi tissues from Sichuan white (SCWrabs) and Germany great line ZIKA rabbits (ZIKArabs). Next, we identified 267 circRNAs, 3 miRNAs, and 29 proteins differentially expressed in the muscle tissues of SCWrabs and ZIKArabs. Interaction network analysis revealed some key regulation relationships between noncoding RNAs and proteins that might be associated with the muscle fiber type and meat quality of rabbit. Further, miRNA isoforms and gene variants identified in SCWrabs and ZIKArabs revealed some pathways and biological processes related to the muscle development. This is the first study of noncoding RNA and protein profiles for the two rabbit breeds. It provides a valuable resource for future studies in rabbits and will improve our understanding of the molecular regulation mechanisms in the muscle development of livestock. More importantly, the output of our study will benefit the researchers and producers in the rabbit breeding program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Zhang
- Sichuan Animal Sciences Academy, Chengdu, China.,Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Cuixia Zhang
- Sichuan Animal Sciences Academy, Chengdu, China.,Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Sichuan Animal Sciences Academy, Chengdu, China.,Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Liangde Kuang
- Sichuan Animal Sciences Academy, Chengdu, China.,Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Sichuan Animal Sciences Academy, Chengdu, China.,Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Tang
- Sichuan Animal Sciences Academy, Chengdu, China.,Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Lei
- Sichuan Animal Sciences Academy, Chengdu, China.,Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Congyan Li
- Sichuan Animal Sciences Academy, Chengdu, China.,Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongjun Ren
- Sichuan Animal Sciences Academy, Chengdu, China.,Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiqiang Guo
- Sichuan Animal Sciences Academy, Chengdu, China.,Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Ji
- Sichuan Animal Sciences Academy, Chengdu, China.,Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Dengping Huang
- Sichuan Animal Sciences Academy, Chengdu, China.,Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Gaofu Wang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaohong Xie
- Sichuan Animal Sciences Academy, Chengdu, China.,Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
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55
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The m 6A methyltransferase METTL3 regulates muscle maintenance and growth in mice. Nat Commun 2022; 13:168. [PMID: 35013323 PMCID: PMC8748755 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27848-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle serves fundamental roles in organismal health. Gene expression fluctuations are critical for muscle homeostasis and the response to environmental insults. Yet, little is known about post-transcriptional mechanisms regulating such fluctuations while impacting muscle proteome. Here we report genome-wide analysis of mRNA methyladenosine (m6A) dynamics of skeletal muscle hypertrophic growth following overload-induced stress. We show that increases in METTL3 (the m6A enzyme), and concomitantly m6A, control skeletal muscle size during hypertrophy; exogenous delivery of METTL3 induces skeletal muscle growth, even without external triggers. We also show that METTL3 represses activin type 2 A receptors (ACVR2A) synthesis, blunting activation of anti-hypertrophic signaling. Notably, myofiber-specific conditional genetic deletion of METTL3 caused spontaneous muscle wasting over time and abrogated overload-induced hypertrophy; a phenotype reverted by co-administration of a myostatin inhibitor. These studies identify a previously unrecognized post-transcriptional mechanism promoting the hypertrophic response of skeletal muscle via control of myostatin signaling. Muscle undergoes hypertrophy and atrophy in response to physiological stimuli or in pathological conditions, which is partially controlled through altered gene expression. Here the authors report that m6A methyltransferase METTL3 and mRNA m6A post-transcriptional modifications as a mechanism that regulates muscle hypertrophy and atrophy via myostatin signalling in mice.
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56
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Emmert ME, Aggarwal P, Shay-Winkler K, Lee SJ, Goh Q, Cornwall R. Sex-specific role of myostatin signaling in neonatal muscle growth, denervation atrophy, and neuromuscular contractures. eLife 2022; 11:81121. [PMID: 36314781 PMCID: PMC9873256 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal brachial plexus injury (NBPI) causes disabling and incurable muscle contractures that result from impaired longitudinal growth of denervated muscles. This deficit in muscle growth is driven by increased proteasome-mediated protein degradation, suggesting a dysregulation of muscle proteostasis. The myostatin (MSTN) pathway, a prominent muscle-specific regulator of proteostasis, is a putative signaling mechanism by which neonatal denervation could impair longitudinal muscle growth, and thus a potential target to prevent NBPI-induced contractures. Through a mouse model of NBPI, our present study revealed that pharmacologic inhibition of MSTN signaling induces hypertrophy, restores longitudinal growth, and prevents contractures in denervated muscles of female but not male mice, despite inducing hypertrophy of normally innervated muscles in both sexes. Additionally, the MSTN-dependent impairment of longitudinal muscle growth after NBPI in female mice is associated with perturbation of 20S proteasome activity, but not through alterations in canonical MSTN signaling pathways. These findings reveal a sex dimorphism in the regulation of neonatal longitudinal muscle growth and contractures, thereby providing insights into contracture pathophysiology, identifying a potential muscle-specific therapeutic target for contracture prevention, and underscoring the importance of sex as a biological variable in the pathophysiology of neuromuscular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne E Emmert
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiUnited States
| | - Parul Aggarwal
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiUnited States
| | - Kritton Shay-Winkler
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiUnited States
| | - Se-Jin Lee
- The Jackson LaboratoryFarmingtonUnited States,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of MedicineFarmingtonUnited States
| | - Qingnian Goh
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiUnited States,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiUnited States
| | - Roger Cornwall
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiUnited States,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiUnited States,Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiUnited States,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiUnited States
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57
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Fairman CM, Lønbro S, Cardaci TD, VanderVeen BN, Nilsen TS, Murphy AE. Muscle wasting in cancer: opportunities and challenges for exercise in clinical cancer trials. JCSM RAPID COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 5:52-67. [PMID: 36118249 PMCID: PMC9481195 DOI: 10.1002/rco2.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low muscle in cancer is associated with an increase in treatment-related toxicities and is a predictor of cancer-related and all-cause mortality. The mechanisms of cancer-related muscle loss are multifactorial, including anorexia, hypogonadism, anaemia, inflammation, malnutrition, and aberrations in skeletal muscle protein turnover and metabolism. METHODS In this narrative review, we summarise relevant literature to (i) review the factors influencing skeletal muscle mass regulation, (ii) provide an overview of how cancer/treatments negatively impact these, (iii) review factors beyond muscle signalling that can impact the ability to participate in and respond to an exercise intervention to counteract muscle loss in cancer, and (iv) provide perspectives on critical areas of future research. RESULTS Despite the well-known benefits of exercise, there remains a paucity of clinical evidence supporting the impact of exercise in cancer-related muscle loss. There are numerous challenges to reversing muscle loss with exercise in clinical cancer settings, ranging from the impact of cancer/treatments on the molecular regulation of muscle mass, to clinical challenges in responsiveness to an exercise intervention. For example, tumour-related/treatment-related factors (e.g. nausea, pain, anaemia, and neutropenia), presence of comorbidities (e.g. diabetes, arthritis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), injuries, disease progression and bone metastases, concomitant medications (e.g., metformin), can negatively affect an individual's ability to exercise safely and limit subsequent adaptation. CONCLUSIONS This review identifies numerous gaps and oppportunities in the area of low muscle and muscle loss in cancer. Collaborative efforts between preclinical and clinical researchers are imperative to both understanding the mechanisms of atrophy, and develop appropriate therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciaran M. Fairman
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29033, USA
- Correspondence to: Ciaran Fairman, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29033, USA.
| | - Simon Lønbro
- Department of Public Health, Section for Sports Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas D. Cardaci
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29033, USA
| | - Brandon N. VanderVeen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Tormod S. Nilsen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Angela E. Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
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58
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Esposito P, Picciotto D, Battaglia Y, Costigliolo F, Viazzi F, Verzola D. Myostatin: Basic biology to clinical application. Adv Clin Chem 2022; 106:181-234. [PMID: 35152972 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Myostatin is a member of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β superfamily. It is expressed by animal and human skeletal muscle cells where it limits muscle growth and promotes protein breakdown. Its effects are influenced by complex mechanisms including transcriptional and epigenetic regulation and modulation by extracellular binding proteins. Due to its actions in promoting muscle atrophy and cachexia, myostatin has been investigated as a promising therapeutic target to counteract muscle mass loss in experimental models and patients affected by different muscle-wasting conditions. Moreover, growing evidence indicates that myostatin, beyond to regulate skeletal muscle growth, may have a role in many physiologic and pathologic processes, such as obesity, insulin resistance, cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease. In this chapter, we review myostatin biology, including intracellular and extracellular regulatory pathways, and the role of myostatin in modulating physiologic processes, such as muscle growth and aging. Moreover, we discuss the most relevant experimental and clinical evidence supporting the extra-muscle effects of myostatin. Finally, we consider the main strategies developed and tested to inhibit myostatin in clinical trials and discuss the limits and future perspectives of the research on myostatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Esposito
- Clinica Nefrologica, Dialisi, Trapianto, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy.
| | - Daniela Picciotto
- Clinica Nefrologica, Dialisi, Trapianto, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Yuri Battaglia
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, St. Anna University Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesca Costigliolo
- Clinica Nefrologica, Dialisi, Trapianto, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Viazzi
- Clinica Nefrologica, Dialisi, Trapianto, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Daniela Verzola
- Clinica Nefrologica, Dialisi, Trapianto, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
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59
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Huang XH, Li JL, Li XY, Wang SX, Jiao ZH, Li SQ, Liu J, Ding J. miR-208a in Cardiac Hypertrophy and Remodeling. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:773314. [PMID: 34957257 PMCID: PMC8695683 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.773314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Various stresses, including pressure overload and myocardial stretch, can trigger cardiac remodeling and result in heart diseases. The disorders are associated with high risk of morbidity and mortality and are among the major health problems in the world. MicroRNAs, a class of ~22nt-long small non-coding RNAs, have been found to participate in regulating heart development and function. One of them, miR-208a, a cardiac-specific microRNA, plays key role(s) in modulating gene expression in the heart, and is involved in a broad array of processes in cardiac pathogenesis. Genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of miR-208a in rodents attenuated stress-induced cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling. Transgenic expression of miR-208a in the heart was sufficient to cause hypertrophic growth of cardiomyocytes. miR-208a is also a key regulator of cardiac conduction system, either deletion or transgenic expression of miR-208a disturbed heart electrophysiology and could induce arrhythmias. In addition, miR-208a appeared to assist in regulating the expression of fast- and slow-twitch myofiber genes in the heart. Notably, this heart-specific miRNA could also modulate the “endocrine” function of cardiac muscle and govern the systemic energy homeostasis in the whole body. Despite of the critical roles, the underlying regulatory networks involving miR-208a are still elusive. Here, we summarize the progress made in understanding the function and mechanisms of this important miRNA in the heart, and propose several topics to be resolved as well as the hypothetical answers. We speculate that miR-208a may play diverse and even opposite roles by being involved in distinct molecular networks depending on the contexts. A deeper understanding of the precise mechanisms of its action under the conditions of cardiac homeostasis and diseases is needed. The clinical implications of miR-208a are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Huai Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jia-Lu Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin-Yue Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shu-Xia Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhi-Han Jiao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Si-Qi Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Ding
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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60
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Xu K, Zhou H, Han C, Xu Z, Ding J, Zhu J, Qin C, Luo H, Chen K, Jiang S, Liu J, Zhu W, Meng H. Transcriptomic Analysis of MSTN Knockout in the Early Differentiation of Chicken Fetal Myoblasts. Genes (Basel) 2021; 13:genes13010058. [PMID: 35052399 PMCID: PMC8774668 DOI: 10.3390/genes13010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, Myostatin (MSTN) is a known negative regulator of muscle growth and development, but its role in birds is poorly understood. To investigate the molecular mechanism of MSTN on muscle growth and development in chickens, we knocked out MSTN in chicken fetal myoblasts (CFMs) and sequenced the mRNA transcriptomes. The amplicon sequencing results show that the editing efficiency of the cells was 76%. The transcriptomic results showed that 296 differentially expressed genes were generated after down-regulation of MSTN, including angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE), extracellular fatty acid-binding protein (EXFABP) and troponin T1, slow skeletal type (TNNT1). These genes are closely associated with myoblast differentiation, muscle growth and energy metabolism. Subsequent enrichment analysis showed that DEGs of CFMs were related to MAPK, Pl3K/Akt, and STAT3 signaling pathways. The MAPK and Pl3K/Akt signaling pathways are two of the three known signaling pathways involved in the biological effects of MSTN in mammals, and the STAT3 pathway is also significantly enriched in MSTN knock out chicken leg muscles. The results of this study will help to understand the possible molecular mechanism of MSTN regulating the early differentiation of CFMs and lay a foundation for further research on the molecular mechanism of MSTN involvement in muscle growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (K.X.); (H.Z.); (C.H.); (J.D.); (J.Z.); (C.Q.); (H.L.); (K.C.); (S.J.); (J.L.); (W.Z.)
| | - Hao Zhou
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (K.X.); (H.Z.); (C.H.); (J.D.); (J.Z.); (C.Q.); (H.L.); (K.C.); (S.J.); (J.L.); (W.Z.)
| | - Chengxiao Han
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (K.X.); (H.Z.); (C.H.); (J.D.); (J.Z.); (C.Q.); (H.L.); (K.C.); (S.J.); (J.L.); (W.Z.)
| | - Zhong Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China;
| | - Jinmei Ding
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (K.X.); (H.Z.); (C.H.); (J.D.); (J.Z.); (C.Q.); (H.L.); (K.C.); (S.J.); (J.L.); (W.Z.)
| | - Jianshen Zhu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (K.X.); (H.Z.); (C.H.); (J.D.); (J.Z.); (C.Q.); (H.L.); (K.C.); (S.J.); (J.L.); (W.Z.)
| | - Chao Qin
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (K.X.); (H.Z.); (C.H.); (J.D.); (J.Z.); (C.Q.); (H.L.); (K.C.); (S.J.); (J.L.); (W.Z.)
| | - Huaixi Luo
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (K.X.); (H.Z.); (C.H.); (J.D.); (J.Z.); (C.Q.); (H.L.); (K.C.); (S.J.); (J.L.); (W.Z.)
| | - Kangchun Chen
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (K.X.); (H.Z.); (C.H.); (J.D.); (J.Z.); (C.Q.); (H.L.); (K.C.); (S.J.); (J.L.); (W.Z.)
| | - Shengyao Jiang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (K.X.); (H.Z.); (C.H.); (J.D.); (J.Z.); (C.Q.); (H.L.); (K.C.); (S.J.); (J.L.); (W.Z.)
| | - Jiajia Liu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (K.X.); (H.Z.); (C.H.); (J.D.); (J.Z.); (C.Q.); (H.L.); (K.C.); (S.J.); (J.L.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wenqi Zhu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (K.X.); (H.Z.); (C.H.); (J.D.); (J.Z.); (C.Q.); (H.L.); (K.C.); (S.J.); (J.L.); (W.Z.)
| | - He Meng
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (K.X.); (H.Z.); (C.H.); (J.D.); (J.Z.); (C.Q.); (H.L.); (K.C.); (S.J.); (J.L.); (W.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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Gender-Specific Behaviour in Obesity Stages I-II: Imbalance of Aminothiol Status and Adipomyokine Profile in Subjects with Different Insulin Resistance Severity. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:9713582. [PMID: 34868459 PMCID: PMC8635872 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9713582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The hyperproduction of oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers, which is paralleled by decreased levels of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mediators, is part of cellular mechanisms that contribute to the disruption of metabolic homeostasis in obesity. Whether gender-specific alterations and gender-restricted associations in these biomarkers underlie the increased cardiometabolic risk in men compared to women is unclear. We enrolled 31 women and 29 men, aged ≥50 and ≤70 years and with body mass index ≥ 30 and <40 kg/m2. We assessed the concentrations of aminothiols (cysteine, homocysteine, and glutathione), expression of oxidant/antioxidant balance, adipomyokines (leptin, adiponectin, myostatin, and interleukin-6), markers of chronic inflammation, and vitamin D, an index of nutritional state, in plasma and serum samples by using HPLC, ELISA, and chemiluminescent immunoassay methods. We measured insulin resistance (IR) by the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index. Despite comparable levels of visceral adiposity, IR, and a similar dietary regimen, men showed, with respect to women, higher oxidant concentrations and lower antioxidant levels, which paralleled IR severity. Myostatin levels correlated with prooxidant aminothiols among men only. Gender-specific alterations in aminothiol status and adipomyokine profile and the gender-restricted association between these biomarkers and metabolic derangement are consistent with an increased cardiometabolic risk in men compared to age-matched women with stage I-II obesity. Strict control of redox and inflammatory status, even addressing gender-specific nutritional targets, may be useful to prevent obesity-related metabolic alterations and comorbidities.
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Upadhaya SD, Chung TK, Jung YJ, Kim IH. Dietary 25(OH)D3 supplementation to gestating and lactating sows and their progeny affects growth performance, carcass characteristics, blood profiles and myogenic regulatory factor- related gene expression in wean-finish pigs. Anim Biosci 2021; 35:461-474. [PMID: 34727644 PMCID: PMC8902224 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This experiment investigated the effects of supplementing vitamin D3-fortified sow and progeny diets with 25(OH)D3 on growth performance, carcass characteristics, immunity, and pork meat quality. Methods The present study involved the assessment of supplementing the diet of sows and their progeny with or without 25 (OH)D3 in a 2×2 factorial arrangement on the performance and production characteristics of wean-finish pigs. Forty-eight multiparous sows were assigned to a basal diet containing 2000 IU/kg vitamin D3 and supplemented without (CON) or with (TRT) 50 μg/kg 25 (OH)D3. At weaning, a total of 80 pigs each from CON and TRT sows were allocated to weaning and growing-finishing basal diets fortified with 2,500 and 1,750 IU/kg vitamin D3 respectively and supplemented without or with 50 μg/kg 25(OH)D3. Results Sows fed 25(OH)D3-supplemented diets improved pre-weaning growth rate of nursing piglets. A significant sow and pig weaning diet effect was observed for growth rate and feed efficiency (p<0.05) during days 1 to 42 post-weaning. Pigs consuming 25(OH)D3-supplemented diets gained weight faster (p = 0.016), ate more (p = 0.044) and tended to convert feed to gain more efficiently (p = 0.088) than those fed CON diet between days 98 and 140 post-weaning. Supplemental 25(OH)D3 improved water holding capacity and reduced drip loss of pork meat, increased serum 25(OH)D3 level, produced higher interleukin-1 and lower interleukin-6 concentrations in blood circulation, downregulated myostatin (MSTN) and upregulated myogenic differentiation (MYOD) and myogenic factor 5 (MYF5) gene expressions (p<0.05). Conclusion Supplementing vitamin D3-fortified sow and wean-finish pig diets with 50 μg/kg 25(OH)D3 significantly improved production performance suggesting their current dietary vitamin D3 levels are insufficient. In fulfilling the total need for vitamin D, it is strongly recommended to add 50 μg/kg 25(OH)D3 “on top” to practical vitamin D3-fortified sow and wean-finish pig diets deployed under commercial conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santi Devi Upadhaya
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Korea
| | - Thau Kiong Chung
- DSM Nutritional Products Asia Pacific, Mapletree Business City, Singapore 117440, MapleTree Business City, Singapore
| | - Yeon Jae Jung
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Korea
| | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Korea
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Molecular Mechanisms of Muscle Fatigue. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111587. [PMID: 34769017 PMCID: PMC8584022 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle fatigue (MF) declines the capacity of muscles to complete a task over time at a constant load. MF is usually short-lasting, reversible, and is experienced as a feeling of tiredness or lack of energy. The leading causes of short-lasting fatigue are related to overtraining, undertraining/deconditioning, or physical injury. Conversely, MF can be persistent and more serious when associated with pathological states or following chronic exposure to certain medication or toxic composites. In conjunction with chronic fatigue, the muscle feels floppy, and the force generated by muscles is always low, causing the individual to feel frail constantly. The leading cause underpinning the development of chronic fatigue is related to muscle wasting mediated by aging, immobilization, insulin resistance (through high-fat dietary intake or pharmacologically mediated Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) agonism), diseases associated with systemic inflammation (arthritis, sepsis, infections, trauma, cardiovascular and respiratory disorders (heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD))), chronic kidney failure, muscle dystrophies, muscle myopathies, multiple sclerosis, and, more recently, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The primary outcome of displaying chronic muscle fatigue is a poor quality of life. This type of fatigue represents a significant daily challenge for those affected and for the national health authorities through the financial burden attached to patient support. Although the origin of chronic fatigue is multifactorial, the MF in illness conditions is intrinsically linked to the occurrence of muscle loss. The sequence of events leading to chronic fatigue can be schematically denoted as: trigger (genetic or pathological) -> molecular outcome within the muscle cell -> muscle wasting -> loss of muscle function -> occurrence of chronic muscle fatigue. The present review will only highlight and discuss current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms that contribute to the upregulation of muscle wasting, thereby helping us understand how we could prevent or treat this debilitating condition.
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Masuzawa R, Takahashi K, Takano K, Nishino I, Sakai T, Endo T. DA-Raf and the MEK inhibitor trametinib reverse skeletal myocyte differentiation inhibition or muscle atrophy caused by myostatin and GDF11 through the non-Smad Ras-ERK pathway. J Biochem 2021; 171:109-122. [PMID: 34676394 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Myostatin (Mstn) and GDF11 are critical factors that are involved in muscle atrophy in the young and sarcopenia in the elderly, respectively. These TGF-β superfamily proteins activate not only Smad signaling but also non-Smad signaling including the Ras-mediated ERK pathway (Raf-MEK-ERK phosphorylation cascade). Although Mstn and GDF11 have been shown to induce muscle atrophy or sarcopenia by Smad2/3-mediated Akt inhibition, participation of the non-Smad Ras-ERK pathway in atrophy and sarcopenia has not been well determined. We show here that both Mstn and GDF11 prevented skeletal myocyte differentiation but that the MEK inhibitor U0126 or trametinib restored differentiation in Mstn- or GDF11-treated myocytes. These MEK inhibitors induced the expression of DA-Raf1 (DA-Raf), which is a dominant-negative antagonist of the Ras-ERK pathway. Exogenous expression of DA-Raf in Mstn- or GDF11-treated myocytes restored differentiation. Furthermore, administration of trametinib to aged mice resulted in an increase in myofiber size, or recovery from muscle atrophy. The trametinib administration downregulated ERK activity in these muscles. These results imply that the Mstn/GDF11-induced Ras-ERK pathway plays critical roles in the inhibition of myocyte differentiation and muscle regeneration, which leads to muscle atrophy. Trametinib and similar approved drugs might be applicable to the treatment of muscle atrophy in sarcopenia or cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Masuzawa
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Inageku, Chiba, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Kazuya Takahashi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Inageku, Chiba, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Kazunori Takano
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Inageku, Chiba, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Ichizo Nishino
- Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sakai
- Drug Discovery Center and Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Takeshi Endo
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Inageku, Chiba, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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Skrzypczak D, Skrzypczak-Zielińska M, Ratajczak AE, Szymczak-Tomczak A, Eder P, Słomski R, Dobrowolska A, Krela-Kaźmierczak I. Myostatin and Follistatin-New Kids on the Block in the Diagnosis of Sarcopenia in IBD and Possible Therapeutic Implications. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101301. [PMID: 34680417 PMCID: PMC8533148 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia, which is a decrease in muscle strength and quality of muscle tissue, is a common disorder among patients suffering from inflammatory bowel disease. This particular group of patients often presents with malnutrition and shows low physical activity, which increases the risk of sarcopenia. Another important factor in the development of sarcopenia is an imbalanced ratio of myostatin and follistatin, which may stem from inflammation as well as genetic factors. Currently, research in this area continues, and is aimed at identifying an effective medication for the treatment of this condition. Additionally, we still have no sarcopenia markers that can be used for diagnosis. In this paper, we address the role of myostatin and follistatin as potential markers in the diagnosis of sarcopenia in patients with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, particularly in view of the genetic and biological aspects. We also present data on new perspectives in the pharmacotherapy of sarcopenia (i.e., myostatin inhibitors and gene therapy). Nevertheless, knowledge is still scarce about the roles of follistatin and myostatin in sarcopenia development among patients suffering from inflammatory bowel disease, which warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Skrzypczak
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego Street 49, 60-355 Poznan, Poland; (A.E.R.); (A.S.-T.); (P.E.); (A.D.)
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (I.K.-K.); Tel.: +48-618691343 (D.S.); +48-601-256-715 (I.K.-K.); Fax: +48-8691-314 (I.K.-K.)
| | - Marzena Skrzypczak-Zielińska
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences Poznan, Strzeszynska Street 32, 60-479 Poznan, Poland; (M.S.-Z.); (R.S.)
| | - Alicja Ewa Ratajczak
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego Street 49, 60-355 Poznan, Poland; (A.E.R.); (A.S.-T.); (P.E.); (A.D.)
| | - Aleksandra Szymczak-Tomczak
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego Street 49, 60-355 Poznan, Poland; (A.E.R.); (A.S.-T.); (P.E.); (A.D.)
| | - Piotr Eder
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego Street 49, 60-355 Poznan, Poland; (A.E.R.); (A.S.-T.); (P.E.); (A.D.)
| | - Ryszard Słomski
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences Poznan, Strzeszynska Street 32, 60-479 Poznan, Poland; (M.S.-Z.); (R.S.)
| | - Agnieszka Dobrowolska
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego Street 49, 60-355 Poznan, Poland; (A.E.R.); (A.S.-T.); (P.E.); (A.D.)
| | - Iwona Krela-Kaźmierczak
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego Street 49, 60-355 Poznan, Poland; (A.E.R.); (A.S.-T.); (P.E.); (A.D.)
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (I.K.-K.); Tel.: +48-618691343 (D.S.); +48-601-256-715 (I.K.-K.); Fax: +48-8691-314 (I.K.-K.)
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Baek KW, Jung YK, Park JS, Kim JS, Hah YS, Kim SJ, Yoo JI. Two Types of Mouse Models for Sarcopenia Research: Senescence Acceleration and Genetic Modification Models. J Bone Metab 2021; 28:179-191. [PMID: 34520651 PMCID: PMC8441530 DOI: 10.11005/jbm.2021.28.3.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia leads to loss of skeletal muscle mass, quality, and strength due to aging; it was recently given a disease code (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification, M62.84). As a result, in recent years, sarcopenia-related research has increased. In addition, various studies seeking to prevent and treat sarcopenia by identifying the various mechanisms related to the reduction of skeletal muscle properties have been conducted. Previous studies have identified muscle synthesis and breakdown; investigating them has generated evidence for preventing and treating sarcopenia. Mouse models are still the most useful ones for determining mechanisms underlying sarcopenia through correlations and interventions involving specific genes and their phenotypes. Mouse models used to study sarcopenia often induce muscle atrophy by hindlimb unloading, denervation, or immobilization. Though it is less frequently used, the senescence-accelerated mouse can also be useful for sarcopenia research. Herein, we discuss cases where senescence-accelerated and genetically engineered mouse models were used in sarcopenia research and different perspectives to use them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Wan Baek
- Department of Physical Education, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Youn-Kwan Jung
- Biomedical Research Institute, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Jin Sung Park
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea
| | - Ji-Seok Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Young-Sool Hah
- Biomedical Research Institute, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - So-Jeong Kim
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Jun-Il Yoo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
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Ahmad SS, Ahmad K, Lee EJ, Shaikh S, Choi I. Computational Identification of Dithymoquinone as a Potential Inhibitor of Myostatin and Regulator of Muscle Mass. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175407. [PMID: 34500839 PMCID: PMC8434277 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The skeletal muscle (SM) is the largest organ in the body and has tremendous regenerative power due to its myogenic stem cell population. Myostatin (MSTN), a protein produced by SM, is released into the bloodstream and is responsible for age-related reduced muscle fiber development. The objective of this study was to identify the natural compounds that inhibit MSTN with therapeutic potential for the management of age-related disorders, specifically muscle atrophy and sarcopenia. Sequential screening of 2000 natural compounds was performed, and dithymoquinone (DTQ) was found to inhibit MSTN with a binding free energy of −7.40 kcal/mol. Furthermore, the docking results showed that DTQ reduced the binding interaction between MSTN and its receptor, activin receptor type-2B (ActR2B). The global energy of MSTN-ActR2B was found to be reduced from −47.75 to −40.45 by DTQ. The stability of the DTQ–MSTN complex was subjected to a molecular dynamics analysis for up to 100 ns to check the stability of the complex using RMSD, RMSF, Rg, SASA, and H-bond number. The complex was found to be stable after 10 ns to the end of the simulation. These results suggest that DTQ blocks MSTN signaling through ActR2B and that it has potential use as a muscle growth-promoting agent during the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Sayeed Ahmad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea; (S.S.A.); (K.A.); (E.J.L.); (S.S.)
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
| | - Khurshid Ahmad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea; (S.S.A.); (K.A.); (E.J.L.); (S.S.)
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
| | - Eun Ju Lee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea; (S.S.A.); (K.A.); (E.J.L.); (S.S.)
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
| | - Sibhghatulla Shaikh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea; (S.S.A.); (K.A.); (E.J.L.); (S.S.)
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
| | - Inho Choi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea; (S.S.A.); (K.A.); (E.J.L.); (S.S.)
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +82-538104769
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Yan Z, Yan Z, Liu S, Yin Y, Yang T, Chen Q. Regulative Mechanism of Guanidinoacetic Acid on Skeletal Muscle Development and Its Application Prospects in Animal Husbandry: A Review. Front Nutr 2021; 8:714567. [PMID: 34458310 PMCID: PMC8387576 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.714567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanidinoacetic acid is the direct precursor of creatine and its phosphorylated derivative phosphocreatine in the body. It is a safe nutritional supplement that can be used to promote muscle growth and development. Improving the growth performance of livestock and poultry and meat quality is the eternal goal of the animal husbandry, and it is also the common demand of today's society and consumers. A large number of experimental studies have shown that guanidinoacetic acid could improve the growth performance of animals, promote muscle development and improve the health of animals. However, the mechanism of how it affects muscle development needs to be further elucidated. This article discusses the physical and chemical properties of guanidinoacetic acid and its synthesis pathway, explores its mechanism of how it promotes muscle development and growth, and also classifies and summarizes the impact of its application in animal husbandry, providing a scientific basis for this application. In addition, this article also proposes future directions for the development of this substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoming Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhaoyue Yan
- Chemistry Department, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Shuangli Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yunju Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Tai Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Qinghua Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
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Jayawardena TU, Kim SY, Jeon YJ. Sarcopenia; functional concerns, molecular mechanisms involved, and seafood as a nutritional intervention - review article. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:1983-2003. [PMID: 34459311 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1969889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The fundamental basis for the human function is provided by skeletal muscle. Advancing age causes selective fiber atrophy, motor unit loss, and hybrid fiber formation resulting in hampered mass and strength, thus referred to as sarcopenia. Influence on the loss of independence of aged adults, contribute toward inclined healthcare costs conveys the injurious impact. The current understating of age-related skeletal muscle changes are addressed in this review, and further discusses mechanisms regulating protein turnover, although they do not completely define the process yet. Moreover, the reduced capacity of muscle regeneration due to impairment of satellite cell activation and proliferation with neuronal, immunological, hormonal factors were brought into the light of attention. Nevertheless, complete understating of sarcopenia requires disentangling it from disuse and disease. Nutritional intervention is considered a potentially preventable factor contributing to sarcopenia. Seafood is a crucial player in the fight against hunger and malnutrition, where it consists of macro and micronutrients. Hence, the review shed light on seafood as a nutritional intrusion in the treatment and prevention of sarcopenia. Understanding multiple factors will provide therapeutic targets in the prevention, treatment, and overcoming adverse effects of sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilina U Jayawardena
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Young Kim
- Division of Practical Application, Honam National Institute of Biological Resources, Mokpo-si, Korea
| | - You-Jin Jeon
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea.,Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Jeju Self-Governing Province, Republic of Korea
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Interaction of Fibromodulin and Myostatin to Regulate Skeletal Muscle Aging: An Opposite Regulation in Muscle Aging, Diabetes, and Intracellular Lipid Accumulation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082083. [PMID: 34440852 PMCID: PMC8393414 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate fibromodulin (FMOD) and myostatin (MSTN) gene expressions during skeletal muscle aging and to understand their involvements in this process. The expressions of genes related to muscle aging (Atrogin 1 and Glb1), diabetes (RAGE and CD163), and lipid accumulation (CD36 and PPARγ) and those of FMOD and MSTN were examined in CTX-injected, aged, MSTN−/−, and high-fat diet (HFD) mice and in C2C12 myoblasts treated with ceramide or grown under adipogenic conditions. Results from CTX-injected mice and gene knockdown experiments in C2C12 cells suggested the involvement of FMOD during muscle regeneration and myoblast proliferation and differentiation. Downregulation of the FMOD gene in MSTN−/− mice, and MSTN upregulation and FMOD downregulation in FMOD and MSTN knockdown C2C12 cells, respectively, during their differentiation, suggested FMOD negatively regulates MSTN gene expression, and MSTN positively regulates FMOD gene expression. The results of our in vivo and in vitro experiments indicate FMOD inhibits muscle aging by negatively regulating MSTN gene expression or by suppressing the action of MSTN protein, and that MSTN promotes muscle aging by positively regulating the expressions of Atrogin1, CD36, and PPARγ genes in muscle.
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Local versus systemic control of bone and skeletal muscle mass by components of the transforming growth factor-β signaling pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2111401118. [PMID: 34385332 PMCID: PMC8379946 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2111401118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle and bone homeostasis are regulated by members of the myostatin/GDF-11/activin branch of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily, which share many regulatory components, including inhibitory extracellular binding proteins and receptors that mediate signaling. Here, we present the results of genetic studies demonstrating a critical role for the binding protein follistatin (FST) in regulating both skeletal muscle and bone. Using an allelic series corresponding to varying expression levels of endogenous Fst, we show that FST acts in an exquisitely dose-dependent manner to regulate both muscle mass and bone density. Moreover, by employing a genetic strategy to target Fst expression only in the posterior (caudal) region of the animal, we show that the effects of Fst loss are mostly restricted to the posterior region, implying that locally produced FST plays a much more important role than circulating FST with respect to regulation of muscle and bone. Finally, we show that targeting receptors for these ligands specifically in osteoblasts leads to dramatic increases in bone mass, with trabecular bone volume fraction being increased by 12- to 13-fold and bone mineral density being increased by 8- to 9-fold in humeri, femurs, and lumbar vertebrae. These findings demonstrate that bone, like muscle, has an enormous inherent capacity for growth that is normally kept in check by this signaling system and suggest that the extent to which this regulatory mechanism may be used throughout the body to regulate tissue mass may be more significant than previously appreciated.
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72
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Natural Compounds Attenuate Denervation-Induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158310. [PMID: 34361076 PMCID: PMC8348757 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The weight of skeletal muscle accounts for approximately 40% of the whole weight in a healthy individual, and the normal metabolism and motor function of the muscle are indispensable for healthy life. In addition, the skeletal muscle of the maxillofacial region plays an important role not only in eating and swallowing, but also in communication, such as facial expressions and conversations. In recent years, skeletal muscle atrophy has received worldwide attention as a serious health problem. However, the mechanism of skeletal muscle atrophy that has been clarified at present is insufficient, and a therapeutic method against skeletal muscle atrophy has not been established. This review provides views on the importance of skeletal muscle in the maxillofacial region and explains the differences between skeletal muscles in the maxillofacial region and other regions. We summarize the findings to change in gene expression in muscle remodeling and emphasize the advantages and disadvantages of denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy model. Finally, we discuss the newly discovered beneficial effects of natural compounds on skeletal muscle atrophy.
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73
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He S, Fu T, Yu Y, Liang Q, Li L, Liu J, Zhang X, Zhou Q, Guo Q, Xu D, Chen Y, Wang X, Chen Y, Liu J, Gan Z, Liu Y. IRE1α regulates skeletal muscle regeneration through Myostatin mRNA decay. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:143737. [PMID: 34283807 PMCID: PMC8409588 DOI: 10.1172/jci143737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle can undergo a regenerative process from injury or disease to preserve muscle mass and function, which is critically influenced by cellular stress responses. Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) is an ancient endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress sensor and mediates a key branch of the unfolded protein response (UPR). In mammals, IRE1α is implicated in the homeostatic control of stress responses during tissue injury and regeneration. Here, we show that IRE1α serves as a myogenic regulator in skeletal muscle regeneration in response to injury and muscular dystrophy. We found in mice that IRE1α was activated during injury-induced muscle regeneration, and muscle-specific IRE1α ablation resulted in impaired regeneration upon cardiotoxin-induced injury. Gain- and loss-of-function studies in myocytes demonstrated that IRE1αacts to sustain both differentiation in myoblasts and hypertrophy in myotubes through regulated IRE1-dependent decay (RIDD) of mRNA encoding Myostatin, a key negative regulator of muscle repair and growth. Furthermore, in the mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), loss of muscle IRE1α resulted in augmented Myostatin signaling and exacerbated the dystrophic phenotypes. Thus, these results reveal a pivotal role for the RIDD output of IRE1α in muscle regeneration, offering new insight into potential therapeutic strategies for muscle loss diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengqi He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, The Institute for Advanced Studies, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Department of Spine Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Division of Ophthalmology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qinhao Liang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, The Institute for Advanced Studies, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Luyao Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, The Institute for Advanced Studies, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Department of Spine Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, The Institute for Advanced Studies, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Department of Spine Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiqi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Department of Spine Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dengqiu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Department of Spine Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, The Institute for Advanced Studies, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yulin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jianmiao Liu
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenji Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Department of Spine Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, The Institute for Advanced Studies, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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74
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Welsh BT, Cote SM, Meshulam D, Jackson J, Pal A, Lansita J, Kalra A. Preclinical Safety Assessment and Toxicokinetics of Apitegromab, an Antibody Targeting Proforms of Myostatin for the Treatment of Muscle-Atrophying Disease. Int J Toxicol 2021; 40:322-336. [PMID: 34255983 PMCID: PMC8326894 DOI: 10.1177/10915818211025477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Myostatin is a negative regulator of skeletal muscle and has become a therapeutic target for muscle atrophying disorders. Although previous inhibitors of myostatin offered promising preclinical data, these therapies demonstrated a lack of specificity toward myostatin signaling and have shown limited success in the clinic. Apitegromab is a fully human, monoclonal antibody that binds to human promyostatin and latent myostatin with a high degree of specificity, without binding mature myostatin and other closely related growth factors. To support the clinical development of apitegromab, we present data from a comprehensive preclinical assessment of its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and safety across multiple species. In vitro studies confirmed the ability of apitegromab to inhibit the activation of promyostatin. Toxicology studies in monkeys for 4 weeks and in adult rats for up to 26 weeks showed that weekly intravenous administration of apitegromab achieved sustained serum exposure and target engagement and was well-tolerated, with no treatment-related adverse findings at the highest doses tested of up to 100 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg in monkeys and rats, respectively. Additionally, results from an 8-week juvenile rat study showed no adverse effects on any endpoint, including neurodevelopmental, motor, and reproductive outcomes at 300 mg/kg administered weekly IV. In summary, the nonclinical pharmacology, pharmacokinetic, and toxicology data demonstrate that apitegromab is a selective inhibitor of proforms of myostatin that does not exhibit toxicities observed with other myostatin pathway inhibitors. These data support the conduct of ongoing clinical studies of apitegromab in adult and pediatric patients with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ajai Pal
- Scholar Rock, Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
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75
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Vilchinskaya NA, Shenkman BS. Myosatellite Cells under Gravitational Unloading Conditions. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093021040098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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76
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Li M, Tang X, You W, Wang Y, Chen Y, Liu Y, Yuan H, Gao C, Chen X, Xiao Z, Ouyang H, Pang D. HMEJ-mediated site-specific integration of a myostatin inhibitor increases skeletal muscle mass in porcine. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 26:49-62. [PMID: 34513293 PMCID: PMC8411015 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
As a robust antagonist of myostatin (MSTN), follistatin (FST) is an important regulator of skeletal muscle development, and the delivery of FST to muscle tissue represents a potential therapeutic strategy for muscular dystrophies. The N terminus and FSI domain of FST are the functional domains for MSTN binding. Here, we aimed to achieve site-specific integration of FSI-I-I, including the signal peptide, N terminus, and three FSI domains, into the last codon of the porcine MSTN gene using a homology-mediated end joining (HMEJ)-based strategy mediated by CRISPR-Cas9. Based on somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technology, we successfully obtained FSI-I-I knockin pigs. H&E staining of longissimus dorsi and gastrocnemius cross-sections showed larger myofiber sizes in FSI-I-I knockin pigs than in controls. Moreover, the Smad and Erk pathways were inhibited, whereas the PI3k/Akt pathway was activated in FSI-I-I knockin pigs. In addition, the levels of MyoD, Myf5, and MyoG transcription were upregulated while that of MRF4 was downregulated in FSI-I-I knockin pigs. These results indicate that the FSI-I-I gene mediates skeletal muscle hypertrophy through an MSTN-related signaling pathway and the expression of myogenic regulatory factors. Overall, FSI-I-I knockin pigs with hypertrophic muscle tissue hold great promise as a therapeutic model for human muscular dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjing Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 130062 Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaochun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 130062 Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenni You
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 130062 Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanbing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 130062 Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiwu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 130062 Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 130062 Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 130062 Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 130062 Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 130062 Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 130062 Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 130062 Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China,Corresponding author: Hongsheng Ouyang, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 130062 Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China.
| | - Daxin Pang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 130062 Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China,Corresponding author: Daxin Pang, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 130062 Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China.
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77
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Kao BR, Malerba A, Lu-Nguyen NB, Harish P, McCarthy JJ, Dickson G, Popplewell LJ. Knockdown of Muscle-Specific Ribosomal Protein L3-Like Enhances Muscle Function in Healthy and Dystrophic Mice. Nucleic Acid Ther 2021; 31:457-464. [PMID: 34081545 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2020.0928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosomal protein L3-like (RPL3L) is a poorly characterized ribosomal protein that is exclusively expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscle. RPL3L is also downregulated in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), suggesting that it may play an important role in muscle biology. In this study, we investigated the role of RPL3L in skeletal muscle of healthy C57 and dystrophic mdx mice. We show that RPL3L is developmentally regulated and that intramuscular adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated RPL3L knockdown in the tibialis anterior of C57 and mdx mice results in increased specific force with improved resistance to eccentric contraction induced muscle damage in dystrophic muscles. The mechanism by which RPL3L knockdown improves muscle function remains unclear. Histological observations showed a significant increase in muscle length and decrease in muscle cross-sectional area after RPL3L inhibition suggesting that this ribosomal protein may play a role in myofiber morphology. The endogenous downregulation of RPL3L in DMD may be a protective mechanism that attempts to improve skeletal muscle function and counteract the dystrophic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty R Kao
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and the Environment, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Malerba
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and the Environment, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
| | - Ngoc B Lu-Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and the Environment, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
| | - Pradeep Harish
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and the Environment, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
| | - John J McCarthy
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - George Dickson
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and the Environment, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
| | - Linda J Popplewell
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and the Environment, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
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78
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Peng L, Gagliano-Jucá T, Pencina KM, Krishnan S, Li Z, Tracy RP, Jasuja R, Bhasin S. Age Trends in Growth and Differentiation Factor-11 and Myostatin Levels in Healthy Men, Measured Using Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Differential Response to Testosterone. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 77:763-769. [PMID: 34037752 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glab146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth and differentiation factor (GDF)-11 controls embryonic development and has been proposed as an anti-aging factor. GDF-8 (myostatin) inhibits skeletal muscle growth. Difficulties in accurately measuring circulating GDF-11 and GDF-8 have generated controversy. METHODS We developed a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous measurement of circulating GDF-8 and GDF-11 that employs denaturation, reduction and alkylation; cation-exchange solid-phase extraction; tryptic digestion; followed by separation and quantification using two signature peptides for MRM and C-terminal [ 13C6 15N4]-Arg peptides as internal standards. We evaluated age trends in serum GDF-11 and GDF-8 concentrations in community-dwelling healthy men, 19 years or older and determined the effects of graded testosterone doses on GDF-8 and GDF-11 concentrations in healthy men in a randomized trial. RESULTS The assay demonstrated linearity over a wide range, lower limit of quantitation 0.5 ng/mL for both proteins, and excellent precision, accuracy, and specificity (no detectable cross-reactivity of GDF-8 in GDF-11 assay or of GDF-11 in GDF-8 assay). Mean±SD (median±1QR) GDF-8 and GDF-11 levels in healthy community-dwelling men, 19 years and older, were 7.2±1.9 (6.8±1.4) ng/mL. Neither GDF-8 nor GDF-11 levels were related to age or body composition. Testosterone treatment significantly increased serum GDF-8 but not GDF-11 levels. CONCLUSIONS The LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous measurement of circulating total GDF-8 and GDF-11 demonstrates the characteristics of a valid assay. Testosterone treatment increased GDF-8 levels, but not GDF-11. Increase in GDF-8 levels by testosterone treatment which increased muscle mass, suggests that GDF-8 acts as a chalone to restrain muscle growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Peng
- Brigham Research Assay Core Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Thiago Gagliano-Jucá
- Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Karol M Pencina
- Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Zhuoying Li
- Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Russell P Tracy
- Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Ravi Jasuja
- Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Shalender Bhasin
- Brigham Research Assay Core Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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79
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Lee SJ. Targeting the myostatin signaling pathway to treat muscle loss and metabolic dysfunction. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:148372. [PMID: 33938454 DOI: 10.1172/jci148372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of myostatin (MSTN; also known as GDF-8) as a critical regulator of skeletal muscle mass in 1997, there has been an extensive effort directed at understanding the cellular and physiological mechanisms underlying MSTN activity, with the long-term goal of developing strategies and agents capable of blocking MSTN signaling to treat patients with muscle loss. Considerable progress has been made in elucidating key components of this regulatory system, and in parallel with this effort has been the development of numerous biologics that have been tested in clinical trials for a wide range of indications, including muscular dystrophy, sporadic inclusion body myositis, spinal muscular atrophy, cachexia, muscle loss due to aging or following falls, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. Here, I review what is known about the MSTN regulatory system and the current state of efforts to target this pathway for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Jin Lee
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.,University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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80
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Omosule CL, Gremminger VL, Aguillard AM, Jeong Y, Harrelson EN, Miloscio L, Mastaitis J, Rafique A, Kleiner S, Pfeiffer FM, Zhang A, Schulz LC, Phillips CL. Impact of Genetic and Pharmacologic Inhibition of Myostatin in a Murine Model of Osteogenesis Imperfecta. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:739-756. [PMID: 33249643 PMCID: PMC8111798 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a genetic connective tissue disorder characterized by compromised skeletal integrity, altered microarchitecture, and bone fragility. Current OI treatment strategies focus on bone antiresorptives and surgical intervention with limited effectiveness, and thus identifying alternative therapeutic options remains critical. Muscle is an important stimulus for bone formation. Myostatin, a TGF-β superfamily myokine, acts through ActRIIB to negatively regulate muscle growth. Recent studies demonstrated the potential benefit of myostatin inhibition with the soluble ActRIIB fusion protein on skeletal properties, although various OI mouse models exhibited variable skeletal responses. The genetic and clinical heterogeneity associated with OI, the lack of specificity of the ActRIIB decoy molecule for myostatin alone, and adverse events in human clinical trials further the need to clarify myostatin's therapeutic potential and role in skeletal integrity. In this study, we determined musculoskeletal outcomes of genetic myostatin deficiency and postnatal pharmacological myostatin inhibition by a monoclonal anti-myostatin antibody (Regn647) in the G610C mouse, a model of mild-moderate type I/IV human OI. In the postnatal study, 5-week-old wild-type and +/G610C male and female littermates were treated with Regn647 or a control antibody for 11 weeks or for 7 weeks followed by a 4-week treatment holiday. Inhibition of myostatin, whether genetically or pharmacologically, increased muscle mass regardless of OI genotype, although to varying degrees. Genetic myostatin deficiency increased hindlimb muscle weights by 6.9% to 34.4%, whereas pharmacological inhibition increased them by 13.5% to 29.6%. Female +/mstn +/G610C (Dbl.Het) mice tended to have similar trabecular and cortical bone parameters as Wt showing reversal of +/G610C characteristics but with minimal effect of +/mstn occurring in male mice. Pharmacologic myostatin inhibition failed to improve skeletal bone properties of male or female +/G610C mice, although skeletal microarchitectural and biomechanical improvements were observed in male wild-type mice. Four-week treatment holiday did not alter skeletal outcomes. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Youngjae Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Emily N Harrelson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Ferris M Pfeiffer
- Department of Biomedical, Biological, and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Anqing Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics and Research Design, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Laura C Schulz
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Charlotte L Phillips
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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81
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Yan X, Niu Q, Gao X, Shen S, He N, Wang H, Fang R, Gao Y, Chang H. Differential Protein Metabolism and Regeneration in Gastrocnemius Muscles in High-fat Diet Fed Mice and Pre-hibernation Daurian Ground Squirrels: A Comparison between Pathological and Healthy Obesity. Zool Stud 2021; 60:e6. [PMID: 34386092 PMCID: PMC8315926 DOI: 10.6620/zs.2021.60-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We focused on pathological obesity induced by excessive fat intake (nutritional obesity) in non-hibernator and healthy obesity due to pre-hibernation (PRE) fat storage in hibernator to study the effects of different types of obesity on skeletal muscle protein metabolism and cell regeneration. Kunming mice were fed with high-fat diet for 3 months to construct a pathological obesity model. Daurian ground squirrels fattened naturally before hibernation were used as a healthy obesity model. Body weight, adipose tissue wet weight, gastrocnemius muscle wet weight, muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) and fiber type distribution were measured. The protein expression levels related to protein degradation (MuRF-1, atrogin-1, calpain1, calpain2, calpastatin, desmin, troponin T, Beclin-1, LC3-II), protein synthesis (P-Akt, P-mTORC1, P-S6K1, P-4E-BP1) and cell regeneration (MyoD, myogenin, myostatin) were detected by Western blot. As a result, the body weight and adipose tissue wet weight were both significantly increased in high fat obese (OB) mice and pre-hibernation fat (PRE) ground squirrels. The muscle wet weight, ratio of muscle wet weight to body weight, and muscle fiber CSA were significantly decreased, while the percentage of MHC I fiber isoform was significantly increased in gastrocnemius muscle of OB mice compared with the control (CON) group. The protein expression levels of P-Akt, P-mTORC1, P-4E-BP1 and myogenin were significantly decreased, while those of calpain1, calpain2, MuRF-1 and myostatin were significantly increased in the OB mice. In the ground squirrels, the muscle wet weight, muscle fiber CSA and percentage of MHC I fiber isoform all showed no change in the gastrocnemius muscle in the PRE group compared with the summer active (SA) group. The protein expression levels of P-Akt, P-mTORC1, P-S6K1 and MyoD were significantly increased, while those of Beclin-1 and LC3-II were significantly decreased in the PRE ground squirrels. This study demonstrated that the decrease in protein expression levels in the Akt/mTOR pathway (P-Akt, P-mTORC1 and P-4E-BP1) and cell regeneration (myogenin) and the increase in protein expression levels of the calpain pathway (calpain1 and calpain2) and ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (MuRF-1) were involved in the mechanism of muscle atrophy in gastrocnemius muscle of the pathologically obese Kunming mice induced by high-fat diet. In contrast, the increased protein expression levels of the Akt/mTOR pathway (P-Akt, P-mTORC1 and P-S6K1) and cell regeneration (MyoD), and the decreased protein expression levels of the autophagy lysosomal pathway (Beclin-1 and LC3-II) were involved in the mechanism of anti-atrophy in gastrocnemius muscle of the healthy obese ground squirrels fattened before hibernation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Yan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P.R. China. E-mail: (Chang); (Y. Gao); (Yan); (X. Gao); (Wang)
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710069, P.R. China. E-mail: (Niu); (Shen); (Fang)
| | - Qiaohua Niu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710069, P.R. China. E-mail: (Niu); (Shen); (Fang)
| | - Xuli Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P.R. China. E-mail: (Chang); (Y. Gao); (Yan); (X. Gao); (Wang)
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710069, P.R. China. E-mail: (Niu); (Shen); (Fang)
| | - Shenyang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710069, P.R. China. E-mail: (Niu); (Shen); (Fang)
| | - Nan He
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710069, P.R. China. E-mail: (Niu); (Shen); (Fang)
| | - Huiping Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P.R. China. E-mail: (Chang); (Y. Gao); (Yan); (X. Gao); (Wang)
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710069, P.R. China. E-mail: (Niu); (Shen); (Fang)
| | - Rongrong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710069, P.R. China. E-mail: (Niu); (Shen); (Fang)
| | - Yunfang Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P.R. China. E-mail: (Chang); (Y. Gao); (Yan); (X. Gao); (Wang)
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710069, P.R. China. E-mail: (Niu); (Shen); (Fang)
| | - Hui Chang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P.R. China. E-mail: (Chang); (Y. Gao); (Yan); (X. Gao); (Wang)
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710069, P.R. China. E-mail: (Niu); (Shen); (Fang)
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82
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BAILEY LORAD, KOMAROVA NATALIAL. CELLULAR FEEDBACK NETWORKS AND THEIR RESILIENCE AGAINST MUTATIONS. J BIOL SYST 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s0218339021400039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Many tissues undergo a steady turnover, where cell divisions are on average balanced with cell deaths. Cell fate decisions such as stem cell (SC) differentiations, proliferations, or differentiated cell (DC) deaths, may be controlled by cell populations through cell-to-cell signaling. Here, we examine a class of mathematical models of turnover in SC lineages to understand engineering design principles of control (feedback) loops, that may operate in such systems. By using ordinary differential equations that describe the co-dynamics of SCs and DCs, we study the effect of different types of mutations that interfere with feedback present within cellular networks. For instance, we find that mutants that do not participate in feedback are less dangerous in the sense that they will not rise from low numbers, whereas mutants that do not respond to feedback signals could rise and replace the wild-type population. Additionally, we asked if different feedback networks can have different degrees of resilience against such mutations. We found that all minimal networks, that is networks consisting of exactly one feedback loop that is sufficient for homeostatic stability of the wild-type population, are equally vulnerable. Mutants with a weakened/eliminated feedback parameter might expand from lower numbers and either enter unlimited growth or reach an equilibrium with an increased number of SCs and DCs. Therefore, from an evolutionary viewpoint, it appears advantageous to combine feedback loops, creating redundant feedback networks. Interestingly, from an engineering prospective, not all such redundant systems are equally resilient. For some of them, any mutation that weakens/eliminates one of the loops will lead to a population growth of SCs. For others, the population of SCs can actually shrink as a result of “cutting” one of the loops, thus slowing down further unwanted transformations.
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83
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Kim DH, Choi YM, Suh Y, Shin S, Lee J, Hwang S, Lee SS, Lee K. Research Note: Increased myostatin expression and decreased expression of myogenic regulatory factors in embryonic ages in a quail line with muscle hypoplasia. Poult Sci 2021; 100:100978. [PMID: 33588344 PMCID: PMC7896188 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic selection of quail for a low body weight for more than 80 generations established a low-weight (LW) Japanese quail line that has been previously characterized to have a muscle hypoplasia phenotype. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship of temporal expression levels of myostatin (Mstn) and myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) with hypoplastic muscle growth in the LW line. During embryonic day (E) 13 to 15, gain of embryo weight was 2-fold lower (P < 0.001) in the LW line than that in the random bred control (CON). Gains in body weight and pectoralis muscle weight from hatch to posthatch day (P) 28 were also significantly lower (P < 0.01) in the LW line but increased by 4-fold (P < 0.05) during P42 to P75. PCR analysis showed that expression levels of Mstn were greater in the LW at embryonic stage (E12 to E14, P < 0.05), but there was no difference after hatch. In addition, expression levels of Pax7 and myogenin (MyoG) at E12 were 23-fold (P < 0.05) and 3.4-fold (P < 0.05) lesser in the LW line, respectively. At E14, expression of Pax3, Pax7, and MyoG gene was 3.5-fold (P < 0.05), 6.5-fold (P = 0.065), and 4.4-fold (P < 0.01) less than that in the CON. Taken together, high expression levels of Mstn and low expression of MRFs during embryonic stages can be associated with development of muscle hypoplasia and delayed muscle growth in the LW quail line. These data provide evidence that genetic selection for a low body weight resulting in an avian model with muscle hypoplasia has altered the expression profiles of myogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hwan Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210, USA
| | - Young Min Choi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, South Korea
| | - Yeunsu Suh
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210, USA
| | - Sangsu Shin
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, South Korea
| | - Joonbum Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210, USA; Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Seongsoo Hwang
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Suk Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Jeonnam 57922, South Korea
| | - Kichoon Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210, USA; Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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84
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Crescioli C. Vitamin D Restores Skeletal Muscle Cell Remodeling and Myogenic Program: Potential Impact on Human Health. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1760. [PMID: 33578813 PMCID: PMC7916580 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle cells, albeit classified as vitamin D receptor (VDR)-poor cells, are finely controlled by vitamin D through genomic and non-genomic mechanisms. Skeletal muscle constantly undergoes cell remodeling, a complex system under multilevel regulation, mainly orchestrated by the satellite niche in response to a variety of stimuli. Cell remodeling is not limited to satisfy reparative and hypertrophic needs, but, through myocyte transcriptome/proteome renewal, it warrants the adaptations necessary to maintain tissue integrity. While vitamin D insufficiency promotes cell maladaptation, restoring vitamin D levels can correct/enhance the myogenic program. Hence, vitamin D fortified foods or supplementation potentially represents the desired approach to limit or avoid muscle wasting and ameliorate health. Nevertheless, consensus on protocols for vitamin D measurement and supplementation is still lacking, due to the high variability of lab tests and of the levels required in different contexts (i.e., age, sex, heath status, lifestyle). This review aims to describe how vitamin D can orchestrate skeletal muscle cell remodeling and myogenic programming, after reviewing the main processes and cell populations involved in this important process, whose correct progress highly impacts on human health. Topics on vitamin D optimal levels, supplementation and blood determination, which are still under debate, will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Crescioli
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Section of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza L. de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
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85
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Cohen J, DeSimone A, Lek M, Lek A. Therapeutic Approaches in Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy. Trends Mol Med 2021; 27:123-137. [PMID: 33092966 PMCID: PMC8048701 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is one of the most common types of muscular dystrophy, affecting roughly one in 8000 individuals. The complex underlying genetics and poor mechanistic understanding has caused a bottleneck in therapeutic development. Until the discovery of DUX4 and its causal role in FSHD, most trials were untargeted with limited results. Emerging approaches can learn from these early trials to increase their chance of success. Here, we explore the evolution of FSHD clinical trials from nonspecific anabolic or anti-inflammatory/oxidant strategies to cutting-edge molecular therapies targeting DUX4, and we discuss the importance of clinical outcome measures. With combined advances across multiple facets of FSHD research, the field is now poised to accelerate the process of therapeutic discovery and testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Cohen
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alec DeSimone
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Monkol Lek
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Angela Lek
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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86
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Perisse IV, Fan Z, Singina GN, White KL, Polejaeva IA. Improvements in Gene Editing Technology Boost Its Applications in Livestock. Front Genet 2021; 11:614688. [PMID: 33603767 PMCID: PMC7885404 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.614688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Accelerated development of novel CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing techniques provides a feasible approach to introduce a variety of precise modifications in the mammalian genome, including introduction of multiple edits simultaneously, efficient insertion of long DNA sequences into specific targeted loci as well as performing nucleotide transitions and transversions. Thus, the CRISPR/Cas9 tool has become the method of choice for introducing genome alterations in livestock species. The list of new CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing tools is constantly expanding. Here, we discuss the methods developed to improve efficiency and specificity of gene editing tools as well as approaches that can be employed for gene regulation, base editing, and epigenetic modifications. Additionally, advantages and disadvantages of two primary methods used for the production of gene-edited farm animals: somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT or cloning) and zygote manipulations will be discussed. Furthermore, we will review agricultural and biomedical applications of gene editing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuri Viotti Perisse
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Zhiqiang Fan
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Galina N. Singina
- L.K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Podolsk, Russia
| | - Kenneth L. White
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Irina A. Polejaeva
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
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87
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Zhang L, Sun Y. Muscle-Bone Crosstalk in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:724911. [PMID: 34650518 PMCID: PMC8505811 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.724911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia and osteoporosis are common musculoskeletal comorbidities of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that seriously affect the quality of life and prognosis of the patient. In addition to spatially mechanical interactions, muscle and bone can also serve as endocrine organs by producing myokines and osteokines to regulate muscle and bone functions, respectively. As positive and negative regulators of skeletal muscles, the myokines irisin and myostatin not only promote/inhibit the differentiation and growth of skeletal muscles, but also regulate bone metabolism. Both irisin and myostatin have been shown to be dysregulated and associated with exercise and skeletal muscle dysfunction in COPD. During exercise, skeletal muscles produce a large amount of IL-6 which acts as a myokine, exerting at least two different conflicting functions depending on physiological or pathological conditions. Remarkably, IL-6 is highly expressed in COPD, and considered to be a biomarker of systemic inflammation, which is associated with both sarcopenia and bone loss. For osteokines, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), a classical regulator of bone metabolism, was recently found to play a critical role in skeletal muscle atrophy induced by chronic cigarette smoke (CS) exposure. In this focused review, we described evidence for myokines and osteokines in the pathogenesis of skeletal muscle dysfunction/sarcopenia and osteoporosis in COPD, and proposed muscle-bone crosstalk as an important mechanism underlying the coexistence of muscle and bone diseases in COPD.
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88
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O'Neill EN, Cosenza ZA, Baar K, Block DE. Considerations for the development of cost-effective cell culture media for cultivated meat production. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 20:686-709. [PMID: 33325139 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Innovation in cultivated meat development has been rapidly accelerating in recent years because it holds the potential to help attenuate issues facing production of dietary protein for a growing world population. There are technical obstacles still hindering large-scale commercialization of cultivated meat, of which many are related to the media that are used to culture the muscle, fat, and connective tissue cells. While animal cell culture media has been used and refined for roughly a century, it has not been specifically designed with the requirements of cultivated meat in mind. Perhaps the most common industrial use of animal cell culture is currently the production of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, which sell for orders of magnitude more than meat. Successful production of cultivated meat requires media that is food grade with minimal cost, can regulate large-scale cell proliferation and differentiation, has acceptable sensory qualities, and is animal ingredient-free. Much insight into strategies for achieving media formulations with these qualities can be obtained from knowledge of conventional culture media applications and from the metabolic pathways involved in myogenesis and protein synthesis. In addition, application of principles used to optimize media for large-scale microbial fermentation processes producing lower value commodity chemicals and food ingredients can also be instructive. As such, the present review shall provide an overview of the current understanding of cell culture media as it relates to cultivated meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward N O'Neill
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California.,Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Zachary A Cosenza
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Keith Baar
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California.,Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - David E Block
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California
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89
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Dao T, Green AE, Kim YA, Bae SJ, Ha KT, Gariani K, Lee MR, Menzies KJ, Ryu D. Sarcopenia and Muscle Aging: A Brief Overview. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2020; 35:716-732. [PMID: 33397034 PMCID: PMC7803599 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2020.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The world is facing the new challenges of an aging population, and understanding the process of aging has therefore become one of the most important global concerns. Sarcopenia is a condition which is defined by the gradual loss of skeletal muscle mass and function with age. In research and clinical practice, sarcopenia is recognized as a component of geriatric disease and is a current target for drug development. In this review we define this condition and provide an overview of current therapeutic approaches. We further highlight recent findings that describe key pathophysiological phenotypes of this condition, including alterations in muscle fiber types, mitochondrial function, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) metabolism, myokines, and gut microbiota, in aged muscle compared to young muscle or healthy aged muscle. The last part of this review examines new therapeutic avenues for promising treatment targets. There is still no accepted therapy for sarcopenia in humans. Here we provide a brief review of the current state of research derived from various mouse models or human samples that provide novel routes for the development of effective therapeutics to maintain muscle health during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tam Dao
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon,
Korea
| | - Alexander E. Green
- University of Ottawa Eric Poulin Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, Ottawa, ON,
Canada
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON,
Canada
| | - Yun A Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon,
Korea
| | - Sung-Jin Bae
- Korean Medical Research Center for Healthy Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan,
Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Ha
- Korean Medical Research Center for Healthy Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan,
Korea
- Department of Korean Medical Science, Pusan National University School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan,
Korea
| | - Karim Gariani
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Therapeutic Patient Education, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva,
Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva,
Switzerland
| | - Mi-ra Lee
- Department of Social Welfare, Division of Public Service, Dong-Eui University, Busan,
Korea
- Mi-ra Lee, Department of Public Service, Dong-Eui University, 176 Eomgwang-ro, Busanjin-gu, Busan 47340, Korea, Tel: +82-51-890-2038, E-mail:
| | - Keir J. Menzies
- University of Ottawa Eric Poulin Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, Ottawa, ON,
Canada
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON,
Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON,
Canada
- Keir J. Menzies, Eric Poulin Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada, Tel: +1-613-562-5800, E-mail:
| | - Dongryeol Ryu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon,
Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon,
Korea
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul,
Korea
- Corresponding authors: Dongryeol Ryu, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Korea, Tel: +82-31-299-6138, E-mail:
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90
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Christian CJ, Benian GM. Animal models of sarcopenia. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13223. [PMID: 32857472 PMCID: PMC7576270 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is the age-related decline in muscle mass and function without any underlying disease. The exact molecular mechanisms responsible for this pathology remain unknown. The use of model organisms, such as mice, rats, flies, and worms, has advanced the field of sarcopenia research by identifying therapeutic strategies and genetic mutations that result in improved muscle mass and function of elderly animals. This review discusses molecular and therapeutic discoveries made using these model organisms and how these animals can be further utilized to better understand sarcopenia pathogenesis. In rodents, flies, and worms, dietary restriction improves muscle performance in old animals. In rodents and worms, exercise and a number of naturally occurring compounds alleviate sarcopenia. Reduction in the insulin/IGF1 receptor pathway, well known to promote longevity, improves sarcopenia in worms and flies. Mitochondrial dysfunction may contribute to the pathogenesis of sarcopenia: In rodents, there is age-dependent reduction in mitochondrial mass and a change in morphology; in nematodes, there is age-dependent fragmentation of mitochondria that precedes sarcomeric disorganization. In Drosophila and rats, components of the 26S proteasome are elevated in aged muscle. An advantage of the worm and fly models is that these organisms lack muscle stem cells, and thus processes that promote the maintenance of already assembled muscle, can be identified without the confounding influence of muscle regeneration. Zebrafish are an up and coming model of sarcopenia for future consideration. A better understanding of the molecular changes behind sarcopenia will help researchers develop better therapies to improve the muscle health of elderly individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guy M. Benian
- Department of Pathology Emory University Atlanta Georgia USA
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91
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Moro LN, Viale DL, Bastón JI, Arnold V, Suvá M, Wiedenmann E, Olguín M, Miriuka S, Vichera G. Generation of myostatin edited horse embryos using CRISPR/Cas9 technology and somatic cell nuclear transfer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15587. [PMID: 32973188 PMCID: PMC7518276 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72040-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of new technologies for gene editing in horses may allow the generation of improved sportive individuals. Here, we aimed to knock out the myostatin gene (MSTN), a negative regulator of muscle mass development, using CRISPR/Cas9 and to generate edited embryos for the first time in horses. We nucleofected horse fetal fibroblasts with 1, 2 or 5 µg of 2 different gRNA/Cas9 plasmids targeting the first exon of MSTN. We observed that increasing plasmid concentrations improved mutation efficiency. The average efficiency was 63.6% for gRNA1 (14/22 edited clonal cell lines) and 96.2% for gRNA2 (25/26 edited clonal cell lines). Three clonal cell lines were chosen for embryo generation by somatic cell nuclear transfer: one with a monoallelic edition, one with biallelic heterozygous editions and one with a biallelic homozygous edition, which rendered edited blastocysts in each case. Both MSTN editions and off-targets were analyzed in the embryos. In conclusion, CRISPR/Cas9 proved an efficient method to edit the horse genome in a dose dependent manner with high specificity. Adapting this technology sport advantageous alleles could be generated, and a precision breeding program could be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Natalia Moro
- LIAN-CONICET, Fundación FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Diego Luis Viale
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Neurología y Citogenética Molecular, CESyMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Mariana Suvá
- KHEIRON BIOTECH S.A, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Santiago Miriuka
- LIAN-CONICET, Fundación FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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92
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Curiel-Cervantes V, Solís-Sáinz JC, Costa-Urrutia P, Aguilar-Galarza A, Flores-Viveros KL, García-Gasca TDJ, Anaya-Loyola MA. The myostatin rs1805086 variant is associated with obesity in Mexican adults, independently of metabolic risk factors. Biomarkers 2020; 25:566-572. [PMID: 32838566 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2020.1814413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine whether rs1805086 is associated with obesity and metabolic disturbances in a Mexican adult population. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We genotyped rs1805086 in 1024 men and women aged 18-58 years. Anthropometric and body fat data were used to estimate obesity. Biochemical parameters were measured and DNA was used to determine the rs1805086 genotype. RESULTS rs1805086 heterozygous AG frequency was 5.4%, and the homozygous for the risk allele GG was absent. Heterozygous had higher levels of body mass index (BMI) and waist/height ratio (WHtR). Heterozygous subjects showed a greater total and central obesity compared to the homozygous for ancestral allele AA (OR BMI > 30 kg/m2 = 2.35, 95% CI 1.29-4.29; OR WHtR > 0.5 = 2.03, 95% CI 1.19-3.45; OR elevated fat mass (EFM) %= 1.72, 95% CI 1.01-2.92; OR fat mass index (FMI)>p85 = 1.96, 95% CI 1.05-3.68). rs1805086 was not associated with metabolic alterations. CONCLUSION Heterozygosity for rs1805086 showed a predisposition to having elevated overall and central obesity parameters. This association with adiposity seems to be independent of metabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vianney Curiel-Cervantes
- Department of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Campus Juriquilla, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Juan C Solís-Sáinz
- Department of Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Campus La Capilla, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Paula Costa-Urrutia
- ISSSTE, Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, Regional Hospital Lic. Adolfo López Mateos, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adriana Aguilar-Galarza
- Department of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Campus Juriquilla, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Karla L Flores-Viveros
- Department of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Campus Juriquilla, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Teresa de Jesús García-Gasca
- Human Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Campus Juriquilla, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Miriam A Anaya-Loyola
- Human Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Campus Juriquilla, Queretaro, Mexico
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93
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Rubanova N, Pinna G, Kropp J, Campalans A, Radicella JP, Polesskaya A, Harel-Bellan A, Morozova N. MasterPATH: network analysis of functional genomics screening data. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:632. [PMID: 32928103 PMCID: PMC7491077 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07047-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Functional genomics employs several experimental approaches to investigate gene functions. High-throughput techniques, such as loss-of-function screening and transcriptome profiling, allow to identify lists of genes potentially involved in biological processes of interest (so called hit list). Several computational methods exist to analyze and interpret such lists, the most widespread of which aim either at investigating of significantly enriched biological processes, or at extracting significantly represented subnetworks. Results Here we propose a novel network analysis method and corresponding computational software that employs the shortest path approach and centrality measure to discover members of molecular pathways leading to the studied phenotype, based on functional genomics screening data. The method works on integrated interactomes that consist of both directed and undirected networks – HIPPIE, SIGNOR, SignaLink, TFactS, KEGG, TransmiR, miRTarBase. The method finds nodes and short simple paths with significant high centrality in subnetworks induced by the hit genes and by so-called final implementers – the genes that are involved in molecular events responsible for final phenotypic realization of the biological processes of interest. We present the application of the method to the data from miRNA loss-of-function screen and transcriptome profiling of terminal human muscle differentiation process and to the gene loss-of-function screen exploring the genes that regulates human oxidative DNA damage recognition. The analysis highlighted the possible role of several known myogenesis regulatory miRNAs (miR-1, miR-125b, miR-216a) and their targets (AR, NR3C1, ARRB1, ITSN1, VAV3, TDGF1), as well as linked two major regulatory molecules of skeletal myogenesis, MYOD and SMAD3, to their previously known muscle-related targets (TGFB1, CDC42, CTCF) and also to a number of proteins such as C-KIT that have not been previously studied in the context of muscle differentiation. The analysis also showed the role of the interaction between H3 and SETDB1 proteins for oxidative DNA damage recognition. Conclusion The current work provides a systematic methodology to discover members of molecular pathways in integrated networks using functional genomics screening data. It also offers a valuable instrument to explain the appearance of a set of genes, previously not associated with the process of interest, in the hit list of each particular functional genomics screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Rubanova
- Institut des Hautes Etudes Scientifiques, Le Bois-Marie 35 rte de Chartres, 91440, Bures-sur-Yvette, France. .,Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France. .,Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Russia.
| | - Guillaume Pinna
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Jeremie Kropp
- Institut des Hautes Etudes Scientifiques, Le Bois-Marie 35 rte de Chartres, 91440, Bures-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Anna Campalans
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Radiobiology, Institut François Jacob, CEA, F-92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,INSERM, U967, bâtiment 56 PC 103 18 route du Panorama, BP6 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France.,Université Paris Sud, U967, bâtiment 56 PC 103 18 route du Panorama, BP6 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
| | - Juan Pablo Radicella
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Radiobiology, Institut François Jacob, CEA, F-92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,INSERM, U967, bâtiment 56 PC 103 18 route du Panorama, BP6 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France.,Université Paris Sud, U967, bâtiment 56 PC 103 18 route du Panorama, BP6 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
| | - Anna Polesskaya
- Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 7654, Laboratoire de Biochimie, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128, Palaiseau, France
| | - Annick Harel-Bellan
- Institut des Hautes Etudes Scientifiques, Le Bois-Marie 35 rte de Chartres, 91440, Bures-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nadya Morozova
- Institut des Hautes Etudes Scientifiques, Le Bois-Marie 35 rte de Chartres, 91440, Bures-sur-Yvette, France.,Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
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94
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Xuan MF, Luo ZB, Wang JX, Guo Q, Han SZ, Jin SS, Kang JD, Yin XJ. Shift from slow- to fast-twitch muscle fibres in skeletal muscle of newborn heterozygous and homozygous myostatin-knockout piglets. Reprod Fertil Dev 2020; 31:1628-1636. [PMID: 31104696 DOI: 10.1071/rd19103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Myostatin (MSTN) is a member of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily that negatively regulates skeletal muscle development. A lack of MSTN induces muscle hypertrophy and increases formation of fast-twitch (Type II) muscle fibres. This study investigated muscle development in newborn heterozygous (MSTN+/-) and homozygous (MSTN-/-) MSTN-knockout piglets. Detailed morphological and gene and protein expression analyses were performed of the biceps femoris, semitendinosus and diaphragm of MSTN+/-, MSTN-/- and wild-type (WT) piglets. Haematoxylin-eosin staining revealed that the cross-sectional area of muscle fibres was significantly larger in MSTN-knockout than WT piglets. ATPase staining demonstrated that the percentage of Type IIb and IIa muscle fibres was significantly higher in MSTN-/- and MSTN+/- piglets respectively than in WT piglets. Western blotting showed that protein expression of myosin heavy chain-I was reduced in muscles of MSTN-knockout piglets. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction revealed that, compared with WT piglets, myogenic differentiation factor (MyoD) mRNA expression in muscles was 1.3- to 2-fold higher in MSTN+/- piglets and 1.8- to 3.5-fold higher MSTN-/- piglets (P<0.05 and P<0.01 respectively). However, expression of myocyte enhancer factor 2C (MEF2C) mRNA in muscles was significantly lower in MSTN+/- than WT piglets (P<0.05). MSTN plays an important role in skeletal muscle development and regulates muscle fibre type by modulating the gene expression of MyoD and MEF2C in newborn piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Fu Xuan
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China; and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Transgenic Animal and Embryo Engineering, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China
| | - Zhao-Bo Luo
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China; and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Transgenic Animal and Embryo Engineering, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China
| | - Jun-Xia Wang
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China; and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Transgenic Animal and Embryo Engineering, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China
| | - Qing Guo
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China; and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Transgenic Animal and Embryo Engineering, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China
| | - Sheng-Zhong Han
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China; and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Transgenic Animal and Embryo Engineering, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China
| | - Song-Shan Jin
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China; and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Transgenic Animal and Embryo Engineering, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China
| | - Jin-Dan Kang
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China; and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Transgenic Animal and Embryo Engineering, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China; and Corresponding authors. Emails: ;
| | - Xi-Jun Yin
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China; and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Transgenic Animal and Embryo Engineering, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China; and Corresponding authors. Emails: ;
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95
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Cui C, Mackey RH, Shaaban CE, Kuller LH, Lopez OL, Sekikawa A. Associations of body composition with incident dementia in older adults: Cardiovascular Health Study-Cognition Study. Alzheimers Dement 2020; 16:1402-1411. [PMID: 32803916 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A body of literature reported associations between late-life general adiposity measures (eg, body mass index) and dementia. Little is known about the association of late-life body composition with dementia risk. METHODS We determined this association among cognitively normal participants from the Cardiovascular Health Study- Cognition Study. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in 1994-1995. Dementia was ascertained at annual follow-up from 1998-1999 to 2013. Associations of body composition with incident dementia were assessed by the Fine-Gray model. RESULT Among 344 participants (mean age 78, 62.2% women), body composition was significantly different between men and women, despite similar body mass indexes (BMIs). Increased dementia risk was significantly associated with lower lean mass in men and marginally with low appendicular lean mass in women. DISCUSSION Decreased lean mass was an indicator of increased dementia risk in older adults. Studies should test whether preventing lean mass loss in older adults reduces dementia risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chendi Cui
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rachel H Mackey
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - C Elizabeth Shaaban
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lewis H Kuller
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Oscar L Lopez
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Akira Sekikawa
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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96
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Role of Myokines in Myositis Pathogenesis and Their Potential to be New Therapeutic Targets in Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:9079083. [PMID: 32775472 PMCID: PMC7396002 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9079083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) represent a heterogeneous group of autoimmune diseases whose treatment is often a challenge. Many patients, even after immunosuppressive therapy, do not respond to treatment, so new alternatives have been sought for this. Therefore, other signaling pathways that could contribute to the pathogenesis of myositis have been investigated, such as the expression of myokines in skeletal muscle in response to the inflammatory process. In this review, we will refer to these muscle cytokines that are overexpressed or downregulated in skeletal muscle in patients with various forms of IIM, thus being able to contribute to the maintenance of the autoimmune process. Some muscle cytokines, through their antagonistic action, may be a helpful contributor to the disease modulation, and thus, they could represent personalized treatment targets. Here, we consider the main myokines involved in the pathogenesis of myositis, expressing our view on the possibility of using them as potential therapeutic targets: interleukins IL-6, IL-15, and IL-18; chemokines CXCL10, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, and CCL20; myostatin; follistatin; decorin; osteonectin; and insulin-like 6. An interesting topic regarding the complex connection between myokines and noninflammatory pathways implied in IIM has also been briefly described, because it is an important scientific approach to the pathogenesis of IIM and can be a therapeutic alternative to be considered, especially for the patients who do not respond to immunosuppressive treatment.
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97
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Gupta P, Dutt V, Kaur N, Kalra P, Gupta S, Dua A, Dabur R, Saini V, Mittal A. S-allyl cysteine: A potential compound against skeletal muscle atrophy. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129676. [PMID: 32649980 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress is crucial player in skeletal muscle atrophy pathogenesis. S-allyl cysteine (SAC), an organosulfur compound of Allium sativum, possesses broad-spectrum properties including immuno- and redox-modulatory impact. Considering the role of SAC in regulating redox balance, we hypothesize that SAC may have a protective role in oxidative-stress induced atrophy. METHODS C2C12 myotubes were treated with H2O2 (100 μM) in the presence or absence of SAC (200 μM) to study morphology, redox status, inflammatory cytokines and proteolytic systems using fluorescence microscopy, biochemical analysis, real-time PCR and immunoblotting approaches. The anti-atrophic potential of SAC was confirmed in denervation-induced atrophy model. RESULTS SAC pre-incubation (4 h) could protect the myotube morphology (i.e. length/diameter/fusion index) from atrophic effects of H2O2. Lower levels of ROS, lipid peroxidation, oxidized glutathione and altered antioxidant enzymes were observed in H2O2-exposed cells upon pre-treatment with SAC. SAC supplementation also suppressed the rise in cytokines levels (TWEAK/IL6/myostatin) caused by H2O2. SAC treatment also moderated the degradation of muscle-specific proteins (MHCf) in the H2O2-treated myotubes supported by lower induction of diverse proteolytic systems (i.e. cathepsin, calpain, ubiquitin-proteasome E3-ligases, caspase-3, autophagy). Denervation-induced atrophy in mice illustrates that SAC administration alleviates the negative effects (i.e. mass loss, decreased cross-sectional area, up-regulation of proteolytic systems, and degradation of total/specific protein) of denervation on muscles. CONCLUSIONS SAC exerts significant anti-atrophic effects to protect myotubes from H2O2-induced protein loss and myofibers from denervation-induced muscle loss, due to the prevention of elevated proteolytic systems and inflammatory/oxidative molecules. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The results signify the potential of SAC against muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Gupta
- Skeletal Muscle Laboratory, Institute of Integrated and Honors Studies, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana 136119, India
| | - Vikas Dutt
- Skeletal Muscle Laboratory, Institute of Integrated and Honors Studies, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana 136119, India
| | - Nirmaljeet Kaur
- Skeletal Muscle Laboratory, Institute of Integrated and Honors Studies, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana 136119, India
| | - Priya Kalra
- Laboratory of Infection Biology and Translational Research, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Sanjeev Gupta
- Skeletal Muscle Laboratory, Institute of Integrated and Honors Studies, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana 136119, India
| | - Anita Dua
- Skeletal Muscle Laboratory, Institute of Integrated and Honors Studies, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana 136119, India
| | - Rajesh Dabur
- Biochemistry Department, MD University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001, India
| | - Vikram Saini
- Laboratory of Infection Biology and Translational Research, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Ashwani Mittal
- Skeletal Muscle Laboratory, Institute of Integrated and Honors Studies, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana 136119, India.
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Vainshtein A, Sandri M. Signaling Pathways That Control Muscle Mass. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134759. [PMID: 32635462 PMCID: PMC7369702 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss of skeletal muscle mass under a wide range of acute and chronic maladies is associated with poor prognosis, reduced quality of life, and increased mortality. Decades of research indicate the importance of skeletal muscle for whole body metabolism, glucose homeostasis, as well as overall health and wellbeing. This tissue’s remarkable ability to rapidly and effectively adapt to changing environmental cues is a double-edged sword. Physiological adaptations that are beneficial throughout life become maladaptive during atrophic conditions. The atrophic program can be activated by mechanical, oxidative, and energetic distress, and is influenced by the availability of nutrients, growth factors, and cytokines. Largely governed by a transcription-dependent mechanism, this program impinges on multiple protein networks including various organelles as well as biosynthetic and quality control systems. Although modulating muscle function to prevent and treat disease is an enticing concept that has intrigued research teams for decades, a lack of thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that control muscle mass, in addition to poor transferability of findings from rodents to humans, has obstructed efforts to develop effective treatments. Here, we review the progress made in unraveling the molecular mechanisms responsible for the regulation of muscle mass, as this continues to be an intensive area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Sandri
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, via Orus 2, 35129 Padua, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padua, via G. Colombo 3, 35100 Padua, Italy
- Myology Center, University of Padua, via G. Colombo 3, 35100 Padova, Italy
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Kenzo-Kagawa B, Vieira WF, Cogo JC, da Cruz-Höfling MA. Muscle proteolysis via ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is activated by BthTx-I Lys49 PLA 2 but not by BthTx-II Asp49 PLA 2 and Bothrops jararacussu venom. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 402:115119. [PMID: 32619552 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Bites by viperid snakes belonging to Bothrops genus produce fast and intense local edema, inflammation, bleeding and myonecrosis. In this study, we investigated the role of Myogenic Regulatory Factors (MRFs: MyoD; Myog), negatively regulated by GDF-8 (Myostatin), and ubiquitin-proteasome system pathway (UPS: MuRF-1; Fbx-32) in gastrocnemius muscle regeneration after Bothrops jararacussu snake venom (Bjussu) or its isolated phospholipase A2 myotoxins, BthTx-I (Lys-49 PLA2) and BthTx-II (Asp-49 PLA2) injection. Male Swiss mice received a single intra-gastrocnemius injection of crude Bjussu, at a dose/volume of 0.83 mg/kg/20 μl, and BthTx-I or BthTx-II, at a dose/volume of 2.5 mg/kg/20 μl. Control mice (Sham) received an injection of sterile saline solution (NaCl 0.9%; 20 μl). At 24, 48, 72 and 96 h post injection, right gastrocnemius was collected for protein expression analyses. Based on the temporal expressional dynamics of MyoD, Myog and GDF-8/Myostatin, it was possible to propose that the myogenesis pathway was impacted most badly by BthTx-II followed by BthTx-I and lastly by B. jararacussu venom, thus suggesting that catalytic activity has likely inhibitory role on the satellite cells-mediated reparative myogenesis pathway. Inversely, the catalytic activity seems to be not a determinant for the activation of proteins ubiquitination by MuRF-1 and Fbx-32/Atrogin-1 E3 proteasome ligases, given proteolysis pathway through UPS was activated neither after Bjussu, nor after BthTx-II, but just after the catalytically-inactive BthTx-I Lys-49 PLA2-homologue exposure. The findings of this study disclose interesting perspective for further mechanistic studies about pathways that take part in the atrophy and repair after permanent damage induced by bothropic snakebites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Kenzo-Kagawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Willians Fernando Vieira
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Cogo
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Brazil University, Itaquera, Brazil
| | - Maria Alice da Cruz-Höfling
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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100
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Redox modulation of muscle mass and function. Redox Biol 2020; 35:101531. [PMID: 32371010 PMCID: PMC7284907 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle mass and strength are very important for exercise performance. Training-induced musculoskeletal injuries usually require periods of complete immobilization to prevent any muscle contraction of the affected muscle groups. Disuse muscle wasting will likely affect every sport practitioner in his or her lifetime. Even short periods of disuse results in significant declines in muscle size, fiber cross sectional area, and strength. To understand the molecular signaling pathways involved in disuse muscle atrophy is of the utmost importance to develop more effective countermeasures in sport science research. We have divided our review in four different sections. In the first one we discuss the molecular mechanisms involved in muscle atrophy including the main protein synthesis and protein breakdown signaling pathways. In the second section of the review we deal with the main cellular, animal, and human atrophy models. The sources of reactive oxygen species in disuse muscle atrophy and the mechanism through which they regulate protein synthesis and proteolysis are reviewed in the third section of this review. The last section is devoted to the potential interventions to prevent muscle disuse atrophy with especial consideration to studies on which the levels of endogenous antioxidants enzymes or dietary antioxidants have been tested.
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