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Såli (Micronesian starling –Aplonis opaca) as a key seed dispersal agent across a tropical archipelago. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467419000361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSeed dispersal is an important ecological process that structures plant communities and influences ecosystem functioning. Loss of animal dispersers therefore poses a serious threat to forest ecosystems, particularly in the tropics where zoochory predominates. A prominent example is the near-total extinction of seed dispersers on the tropical island of Guam following the accidental introduction of the invasive brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis), negatively impacting seedling recruitment and forest regeneration. We investigated frugivory by a remnant population of Såli (Micronesian starling –Aplonis opaca) on Guam and two other island populations (Rota, Saipan) to evaluate their ecological role as a seed disperser in the Mariana archipelago. Using a combination of behavioural observations, nest contents and fecal samples, we documented frugivory of 37 plant species. Native plants comprised the majority (66%) of all species and 90% of all seeds identified in fecal and nest contents. Diet was highly similar across age classes and sampling years. In addition, plant species consumed by Såli comprised 88% of bird-dispersed adult trees and 54% of all adult trees in long-term forest monitoring plots, demonstrating the Såli’s broad diet and potential for restoring native forests. Overall, we provide the most comprehensive assessment to date of frugivory by the Såli and confirm its importance as a seed disperser on Guam and throughout the Marianas.
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Zhou Q, Liu Z, Xin Z, Daryanto S, Wang L, Qian J, Wang Y, Liang W, Qin X, Zhao Y, Li X, Cui X, Liu M. Relationship between seed morphological traits and wind dispersal trajectory. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2019; 46:1063-1071. [PMID: 31630725 DOI: 10.1071/fp19087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The structure and dynamics of plant populations and communities are largely influenced by seed dispersal. How the wind dispersal trajectory of seeds shifts with differences in seed morphology remains unknown. We used a wind tunnel and video camera to track the dispersal trajectory of seven species of Calligonum whose seeds have different kinds of appendages and other morphological traits, using variable wind speeds and release heights to determine the relationship between seed morphological traits and wind dispersal trajectory. Concave-, straight-line-, horizontal-projectile- and projectile-shaped trajectories were found. Dispersal trajectories such as the horizontal projectile (HP) and projectile (P) tended to have a long dispersal distance. Straight line (SL) and concave curve (CC) trajectories tended to have a short dispersal distance. Seeds with bristles and large mass tended to have SL and CC trajectories, those with wings or balloon and small mass tended to have HP and P trajectories. Wind speed tended to have a stronger influence on the dispersal trajectory of light and low-wing-loading seeds, and release height tended to have a stronger influence on the dispersal trajectory of heavy and high-wing-loading seeds. Thus, seed wind dispersal trajectory is not only determined by seed morphological characteristics but also by environmental factors such as wind speed and release height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanlai Zhou
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhimin Liu
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhiming Xin
- Experimental Center of Desert Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 1 Tuanjie Road, Dengkou 015200, China
| | - Stefani Daryanto
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resources Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; and Institute of Land Surface System and Sustainable Development, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; and Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Lixin Wang
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Jianqiang Qian
- Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yongcui Wang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Wei Liang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China; and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuanping Qin
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China; and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingming Zhao
- Experimental Center of Desert Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 1 Tuanjie Road, Dengkou 015200, China
| | - Xinle Li
- Experimental Center of Desert Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 1 Tuanjie Road, Dengkou 015200, China
| | - Xue Cui
- Prevention and Quarantine Bureau of Forestry Pest of Liaoning, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Minghu Liu
- Experimental Center of Desert Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 1 Tuanjie Road, Dengkou 015200, China; and Corresponding author.
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53
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Rogers HS, Beckman NG, Hartig F, Johnson JS, Pufal G, Shea K, Zurell D, Bullock JM, Cantrell RS, Loiselle B, Pejchar L, Razafindratsima OH, Sandor ME, Schupp EW, Strickland WC, Zambrano J. The total dispersal kernel: a review and future directions. AOB PLANTS 2019; 11:plz042. [PMID: 31579119 PMCID: PMC6757349 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plz042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The distribution and abundance of plants across the world depends in part on their ability to move, which is commonly characterized by a dispersal kernel. For seeds, the total dispersal kernel (TDK) describes the combined influence of all primary, secondary and higher-order dispersal vectors on the overall dispersal kernel for a plant individual, population, species or community. Understanding the role of each vector within the TDK, and their combined influence on the TDK, is critically important for being able to predict plant responses to a changing biotic or abiotic environment. In addition, fully characterizing the TDK by including all vectors may affect predictions of population spread. Here, we review existing research on the TDK and discuss advances in empirical, conceptual modelling and statistical approaches that will facilitate broader application. The concept is simple, but few examples of well-characterized TDKs exist. We find that significant empirical challenges exist, as many studies do not account for all dispersal vectors (e.g. gravity, higher-order dispersal vectors), inadequately measure or estimate long-distance dispersal resulting from multiple vectors and/or neglect spatial heterogeneity and context dependence. Existing mathematical and conceptual modelling approaches and statistical methods allow fitting individual dispersal kernels and combining them to form a TDK; these will perform best if robust prior information is available. We recommend a modelling cycle to parameterize TDKs, where empirical data inform models, which in turn inform additional data collection. Finally, we recommend that the TDK concept be extended to account for not only where seeds land, but also how that location affects the likelihood of establishing and producing a reproductive adult, i.e. the total effective dispersal kernel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haldre S Rogers
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- Corresponding author’s e-mail address:
| | - Noelle G Beckman
- Department of Biology and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Florian Hartig
- Theoretical Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jeremy S Johnson
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Gesine Pufal
- Department of Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katriona Shea
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Damaris Zurell
- Geography Department, Humboldt-University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Dynamic Macroecology, Department of Landscape Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - James M Bullock
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Benson Lane, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | | | - Bette Loiselle
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation & Center for Latin American Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Liba Pejchar
- Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Manette E Sandor
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Eugene W Schupp
- Department of Wildland Resources and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - W Christopher Strickland
- Department of Mathematics and Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Jenny Zambrano
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman WA, USA
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54
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Beirne C, Nuñez CL, Baldino M, Kim S, Knorr J, Minich T, Jin L, Xiao S, Mbamy W, Obiang GN, Masseloux J, Nkoghe T, Ebanega MO, Rundel C, Wright JP, Poulsen JR. Estimation of gut passage time of wild, free roaming forest elephants. WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.2981/wlb.00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Beirne
- C. Beirne, C. L. Nuñez, M. Baldino, S. Kim, J. Knorr, T. Minich, J. Masseloux, J. P. Wright and J. R. Poulsen ✉ , Nicholas School of the Environment, PO Box 90328, Duke Univ., Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Chase L. Nuñez
- C. Beirne, C. L. Nuñez, M. Baldino, S. Kim, J. Knorr, T. Minich, J. Masseloux, J. P. Wright and J. R. Poulsen ✉ , Nicholas School of the Environment, PO Box 90328, Duke Univ., Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Melissa Baldino
- C. Beirne, C. L. Nuñez, M. Baldino, S. Kim, J. Knorr, T. Minich, J. Masseloux, J. P. Wright and J. R. Poulsen ✉ , Nicholas School of the Environment, PO Box 90328, Duke Univ., Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Seokmin Kim
- C. Beirne, C. L. Nuñez, M. Baldino, S. Kim, J. Knorr, T. Minich, J. Masseloux, J. P. Wright and J. R. Poulsen ✉ , Nicholas School of the Environment, PO Box 90328, Duke Univ., Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Julia Knorr
- C. Beirne, C. L. Nuñez, M. Baldino, S. Kim, J. Knorr, T. Minich, J. Masseloux, J. P. Wright and J. R. Poulsen ✉ , Nicholas School of the Environment, PO Box 90328, Duke Univ., Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Taylor Minich
- C. Beirne, C. L. Nuñez, M. Baldino, S. Kim, J. Knorr, T. Minich, J. Masseloux, J. P. Wright and J. R. Poulsen ✉ , Nicholas School of the Environment, PO Box 90328, Duke Univ., Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Lingrong Jin
- L. Jin and S. Xiao, Dept of Biology, Duke Univ., Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shuyun Xiao
- L. Jin and S. Xiao, Dept of Biology, Duke Univ., Durham, NC, USA
| | - Walter Mbamy
- W. Mbamy, G. N. Obiang, T. Nkoghe and M. O. Ebanega, Dépt de Géographie, Univ. Omar Bongo, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Guichard Ndzeng Obiang
- W. Mbamy, G. N. Obiang, T. Nkoghe and M. O. Ebanega, Dépt de Géographie, Univ. Omar Bongo, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Juliana Masseloux
- C. Beirne, C. L. Nuñez, M. Baldino, S. Kim, J. Knorr, T. Minich, J. Masseloux, J. P. Wright and J. R. Poulsen ✉ , Nicholas School of the Environment, PO Box 90328, Duke Univ., Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Tanguy Nkoghe
- W. Mbamy, G. N. Obiang, T. Nkoghe and M. O. Ebanega, Dépt de Géographie, Univ. Omar Bongo, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Médard Obiang Ebanega
- W. Mbamy, G. N. Obiang, T. Nkoghe and M. O. Ebanega, Dépt de Géographie, Univ. Omar Bongo, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Colin Rundel
- C. Rundel, Dept of Statistical Science, Duke Univ., Durham, NC, USA
| | - Justin P. Wright
- C. Beirne, C. L. Nuñez, M. Baldino, S. Kim, J. Knorr, T. Minich, J. Masseloux, J. P. Wright and J. R. Poulsen ✉ , Nicholas School of the Environment, PO Box 90328, Duke Univ., Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - John R. Poulsen
- C. Beirne, C. L. Nuñez, M. Baldino, S. Kim, J. Knorr, T. Minich, J. Masseloux, J. P. Wright and J. R. Poulsen ✉ , Nicholas School of the Environment, PO Box 90328, Duke Univ., Durham, NC 27708, USA
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55
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Bogoni JA, Navarro AB, Graipel ME, Peroni N. Modeling the frugivory of a plant with inconstant productivity and solid interaction with relictual vertebrate biota. Ecol Modell 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2019.108728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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56
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Carpenter JK, O'Donnell CFJ, Moltchanova E, Kelly D. Long seed dispersal distances by an inquisitive flightless rail ( Gallirallus australis) are reduced by interaction with humans. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190397. [PMID: 31598239 PMCID: PMC6731707 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Human presence is becoming increasingly ubiquitous, but the influence this has on the seed dispersal services performed by frugivorous animals is largely unknown. The New Zealand weka (Gallirallus australis) is an inquisitive flightless rail that frequently congregates in areas of high human use. Weka are important seed dispersers, yet the seed dispersal services they provide are still poorly understood. We estimated seed dispersal distances of weka for two plant species (Prumnopitys ferruginea and Elaeocarpus dentatus) and tested how human interaction affected these dispersal distances. We estimated weka seed dispersal distances by combining GPS data from 39 weka over three sites with weka seed retention time data in a mechanistic model. The mean seed retention times were extremely long (38-125 h). Weka were highly effective dispersers, dispersing 93-96% of seeds away from parent canopies, and 1% of seeds over 1 km. However, we found evidence of a significant human impact on the seed dispersal distances of weka, with birds occupying areas of high human use performing 34.8-40.9% shorter distances than their more remote counterparts. This represents an example of cryptic function loss, where although weka are still present in the ecosystem, their seed dispersal services are impaired by human interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna K. Carpenter
- Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research, Private Bag 1930, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | | | - Elena Moltchanova
- Department of Math and Statistics, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 4800, New Zealand
| | - Dave Kelly
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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57
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Interspecific competition for frugivores: population-level seed dispersal in contrasting fruiting communities. Oecologia 2019; 190:605-617. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04434-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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58
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Zhang H, John R, Liu K, Qi W, Long W. Using Functional Trait Diversity Patterns to Disentangle the Processes Influencing the Recovery of Subalpine Grasslands Following Abandonment of Agricultural Use. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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59
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Denelle P, Violle C, Munoz F. Distinguishing the signatures of local environmental filtering and regional trait range limits in the study of trait–environment relationships. OIKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.05851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Denelle
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS – Univ. de Montpellier – Univ. Paul‐Valéry Montpellier – EPHE – 1919 route de Mende, FR‐34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Cyrille Violle
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS – Univ. de Montpellier – Univ. Paul‐Valéry Montpellier – EPHE – 1919 route de Mende, FR‐34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
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60
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Chmielewski MW, Eppley SM. Forest passerines as a novel dispersal vector of viable bryophyte propagules. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20182253. [PMID: 30963825 PMCID: PMC6408877 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal dispersal influences the community structure and diversity of a wide variety of plant taxa, yet the potential effects of animal dispersal in bryophytes (hornworts, liverworts, and mosses) is poorly understood. In many communities, birds use bryophyte-abundant niche space for foraging and gathering nest material, suggesting that birds may play a role in bryophyte dispersal. As highly motile animals with long migratory routes, birds potentially provide a means for both local and long-distance bryophyte dispersal in a manner that differs greatly from passive, aerial spore dispersal. To examine this phenomenon, we collected and germinated bryophyte propagules from the legs, feet and tails of 224 birds from 34 species within a temperate forest community. In total we found 1512 spores, and were able to germinate 242 bryophyte propagules. In addition, we provide evidence that topical (externally-carried) spore load varies by bird species and behaviour. Tail feather spore abundance is highest in bark and foliage gleaning species and is positively correlated with tarsal length. Together, these data suggest that a variety of forest birds exhibit the potential to act as dispersal vectors for bryophyte propagules, including an abundance of spores, and that understanding the effects of animal behaviour on bryophyte dispersal will be key to further understanding this interaction.
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61
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McFadden IR, Bartlett MK, Wiegand T, Turner BL, Sack L, Valencia R, Kraft NJB. Disentangling the functional trait correlates of spatial aggregation in tropical forest trees. Ecology 2019; 100:e02591. [PMID: 30582633 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Environmental filtering and dispersal limitation can both maintain diversity in plant communities by aggregating conspecifics, but parsing the contribution of each process has proven difficult empirically. Here, we assess the contribution of filtering and dispersal limitation to the spatial aggregation patterns of 456 tree species in a hyperdiverse Amazonian forest and find distinct functional trait correlates of interspecific variation in these processes. Spatial point process model analysis revealed that both mechanisms are important drivers of intraspecific aggregation for the majority of species. Leaf drought tolerance was correlated with species topographic distributions in this aseasonal rainforest, showing that future increases in drought severity could significantly impact community structure. In addition, seed mass was associated with the spatial scale and density of dispersal-related aggregation. Taken together, these results suggest environmental filtering and dispersal limitation act in concert to influence the spatial and functional structure of diverse forest communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R McFadden
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Megan K Bartlett
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
- Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton University, 129 Guyot Hall, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, 106 Guyot Hall, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544, USA
| | - Thorsten Wiegand
- Department of Ecological Modeling, UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, PF 500136, Leipzig, DE-04301, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Benjamin L Turner
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Renato Valencia
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Apartado 17-01-2184, Avenida 12 de Octubre 1076, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Nathan J B Kraft
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
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62
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Crestani A, Mello M, Cazetta E. Interindividual variations in plant and fruit traits affect the structure of a plant-frugivore network. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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63
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Zepeda V, Martorell C. Seed mass equalises the strength of positive and negative plant-plant interactions in a semi-arid grassland. Oecologia 2019; 190:287-296. [PMID: 30662998 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-04326-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The interplay and balance between positive and negative interactions are important and recurrent topics in plant ecology. If facilitation occurs because benefactors ameliorate stress, such balance may be driven by seed mass because stress tolerance and competitive ability of plants, particularly seedlings, are positively correlated with seed mass. Thus, small-seeded, stress-intolerant species may require facilitation, but not large-seeded ones. This would equalise the magnitudes of opposite-signed interactions because in small-seeded species, positive effects of facilitators and negative effects of competitors should be strong, while both effects should be weak in large-seeded species. To test this idea, we assessed the effects of interactions with four associated species on different components of the performance of ten focal species. As expected, the largest facilitative and competitive effects were recorded in small-seeded species, and positive interactions had similar magnitudes to negative ones for any given seed mass, especially when performance was integrated into lifelong fitness. Furthermore, the fact that small-seeded species seem to be strongly facilitated may explain why they are not outcompeted by large-seeded species. This is an alternative to other hypotheses explaining the coexistence of plants with different-sized seeds. The close balance between opposite-signed interactions in the presence of stress may also explain why interactions have strong effects on individuals (that interact with only a few species), but seemingly weaker effects on populations, where interactions between many species would cancel out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Zepeda
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Cd. Universitaria, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Martorell
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Cd. Universitaria, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
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64
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Curtze AC, Carlo TA, Wenzel JW. The Effects of a Tornado Disturbance and a Salvaged Timber Extraction on the Seed-Rain and Recruitment Community of an Eastern Temperate Deciduous Forest. Northeast Nat (Steuben) 2018. [DOI: 10.1656/045.025.0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C. Curtze
- Biology Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Tomás A. Carlo
- Biology Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - John W. Wenzel
- Powdermill Nature Reserve, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 1847 Route 381, Rector, PA 15677
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65
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Ron R, Fragman-Sapir O, Kadmon R. Dispersal increases ecological selection by increasing effective community size. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:11280-11285. [PMID: 30322907 PMCID: PMC6217402 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1812511115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Selection and drift are universally accepted as the cornerstones of evolutionary changes. Recent theories extend this view to ecological changes, arguing that any change in species composition is driven by deterministic fitness differences among species (enhancing selection) and/or stochasticity in birth and death rates of individuals within species (enhancing drift). These forces have contrasting effects on the predictability of ecological dynamics, and thus understanding the factors affecting their relative importance is crucial for understanding ecological dynamics. Here we test the hypothesis that dispersal increases the relative importance of ecological selection by increasing the effective size of the community (i.e., the size relevant for competitive interactions and drift). According to our hypothesis, dispersal increases the effective size of the community by mixing individuals from different localities. This effect diminishes the relative importance of demographic stochasticity, thereby reducing drift and increasing the relative importance of selective forces as drivers of species composition. We tested our hypothesis, which we term the "effective community size" hypothesis, using two independent experiments focusing on annual plants: a field experiment in which we manipulated the magnitude of dispersal and a mesocosm experiment in which we directly manipulated the effective size of the communities. Both experiments, as well as related model simulations, were consistent with the hypothesis that increasing dispersal increases the role of selective forces as drivers of species composition. This finding has important implications for our understanding of the fundamental forces affecting community dynamics, as well as the management of species diversity, particularly in patchy and fragmented environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronen Ron
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ori Fragman-Sapir
- Jerusalem Botanical Gardens, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ronen Kadmon
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel;
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66
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Razafindratsima OH, Dunham AE. Frugivores bias seed-adult tree associations through nonrandom seed dispersal: a phylogenetic approach. Ecology 2018; 97:2094-2102. [PMID: 27859187 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Frugivores are the main seed dispersers in many ecosystems, such that behaviorally driven, nonrandom patterns of seed dispersal are a common process; but patterns are poorly understood. Characterizing these patterns may be essential for understanding spatial organization of fruiting trees and drivers of seed-dispersal limitation in biodiverse forests. To address this, we studied resulting spatial associations between dispersed seeds and adult tree neighbors in a diverse rainforest in Madagascar, using a temporal and phylogenetic approach. Data show that by using fruiting trees as seed-dispersal foci, frugivores bias seed dispersal under conspecific adults and under heterospecific trees that share dispersers and fruiting time with the dispersed species. Frugivore-mediated seed dispersal also resulted in nonrandom phylogenetic associations of dispersed seeds with their nearest adult neighbors, in nine out of the 16 months of our study. However, these nonrandom phylogenetic associations fluctuated unpredictably over time, ranging from clustered to overdispersed. The spatial and phylogenetic template of seed dispersal did not translate to similar patterns of association in adult tree neighborhoods, suggesting the importance of post-dispersal processes in structuring plant communities. Results suggest that frugivore-mediated seed dispersal is important for structuring early stages of plant-plant associations, setting the template for post-dispersal processes that influence ultimate patterns of plant recruitment. Importantly, if biased patterns of dispersal are common in other systems, frugivores may promote tree coexistence in biodiverse forests by limiting the frequency and diversity of heterospecific interactions of seeds they disperse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onja H Razafindratsima
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas, 77005, USA.,BP 33, Centre ValBio, Ranomafana, Ifanadiana, 312, Madagascar
| | - Amy E Dunham
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas, 77005, USA.,BP 33, Centre ValBio, Ranomafana, Ifanadiana, 312, Madagascar
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67
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Wang Q, Cui B, Luo M. Effectiveness of microtopographic structure in species recovery in degraded salt marshes. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 133:173-181. [PMID: 30041304 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Topographic heterogeneity is an important determinant of the distribution of resources and species and of species assembly. For example, the lack of microtopography in degraded salt marshes might restrict processes involved in the recovery of such ecosystems, such as seed retention. Therefore, we conducted a restoration study in degraded middle to high salt marshes, where self-recovery might be restricted by poor seed retention. We investigated the impact of microtopographic structures on seed retention and the re-establishment of pioneer vegetation patches. Our results showed that hollowed microtopographic structures are effective tools for allowing the re-establishment of pioneer vegetation patches by acting as seed traps and sustaining the recovery process that follows. Larger, deeper microtopographic structures entrapped more seeds and formed larger patches over the long term compared with smaller structures, highlighting the value of such structures to the successful recovery of degraded salt marshes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Baoshan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Meng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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68
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Shifts in functional trait-species abundance relationships over secondary subalpine meadow succession in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Oecologia 2018; 188:547-557. [PMID: 30043232 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4230-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Although trait-based processes of community assembly during secondary succession invokes multiple factors that ultimately determine the presence or absence of a species, little is known regarding the impacts of functional traits on species abundance in successional plant communities. Here in species-rich subalpine secondary successional meadows of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, we measured photosynthesis rate and leaf proline content that are related to plant growth and abiotic stress resistance, respectively, and seed germination rate that is closely correlated with plant germination strategy to test their influence on species abundance during succession. We used a linear mixed effects model framework to examine the shifts in trait-abundance relationships and the correlations among these three traits in successional communities. We observed significant shifts in trait-abundance relationships during succession, e.g., abundant species in early-successional meadows exhibited relatively high photosynthesis rates and leaf proline content, but showed low seed germination rates, whereas the converse were true in late successional communities. However, the correlations among the three traits were insignificant in most meadow communities. Our results show that functional traits associated with plant growth, stress resistance, and reproduction impose strong influence on species abundance during secondary subalpine meadow succession in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.
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69
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Pesendorfer MB, Koenig WD. Does aggression avoidance drive oak tree attendance by corvid scatter-hoarders? Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-018-2498-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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70
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Carpenter JK, Kelly D, Moltchanova E, O'Donnell CFJ. Introduction of mammalian seed predators and the loss of an endemic flightless bird impair seed dispersal of the New Zealand tree Elaeocarpus dentatus. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:5992-6004. [PMID: 29988419 PMCID: PMC6024123 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mutualistic services provided by species is critical when considering both the consequences of their loss or the benefits of their reintroduction. Like many other Pacific islands, New Zealand seed dispersal networks have been changed by both significant losses of large frugivorous birds and the introduction of invasive mammals. These changes are particularly concerning when important dispersers remain unidentified. We tested the impact of frugivore declines and invasive seed predators on seed dispersal for an endemic tree, hinau Elaeocarpus dentatus, by comparing seed dispersal and predation rates on the mainland of New Zealand with offshore sanctuary islands with higher bird and lower mammal numbers. We used cameras and seed traps to measure predation and dispersal from the ground and canopy, respectively. We found that canopy fruit handling rates (an index of dispersal quantity) were poor even on island sanctuaries (only 14% of seeds captured below parent trees on islands had passed through a bird), which suggests that hinau may be adapted for ground-based dispersal by flightless birds. Ground-based dispersal of hinau was low on the New Zealand mainland compared to sanctuary islands (4% of seeds dispersed on the mainland vs. 76% dispersed on islands), due to low frugivore numbers. A flightless endemic rail (Gallirallus australis) conducted the majority of ground-based fruit removal on islands. Despite being threatened, this rail is controversial in restoration projects because of its predatory impacts on native fauna. Our study demonstrates the importance of testing which species perform important mutualistic services, rather than simply relying on logical assumptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna K. Carpenter
- Centre for Integrative EcologySchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of CanterburyChristchurchNew Zealand
| | - Dave Kelly
- Centre for Integrative EcologySchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of CanterburyChristchurchNew Zealand
| | - Elena Moltchanova
- Department of Math and StatisticsUniversity of CanterburyChristchurchNew Zealand
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71
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Pesendorfer MB, Sillett TS, Morrison SA. Spatially biased dispersal of acorns by a scatter-hoarding corvid may accelerate passive restoration of oak habitat on California's largest island. Curr Zool 2018; 63:363-367. [PMID: 29491996 PMCID: PMC5804183 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zow075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Scatter hoarding by corvids (crows, jays, magpies, and nutcrackers) provides seed dispersal for many large-seeded plants, including oaks and pines. When hoarding seeds, corvids often choose nonrandom locations throughout the landscape, resulting in differential survival of seeds. In the context of habitat restoration, such disproportional storing of seeds in areas suitable for germination and establishment can accelerate expansion and recovery of large-seeded tree populations and their associated ecosystems. Here, we investigate the spatial preferences of island scrub jays Aphelocoma insularis during scatter hoarding of acorns (Quercus spp.) on Santa Cruz Island. We use a large behavioral data set on the birds’ behavior in combination with seedling surveys and spatial analysis to determine whether 1) island scrub jays disproportionally cache seeds in specific habitat types, and 2) whether the preferred habitat type is suitable for oak regeneration. Our results show that the jays nonrandomly cache acorns across the landscape; they use chaparral and coastal sage scrub disproportionally while avoiding open and grassy areas. The areas used most often for caching were also the areas with the highest oak seedling densities. We discuss the potential role of these findings for the recovery of Santa Cruz Island’s oak habitat since the 1980s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario B Pesendorfer
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 348 Manter Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588-0118, USA.,Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, MRC 5503, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012, USA.,Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 159 Sapsucker Woods Rd, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - T Scott Sillett
- Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, MRC 5503, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012, USA
| | - Scott A Morrison
- The Nature Conservancy, 4th Floor, 201 Mission Street, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA
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72
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Ramón P, Velázquez E, Escudero A, de la Cruz M. Environmental heterogeneity blurs the signature of dispersal syndromes on spatial patterns of woody species in a moist tropical forest. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192341. [PMID: 29451871 PMCID: PMC5815593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed the relative importance of dispersal limitation, environmental heterogeneity and their joint effects as determinants of the spatial patterns of 229 species in the moist tropical forest of Barro Colorado Island (Panama). We differentiated five types of species according to their dispersal syndrome; autochorous, anemochorous, and zoochorous species with small, medium-size and large fruits. We characterized the spatial patterns of each species and we checked whether they were best fitted by Inhomogeneous Poisson (IPP), Homogeneous Poisson cluster (HPCP) and Inhomogeneous Poisson cluster processes (IPCP) by means of the Akaike Information Criterion. We also assessed the influence of species' dispersal mode in the average cluster size. We found that 63% of the species were best fitted by IPCP regardless of their dispersal syndrome, although anemochorous species were best described by HPCP. Our results indicate that spatial patterns of tree species in this forest cannot be explained only by dispersal limitation, but by the joint effects of dispersal limitation and environmental heterogeneity. The absence of relationships between dispersal mode and degree of clustering suggests that several processes modify the original spatial pattern generated by seed dispersal. These findings emphasize the importance of fitting point process models with a different biological meaning when studying the main determinants of spatial structure in plant communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ramón
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto, Loja, Ecuador
| | - Eduardo Velázquez
- Universidad de Magallanes, Centro Universitario de Coyhaique, Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Adrián Escudero
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Departamento de Biología y Geología, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcelino de la Cruz
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Departamento de Biología y Geología, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
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73
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Linking intraspecific trait variability and spatial patterns of subtropical trees. Oecologia 2018; 186:793-803. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-4042-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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74
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Timóteo S, Correia M, Rodríguez-Echeverría S, Freitas H, Heleno R. Multilayer networks reveal the spatial structure of seed-dispersal interactions across the Great Rift landscapes. Nat Commun 2018; 9:140. [PMID: 29321529 PMCID: PMC5762785 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02658-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Species interaction networks are traditionally explored as discrete entities with well-defined spatial borders, an oversimplification likely impairing their applicability. Using a multilayer network approach, explicitly accounting for inter-habitat connectivity, we investigate the spatial structure of seed-dispersal networks across the Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique. We show that the overall seed-dispersal network is composed by spatially explicit communities of dispersers spanning across habitats, functionally linking the landscape mosaic. Inter-habitat connectivity determines spatial structure, which cannot be accurately described with standard monolayer approaches either splitting or merging habitats. Multilayer modularity cannot be predicted by null models randomizing either interactions within each habitat or those linking habitats; however, as habitat connectivity increases, random processes become more important for overall structure. The importance of dispersers for the overall network structure is captured by multilayer versatility but not by standard metrics. Highly versatile species disperse many plant species across multiple habitats, being critical to landscape functional cohesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Timóteo
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Marta Correia
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Susana Rodríguez-Echeverría
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Helena Freitas
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ruben Heleno
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
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75
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Plue J, Cousins SAO. Seed dispersal in both space and time is necessary for plant diversity maintenance in fragmented landscapes. OIKOS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.04813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Plue
- Biogeography and Geomatics, Dept of Physical Geography, Stockholm Univ.; Svante Arrheniusväg SE-106 54 Stockholm Sweden
- School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn Univ.; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Sara A. O. Cousins
- Biogeography and Geomatics, Dept of Physical Geography, Stockholm Univ.; Svante Arrheniusväg SE-106 54 Stockholm Sweden
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76
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Pesendorfer MB, Baker CM, Stringer M, McDonald‐Madden E, Bode M, McEachern AK, Morrison SA, Sillett TS. Oak habitat recovery on California's largest islands: Scenarios for the role of corvid seed dispersal. J Appl Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario B. Pesendorfer
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology Ithaca NY USA
- Migratory Bird Center Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute National Zoological Park Washington DC USA
| | - Christopher M. Baker
- School of BioSciences University of Melbourne Melbourne Vic. Australia
- School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland St Lucia, Brisbane Qld Australia
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences Ecosciences Precinct Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Martin Stringer
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Queensland St Lucia, Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Eve McDonald‐Madden
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Queensland St Lucia, Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Michael Bode
- ARC Centre for Excellence for Coral Reefs Studies James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia
| | - A. Kathryn McEachern
- U.S. Geological Survey‐Western Ecological Research Center Channel Islands Field Station Ventura CA USA
| | | | - T. Scott Sillett
- Migratory Bird Center Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute National Zoological Park Washington DC USA
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77
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Frugivorous birds influence the spatial organization of tropical forests through the generation of seedling recruitment foci under zoochoric trees. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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78
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Sluis WJ, Bowles M, Jones M. Multiscale metrics differentiate among tallgrass prairie restorations and remnant ecosystems along a restorative continuum. Restor Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William J. Sluis
- The Wetlands Initiative; 53 West Jackson Boulevard, Chicago IL 60604 U.S.A
| | - Marlin Bowles
- The Morton Arboretum; 4100 Illinois Route 53, Lisle IL 60532 U.S.A
| | - Mike Jones
- Christopher B. Burke Engineering Ltd; 9775 West Higgins Road, Rosemont IL 60018 U.S.A
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79
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Zhang S, Huang Y, Zang R. The assembly and interactions of tree species in tropical forests based on spatial analysis. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shuzi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment; The State Forestry Administration; Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection; Chinese Academy of Forestry; Beijing 100091 China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China; Nanjing Forestry University; Nanjing Jiangsu 210037 China
| | - Yunfeng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment; The State Forestry Administration; Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection; Chinese Academy of Forestry; Beijing 100091 China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China; Nanjing Forestry University; Nanjing Jiangsu 210037 China
| | - Runguo Zang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment; The State Forestry Administration; Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection; Chinese Academy of Forestry; Beijing 100091 China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China; Nanjing Forestry University; Nanjing Jiangsu 210037 China
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80
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Zhang B, Lu X, Jiang J, DeAngelis DL, Fu Z, Zhang J. Similarity of plant functional traits and aggregation pattern in a subtropical forest. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:4086-4098. [PMID: 28649322 PMCID: PMC5478052 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution of species and communities in relation to environmental heterogeneity is a central focus in ecology. Co-occurrence of species with similar functional traits is an indication that communities are determined in part by environmental filters. However, few studies have been designed to test how functional traits are selectively filtered by environmental conditions at local scales. Exploring the relationship between soil characteristics and plant traits is a step toward understanding the filtering hypothesis in determining plant distribution at local scale. Toward this end, we mapped all individual trees (diameter >1 cm) in a one-ha subtropical forest of China in 2007 and 2015. We measured topographic and detailed soil properties within the field site, as well as plant leaf functional traits and demographic rates of the seven most common tree species. A second one-ha study plot was established in 2015, to test and validate the general patterns that were drawn from first plot. We found that variation in species distribution at local scale can be explained by soil heterogeneity and plant functional traits. (From first plot). (1) Species dominant in habitats with high soil ammonium nitrogen and total phosphorus tended to have high specific leaf area (SLA) and relative growth rate (RGR). (2) Species dominant in low-fertility habitats tended to have high leaf dry matter content (LDMC), ratio of chlorophyll a and b (ratioab), and leaf thickness (LT). The hypothesis that functional traits are selected in part by environmental filters and determine plant distribution at local scale was confirmed by the data of the first plot and a second regional site showed similar species distribution patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration in Jiangsu ProvinceCollaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern ChinaNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
- Department of BiologyUniversity of MiamiCoral GablesFLUSA
| | - Xiaozhen Lu
- Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration in Jiangsu ProvinceCollaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern ChinaNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jiang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration in Jiangsu ProvinceCollaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern ChinaNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Donald L. DeAngelis
- Department of BiologyUniversity of MiamiCoral GablesFLUSA
- Wetland and Aquatic Research CenterU. S. Geological SurveyGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Zhiyuan Fu
- Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration in Jiangsu ProvinceCollaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern ChinaNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jinchi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration in Jiangsu ProvinceCollaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern ChinaNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
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81
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Heymann EW, Culot L, Knogge C, Noriega Piña TE, Tirado Herrera ER, Klapproth M, Zinner D. Long-term consistency in spatial patterns of primate seed dispersal. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:1435-1441. [PMID: 28261455 PMCID: PMC5330868 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed dispersal is a key ecological process in tropical forests, with effects on various levels ranging from plant reproductive success to the carbon storage potential of tropical rainforests. On a local and landscape scale, spatial patterns of seed dispersal create the template for the recruitment process and thus influence the population dynamics of plant species. The strength of this influence will depend on the long-term consistency of spatial patterns of seed dispersal. We examined the long-term consistency of spatial patterns of seed dispersal with spatially explicit data on seed dispersal by two neotropical primate species, Leontocebus nigrifrons and Saguinus mystax (Callitrichidae), collected during four independent studies between 1994 and 2013. Using distributions of dispersal probability over distances independent of plant species, cumulative dispersal distances, and kernel density estimates, we show that spatial patterns of seed dispersal are highly consistent over time. For a specific plant species, the legume Parkia panurensis, the convergence of cumulative distributions at a distance of 300 m, and the high probability of dispersal within 100 m from source trees coincide with the dimension of the spatial-genetic structure on the embryo/juvenile (300 m) and adult stage (100 m), respectively, of this plant species. Our results are the first demonstration of long-term consistency of spatial patterns of seed dispersal created by tropical frugivores. Such consistency may translate into idiosyncratic patterns of regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eckhard W Heymann
- Verhaltensökologie & Soziobiologie Deutsches Primatenzentrum, Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung Göttingen Germany
| | - Laurence Culot
- Verhaltensökologie & Soziobiologie Deutsches Primatenzentrum, Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung Göttingen Germany; Laboratório de Primatologia Departamento de Zoologia Universidade Estadual Paulista Rio Claro SP Brazil; Primatology Research Group Behavioral Biology UnitUniversity of Liège Liège Belgium
| | - Christoph Knogge
- Verhaltensökologie & Soziobiologie Deutsches Primatenzentrum, Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung Göttingen Germany; Present address: Caixa Postal 47 Nazaré Paulista São Paulo12960-000 Brazil
| | | | | | - Matthias Klapproth
- Kognitive Ethologie Deutsches Primatenzentrum, Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung Göttingen Germany
| | - Dietmar Zinner
- Kognitive Ethologie Deutsches Primatenzentrum, Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung Göttingen Germany
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82
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Rossetto M, Kooyman R, Yap JYS, Laffan SW. From ratites to rats: the size of fleshy fruits shapes species' distributions and continental rainforest assembly. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 282:20151998. [PMID: 26645199 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed dispersal is a key process in plant spatial dynamics. However, consistently applicable generalizations about dispersal across scales are mostly absent because of the constraints on measuring propagule dispersal distances for many species. Here, we focus on fleshy-fruited taxa, specifically taxa with large fleshy fruits and their dispersers across an entire continental rainforest biome. We compare species-level results of whole-chloroplast DNA analyses in sister taxa with large and small fruits, to regional plot-based samples (310 plots), and whole-continent patterns for the distribution of woody species with either large (more than 30 mm) or smaller fleshy fruits (1093 taxa). The pairwise genomic comparison found higher genetic distances between populations and between regions in the large-fruited species (Endiandra globosa), but higher overall diversity within the small-fruited species (Endiandra discolor). Floristic comparisons among plots confirmed lower numbers of large-fruited species in areas where more extreme rainforest contraction occurred, and re-colonization by small-fruited species readily dispersed by the available fauna. Species' distribution patterns showed that larger-fruited species had smaller geographical ranges than smaller-fruited species and locations with stable refugia (and high endemism) aligned with concentrations of large fleshy-fruited taxa, making them a potentially valuable conservation-planning indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Rossetto
- National Herbarium of NSW, The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Mrs Macquaries Road, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia QAAFI, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Robert Kooyman
- National Herbarium of NSW, The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Mrs Macquaries Road, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Jia-Yee S Yap
- National Herbarium of NSW, The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Mrs Macquaries Road, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia QAAFI, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Shawn W Laffan
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
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83
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Rodríguez‐Pérez J, García D, Martínez D, Morales JM. Seed dispersal by changing frugivore assemblages: a mechanistic test of global change effects. OIKOS 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Rodríguez‐Pérez
- Depto Biología de Organismos y Sistemas Univ. de Oviedo, and Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Biodiversidad (UMIB, CSIC‐Uo‐PA) ES‐33071 Oviedo Spain
- Aranzadi Sciences Society Zorroagagaina 11 ES‐20014 Donostia‐San Sebastián Spain
| | - Daniel García
- Depto Biología de Organismos y Sistemas Univ. de Oviedo, and Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Biodiversidad (UMIB, CSIC‐Uo‐PA) ES‐33071 Oviedo Spain
| | - Daniel Martínez
- Depto Biología de Organismos y Sistemas Univ. de Oviedo, and Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Biodiversidad (UMIB, CSIC‐Uo‐PA) ES‐33071 Oviedo Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Morales
- Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA‐CONICET Univ. Nacional del Comahue Bariloche Argentina
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84
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Dispersal of a Human-Cultivated Crop by Wild Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in a Forest–Farm Matrix. INT J PRIMATOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-016-9924-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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85
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Weiss F, Brummer TJ, Pufal G. Mountain bikes as seed dispersers and their potential socio-ecological consequences. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 181:326-332. [PMID: 27379751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Seed dispersal critically influences plant community composition and species distributions. Increasingly, human mediated dispersal is acknowledged as important dispersal mechanism, but we are just beginning to understand the different vectors that might play a role. We assessed the role of mountain bikes as potential dispersal vectors and associated social-ecological consequences in areas of conservation concern near Freiburg, Germany. Seed attachment and detachment on a mountain bike were measured experimentally at distances from 0 to 500 m. We assessed effects of seed traits, weather conditions, riding distance and tire combinations using generalized linear mixed effect models. Most seeds detached from the mountain bike within the first 5-20 m. However, a small proportion of seeds remained on tires after 200-500 m. Attachment was higher, and the rate of detachment slower, in semi-wet conditions and lighter seeds travelled farther. Seed dispersal by mountain bikes was moderate compared to other forms of human mediated dispersal. However, we found that lighter seeds could attach to other bike parts and remain there until cleaning which, depending on riders' preferences, might only be after 70 km and in different habitats. Ecological impacts of mountain biking are growing with the popularity of the activity. We demonstrate that mountain bikes are effective seeds dispersers at landscape scales. Thus, management to mitigate their potential to spread non-native species is warranted. We suggest bike cleaning between rides, control of non-native species at trailheads and increased awareness for recreationalists in areas of conservation concern to mitigate the potential negative consequences of seed dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Weiss
- Chair for Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tyler J Brummer
- Bioprotection Research Centre, PO Box 85084, Lincoln University, 7647, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Gesine Pufal
- Chair for Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
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86
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Soil Elements Influencing Community Structure in an Old-Growth Forest in Northeastern China. FORESTS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/f7080159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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87
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Sullivan LL, Danielson BJ, Harpole WS. Mammalian Herbivores Alter the Population Growth and Spatial Establishment of an Early-Establishing Grassland Species. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147715. [PMID: 26849564 PMCID: PMC4743957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-herbivore interactions influence the establishment context of plant species, as herbivores alter the community context in which individual species establish, and the spatial relationship between individuals and their source population as plants invade. This relationship can be described using an establishment kernel, which takes into account movement through seed dispersal, and subsequent establishment of adults. Mammalian herbivores are hypothesized to influence plant population growth and establishment through a combination of consumption of seeds and seedlings, and movement of seeds. While the movement abilities of plants are well known, we have very few empirical mechanistic tests of how biotic factors like mammalian herbivores influence this spread potential. As herbivores of all sizes are abundant on the landscape, we asked the question, how do mammalian herbivores influence the population growth, spatial establishment, and the community establishment context of an early-recruiting native prairie legume, Chamaecrista fasciculata? We planted C. fasciculata in source populations within a four-acre tallgrass prairie restoration in plots with and without herbivores, and monitored its establishment with respect to distance from the source populations. We found that herbivores decreased population growth, and decreased the mean and range establishment distance. Additionally, C. fasciculata established more often without herbivores, and when surrounded by weedy, annual species. Our results provide insight into how the interactions between plants and herbivores can alter the spatial dynamics of developing plant communities, which is vital for colonization and range spread with fragmentation and climate change. Mammalian herbivores have the potential to both slow rates of establishment, but also determine the types of plant communities that surround invading species. Therefore, it is essential to consider the herbivore community when attempting to restore functioning plant communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren L. Sullivan
- Department of Ecology Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, United States of America
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Brent J. Danielson
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, United States of America
| | - W. Stanley Harpole
- Department of Physiological Diversity, Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research–UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
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88
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Sarasola JH, Zanón-Martínez JI, Costán AS, Ripple WJ. Hypercarnivorous apex predator could provide ecosystem services by dispersing seeds. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19647. [PMID: 26791932 PMCID: PMC4726145 DOI: 10.1038/srep19647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Large “hypercarnivorous” felids are recognized for their role as apex predators and hence as key elements in food webs and ecosystem functioning through competition and depredation. Here we show that cougars (Puma concolor), one of the largest and the most widely ranging apex felid predators with a strictly carnivorous diet, could also be effective secondary long distance seed dispersers, potentially establishing direct and non-herbivore mediated interactions with plant species at the bottom of the food web. Cougars accidently ingest and disseminate large amounts of seeds (31,678 seeds in 123 scats) of plant species initially consumed by their main prey, the Eared Dove Zenaida auriculata. The germination potential of seeds for the three plant species most abundantly found in cougar scats (19,570 seeds) was not significantly different from that observed in seeds obtained from dove gizzards, indicating that seed passage through cougar guts did not affect seed germination. Considering the estimated cougar density in our study area, dispersal of seeds by cougars could allow a mean, annual seed spread of ~5,000 seeds per km2. Our results demonstrate that strictly carnivorous, felid predators could have broad and overlooked ecological functions related to ecosystem structuring and functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Hernán Sarasola
- Centro para el Estudio y Conservación de las Aves Rapaces en Argentina (CECARA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Avda. Uruguay 151, 6300 Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina.,Instituto de las Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa (INCITAP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Avda. Uruguay 151, 6300 Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
| | - Juan Ignacio Zanón-Martínez
- Centro para el Estudio y Conservación de las Aves Rapaces en Argentina (CECARA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Avda. Uruguay 151, 6300 Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina.,Instituto de las Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa (INCITAP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Avda. Uruguay 151, 6300 Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
| | - Andrea Silvina Costán
- Centro para el Estudio y Conservación de las Aves Rapaces en Argentina (CECARA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Avda. Uruguay 151, 6300 Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina.,Instituto de las Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa (INCITAP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Avda. Uruguay 151, 6300 Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
| | - William J Ripple
- Global Trophic Cascades Program, Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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89
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McGarvey R, Burch P, Matthews JM. Precision of systematic and random sampling in clustered populations: habitat patches and aggregating organisms. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016; 26:233-248. [PMID: 27039522 DOI: 10.1890/14-1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Natural populations of plants and animals spatially cluster because (1) suitable habitat is patchy, and (2) within suitable habitat, individuals aggregate further into clusters of higher density. We compare the precision of random and systematic field sampling survey designs under these two processes of species clustering. Second, we evaluate the performance of 13 estimators for the variance of the sample mean from a systematic survey. Replicated simulated surveys, as counts from 100 transects, allocated either randomly or systematically within the study region, were used to estimate population density in six spatial point populations including habitat patches and Matérn circular clustered aggregations of organisms, together and in combination. The standard one-start aligned systematic survey design, a uniform 10 x 10 grid of transects, was much more precise. Variances of the 10 000 replicated systematic survey mean densities were one-third to one-fifth of those from randomly allocated transects, implying transect sample sizes giving equivalent precision by random survey would need to be three to five times larger. Organisms being restricted to patches of habitat was alone sufficient to yield this precision advantage for the systematic design. But this improved precision for systematic sampling in clustered populations is underestimated by standard variance estimators used to compute confidence intervals. True variance for the survey sample mean was computed from the variance of 10 000 simulated survey mean estimates. Testing 10 published and three newly proposed variance estimators, the two variance estimators (v) that corrected for inter-transect correlation (ν₈ and ν(W)) were the most accurate and also the most precise in clustered populations. These greatly outperformed the two "post-stratification" variance estimators (ν₂ and ν₃) that are now more commonly applied in systematic surveys. Similar variance estimator performance rankings were found with a second differently generated set of spatial point populations, ν₈ and ν(W) again being the best performers in the longer-range autocorrelated populations. However, no systematic variance estimators tested were free from bias. On balance, systematic designs bring more narrow confidence intervals in clustered populations, while random designs permit unbiased estimates of (often wider) confidence interval. The search continues for better estimators of sampling variance for the systematic survey mean.
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90
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Umaña MN, Forero-Montaña J, Muscarella R, Nytch CJ, Thompson J, Uriarte M, Zimmerman J, Swenson NG. Interspecific Functional Convergence and Divergence and Intraspecific Negative Density Dependence Underlie the Seed-to-Seedling Transition in Tropical Trees. Am Nat 2016; 187:99-109. [DOI: 10.1086/684174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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91
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Temporal variations in seed dispersal patterns of a bird-dispersed tree, Swida controversa (Cornaceae), in a temperate forest. Ecol Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-015-1324-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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92
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Martínez I, García D, Obeso JR. Differential seed dispersal patterns generated by a common assemblage of vertebrate frugivores in three fleshy-fruited trees. ECOSCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.2980/15-2-3096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Martínez
- Área de Ecología, Departamento Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo, ES-33071, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Daniel García
- Área de Ecología, Departamento Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo, ES-33071, Oviedo, Spain
| | - José Ramón Obeso
- Área de Ecología, Departamento Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo, ES-33071, Oviedo, Spain
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93
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Pufal G, Klein AM. Spatial scale affects seed predation and dispersal in contrasting anthropogenic landscapes. Basic Appl Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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94
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Betini GS, Pardy A, Griswold CK, Norris DR. The role of seasonality and non-lethal carry-over effects on density-dependent dispersal. Ecosphere 2015. [DOI: 10.1890/es15-00257.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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95
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Lichti NI, Steele MA, Swihart RK. Seed fate and decision‐making processes in scatter‐hoarding rodents. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 92:474-504. [PMID: 26587693 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael I. Lichti
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 U.S.A
| | | | - Robert K. Swihart
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 U.S.A
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96
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Usinowicz J. Limited Dispersal Drives Clustering and Reduces Coexistence by the Storage Effect. Am Nat 2015; 186:634-48. [DOI: 10.1086/683202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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97
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Kakishima S, Morita S, Yoshida K, Ishida A, Hayashi S, Asami T, Ito H, Miller DG, Uehara T, Mori S, Hasegawa E, Matsuura K, Kasuya E, Yoshimura J. The contribution of seed dispersers to tree species diversity in tropical rainforests. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2015; 2:150330. [PMID: 26587246 PMCID: PMC4632518 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tropical rainforests are known for their extreme biodiversity, posing a challenging problem in tropical ecology. Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain the diversity of tree species, yet our understanding of this phenomenon remains incomplete. Here, we consider the contribution of animal seed dispersers to the species diversity of trees. We built a multi-layer lattice model of trees whose animal seed dispersers are allowed to move only in restricted areas to disperse the tree seeds. We incorporated the effects of seed dispersers in the traditional theory of allopatric speciation on a geological time scale. We modified the lattice model to explicitly examine the coexistence of new tree species and the resulting high biodiversity. The results indicate that both the coexistence and diversified evolution of tree species can be explained by the introduction of animal seed dispersers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kakishima
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
| | - Satoru Morita
- Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Yoshida
- Biodiversity Conservation Planning Section, Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ishida
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113, Japan
| | - Saki Hayashi
- Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
| | - Takahiro Asami
- Department of Biology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Hiromu Ito
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
| | - Donald G. Miller
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Chico, CA 95929, USA
| | - Takashi Uehara
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
| | - Shigeta Mori
- Department of Food, Life, and Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
| | - Eisuke Hasegawa
- Department of Ecology and Systematics, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsuura
- Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Eiiti Kasuya
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Jin Yoshimura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
- Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
- Marine Biosystems Research Center, Chiba University, Kamogawa, Chiba 299-5502, Japan
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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98
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da Silva Menezes L, Müller SC, Overbeck GE. Scale-specific processes shape plant community patterns in subtropical coastal grasslands. AUSTRAL ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana da Silva Menezes
- Graduate Program in Ecology; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Avenida Bento Gonçalves Porto Alegre 9500
| | - Sandra Cristina Müller
- Department of Ecology & Graduate Program in Ecology; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Gerhard Ernst Overbeck
- Department of Botany & Graduate Program in Ecology; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Brazil
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99
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Spatial patterns of primary seed dispersal and adult tree distributions: Genipa americana dispersed by Cebus capucinus. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467415000413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:The spatial distribution of adult trees is typically not expected to reflect the spatial patterns of primary seed dispersal, due to many factors influencing post-dispersal modification of the seed shadow, such as seed predation, secondary seed dispersal and density-dependent survival. Here, we test the hypothesis that spatial distributions of primary seed shadows and adult trees are concordant by analysing the spatial distributions of adult Genipa americana trees and the seed shadow produced by its key primary disperser, the capuchin monkey (Cebus capucinus) in a tropical dry forest in Costa Rica. We mapped the dispersal of G. americana seeds by the capuchins during focal animal follows (mean = 463 min, n = 50) of all adults in one free-ranging group over two early wet seasons (May–July, 2005 and 2006). We mapped the locations of all G. americana trees within a 60-ha plot that lay within the home range of the capuchin group. We conducted multiple spatial point pattern analyses comparing degrees of clustering of capuchin defecations and G. americana trees. We found that adult tree distributions and primary dispersal patterns are similarly aggregated at multiple spatial scales, despite the modification of the primary dispersal patterns and long dispersal distances.
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100
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