51
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Song CL, Diao HY, Wang JH, Shi YF, Lu Y, Wang G, Guo ZY, Li YX, Liu JG, Wang JP, Zhang JC, Zhao Z, Liu YH, Li Y, Cai D, Li Q. Diagnostic Value of Serum YKL-40 Level for Coronary Artery Disease: A Meta-Analysis. J Clin Lab Anal 2016; 30:23-31. [PMID: 27152377 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This meta-analysis aimed to identify the value of serum YKL-40 level for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS Through searching the following electronic databases: the Cochrane Library Database (Issue 12, 2013), Web of Science (1945 ∼ 2013), PubMed (1966 ∼ 2013), CINAHL (1982 ∼ 2013), EMBASE (1980 ∼ 2013), and the Chinese Biomedical Database (CBM; 1982 ∼ 2013), related articles were determined without any language restrictions. STATA statistical software (Version 12.0, Stata Corporation, College Station, TX) was chosen to deal with statistical data. Standard mean difference (SMD) and its corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated. RESULTS Eleven clinical case-control studies that recruited 1,175 CAD patients and 1,261 healthy controls were selected for statistical analysis. The main findings of our meta-analysis showed that serum YKL-40 level in CAD patients was significantly higher than that in control subjects (SMD = 2.79, 95% CI = 1.73 ∼ 3.85, P < 0.001). Ethnicity-stratified analysis indicated a higher serum YKL-40 level in CAD patients than control subjects among China, Korea, and Denmark populations (China: SMD = 2.97, 95% CI = 1.21 ∼ 4.74, P = 0.001; Korea: SMD = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.17 ∼ 1.15, P = 0.008; Denmark: SMD = 1.85, 95% CI = 1.42 ∼ 2.29, P < 0.001; respectively), but not in Turkey (SMD = 4.52, 95% CI = -2.87 ∼ 11.91, P = 0.231). CONCLUSION The present meta-analysis suggests that an elevated serum YKL-40 level may be used as a promising diagnostic tool for early identification of CAD.
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Wishart DS. Emerging applications of metabolomics in drug discovery and precision medicine. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016; 15:473-84. [PMID: 26965202 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2016.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 879] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics is an emerging 'omics' science involving the comprehensive characterization of metabolites and metabolism in biological systems. Recent advances in metabolomics technologies are leading to a growing number of mainstream biomedical applications. In particular, metabolomics is increasingly being used to diagnose disease, understand disease mechanisms, identify novel drug targets, customize drug treatments and monitor therapeutic outcomes. This Review discusses some of the latest technological advances in metabolomics, focusing on the application of metabolomics towards uncovering the underlying causes of complex diseases (such as atherosclerosis, cancer and diabetes), the growing role of metabolomics in drug discovery and its potential effect on precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Wishart
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW 405, Biological Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9.,Department of Computing Science, 2-21 Athabasca Hall University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E8.,National Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2M9
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Wang LH, Baker NE. E Proteins and ID Proteins: Helix-Loop-Helix Partners in Development and Disease. Dev Cell 2016; 35:269-80. [PMID: 26555048 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) proteins represent a well-known class of transcriptional regulators. Many bHLH proteins act as heterodimers with members of a class of ubiquitous partners, the E proteins. A widely expressed class of inhibitory heterodimer partners-the Inhibitor of DNA-binding (ID) proteins-also exists. Genetic and molecular analyses in humans and in knockout mice implicate E proteins and ID proteins in a wide variety of diseases, belying the notion that they are non-specific partner proteins. Here, we explore relationships of E proteins and ID proteins to a variety of disease processes and highlight gaps in knowledge of disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Hsin Wang
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Nicholas E Baker
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Amuzie C, Swart JR, Rogers CS, Vihtelic T, Denham S, Mais DE. A Translational Model for Diet-related Atherosclerosis: Effect of Statins on Hypercholesterolemia and Atherosclerosis in a Minipig. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 44:442-9. [PMID: 26883155 DOI: 10.1177/0192623315622304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Models of atherosclerosis are used in preclinical studies but often fail to translate to humans. A model that better reflects human atherosclerosis is necessary. We recently engineered the ExeGen™ low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) miniswine, in which the LDL receptor gene is modified to drive hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis, and showed diet-related exacerbation of these phenotypes. Five groups of animals, either wild type (+/+) or heterozygous (+/-), were fed either a normal or high-fat diet for 6 months. One group of heterozygous pigs fed a high-fat diet was also administered atorvastatin at 3 mg/kg/day. Clinical chemistry and anatomic pathology parameters were measured biweekly and at termination. The high-fat diet resulted in increased adiposity and interspersion of adipocytes within the salivary glands. The heterozygous pigs on the high-fat diet gained more weight and had significant increases in total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, and LDL compared to wild-type animals or heterozygous animals fed a normal diet. Atorvastatin attenuated these parameters, indicating the statin had a beneficial effect, even in a high-fat diet scenario. Atorvastatin treatment also reduced the intensity of Oil Red O staining in pigs on high-fat diet. Atorvastatin-related amelioration of several indices of cardiovascular pathophysiology in this model underscores its utility for drug discovery.
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Chernyavskiy I, Veeranki S, Sen U, Tyagi SC. Atherogenesis: hyperhomocysteinemia interactions with LDL, macrophage function, paraoxonase 1, and exercise. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1363:138-54. [PMID: 26849408 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite great strides in understanding the atherogenesis process, the mechanisms are not entirely known. In addition to diet, cigarette smoking, genetic predisposition, and hypertension, hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), an accumulation of the noncoding sulfur-containing amino acid homocysteine (Hcy), is a significant contributor to atherogenesis. Although exercise decreases HHcy and increases longevity, the complete mechanism is unclear. In light of recent evidence, in this review, we focus on the effects of HHcy on macrophage function, differentiation, and polarization. Though there is need for further evidence, it is most likely that HHcy-mediated alterations in macrophage function are important contributors to atherogenesis, and HHcy-countering strategies, such as nutrition and exercise, should be included in the combinatorial regimens for effective prevention and regression of atherosclerotic plaques. Therefore, we also included a discussion on the effects of exercise on the HHcy-mediated atherogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Chernyavskiy
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Sudhakar Veeranki
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Utpal Sen
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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Visentin S, Londero AP, Bellamio B, Giunta G, Cosma C, Faggian D, Plebani M, Cosmi E. Fetal Endothelial Remodeling in Late-Onset Gestational Hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2016; 29:273-9. [PMID: 26150542 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpv103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies reveal that offspring of pregnancies complicated by hypertensive disorders may have an increased cardiovascular risk. Genetic and nongenetic factors seem to play an important role in premature arterial disease. Endothelium may be significant for long-term remodeling of the arterial wall. The aim of the study was to assess fetal endothelial and renal function in late-onset gestational hypertension. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a case-controlled study. Singleton pregnancies affected by late-onset gestational hypertension (after 34 weeks' gestation) and controls were included. Ultrasound examinations (fetal biometry, fetal Doppler, fetal aorta intima media thickness (aIMT), fetal kidney volumes, maternal Doppler, presence of uterine arteries protodiastolic notching from anomaly scan) and clinical data were collected. A sample of amniotic fluid was taken at delivery. RESULTS Fifty patients with late-onset hypertension and 50 controls were included. At growth scan (weeks 29-32) we found in the study group significantly higher fetal aIMT, umbilical artery pulsatility index (PI), fetal aorta PI, and mean uterine arteries PI with persistent bilateral notch. In the case group microalbuminuria levels were significantly higher than controls (1.32±0.11 vs. 1.10±0.13g/l, P < 0.0001), and there was a negative correlation between renal fetal volume at growth scan and amniotic microalbuminuria (r: -0.95, 95% C -0.97 to -0.90, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Gestational hypertension should be considered as one of the adverse early risk factors that might predispose to impaired fetal cardiovascular development during intrauterine life; therefore, this study provides further evidence to better understand the origins of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Visentin
- Department of Woman's and Child's Health, Maternal Fetal Medicine Unit, University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Beatrice Bellamio
- Department of Woman's and Child's Health, Maternal Fetal Medicine Unit, University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Grazia Giunta
- Department of Woman's and Child's Health, Maternal Fetal Medicine Unit, University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Chiara Cosma
- Laboratory Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Diego Faggian
- Laboratory Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Mario Plebani
- Laboratory Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Erich Cosmi
- Department of Woman's and Child's Health, Maternal Fetal Medicine Unit, University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy;
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Castellon X, Bogdanova V. Chronic Inflammatory Diseases and Endothelial Dysfunction. Aging Dis 2016; 7:81-9. [PMID: 26815098 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2015.0803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory diseases are associated with increases in cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and subclinical atherosclerosis as well as early-stage endothelial dysfunction screening using the FMD method (Flow Mediated Dilation). This phenomenon, referred to as accelerated pathological remodeling of arterial wall, could be attributed to traditional risk factors associated with atherosclerosis. Several new non-invasive techniques have been used to study arterial wall's structural and functional alterations. These techniques (based of Radio Frequency, RF) allow for an assessment of artery age through calculations of intima-media thickness (RF- QIMT), pulse wave rate (RF- QAS) and endothelial dysfunction degree (FMD). The inflammatory and autoimmune diseases should now be considered as new cardiovascular risk factors, result of the major consequences of oxidative stress and RAS (Renin Angiotensin System) imbalance associated with the deleterious effect of known risk factors that lead to the alteration of the arterial wall. Inflammation plays a key role in all stages of the formation of vascular lesions maintained and exacerbated by the risk factors. The consequence of chronic inflammation is endothelial dysfunction that sets in and we can define it as an integrated marker of the damage to arterial walls by classic risk factors. The atherosclerosis, which develops among these patients, is the main cause for cardiovascular morbi-mortality and uncontrolled chronic biological inflammation, which quickly favors endothelial dysfunction. These inflammatory and autoimmune diseases should now be considered as new cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vera Bogdanova
- Privat Hospital, Athis Mons, 91200 Athis-Mons, Paris, France
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Hou J, Xue X, Li J. Vasostatin-2 inhibits cell proliferation and adhesion in vascular smooth muscle cells, which are associated with the progression of atherosclerosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 469:948-53. [PMID: 26721428 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.12.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the serum expression level of vasostatin-2 was found to be reduced and is being studied as an important indicator to assess the presence and severity of coronary artery disease; the functional properties of vasostatin-2 and its relationship with the development of atherosclerosis remains unclear. In this study, we attempted to detect the expression of vasostatin-2 and its impact on human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot were used to assess the expression level of vasostatin-2 in VSMCs between those from atherosclerosis and disease-free donors; we found that vasostatin-2 was significantly down-regulated in atherosclerosis patient tissues and cell lines. In addition, the over-expression of vasostatin-2 apparently inhibits cell proliferation and migration in VSMCs. Gain-of-function in vitro experiments further show that vasostatin-2 over-expression significantly inhibits inflammatory cytokines release in VSMCs. In addition, cell adhesion experimental analysis showed that soluble adhesion molecules (sICAM-1, sVCAM-1) had decreased expression when vasostatin-2 was over-expressed in VSMCs. Therefore, our results indicate that vasostatin-2 is an atherosclerosis-related factor that can inhibit cell proliferation, inflammatory response and cell adhesion in VSMCs. Taken together, our results indicate that vasostatin-2 could serve as a potential diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic option for human atherosclerosis in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghong Hou
- Department of Cardiovascular, Weinan Center Hospital, The Middle of Victory Avenue, Linwei District, Weinan City 714000, China.
| | - Xiaolin Xue
- Department of Cardiovascular, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Junnong Li
- Department of Cardiovascular, Weinan Center Hospital, The Middle of Victory Avenue, Linwei District, Weinan City 714000, China
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Mellendijk L, Wiesmann M, Kiliaan AJ. Impact of Nutrition on Cerebral Circulation and Cognition in the Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients 2015; 7:9416-39. [PMID: 26580647 PMCID: PMC4663605 DOI: 10.3390/nu7115477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS), defined as the clustering of abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and hyperglycemia, appears to be driving the global epidemics cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Nutrition has a major impact on MetS and plays an important role in the prevention, development, and treatment of its features. Structural and functional alterations in the vasculature, associated with MetS, might form the link between MetS and the increased risk of developing CVD and T2DM. Not only does the peripheral vasculature seem to be affected, but the syndrome has a profound impact on the cerebral circulation and thence brain structure as well. Furthermore, strong associations are shown with stroke, cognitive impairment, and dementia. In this review the impact of nutrition on the individual components of MetS, the effects of MetS on peripheral and cerebral vasculature, and its consequences for brain structure and function will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mellendijk
- Department of Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands.
| | - Maximilian Wiesmann
- Department of Anatomy & Geriatric Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands.
| | - Amanda J Kiliaan
- Department of Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands.
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Chawhan SS, Mogarekar MR, Wagh RV, Das RR, Pramanik SS, Sonune SM, Chawhan SM. Relation of Paraoxonase1, Arylesterase and Lipid Profile in Ischemic Stroke Patients. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:BC01-3. [PMID: 26673997 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/15345.6707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an enzyme associated with High density lipoprotein (HDL) in blood and it is considered to have antioxidant and antiatherogenic properties. PON1 plays an important role in protecting HDL and especially low density lipoprotein (LDL) from oxidative modification by hydrolyzing lipid peroxides which are known to be associated with many vascular diseases including atherosclerosis and ischemic stroke. AIM The aim of the study was to evaluate and correlate serum paraoxonase (PON1) and arylesterase (ARE) activities as well as lipid profile levels in patients with ischemic stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study population was comprised of 50 ischemic stroke patients and 50 healthy controls. The serum PON1 and ARE activities were measured spectrophotometrically by using paraoxon and phenylacetate as substrate respectively by Eckerson method. Serum lipid was measured using routine biochemical method. RESULTS The normality of the distribution of the parameters are assessed by Shapiro-Wilk test. Two sample t-test is applied for hypothesis testing. The serum PONI and arylesterase ARE decreased significantly in ischemic stroke patients (p<0.001). The PON1 was positively correlated with HDL. CONCLUSION This study strongly suggests that the estimation of HDL-C associated PON1 enzyme gives valuable information for prediction of risk of ischemic stroke due to cerebrovascular thromboembolism. The result shows that PON1 and ARE could be considered as a risk factors for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mukund R Mogarekar
- Professor and Head, Department of Biochemistry, SRTR, GMCH , Ambajogai, India
| | - Reena V Wagh
- Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry, SSH & GMCH , Nagpur, India
| | - Rajkumar R Das
- Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, SSH & GMCH , Nagpur, India, India
| | - Sanjay S Pramanik
- Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, SSH & GMCH , Nagpur, India
| | - Sanjay M Sonune
- Professor and Head, Department of Biochemistry, SSH & GMCH , Nagpur, India
| | - Sanjay M Chawhan
- Assistant Professor, Department of Pathology, SSH & GMCH , Nagpur, India
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Mimura J, Itoh K. Role of Nrf2 in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 88:221-232. [PMID: 26117321 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the vascular arterial walls. A number of studies have revealed the biological and genetic bases of atherosclerosis, and over 100 genes influence atherosclerosis development. Nrf2 plays an important role in oxidative stress response and drug metabolism, but the Nrf2 signaling pathway is closely associated with atherosclerosis development. During atherosclerosis progression, Nrf2 signaling modulates many physiological and pathophysiological processes, such as lipid homeostasis regulation, foam cell formation, macrophage polarization, redox regulation and inflammation. Interestingly, Nrf2 exhibits both pro- and anti-atherogenic effects in experimental animal models. These observations make the Nrf2 pathway a promising target to prevent atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsei Mimura
- Department of Stress Response Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan.
| | - Ken Itoh
- Department of Stress Response Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
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Moss JWE, Ramji DP. Interferon-γ: Promising therapeutic target in atherosclerosis. World J Exp Med 2015; 5:154-159. [PMID: 26309816 PMCID: PMC4543809 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v5.i3.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the vasculature and is the primary cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD). CVD is currently the world’s leading cause of death and the numbers are predicted to rise further because of a global increase in risk factors such as diabetes and obesity. Current therapies such as statins have had a major impact in reducing mortality from CVD. However, there is a marked residual CVD risk in patients on statin therapy. It is therefore important to understand the molecular basis of this disease in detail and to develop alternative novel therapeutics. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is often regarded as a master regulator of atherosclerosis development. IFN-γ is able to influence several key steps during atherosclerosis development, including pro-inflammatory gene expression, the recruitment of monocytes from the blood to the activated arterial endothelium and plaque stability. This central role of IFN-γ makes it a promising therapeutic target. The purpose of this editorial is to describe the key role IFN-γ plays during atherosclerosis development, as well as discuss potential strategies to target it therapeutically.
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Kullo IJ, Leeper NJ. The genetic basis of peripheral arterial disease: current knowledge, challenges, and future directions. Circ Res 2015; 116:1551-60. [PMID: 25908728 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.303518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Several risk factors for atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease (PAD), such as dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension, are heritable. However, predisposition to PAD may be influenced by genetic variants acting independently of these risk factors. Identification of such genetic variants will provide insights into underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms and facilitate the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. In contrast to coronary heart disease, relatively few genetic variants that influence susceptibility to PAD have been discovered. This may be, in part, because of greater clinical and genetic heterogeneity in PAD. In this review, we (1) provide an update on the current state of knowledge about the genetic basis of PAD, including results of family studies and candidate gene, linkage as well as genome-wide association studies; (2) highlight the challenges in investigating the genetic basis of PAD and possible strategies to overcome these challenges; and (3) discuss the potential of genome sequencing, RNA sequencing, differential gene expression, epigenetic profiling, and systems biology in increasing our understanding of the molecular genetics of PAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftikhar J Kullo
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (I.J.K.); and Department of Vascular Surgery, Stanford, Stanford, CA (N.J.L.).
| | - Nicholas J Leeper
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (I.J.K.); and Department of Vascular Surgery, Stanford, Stanford, CA (N.J.L.)
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Lai HM, Li XM, Yang YN, Ma YT, Xu R, Pan S, Zhai H, Liu F, Chen BD, Zhao Q. Genetic Variation in NFKB1 and NFKBIA and Susceptibility to Coronary Artery Disease in a Chinese Uygur Population. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129144. [PMID: 26075620 PMCID: PMC4468078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common chronic inflammatory disease worldwide. NF-κB, a central regulator of inflammation, is involved in various inflammatory diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between NFKB1 and NFKBIA polymorphisms and the susceptibility to CAD and their impact on plasma levels of IL-6 in a Chinese Uygur population. METHODS We genotyped NFKB1-94ins/del ATTG (rs28362491) and NFKBIA3' UTR A/G (rs696) using TaqMan SNP genotyping assays in 960 Uygur CAD cases and Uygur 1060 CAD-negative controls. IL-6 plasma levels were measured in 360 stable angina pectoris (SAP) cases and 360 controls using ELISA method. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the distribution of the genotypes and alleles of rs696 polymorphism in CAD cases and controls. Significant difference in the frequency of genotypes (P = 0.001) and alleles (P = 0.001) of rs28362491 polymorphism was observed in CAD cases compared to controls. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, SNP rs28362491 was consistently associated with CAD risk in a recessive model after adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors (OR = 1.581, 95% CI 1.222 to 2.046, P<0.001). SAP cases had significantly higher plasma levels of IL-6 compared to controls (P<0.001). General linear model analysis showed rs28362491 was independently associated with increased IL-6 levels by analyses of a recessive model (P<0.001) after adjustment for covariates. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that NFKB1-94 ins/del ATTG polymorphism may play a role in CAD susceptibility in Chinese Uygur population and is functionally associated with IL-6 expression, suggesting a mechanistic link between NFKB1-94 ins/del ATTG polymorphism and CAD susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Mei Lai
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Department of Cardiology, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Li
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, China
| | - Yi-Ning Yang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, China
- * E-mail: (YY); (YM)
| | - Yi-Tong Ma
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, China
- * E-mail: (YY); (YM)
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, China
| | - Shuo Pan
- 1st Department of Cardiology, People’s Hospital of Shaanxi Province, Xian, China
| | - Hui Zhai
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, China
| | - Fen Liu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, China
- Clinical Research Institute of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Bang-Dang Chen
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, China
- Clinical Research Institute of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
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Risk of cardiovascular abnormalities in relatives of SUDEP victims: How should we proceed? Epilepsy Behav 2015; 45:223-4. [PMID: 25819951 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Wang S, Song K, Srivastava R, Fathzadeh M, Li N, Mani A. The Protective Effect of Transcription Factor 7-Like 2 Risk Allele rs7903146 against Elevated Fasting Plasma Triglyceride in Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:468627. [PMID: 26576435 PMCID: PMC4631899 DOI: 10.1155/2015/468627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The results from published studies regarding association of transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) variant rs7903146 with dyslipidemia have been conflicting and inconclusive. METHODS We carried out a meta-analysis that aimed to investigate the association of the rs7903146 variant with plasma lipid levels using electronic database and published studies. Data was extracted by a standard algorithm. Dominant, recessive, homozygote, and heterozygote comparison models were utilized. RESULTS 24 studies incorporating 52,785 subjects were included in this meta-analysis. Overall, the minor allele (T) was associated with lower risk for hypertriglyceridemia in subjects with type 2 diabetes (dominant model: SMD = -0.04, 95% CI (-0.08, 0.00), P = 0.048, P heterogeneity = 0.47; recessive model: SMD = -0.10, 95% CI (-0.18, -0.02), P = 0.01, P heterogeneity = 0.56). No association was found between minor (T) allele and plasma TC, LDL-c, or HDL-c levels in subjects with type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome (MetS) and no association was found between minor (T) allele and plasma TG levels in nondiabetic subjects. CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis indicated the association between TCF7L2 rs7903146 polymorphism and low plasma triglyceride (TG) level in subjects with type 2 diabetes. No association was found between rs7903146 variant and plasma lipids in nondiabetic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxia Wang
- The Geriatric Cardiology Department, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Kangxing Song
- The Geriatric Cardiology Department, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28, Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Roshni Srivastava
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Mohsen Fathzadeh
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Na Li
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Arya Mani
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- *Arya Mani:
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Cao M, Zhou ZW, Fang BJ, Zhao CG, Zhou D. Meta-analysis of cholesteryl ester transfer protein TaqIB polymorphism and risk of myocardial infarction. Medicine (Baltimore) 2014; 93:e160. [PMID: 25474428 PMCID: PMC4616386 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of studies have been conducted to explore the association between the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) TaqIB polymorphism and risk of myocardial infarction (MI); however, the results are inconsistent. Therefore, we conducted this meta-analysis to clarify the issue based on all the data available.Eligible studies were retrieved by searching PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. We calculated the crude odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) to assess the association between the TaqIB polymorphism and risk of MI.We included 13 studies involving 8733 MI cases and 8573 controls in the meta-analysis. The pooled results from all included studies showed decreased MI risk in the analysis of the B2B2 versus B1B1 (OR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.68-0.91), dominant (OR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.77-0.99), and recessive genetic models (OR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.78-0.91). The frequency of the B2B2 genotype in MI patients was lower (OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.81-0.94). However, there was no significant association in the B1B2 versus B1B1 analysis (OR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.81-1.05) and no significant difference for the B1B1 genotype (OR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.98-1.11) and B1B2 genotype (OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.97-1.08). Cumulative analysis confirmed these results.Our results suggest that the B2B2 genotype of the CETP TaqIB polymorphism is a protective factor against the development of MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Cao
- From the Department of Emergency, Longhua Hospital Afflicted to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medcine (MC, J-BF); Department of Cardiology, Xuhui District Central Hospital, Shanghai, China (Z-W Z); Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Putuo Hospital Afflicted to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medcine (G-GZ); and Department of Cardiology, Longhua Hospital Afflicted to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medcine, Shanghai (DZ), China
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Albright J, Quizon PM, Lusis AJ, Bennett BJ. Genetic network identifies novel pathways contributing to atherosclerosis susceptibility in the innominate artery. BMC Med Genomics 2014; 7:51. [PMID: 25115202 PMCID: PMC4142055 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-7-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis, the underlying cause of cardiovascular disease, results from both genetic and environmental factors. Methods In the current study we take a systems-based approach using weighted gene co-expression analysis to identify a candidate pathway of genes related to atherosclerosis. Bioinformatic analyses are performed to identify candidate genes and interactions and several novel genes are characterized using in-vitro studies. Results We identify 1 coexpression module associated with innominate artery atherosclerosis that is also enriched for inflammatory and macrophage gene signatures. Using a series of bioinformatics analysis, we further prioritize the genes in this pathway and identify Cd44 as a critical mediator of the atherosclerosis. We validate our predictions generated by the network analysis using Cd44 knockout mice. Conclusion These results indicate that alterations in Cd44 expression mediate inflammation through a complex transcriptional network involving a number of previously uncharacterized genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Brian J Bennett
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 500 Laureate Way, Suite 2303, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
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Trepanowski JF, Varady KA. Veganism Is a Viable Alternative to Conventional Diet Therapy for Improving Blood Lipids and Glycemic Control. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 55:2004-13. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.736093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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70
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Davis BT, Wang XJ, Rohret JA, Struzynski JT, Merricks EP, Bellinger DA, Rohret FA, Nichols TC, Rogers CS. Targeted disruption of LDLR causes hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in Yucatan miniature pigs. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93457. [PMID: 24691380 PMCID: PMC3972179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in engineering the genomes of large animals has spurred increased interest in developing better animal models for diseases where current options are inadequate. Here, we report the creation of Yucatan miniature pigs with targeted disruptions of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene in an effort to provide an improved large animal model of familial hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. Yucatan miniature pigs are well established as translational research models because of similarities to humans in physiology, anatomy, genetics, and size. Using recombinant adeno-associated virus-mediated gene targeting and somatic cell nuclear transfer, male and female LDLR+/− pigs were generated. Subsequent breeding of heterozygotes produced LDLR−/− pigs. When fed a standard swine diet (low fat, no cholesterol), LDLR+/− pigs exhibited a moderate, but consistent increase in total and LDL cholesterol, while LDLR−/− pigs had considerably elevated levels. This severe hypercholesterolemia in homozygote animals resulted in atherosclerotic lesions in the coronary arteries and abdominal aorta that resemble human atherosclerosis. These phenotypes were more severe and developed over a shorter time when fed a diet containing natural sources of fat and cholesterol. LDLR-targeted Yucatan miniature pigs offer several advantages over existing large animal models including size, consistency, availability, and versatility. This new model of cardiovascular disease could be an important resource for developing and testing novel detection and treatment strategies for coronary and aortic atherosclerosis and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan T. Davis
- Exemplar Genetics, Coralville, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Xiao-Jun Wang
- Exemplar Genetics, Coralville, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Judy A. Rohret
- Exemplar Genetics, Coralville, Iowa, United States of America
| | | | - Elizabeth P. Merricks
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dwight A. Bellinger
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Frank A. Rohret
- Exemplar Genetics, Coralville, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Timothy C. Nichols
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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Sen SK, Barb JJ, Cherukuri PF, Accame DS, Elkahloun AG, Singh LN, Lee-Lin SQ, Kolodgie FD, Cheng Q, Zhao X, Chen MY, Arai AE, Green ED, Mullikin JC, Munson PJ, Biesecker LG. Identification of candidate genes involved in coronary artery calcification by transcriptome sequencing of cell lines. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:198. [PMID: 24628908 PMCID: PMC4003819 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Massively-parallel cDNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) is a new technique that holds great promise for cardiovascular genomics. Here, we used RNA-Seq to study the transcriptomes of matched coronary artery disease cases and controls in the ClinSeq® study, using cell lines as tissue surrogates. Results Lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) from 16 cases and controls representing phenotypic extremes for coronary calcification were cultured and analyzed using RNA-Seq. All cell lines were then independently re-cultured and along with another set of 16 independent cases and controls, were profiled with Affymetrix microarrays to perform a technical validation of the RNA-Seq results. Statistically significant changes (p < 0.05) were detected in 186 transcripts, many of which are expressed at extremely low levels (5–10 copies/cell), which we confirmed through a separate spike-in control RNA-Seq experiment. Next, by fitting a linear model to exon-level RNA-Seq read counts, we detected signals of alternative splicing in 18 transcripts. Finally, we used the RNA-Seq data to identify differential expression (p < 0.0001) in eight previously unannotated regions that may represent novel transcripts. Overall, differentially expressed genes showed strong enrichment (p = 0.0002) for prior association with cardiovascular disease. At the network level, we found evidence for perturbation in pathways involving both cardiovascular system development and function as well as lipid metabolism. Conclusions We present a pilot study for transcriptome involvement in coronary artery calcification and demonstrate how RNA-Seq analyses using LCLs as a tissue surrogate may yield fruitful results in a clinical sequencing project. In addition to canonical gene expression, we present candidate variants from alternative splicing and novel transcript detection, which have been unexplored in the context of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Leslie G Biesecker
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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A functionally significant polymorphism in ID3 is associated with human coronary pathology. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90222. [PMID: 24603695 PMCID: PMC3946163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims We previously identified association between the ID3 SNP rs11574 and carotid intima-media thickness in the Diabetes Heart Study, a predominantly White diabetic population. The nonsynonymous SNP rs11574 results in an amino acid substitution in the C-terminal region of ID3, attenuating the dominant negative function of ID3 as an inhibitor of basic HLH factor E12-mediated transcription. In the current investigation, we characterize the association between the functionally significant polymorphism in ID3, rs11574, with human coronary pathology. Methods and Results The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) is a longitudinal study of subclinical cardiovascular disease, including non-Hispanic White (n = 2,588), African American (n = 2,560) and Hispanic (n = 2,130) participants with data on coronary artery calcium (CAC). The Coronary Assessment in Virginia cohort (CAVA) included 71 patients aged 30–80 years, undergoing a medically necessary cardiac catheterization and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) at the University of Virginia. ID3 SNP rs11574 risk allele was associated with the presence of CAC in MESA Whites (P = 0.017). In addition, the risk allele was associated with greater atheroma burden and stenosis in the CAVA cohort (P = 0.003, P = 0.04 respectively). The risk allele remained predictive of atheroma burden in multivariate analysis (Model 1: covariates age, gender, and LDL, regression coefficient = 9.578, SE = 3.657, p = 0.0110; Model 2: covariates Model 1, presence of hypertension, presence of diabetes, regression coefficient = 8.389, SE = 4.788, p = 0.0163). Conclusions We present additional cohorts that demonstrate association of ID3 SNP rs11574 directly with human coronary artery pathology as measured by CAC and IVUS: one a multiethnic, relatively healthy population with low levels of diabetes and the second a predominantly White population with a higher incidence of T2DM referred for cardiac catheterization.
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73
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Prendergast C, Quayle J, Burdyga T, Wray S. Atherosclerosis affects calcium signalling in endothelial cells from apolipoprotein E knockout mice before plaque formation. Cell Calcium 2014; 55:146-54. [PMID: 24630173 PMCID: PMC4024193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about how hypercholesterolaemia affects Ca2+ signalling in the vasculature of ApoE−/− mice, a model of atherosclerosis. Our objectives were therefore to determine (i) if hypercholesterolaemia alters Ca2+ signalling in aortic endothelial cells before overt atherosclerotic lesions occur, (ii) how Ca2+ signals are affected in older plaque-containing mice, and (iii) whether Ca2+ signalling changes were translated into contractility differences. Using confocal microscopy we found agonist-specific Ca2+ changes in endothelial cells. ATP responses were unchanged in ApoE−/− cells and methyl-β-cyclodextrin, which lowers cholesterol, was without effect. In contrast, Ca2+ signals to carbachol were significantly increased in ApoE−/− cells, an effect methyl-β-cyclodextrin reversed. Ca2+ signals were more oscillatory and store-operated Ca2+ entry decreased as mice aged and plaques formed. Despite clearly increased Ca2+ signals, aortic rings pre-contracted with phenylephrine had impaired relaxation to carbachol. This functional deficit increased with age, was not related to ROS generation, and could be partially rescued by methyl-β-cyclodextrin. In conclusion, carbachol-induced calcium signalling and handling are significantly altered in endothelial cells of ApoE−/− mice before plaque development. We speculate that reduction in store-operated Ca2+ entry may result in less efficient activation of eNOS and thus explain the reduced relaxatory response to CCh, despite the enhanced Ca2+ response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clodagh Prendergast
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - John Quayle
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Theodor Burdyga
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Wray
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Ghasemi A, Aghajani H, Fallah S, Assadi M, Seifi M. C771G (His241Gln) polymorphism of MLXIPL gene, TG levels and coronary artery disease: a case control study. Anatol J Cardiol 2014; 15:8-12. [PMID: 25179879 PMCID: PMC5336913 DOI: 10.5152/akd.2014.5135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: It is suggested that C771G (His241Gln) polymorphism of MLXIPL gene might be a genetic risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD); therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the association between C771G polymorphism of MLXIPL gene and the pathogenesis of CAD in Iranian patients with coronary artery stenosis and control subjects. Methods: Two hundred and five patients with coronary artery stenosis and 195 healthy control subjects were included in this study. MLXIPL genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Results: There was an association between the MLXIPL polymorphism and quantitative lipid traits in patient group. Distribution of the CC genotype of MLXIPL was more frequent in patients, (χ2=5.13; p<0.005) and after adjustment for classical CAD risk factors, the MLXIPL CC genotype was independently associated with CAD (OR=1.98, 95% CI, 1.12-4.11; p=0.02). Distribution of MLXIPL genotypes were significantly different as compared with the severity of stenosis (χ2=6.34; p<0.05). Conclusion: These results suggest that C771G polymorphism of MLXIPL gene is associated with stenosis and its severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Ghasemi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran-Iran.
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Sayols-Baixeras S, Lluís-Ganella C, Lucas G, Elosua R. Pathogenesis of coronary artery disease: focus on genetic risk factors and identification of genetic variants. Appl Clin Genet 2014; 7:15-32. [PMID: 24520200 PMCID: PMC3920464 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s35301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide, and its prevalence is expected to increase in the coming years. CAD events are caused by the interplay of genetic and environmental factors, the effects of which are mainly mediated through cardiovascular risk factors. The techniques used to study the genetic basis of these diseases have evolved from linkage studies to candidate gene studies and genome-wide association studies. Linkage studies have been able to identify genetic variants associated with monogenic diseases, whereas genome-wide association studies have been more successful in determining genetic variants associated with complex diseases. Currently, genome-wide association studies have identified approximately 40 loci that explain 6% of the heritability of CAD. The application of this knowledge to clinical practice is challenging, but can be achieved using various strategies, such as genetic variants to identify new therapeutic targets, personal genetic information to improve disease risk prediction, and pharmacogenomics. The main aim of this narrative review is to provide a general overview of our current understanding of the genetics of coronary artery disease and its potential clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Sayols-Baixeras
- Cardiovascular epidemiology and Genetics Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Lluís-Ganella
- Cardiovascular epidemiology and Genetics Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gavin Lucas
- Cardiovascular epidemiology and Genetics Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roberto Elosua
- Cardiovascular epidemiology and Genetics Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
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Cai X. Regulation of smooth muscle cells in development and vascular disease: current therapeutic strategies. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 4:789-800. [PMID: 17173496 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.4.6.789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) exhibit extensive phenotypic diversity and rapid growth during embryonic development, but maintain a quiescent, differentiated state in adult. The pathogenesis of vascular proliferative diseases involves the proliferation and migration of medial vascular SMCs into the vessel intima, possibly reinstating their embryonic gene expression programs. Multiple mitogenic stimuli induce vascular SMC proliferation through cell cycle progression. Therapeutic strategies targeting cell cycle progression and mitogenic stimuli have been developed and evaluated in animal models of atherosclerosis and vascular injury, and several clinical studies. Recent discoveries on the recruitment of vascular progenitor cells to the sites of vascular injury suggest new therapeutic potentials of progenitor cell-based therapies to accelerate re-endothelialization and prevent engraftment of SMC-lineage progenitor cells. Owing to the complex and multifactorial nature of SMC regulation, combinatorial antiproliferative approaches are likely to be used in the future in order to achieve maximal efficacy and reduce toxicity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- Cellular Senescence
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Disease Progression
- Drug Delivery Systems
- Gene Expression
- Genetic Therapy
- Humans
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/embryology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Phenotype
- Stents
- Vascular Diseases/drug therapy
- Vascular Diseases/genetics
- Vascular Diseases/metabolism
- Vascular Diseases/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjiang Cai
- Duke University Medical Center, Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) & Cell Biology, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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77
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Scarr E, Dean B. Role of the cholinergic system in the pathology and treatment of schizophrenia. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 9:73-86. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.9.1.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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78
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Mutation in ST6GALNAC5 identified in family with coronary artery disease. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3595. [PMID: 24399302 PMCID: PMC3884232 DOI: 10.1038/srep03595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to identify the genetic cause of coronary artery disease (CAD) in an Iranian pedigree. Genetic linkage analysis identified three loci with an LOD score of 2.2. Twelve sequence variations identified by exome sequencing were tested for segregation with disease. A p.Val99Met causing mutation in ST6GALNAC5 was considered the likely cause of CAD. ST6GALNAC5 encodes sialyltransferase 7e. The variation affects a highly conserved amino acid, was absent in 800 controls, and was predicted to damage protein function. ST6GALNAC5 is positioned within loci previously linked to CAD-associated parameters. While hypercholesterolemia was a prominent feature in the family, clinical and genetic data suggest that this condition is not caused by the mutation in ST6GALNAC5. Sequencing of ST6GALNAC5 in 160 Iranian patients revealed a candidate causative stop-loss mutation in two other patients. The p.Val99Met and stop-loss mutations both caused increased sialyltransferase activity. Sequence data from combined Iranian and US controls and CAD affected individuals provided evidence consistent with potential role of ST6GALNAC5 in CAD. We conclude that ST6GALNAC5 mutations can cause CAD. There is substantial literature suggesting a relation between sialyltransferase and sialic acid levels and coronary disease. Our findings provide strong evidence for the existence of this relation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Oldoni
- From the Departments of Molecular Genetics (F.O., J.A.K.) and Genetics (R.J.S.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Richard J. Sinke
- From the Departments of Molecular Genetics (F.O., J.A.K.) and Genetics (R.J.S.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Albert Kuivenhoven
- From the Departments of Molecular Genetics (F.O., J.A.K.) and Genetics (R.J.S.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Vik R, Busnelli M, Parolini C, Bjørndal B, Holm S, Bohov P, Halvorsen B, Brattelid T, Manzini S, Ganzetti GS, Dellera F, Nygård OK, Aukrust P, Sirtori CR, Chiesa G, Berge RK. An immunomodulating fatty acid analogue targeting mitochondria exerts anti-atherosclerotic effect beyond plasma cholesterol-lowering activity in apoe(-/-) mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81963. [PMID: 24324736 PMCID: PMC3852987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA) is a hypolipidemic antioxidant with immunomodulating properties involving activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and proliferation of mitochondria. This study aimed to penetrate the effect of TTA on the development of atherosclerotic lesions in apolipoprotein (apo)-E-/- mice fed a high-fat diet containing 0.3% TTA for 12 weeks. These mice displayed a significantly less atherosclerotic development vs control. Plasma cholesterol was increased by TTA administration and triacylglycerol (TAG) levels in plasma and liver were decreased by TTA supplementation, the latter, probably due to increased mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and reduced lipogenesis. TTA administration also changed the fatty acid composition in the heart, and the amount of arachidonic acid (ARA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) was reduced and increased, respectively. The heart mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxidase (NOS)-2 was decreased in TTA-treated mice, whereas the mRNA level of catalase was increased. Finally, reduced plasma levels of inflammatory mediators as IL-1α, IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α and IFN-γ were detected in TTA-treated mice. These data show that TTA reduces atherosclerosis in apoE-/- mice and modulates risk factors related to atherosclerotic disorders. TTA probably acts at both systemic and vascular levels in a manner independent of changes in plasma cholesterol, and triggers TAG catabolism through improved mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Vik
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Marco Busnelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cinzia Parolini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Bodil Bjørndal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sverre Holm
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pavol Bohov
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bente Halvorsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond Brattelid
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, NIFES, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stefano Manzini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia S. Ganzetti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Dellera
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ottar K. Nygård
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cesare R. Sirtori
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Chiesa
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Rolf K. Berge
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Amézaga N, Sanjurjo L, Julve J, Aran G, Pérez-Cabezas B, Bastos-Amador P, Armengol C, Vilella R, Escolà-Gil JC, Blanco-Vaca F, Borràs FE, Valledor AF, Sarrias MR. Human scavenger protein AIM increases foam cell formation and CD36-mediated oxLDL uptake. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 95:509-20. [PMID: 24295828 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1212660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM is expressed by macrophages in response to agonists of the nuclear receptors LXR/RXR. In mice, it acts as an atherogenic factor by protecting macrophages from the apoptotic effects of oxidized lipids. In humans, it is detected in atherosclerotic lesions, but no role related to atherosclerosis has been reported. This study aimed to investigate whether the role of hAIM extends beyond inhibiting oxidized lipid-induced apoptosis. To accomplish this goal, functional analysis with human monocytic THP1 cells and macrophages differentiated from peripheral blood monocytes were performed. It was found that hAIM reduced oxLDL-induced macrophage apoptosis and increased macrophage adhesion to endothelial ICAM-1 by enhancing LFA-1 expression. Furthermore, hAIM increased foam cell formation, as shown by Oil Red O and Nile Red staining, as well as quantification of cholesterol content. This was not a result of decreased reverse cholesterol transport, as hAIM did not affect the efflux significantly from [(3)H] Cholesterol-laden macrophages driven by plasma, apoA-I, or HDL2 acceptors. Rather, flow cytometry studies indicated that hAIM increased macrophage endocytosis of fluorescent oxLDL, which correlated with an increase in the expression of the oxLDLR CD36. Moreover, hAIM bound to oxLDL in ELISA and enhanced the capacity of HEK-293 cells expressing CD36 to endocytose oxLDL, as studied using immunofluorescence microscopy, suggesting that hAIM serves to facilitate CD36-mediated uptake of oxLDL. Our data represent the first evidence that hAIM is involved in macrophage survival, adhesion, and foam cell formation and suggest a significant contribution to atherosclerosis-related mechanisms in the macrophage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Amézaga
- 1.Ctra Can Ruti, camí de les escoles s/n, Edifici de Recerca, Planta 1, 08916 Badalona, Spain. ; Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/mrsarrias
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82
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Gibellini D, Borderi M, Clò A, Morini S, Miserocchi A, Bon I, Ponti C, Re MC. HIV-related mechanisms in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2013; 14:780-90. [DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0b013e3283619331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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83
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Inanloorahatloo K, Zand Parsa AF, Huse K, Rasooli P, Davaran S, Platzer M, Fan JB, Amini S, Steemers F, Elahi E. Mutation in CYP27A1 identified in family with coronary artery disease. Eur J Med Genet 2013; 56:655-60. [PMID: 24080357 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading cause of death worldwide. Myocardial infarction is the most severe outcome of CAD. Despite extensive efforts, the genetics of CAD is poorly understood. We aimed to identify the genetic cause of CAD in a pedigree with several affected individuals. Exome sequencing led to identification of a mutation in CYP27A1 that causes p.Arg225His in the encoded protein sterol 27-hydroxylase as the likely cause of CAD in the pedigree. The enzyme is multifunctional, and several of its functions including its functions in vitamin D metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) are relevant to the CAD phenotype. Measurements of vitamin D levels suggested that the mutation does not affect CAD by affecting this parameter. We suggest that the mutation may cause CAD by affecting RCT. Screening of all coding regions of the CYP27A1 in 100 additional patients led to finding four variations (p.Arg14Gly, p.Arg26Lys, p.Ala27Arg, and p.Val86Met) in seven patients that may contribute to their CAD status. CYP27A1 is the known causative gene of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, a disorder which is sometimes accompanied by early onset atherosclerosis. This and the observation of potentially harmful variations in unrelated CAD patients provide additional evidence for the suggested causative role of the p.Arg225His mutation in CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolsoum Inanloorahatloo
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Genome Analysis, Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
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84
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The myeloperoxidase -463G/A polymorphism and coronary artery disease risk: A meta-analysis of 1938 cases and 1990 controls. Clin Biochem 2013; 46:1644-8. [PMID: 24036021 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Genetic polymorphism of human myeloperoxidase (MPO) -463G/A has been implicated to alter the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), but the results are controversial. To improve the reliability of the conflicting results, we conducted a meta-analysis of studies relating the MPO -463G/A polymorphism with the risk of CAD. DESIGN AND METHODS Two investigators independently searched the MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Library up to June, 2012. Summary odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the MPO -463G/A polymorphism and CAD risk were calculated, and potential sources of heterogeneity and publication bias were explored. Statistical analysis was performed with the software program of Stata 9.0. RESULTS 5 case-control studies were finally identified for analyses, involving 1938 cases with CAD and 1990 controls. We found that the MPO -463G/A polymorphism has no significant association with overall CAD risk (G/G vs A/A: OR=0.595, 95%CI=0.298-1.188, P=0.141; G/G vs G/A+A/A: OR=0.886, 95%CI=0.779-1.008, P=0.066; G/G+G/A vs A/A: OR=0.611, 95%CI=0.334-1.119, P=0.111; OR=0.886, 95%CI=0.779-1.008, P=0.066; G vs A: OR=0.843, 95%CI=0.675-1.053, P=0.133). The heterogeneity test showed that there were significant differences between individual studies in additive, recessive and allelic genetic models (P=0.008, P=0.021, P=0.019, respectively); further analyses revealed that age and sex possibly account for the heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis demonstrated the evidence that there was no significant association between the MPO -463G/A polymorphism and the risk of CAD; larger and well-designed multicenter studies are needed to confirm our results.
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Qi L, Qi Q, Prudente S, Mendonca C, Andreozzi F, di Pietro N, Sturma M, Novelli V, Mannino GC, Formoso G, Gervino EV, Hauser TH, Muehlschlegel JD, Niewczas MA, Krolewski AS, Biolo G, Pandolfi A, Rimm E, Sesti G, Trischitta V, Hu F, Doria A. Association between a genetic variant related to glutamic acid metabolism and coronary heart disease in individuals with type 2 diabetes. JAMA 2013; 310:821-8. [PMID: 23982368 PMCID: PMC3858847 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2013.276305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Diabetes is associated with an elevated risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Previous studies have suggested that the genetic factors predisposing to excess cardiovascular risk may be different in diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. OBJECTIVE To identify genetic determinants of CHD that are specific to patients with diabetes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We studied 5 independent sets of CHD cases and CHD-negative controls from the Nurses' Health Study (enrolled in 1976 and followed up through 2008), Health Professionals Follow-up Study (enrolled in 1986 and followed up through 2008), Joslin Heart Study (enrolled in 2001-2008), Gargano Heart Study (enrolled in 2001-2008), and Catanzaro Study (enrolled in 2004-2010). Included were a total of 1517 CHD cases and 2671 CHD-negative controls, all with type 2 diabetes. Results in diabetic patients were compared with those in 737 nondiabetic CHD cases and 1637 nondiabetic CHD-negative controls from the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study cohorts. Exposures included 2,543,016 common genetic variants occurring throughout the genome. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Coronary heart disease--defined as fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass grafting, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, or angiographic evidence of significant stenosis of the coronary arteries. RESULTS A variant on chromosome 1q25 (rs10911021) was consistently associated with CHD risk among diabetic participants, with risk allele frequencies of 0.733 in cases vs 0.679 in controls (odds ratio, 1.36 [95% CI, 1.22-1.51]; P = 2 × 10(-8)). No association between this variant and CHD was detected among nondiabetic participants, with risk allele frequencies of 0.697 in cases vs 0.696 in controls (odds ratio, 0.99 [95% CI, 0.87-1.13]; P = .89), consistent with a significant gene × diabetes interaction on CHD risk (P = 2 × 10(-4)). Compared with protective allele homozygotes, rs10911021 risk allele homozygotes were characterized by a 32% decrease in the expression of the neighboring glutamate-ammonia ligase (GLUL) gene in human endothelial cells (P = .0048). A decreased ratio between plasma levels of γ-glutamyl cycle intermediates pyroglutamic and glutamic acid was also shown in risk allele homozygotes (P = .029). CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE A single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs10911021) was identified that was significantly associated with CHD among persons with diabetes but not in those without diabetes and was functionally related to glutamic acid metabolism, suggesting a mechanistic link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Qibin Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sabrina Prudente
- IRCSS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza-Mendel Laboratory, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Andreozzi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Natalia di Pietro
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University ‘G. d'Annunzio’, Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., ‘G. d'Annunzio’ University Foundation, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Mariella Sturma
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Valeria Novelli
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gaia Chiara Mannino
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Gloria Formoso
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University ‘G. d'Annunzio’, Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., ‘G. d'Annunzio’ University Foundation, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Ernest V. Gervino
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cardiovascular Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thomas H. Hauser
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cardiovascular Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jochen D. Muehlschlegel
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Monika A. Niewczas
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrzej S. Krolewski
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gianni Biolo
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Assunta Pandolfi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University ‘G. d'Annunzio’, Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., ‘G. d'Annunzio’ University Foundation, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Eric Rimm
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Giorgio Sesti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Trischitta
- IRCSS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza-Mendel Laboratory, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
- Research Unit of Diabetes and Endocrine Diseases, IRCSS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Frank Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alessandro Doria
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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86
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Zheng Y, Yu B, Alexander D, Manolio TA, Aguilar D, Coresh J, Heiss G, Boerwinkle E, Nettleton JA. Associations between metabolomic compounds and incident heart failure among African Americans: the ARIC Study. Am J Epidemiol 2013; 178:534-42. [PMID: 23788672 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwt004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure is more prevalent among African Americans than in the general population. Metabolomic studies among African Americans may efficiently identify novel biomarkers of heart failure. We used untargeted methods to measure 204 stable serum metabolites and evaluated their associations with incident heart failure hospitalization (n = 276) after a median follow-up of 20 years (1987-2008) by using Cox regression in data from 1,744 African Americans aged 45-64 years without heart failure at baseline from the Jackson, Mississippi, field center of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. After adjustment for established risk factors, we found that 16 metabolites (6 named with known structural identities and 10 unnamed with unknown structural identities, the latter denoted by using the format X-12345) were associated with incident heart failure (P < 0.0004 based on a modified Bonferroni procedure). Of the 6 named metabolites, 4 are involved in amino acid metabolism, 1 (prolylhydroxyproline) is a dipeptide, and 1 (erythritol) is a sugar alcohol. After additional adjustment for kidney function, 2 metabolites remained associated with incident heart failure (for metabolite X-11308, hazard ratio = 0.75, 95% confidence interval: 0.65, 0.86; for metabolite X-11787, hazard ratio = 1.23, 95% confidence interval: 1.10, 1.37). Further structural analysis revealed X-11308 to be a dihydroxy docosatrienoic acid and X-11787 to be an isoform of either hydroxyleucine or hydroxyisoleucine. Our metabolomic analysis revealed novel biomarkers associated with incident heart failure independent of traditional risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE A functional promoter polymorphism in the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene has been implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders and also moderates the association between early-life stress and mental disorders, which often co-occur with cardiovascular disease. No study has examined the relationship between MAOA genotype, childhood trauma, and subclinical atherosclerosis. The objective of this investigation was to examine whether childhood trauma moderates the association between MAOA genotype and subclinical atherosclerosis. METHODS A sample including 289 middle-aged male twin pairs was studied. Subclinical atherosclerosis was assessed by brachial flow-mediated dilation (FMD) using ultrasound. Childhood trauma, before age 18 years, was measured with the Early Trauma Inventory and included physical, emotional, and sexual abuse as well as general trauma. Generalized estimating equation models were used to test the main and interactive effects of the MAOA genotype and each domain of childhood trauma on FMD, adjusting for known risk factors. RESULTS General trauma was the most prevalent childhood trauma (28.4%), followed by physical abuse (25.0%), emotional abuse (19.4%), and sexual abuse (11.6%). MAOA genotype was not associated with any domain of childhood trauma. There was no significant evidence for a main effect for the MAOA genotype (β = .02, p = .82) or childhood trauma (.005 < β < .10, p > .54) FMD. However, a significant interaction was observed between MAOA genotype and physical (β interaction = .37, p = .026) or emotional abuse (β interaction = .43, p = .025) on subclinical atherosclerosis. CONCLUSIONS Childhood trauma modulates the impact of MAOA variant on subclinical atherosclerosis, independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors.
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88
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Castellon X, Bogdanova V. Screening for subclinical atherosclerosis by noninvasive methods in asymptomatic patients with risk factors. Clin Interv Aging 2013; 8:573-80. [PMID: 23761967 PMCID: PMC3673861 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s40150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of cardiovascular death due to the increasing prevalence of the disease and the impact of risk factors such as diabetes, obesity or smoking. Sudden cardiac death is the primary consequence of coronary artery disease in 50% of men and 64% of women. Currently the only available strategy to reduce mortality in the at-risk population is primary prevention; the target population must receive screening for atherosclerosis. The value of screening for subclinical atherosclerosis is still relevant, it has become standard clinical practice with the emergence of new noninvasive techniques (radio frequency [RF] measurement of intima-media thickness [RFQIMT] and arterial stiffness [RFQAS], and flow-mediated vasodilatation [FMV]), which have been used by our team since 2007 and are based on detection marker integrators which reflect the deleterious effect of risk factors on arterial remodeling before the onset of clinical events. These techniques allow the study of values according to age and diagnosis of the pathological value, the thickness of the intima media (RFQIMT), the speed of the pulse wave (RFQAS), and the degree of endothelial dysfunction (FMV). This screening is justified in asymptomatic patients with cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia, and tobacco smoking). Studies conducted by RF coupled with two-dimensional echo since 2007 have led to a more detailed analysis of the state of the arterial wall. The various examinations allow an assessment of the degree of subclinical atherosclerosis and its impact on arterial remodeling and endothelial function. The use of noninvasive imaging in screening and early detection of subclinical atherosclerosis is reliable and reproducible and allows us to assess the susceptibility of our patients with risk factors and ensures better monitoring of atherosclerosis, thus reducing the occurrence of cardiovascular events in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Castellon
- Department of Cardiology, Private Hospital Athis Mons, Paris, France.
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89
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Berisha SZ, Hsu J, Robinet P, Smith JD. Transcriptome analysis of genes regulated by cholesterol loading in two strains of mouse macrophages associates lysosome pathway and ER stress response with atherosclerosis susceptibility. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65003. [PMID: 23705026 PMCID: PMC3660362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol loaded macrophages in the arterial intima are the earliest histological evidence of atherosclerosis. Studies of mouse models of atherosclerosis have shown that the strain background can have a significant effect on lesion development. We have previously shown that DBA/2 ApoE(-/-) mice have aortic root lesions 10-fold larger than AKR ApoE(-/-) mice. The current study analyzes the response to cholesterol loading of macrophages from these two strains. Macrophages from the atherosclerosis susceptible DBA/2 strain had significantly higher levels of total and esterified cholesterol compared to atherosclerosis resistant AKR macrophages, while free cholesterol levels were higher in AKR cells. Gene expression profiles were obtained and data were analyzed for strain, cholesterol loading, and strain-cholesterol loading interaction effects by a fitted linear model. Pathway and transcriptional motif enrichment were identified by gene set enrichment analysis. In addition to observed strain differences in basal gene expression, we identified many transcripts whose expression was significantly altered in response to cholesterol loading, including P2ry13 and P2ry14, Trib3, Hyal1, Vegfa, Ccr5, Ly6a, and Ifit3. Eight pathways were significantly enriched in transcripts regulated by cholesterol loading, among which the lysosome and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathways had the highest number of significantly regulated transcripts. Of the differentially regulated transcripts with a strain-cholesterol loading interaction effect, we identified three genes known to participate in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, Ddit3, Trib3 and Atf4. These three transcripts were highly up-regulated by cholesterol in AKR and either down-regulated or unchanged in loaded DBA/2 macrophages, thus associating a robust ER stress response with atherosclerosis resistance. We identified significant transcripts with strain, loading, or strain-loading interaction effect that reside within previously described quantitative trait loci as atherosclerosis modifier candidate genes. In conclusion, we characterized several strain and cholesterol induced differences that may lead to new insights into cellular cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stela Z. Berisha
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Hsu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Peggy Robinet
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jonathan D. Smith
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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90
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Guo C, Hu F, Zhang S, Wang Y, Liu H. Association between osteoprotegerin gene polymorphisms and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetic patients. Genet Mol Biol 2013; 36:177-82. [PMID: 23885198 PMCID: PMC3715282 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572013005000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoprotegerin (OPG) gene polymorphisms (T245G, T950C and G1181C) have been associated with osteoporosis and early predictors of cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether these polymorphisms contribute to cardiovascular disease (CVD) in type 2 diabetic patients. We performed a case-control study with 178 CVD subjects with diabetes and 312 diabetic patients without CVD to assess the impact of variants of the OPG gene on the risk of CVD. The OPG gene polymorphisms were analyzed by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). There was no significant association between the T245G and G1181C polymorphisms and CVD in the additive genetic model (OR = 0.96, 95% CI 0.64–1.45, p = 0.79; OR = 1.06, 95% CI 0.81–1.39, p = 0.65, respectively). However, the C allele of the T950C polymorphism was independently associated with a risk of CVD in type 2 diabetic patients in this genetic model (OR = 1.38, 95% CI 1.07–1.80, p = 0.01). This study provides evidence that the C allele of the T950C polymorphism is associated with increased risk of CVD in diabetic patients. However, well-designed prospective studies with a larger sample size are needed to validate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlei Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Henan Province, P.R. China
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Clinical determinants of carotid intima-media thickness in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. Neurol Neurochir Pol 2013; 46:519-28. [PMID: 23319219 DOI: 10.5114/ninp.2012.32278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Early atherosclerotic changes in carotid arteries can be detected using ultrasound examination. The aim of this study was to assess correlations between intima-media thickness (IMT) and gender, age and clinical features of diabetes mellitus (DM). MATERIAL AND METHODS The study group consisted of 73 patients with type 2 DM (mean age: 63.6 ± 7.5 years), and 74 controls without DM (mean age 62.2 ± 7.5 years). Analysed clinical features of diabetes included disease duration, anti-diabetic treatment, glycaemic control (HbA1c level), presence of metabolic syndrome, and complications of macro- and microangiopathy. IMT was measured using ultrasonography in the carotid arteries (common - CCA, bifurcation, internal - ICA) bilaterally. RESULTS Mean and maximum IMT in the CCA was greater in diabetic patients than in controls. Age and male sex, but not vascular risk factors, were independent predictors of increased IMT in all segments. Macroangiopathy correlated with IMT within both CCA in univariate analysis. After adjusting for age and gender, this relationship remained significant in the right CCA in middle-aged patients (59-67 years; p = 0.01 for mean IMT, p = 0.02 for maximum IMT). In patients without metabolic syndrome, IMT in the right CCA bifurcation correlated with HbA1c level (p = 0.05). Patients treated simultaneously with insulin and oral antidiabetic drugs had smaller IMT in the right ICA than those treated with insulin only (0.471 ± 0.105 vs. 0.678 ± 0.209 mm; p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS In diabetic patients, ultrasound IMT measurement can be used to assess the cardiovascular risk and to determine indications for intensified anti-diabetic treatment. IMT is a sensitive marker of early carotid atherosclerosis, particularly on the right side.
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Abstract
Ischaemic heart disease accounts for nearly half of the global cardiovascular disease burden. Aetiologies relating to heart disease are complex, but dyslipidaemia, oxidative stress and inflammation are cardinal features. Despite preventative measures and advancements in treatment regimens with lipid-lowering agents, the high prevalence of heart disease and the residual risk of recurrent events continue to be a significant burden to the health sector and to the affected individuals and their families. The development of improved risk models for the early detection and prevention of cardiovascular events in addition to new therapeutic strategies to address this residual risk are required if we are to continue to make inroads into this most prevalent of diseases. Metabolomics and lipidomics are modern disciplines that characterize the metabolite and lipid complement respectively, of a given system. Their application to ischaemic heart disease has demonstrated utilities in population profiling, identification of multivariate biomarkers and in monitoring of therapeutic response, as well as in basic mechanistic studies. Although advances in magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry technologies have given rise to the fields of metabolomics and lipidomics, the plethora of data generated presents challenges requiring specific statistical and bioinformatics applications, together with appropriate study designs. Nonetheless, the predictive and re-classification capacity of individuals with various degrees of risk by the plasma lipidome has recently been demonstrated. In the present review, we summarize evidence derived exclusively by metabolomic and lipidomic studies in the context of ischaemic heart disease. We consider the potential role of plasma lipid profiling in assessing heart disease risk and therapeutic responses, and explore the potential mechanisms. Finally, we highlight where metabolomic studies together with complementary -omic disciplines may make further inroads into the understanding, detection and treatment of ischaemic heart disease.
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Ranthe MF, Winkel BG, Andersen EW, Risgaard B, Wohlfahrt J, Bundgaard H, Haunso S, Melbye M, Tfelt-Hansen J, Boyd HA. Risk of cardiovascular disease in family members of young sudden cardiac death victims. Eur Heart J 2012; 34:503-11. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Lipinski MJ, Campbell KA, Duong SQ, Welch TJ, Garmey JC, Doran AC, Skaflen MD, Oldham SN, Kelly KA, McNamara CA. Loss of Id3 increases VCAM-1 expression, macrophage accumulation, and atherogenesis in Ldlr-/- mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:2855-61. [PMID: 23042815 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inhibitor of differention-3 (Id3) promotes B cells homing to the aorta and atheroprotection in Apoe(-/-) mice. We sought to determine the impact of loss of Id3 in the Ldlr((-/-)) mouse model of diet-induced atherosclerosis and identify novel Id3 targets in the vessel wall. METHODS AND RESULTS Ex vivo optical imaging confirmed that Id3((-/-)) Ldlr((-/-)) mice have significantly fewer aortic B cells than Id3((+/+)) Ldlr(-/-) mice. After 8 and 16 weeks of Western diet, Id3((-/-)) Ldlr((-/-)) mice developed significantly more atherosclerosis than Id3((+/+)) Ldlr((-/-)) mice, with Id3(+/-) Ldlr(-/-) mice demonstrating an intermediate phenotype. There were no differences in serum lipid levels between genotypes. Immunostaining demonstrated that aortas from Id3((-/-)) Ldlr((-/-)) mice had greater intimal macrophage density and C-C chemokine ligand 20 and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) expression compared with Id3((+/+)) Ldlr(-/-) mice. Real-time polymerase chain reaction demonstrated increased VCAM-1 mRNA levels in the aortas of Id3(-/-) Ldlr(-/-) mice. Primary vascular smooth muscle cells from Id3((-/-)) mice expressed greater amounts of VCAM-1 protein compared with control. Gain and loss of function studies in primary vascular smooth muscle cells identified a role for Id3 in repressing VCAM-1 promoter activation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated interaction of E12 with the VCAM-1 promoter, which is inhibited by Id3. CONCLUSIONS Id3 is an atheroprotective transcription regulator with targets in both B cells and vessel wall cells leading to reduced macrophage accumulation and reduced atherosclerosis formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Lipinski
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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95
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Srivastava U, Paigen BJ, Korstanje R. Differences in health status affect susceptibility and mapping of genetic loci for atherosclerosis (fatty streak) in inbred mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:2380-6. [PMID: 22837474 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.255703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We observed differences in atherosclerosis susceptibility in mouse inbred strains over the years as the health status of our animal rooms increased. Therefore, we investigated the effect of animal room health status on atherosclerosis susceptibility in different strains. As these data can also be used for genome-wide association mapping, we performed a mapping study and compared our results with previously found quantitative trait loci for atherosclerosis in mouse and humans. METHODS AND RESULTS Males and females from 48 inbred strains were housed in 2 animal rooms with different health status and given an atherogenic diet. We compared atherosclerosis susceptibility between animal rooms and between sexes and found that susceptibility is dependent on both health status and sex. Subsequently, the data were used for associations with loci on the mouse genome using 63 222 single nucleotide polymorphism. Three loci in males and 4 loci in females were identified using the data from the low-health status room. No significant associations were identified using the data from the high-health status room. CONCLUSIONS Health status influences susceptibility to atherosclerosis and suggests that microbiological pressure plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis in many strains. As we were only able to map susceptibility loci using the data from the lower health status room, we argue that susceptibility under these conditions is determined by a few key loci, whereas in the higher health status room different mechanisms might play a role in the differences in atherosclerosis susceptibility between strains and we did not have enough power to map the loci that are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujala Srivastava
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
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96
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Razzaghi H, Santorico SA, Kamboh MI. Population-Based Resequencing of LIPG and ZNF202 Genes in Subjects with Extreme HDL Levels. Front Genet 2012; 3:89. [PMID: 22723803 PMCID: PMC3375090 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial lipase (LIPG) and zinc finger protein 202 (ZNF202) are two pivotal genes in high density lipoprotein (HDL metabolism). We sought to determine their genetic contribution to variation in HDL-cholesterol levels by comprehensive resequencing of both genes in 235 individuals with high or low HDL-C levels. The selected subjects were 141 Whites (High HDL Group: n = 68, [Formula: see text] Low HDL Group: n = 73, [Formula: see text]) and 94 Hispanics (High HDL Group: n = 46, [Formula: see text] Low HDL Group: n = 48, [Formula: see text]). We identified a total of 185 and 122 sequence variants in LIPG and ZNF202, respectively. We found only two missense variants in LIPG (T111I and N396S) and two in ZNF202 (A154V and K259E). In both genes, there were several variants unique to either the low or high HDL group. For LIPG, the proportion of unique variants differed between the high and low HDL groups in both Whites (p = 0.022) and Hispanics (p = 0.017), but for ZNF202 this difference was observed only in Hispanics (p = 0.021). We also identified a common haplotype in ZNF202 among Whites that was significantly associated with the high HDL group (p = 0.013). These findings provide insights into the genetics of LIPG and ZNF202, and suggest that sequence variants occurring with high frequency in non-exonic regions may play a prominent role in modulating HDL-C levels in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Razzaghi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine,
University of Colorado DenverAurora, CO, USA
| | - Stephanie A. Santorico
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences,
University of Colorado DenverDenver, CO, USA
| | - M. Ilyas Kamboh
- Department of Human Genetics, University of
PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, USA
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97
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Ko MKC, Ikeda S, Mieno-Naka M, Arai T, Zaidi SAH, Sato N, Muramatsu M, Sawabe M. Association of COMT gene polymorphisms with systemic atherosclerosis in elderly Japanese. J Atheroscler Thromb 2012; 19:552-8. [PMID: 22790479 DOI: 10.5551/jat.11254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Atherosclerotic disease is a major health problem among the elderly, which arises from a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors. The catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene encodes an enzyme that degrades catecholamines and estrogens to less active metabolites. The objective of this study was to examine whether polymorphisms of the COMT gene affected the severity of atherosclerotic disease in a Japanese elderly population. METHOD A total of 1536 autopsy cases of hospital deaths were assessed for the degree of pathological atherosclerotic index (PAI), coronary stenotic index (CSI) and intracranial stenotic index (ICAI), which were obtained by macroscopic examination of the luminal surface of formalin-fixed arteries. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the COMT gene, rs4633 (C/T) and rs4680 (G/A) were genotyped. The rs4680 (G/A) corresponds to a functional SNP with the substitution of valine to methionine. RESULT The CC genotype of rs4633 (C/T) and the GG genotype of rs4680 (G/A) showed a significantly higher degree of PAI and the association remained positive after adjustment for age, hypertension, diabetes, smoking and drinking (p=0.035 and p=0.031, respectively). There were no significant associations between COMT genotypes and CSI or ICAI. When male and female subjects were analyzed separately, the association was observed only in female subjects (p=0.012 and p=0.027) after adjustment for age, hypertension, diabetes, smoking and drinking. CONCLUSION The functional SNP in the COMT gene associated with the severity of atherosclerosis in a Japanese elderly population, whereby the influence of the genotype appears to be stronger in females than in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maung Kyi Chan Ko
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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98
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Miao L, Yin RX, Hu XJ, Wu DF, Cao XL, Li Q, Yan TT, Aung LHH, Wu JZ, Lin WX. Association of rs2072183 SNP and serum lipid levels in the Mulao and Han populations. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:61. [PMID: 22646906 PMCID: PMC3422998 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Niemann-pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) is a key protein for intestinal cholesterol transportation. Common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the NPC1L1 gene have been associated with cholesterol absorption and serum lipid levels. The present study was undertaken to explore the possible association of NPC1L1 rs2072183 1735 C > G SNP and several environmental factors with serum lipid levels in the Mulao and Han populations. Methods Genotyping of the rs2072183 SNP was performed in 688 subjects of Mulao and 738 participants of Han Chinese. The interactions between NPC1L1 1735 C > G polymorphism and several environmental factors on serum lipid phenotypes were tested using the factorial design covariance analysis after controlling for potential confounders. Results The frequency of G allele was lower in Mulao than in Han (29.72% vs. 37.26%, P < 0.001). The frequency of CC, CG and GG genotypes was 49.85%, 40.84% and 9.31% in Mulao, and 39.30%, 46.88% and 13.82% in Han (P < 0.001); respectively. The levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein (Apo) B and the ratio of ApoAI/ApoB in Han but not in Mulao were different among the three genotypes (P < 0.05 for all), the subjects with GG and CG genotypes had higher LDL-C, ApoB levels and lower ApoAI/ApoB ratio than the subjects with CC genotype. Subgroup analysis showed that the G allele carriers in Han had higher total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C and ApoB levels in males (P < 0.05) and lower ApoAI/ApoB ratio in both sexes (P < 0.05) than the G allele noncarriers. The G allele carriers in Mulao had higher TC and LDL-C levels in males (P < 0.05) and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in both sexes (P < 0.05) than the G allele noncarriers. Serum TC, LDL-C, ApoB levels and ApoAI/ApoB ratio were correlated with genotypes in Han males (P < 0.05) but not in females. Serum lipid parameters were also correlated with several environmental factors. The genotypes of rs2072183 SNP were interacted with gender or cigarette smoking to influence serum TC and HDL-C levels in Mulao, whereas the genotypes of rs2072183 SNP were interacted with several environmental factors to influence all seven lipid traits in Han (P < 0.05-0.01). Conclusions The present study suggests that the rs2072183 SNP in NPC1L1 gene and its association with serum lipid profiles are different between the Mulao and Han populations. The difference in serum lipid profiles between the two ethnic groups might partly result from different rs2072183 SNP or NPC1L1 gene-environmental interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Miao
- Department of Cardiology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
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99
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Qi L, Parast L, Cai T, Powers C, Gervino EV, Hauser TH, Hu FB, Doria A. Genetic susceptibility to coronary heart disease in type 2 diabetes: 3 independent studies. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 58:2675-82. [PMID: 22152955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate whether coronary heart disease (CHD)-susceptibility loci identified by genome-wide association studies of the general population also contribute to CHD in type 2 diabetes. BACKGROUND No study has examined the effects of these genetic variants on CHD in diabetic patients. METHODS We genotyped 15 genetic markers of 12 loci in 3 studies of diabetic patients: the prospective Nurses' Health Study (309 CHD cases, and 544 control subjects) and Health Professional Follow-up Study (345 CHD cases, and 451 control subjects) and the cross-sectional Joslin Heart Study (422 CHD cases, and 435 control subjects). RESULTS Five single-nucleotide polymorphisms, rs4977574 (CDKN2A/2B), rs12526453 (PHACTR1), rs646776 (CELSR2-PSRC1-SORT1), rs2259816 (HNF1A), and rs11206510 (PCSK9) showed directionally consistent associations with CHD in the 3 studies, with combined odds ratios (ORs) ranging from 1.17 to 1.25 (p = 0.03 to 0.0002). None of the other single-nucleotide polymorphisms reached significance in individual or combined analyses. A genetic risk score (GRS) was created by combining the risk alleles of the 5 significantly associated loci. The OR of CHD/GRS unit was 1.19 (95% confidence interval: 1.13 to 1.26; p < 0.0001). Individuals with GRS ≥8 (19% of diabetic subjects) had almost a 2-fold increase in CHD risk (OR: 1.94, 95% confidence interval: 1.60 to 2.35) as compared with individuals with GRS ≤5 (30% of diabetic subjects). Prediction of CHD was significantly improved (p < 0.001) when the GRS was added to a model including clinical predictors in the combined samples. CONCLUSIONS Our results illustrate the consistency and differences in the determinants of genetic susceptibility to CHD in diabetic patients and the general populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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100
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Lusis AJ. Genetics of atherosclerosis. Trends Genet 2012; 28:267-75. [PMID: 22480919 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) from the past several years have provided the first unbiased evidence of the genes contributing to common cardiovascular disease traits in European and some Asian populations. The results not only confirmed the importance of prior knowledge, such as the central role of lipoproteins, but also revealed that there is still much to learn about the underlying mechanisms of this disease, as most of the associated genes do not appear to be involved in pathways previously connected to atherosclerosis. In this review, I focus on the common forms of the disease and look at both human and animal model studies. I summarize what was known before GWAS, highlight how the field has been changed by GWAS, and discuss future considerations, such as the limitations of GWAS and strategies that may lead to a more complete, mechanistic understanding of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldons J Lusis
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679, USA.
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