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Mechanisms of Primary and Acquired Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194616. [PMID: 36230538 PMCID: PMC9564277 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are now a cornerstone of systemic treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, their efficacy is blunted by mechanisms of tumour resistance in many patients. This review reports on the state of the art of resistance to ICIs, focusing on HCC, with the aim to provide clear and direct information to clinicians and researchers. Growing knowledge on the mechanisms of resistance to immunotherapy can indeed guide the choice of and expand the application of novel combined treatments. Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common liver cancer and a relevant global health problem. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) represent the most effective systemic treatment for HCC. However, due to primary resistance, approximately 40% of HCC patients do not achieve a disease control with ICIs. Moreover, a similar proportion will experience disease progression after an initial response caused by secondary resistance. This review describes the mechanisms of primary and secondary resistance and reports the ongoing therapeutic strategies to overcome these obstacles.
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52
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Lipid Nanoparticles for mRNA Delivery to Enhance Cancer Immunotherapy. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175607. [PMID: 36080373 PMCID: PMC9458026 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is being developed by researchers as a novel drug for the treatment or prevention of many diseases. However, to enable mRNA to fully exploit its effects in vivo, researchers need to develop safer and more effective mRNA delivery systems that improve mRNA stability and enhance the ability of cells to take up and release mRNA. To date, lipid nanoparticles are promising nanodrug carriers for tumor therapy, which can significantly improve the immunotherapeutic effects of conventional drugs by modulating mRNA delivery, and have attracted widespread interest in the biomedical field. This review focuses on the delivery of mRNA by lipid nanoparticles for cancer treatment. We summarize some common tumor immunotherapy and mRNA delivery strategies, describe the clinical advantages of lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery, and provide an outlook on the current challenges and future developments of this technology.
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Borówka M, Łącki-Zynzeling S, Nicze M, Kozak S, Chudek J. Adverse Renal Effects of Anticancer Immunotherapy: A Review. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:4086. [PMID: 36077623 PMCID: PMC9454552 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern oncological therapy utilizes various types of immunotherapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) therapy, cancer vaccines, tumor-targeting monoclonal antibodies (TT-mAbs), bispecific antibodies and cytokine therapy improve patients' outcomes. However, stimulation of the immune system, beneficial in terms of fighting against cancer, generates the risk of harm to other cells in a patient's body. Kidney damage belongs to the relatively rare adverse events (AEs). Best described, but still, superficially, are renal AEs in patients treated with ICIs. International guidelines issued by the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) and the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) cover the management of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) during ICI therapy. There are fewer data concerning real occurrence and possible presentations of renal adverse drug reactions of other immunotherapeutic methods. This implies the need for the collection of safety data during ongoing clinical trials and in the real-life world to characterize the hazard related to the use of new immunotherapies and management of irAEs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stanisław Łącki-Zynzeling
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncological Chemotherapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Reymonta 8, 40-027 Katowice, Poland
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Hassanian H, Asadzadeh Z, Baghbanzadeh A, Derakhshani A, Dufour A, Rostami Khosroshahi N, Najafi S, Brunetti O, Silvestris N, Baradaran B. The expression pattern of Immune checkpoints after chemo/radiotherapy in the tumor microenvironment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:938063. [PMID: 35967381 PMCID: PMC9367471 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.938063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a disease with the highest disease-associated burden worldwide, cancer has been the main subject of a considerable proportion of medical research in recent years, intending to find more effective therapeutic approaches with fewer side effects. Combining conventional methods with newer biologically based treatments such as immunotherapy can be a promising approach to treating different tumors. The concept of "cancer immunoediting" that occurs in the field of the tumor microenvironment (TME) is the aspect of cancer therapy that has not been at the center of attention. One group of the role players of the so-called immunoediting process are the immune checkpoint molecules that exert either co-stimulatory or co-inhibitory effects in the anti-tumor immunity of the host. It involves alterations in a wide variety of immunologic pathways. Recent studies have proven that conventional cancer therapies, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or a combination of them, i.e., chemoradiotherapy, alter the "immune compartment" of the TME. The mentioned changes encompass a wide range of variations, including the changes in the density and immunologic type of the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and the alterations in the expression patterns of the different immune checkpoints. These rearrangements can have either anti-tumor immunity empowering or immune attenuating sequels. Thus, recognizing the consequences of various chemo(radio)therapeutic regimens in the TME seems to be of great significance in the evolution of therapeutic approaches. Therefore, the present review intends to summarize how chemo(radio)therapy affects the TME and specifically some of the most important, well-known immune checkpoints' expressions according to the recent studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Hassanian
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Asadzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Afshin Derakhshani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- McCaig Insitute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Antoine Dufour
- McCaig Insitute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Souzan Najafi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Oronzo Brunetti
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Human Pathology “G. Barresi” University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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55
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Shreberk-Hassidim R, Geiger-Maor A, Eisenberg G, Merims S, Hajaj E, Cohen JE, Klein S, Frankenburg S, Moyal L, Hodak E, Zlotogorski A, Lotem M. The role of immune checkpoint receptors in the malignant phenotype of cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Immunol Res 2022; 70:793-799. [PMID: 35867216 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-022-09308-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint receptors (ICR) modulate the immune response and are critical hubs for immunotherapy. However, data on their role in T lymphoid malignancies, such as cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL), is sparse. We aimed to explore the role of ICR in the malignant features of transformed T lymphocytes and evaluate the effect of ICR-targeting monoclonal antibodies, often used as immunotherapy for solid tumors. We used the CTCL cell line HH and the Sézary cell line Hut78 to examine ICR expression and the effects of ICR inhibition on cell viability and proliferation. Despite their shared T cell progeny, the different CTCL cell lines exhibit markedly different ICR expression profiles. Programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) was expressed by both cell lines, while programmed death-1 (PD-1) was expressed only by the HH cell line. Common to all malignant T cells was an autonomous hyper-proliferative state that did not require T cell receptor stimulation. A monoclonal antibody blocking PD-1 had a small but statistically significant augmenting effect on T cell proliferation. Of note, when the cells were exposed to ionizing radiation, healthy lymphocytes and those derived from the HH cell line were salvaged by anti-PD-L1. We show a regulatory role of ICR, mainly PD-1 and its ligand PD-L1, on cutaneous T cell malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rony Shreberk-Hassidim
- Department of Dermatology, The Faculty of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Anat Geiger-Maor
- The Faculty of Medicine, Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Galit Eisenberg
- The Faculty of Medicine, Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sharon Merims
- The Faculty of Medicine, Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Emma Hajaj
- The Faculty of Medicine, Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jonathan E Cohen
- The Faculty of Medicine, Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shiri Klein
- The Faculty of Medicine, Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shoshana Frankenburg
- The Faculty of Medicine, Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lilach Moyal
- Department of Dermatology, Rabin Medical Center-Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Emilia Hodak
- Department of Dermatology, Rabin Medical Center-Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Abraham Zlotogorski
- Department of Dermatology, The Faculty of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michal Lotem
- The Faculty of Medicine, Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Primary and Acquired Resistance against Immune Check Inhibitors in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14143294. [PMID: 35884355 PMCID: PMC9316464 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary NSCLC accounts for approximately 84% of lung malignancies and the clinical application of ICIs provides a novel and promising strategy. However, approximately 80% of NSCLC patients do not benefit from ICIs due to drug resistance complicated by disciplines and diverse mechanisms. Through this review, we provide a whole map of current understanding of primary and acquired resistance mechanisms in NSCLC. In the first part, resistance mechanisms of 6 FDA-approved ICIs-related primary resistance are collected and arranged into 7 steps of the well-known cancer-immunity cycle. Acquired resistance induced by ICIs are summarized in the second part. In the third part, we discuss the future direction, including the deeper understanding of tumor microenvironment and the combinational treatment. Through this review, clinicians can get clear and direct clues to find the underlying mechanisms in patients and translational researchers can acquire several directions to overcome resistance and apply new combinational treatment. Abstract Immune checkpoint inhibitors have emerged as the treatment landscape of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in recent years. However, approximately 80% of NSCLC patients do not benefit from ICIs due to primary resistance (no initial response) or acquired resistance (tumor relapse after an initial response). In this review, we highlight the mechanisms of primary and secondary resistance. Furthermore, we provide a future direction of the potential predictive biomarkers and the tumor microenvironmental landscape and suggest treatment strategies to overcome these mechanisms.
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57
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Rali A, Huang Y, Yeh S. Cancer Immunotherapy and Uveitis: Balancing Anti-Tumor Immunity and Ocular Autoimmunity. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2022; 62:49-63. [PMID: 35752885 PMCID: PMC9245155 DOI: 10.1097/iio.0000000000000434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors and targeted therapies are two classes of pharmacologic therapies used to treat metastatic malignancy by amplifying the immune system activity against cancerous cells. However, these drugs can consequently cause immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Albeit rare, cases of ocular IRAEs occurring among patients taking these drugs have been documented in literature, including a spectrum of uveitis findings. The classes of immune checkpoint inhibitors explored here include anti-CTLA4 (ipilimumab), anti-PD-1 (pembrolizumab, nivolumab) and anti-PDL-1 (atezolizumab, avelumab, durvalumab). Targeted therapies include the MEK inhibitors (trametinib) and BRAF enzyme inhibitors (dabrafenib, vemurafenib), both of which are involved in the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway responsible for cell proliferation. Reported cases of ocular irAEs caused by these drugs include anterior uveitis, posterior uveitis, panuveitis, and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH)-like syndrome. Treatment can be determined on a case-by-case basis and depending on the severity of the irAE, may include temporary cessation of the offending drug, local corticosteroids, or systemic corticosteroids. Although the mechanism by which these ocular toxicities occur is not clearly elucidated, it is hypothesized that they are secondary to increased activity of auto-reactive T-cells. Further investigation into mechanisms underlying these inflammatory findings are relevant for cancer targeting, as well as insights into ocular autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Rali
- Emory Eye Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Ye Huang
- Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Steven Yeh
- Emory Eye Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
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58
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Chen Y, Hu H, Yuan X, Fan X, Zhang C. Advances in Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:896752. [PMID: 35757756 PMCID: PMC9226303 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.896752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is usually diagnosed in an advanced stage and has become the second deadliest type of cancer worldwide. The systemic treatment of advanced HCC has been a challenge, and for decades was limited to treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) until the application of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) became available. Due to drug resistance and unsatisfactory therapeutic effects of monotherapy with TKIs or ICIs, multi-ICIs, or the combination of ICIs with antiangiogenic drugs has become a novel strategy to treat advanced HCC. Antiangiogenic drugs mostly include TKIs (sorafenib, lenvatinib, regorafenib, cabozantinib and so on) and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), such as bevacizumab. Common ICIs include anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), including nivolumab, pembrolizumab, durvalumab, and atezolizumab, and anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4), including tremelimumab and ipilimumab. Combination therapies involving antiangiogenic drugs and ICIs or two ICIs may have a synergistic action and have shown greater efficacy in advanced HCC. In this review, we present an overview of the current knowledge and recent clinical developments in ICI-based combination therapies for advanced HCC and we provide an outlook on future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haoyue Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Medicine School of University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianglei Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue Fan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Medicine School of University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengda Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Hospital of Mianyang (Sichuan Mental Health Center), Mianyang, China
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59
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Alnefaie A, Albogami S, Asiri Y, Ahmad T, Alotaibi SS, Al-Sanea MM, Althobaiti H. Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cells: An Overview of Concepts, Applications, Limitations, and Proposed Solutions. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:797440. [PMID: 35814023 PMCID: PMC9256991 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.797440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive immunity, orchestrated by B-cells and T-cells, plays a crucial role in protecting the body from pathogenic invaders and can be used as tools to enhance the body's defense mechanisms against cancer by genetically engineering these immune cells. Several strategies have been identified for cancer treatment and evaluated for their efficacy against other diseases such as autoimmune and infectious diseases. One of the most advanced technologies is chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, a pioneering therapy in the oncology field. Successful clinical trials have resulted in the approval of six CAR-T cell products by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of hematological malignancies. However, there have been various obstacles that limit the use of CAR T-cell therapy as the first line of defense mechanism against cancer. Various innovative CAR-T cell therapeutic designs have been evaluated in preclinical and clinical trial settings and have demonstrated much potential for development. Such trials testing the suitability of CARs against solid tumors and HIV are showing promising results. In addition, new solutions have been proposed to overcome the limitations of this therapy. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge regarding this novel technology, including CAR T-cell structure, different applications, limitations, and proposed solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Alnefaie
- Department of Medical Services, King Faisal Medical Complex, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Albogami
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousif Asiri
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tanveer Ahmad
- Multidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Saqer S. Alotaibi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad M. Al-Sanea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hisham Althobaiti
- Chief of Medical Department, King Faisal Medical Complex (KFMC), Taif, Saudi Arabia
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60
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Martín-Otal C, Navarro F, Casares N, Lasarte-Cía A, Sánchez-Moreno I, Hervás-Stubbs S, Lozano T, Lasarte JJ. Impact of tumor microenvironment on adoptive T cell transfer activity. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 370:1-31. [PMID: 35798502 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in immunotherapy have revolutionized the treatment of cancer. The use of adoptive cell therapies (ACT) such as those based on tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) or genetically modified cells (transgenic TCR lymphocytes or CAR-T cells), has shown impressive results in the treatment of several types of cancers. However, cancer cells can exploit mechanisms to escape from immunosurveillance resulting in many patients not responding to these therapies or respond only transiently. The failure of immunotherapy to achieve long-term tumor control is multifactorial. On the one hand, only a limited percentage of the transferred lymphocytes is capable of circulating through the bloodstream, interacting and crossing the tumor endothelium to infiltrate the tumor. Metabolic competition, excessive glucose consumption, the high level of lactic acid secretion and the extracellular pH acidification, the shortage of essential amino acids, the hypoxic conditions or the accumulation of fatty acids in the tumor microenvironment (TME), greatly hinder the anti-tumor activity of the immune cells in ACT therapy strategies. Therefore, there is a new trend in immunotherapy research that seeks to unravel the fundamental biology that underpins the response to therapy and identifies new approaches to better amplify the efficacy of immunotherapies. In this review we address important aspects that may significantly affect the efficacy of ACT, indicating also the therapeutic alternatives that are currently being implemented to overcome these drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Martín-Otal
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Flor Navarro
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Noelia Casares
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Aritz Lasarte-Cía
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Inés Sánchez-Moreno
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sandra Hervás-Stubbs
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Teresa Lozano
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Juan José Lasarte
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.
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61
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Yuan M, Zhao Y, Arkenau HT, Lao T, Chu L, Xu Q. Signal pathways and precision therapy of small-cell lung cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:187. [PMID: 35705538 PMCID: PMC9200817 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01013-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) encounters up 15% of all lung cancers, and is characterized by a high rate of proliferation, a tendency for early metastasis and generally poor prognosis. Most of the patients present with distant metastatic disease at the time of clinical diagnosis, and only one-third are eligible for potentially curative treatment. Recently, investigations into the genomic make-up of SCLC show extensive chromosomal rearrangements, high mutational burden and loss-of-function mutations of several tumor suppressor genes. Although the clinical development of new treatments for SCLC has been limited in recent years, a better understanding of oncogenic driver alterations has found potential novel targets that might be suitable for therapeutic approaches. Currently, there are six types of potential treatable signaling pathways in SCLC, including signaling pathways targeting the cell cycle and DNA repair, tumor development, cell metabolism, epigenetic regulation, tumor immunity and angiogenesis. At this point, however, there is still a lack of understanding of their role in SCLC tumor biology and the promotion of cancer growth. Importantly optimizing drug targets, improving drug pharmacology, and identifying potential biomarkers are the main focus and further efforts are required to recognize patients who benefit most from novel therapies in development. This review will focus on the current learning on the signaling pathways, the status of immunotherapy, and targeted therapy in SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, 200072, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, 200072, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Tongnei Lao
- Department of Oncology, Centro Medico BO CHI, Macao, SAR, China
| | - Li Chu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 200032, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qing Xu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, 200072, Shanghai, China.
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Rahman MM, Behl T, Islam MR, Alam MN, Islam MM, Albarrati A, Albratty M, Meraya AM, Bungau SG. Emerging Management Approach for the Adverse Events of Immunotherapy of Cancer. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27123798. [PMID: 35744922 PMCID: PMC9227460 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy, which stimulates the body’s immune system, has received a considerable amount of press in recent years because of its powerful benefits. Cancer immunotherapy has shown long-term results in patients with advanced disease that are not seen with traditional chemotherapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, cytokines like interleukin 2 (IL-2) and interferon-alpha (IFN), and the cancer vaccine sipuleucel-T have all been licensed and approved by the FDA for the treatment of various cancers. These immunotherapy treatments boost anticancer responses by stimulating the immune system. As a result, they have the potential to cause serious, even fatal, inflammatory and immune-related side effects in one or more organs. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPIs) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy are two immunotherapy treatments that are increasingly being used to treat cancer. Following their widespread usage in the clinic, a wave of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) impacting virtually every system has raised concerns about their unpredictability and randomness. Despite the fact that the majority of adverse effects are minimal and should be addressed with prudence, the risk of life-threatening complications exists. Although most adverse events are small and should be treated with caution, the risk of life-threatening toxicities should not be underestimated, especially given the subtle and unusual indications that make early detection even more difficult. Treatment for these issues is difficult and necessitates a multidisciplinary approach involving not only oncologists but also other internal medicine doctors to guarantee quick diagnosis and treatment. This study’s purpose is to give a fundamental overview of immunotherapy and cancer-related side effect management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mominur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.M.R.); (M.R.I.); (M.N.A.); (M.M.I.)
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India
- Correspondence: (T.B.); (S.G.B.)
| | - Md. Rezaul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.M.R.); (M.R.I.); (M.N.A.); (M.M.I.)
| | - Md. Noor Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.M.R.); (M.R.I.); (M.N.A.); (M.M.I.)
| | - Md. Mohaimenul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.M.R.); (M.R.I.); (M.N.A.); (M.M.I.)
| | - Ali Albarrati
- Rehabilitation Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammed Albratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemsitry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdulkarim M. Meraya
- Practice Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45124, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Simona Gabriela Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
- Correspondence: (T.B.); (S.G.B.)
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63
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Salehi I, Porto L, Elser C, Singh J, Saibil S, Maxwell C. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Exposure in Pregnancy: A Scoping Review. J Immunother 2022; 45:231-238. [PMID: 35353074 PMCID: PMC9087868 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Since their approval, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have become the standard of care for multiple malignancies. ICIs enhance tumor destruction by blocking important immunomodulatory pathways that regulate T-cell activation. These pathways include programmed cell death protein-1 and its ligands (programmed cell death protein-1 and programmed death ligand-1, respectively) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4. While blocking these pathways can enhance tumor destruction, these pathways are critical for the development of maternal tolerance towards the fetus. Therefore, if ICIs disrupt these immunomodulatory pathways, there could be a maternal immune response against the fetus, as was found in animal studies. With few reported cases of human pregnancy exposure to ICIs, the effects of ICIs on human pregnancy remain largely unknown. Here, we review and summarize the 6 cases of maternal exposure to immunotherapy that have been published before the present study. To add to the evidence, we present a case series of 2 patients who have been exposed to immunotherapy in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christine Elser
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto
| | - Jessica Singh
- Simcoe Muskoka Regional Cancer Program, Royal Victoria Regional Health Centre
| | - Samuel Saibil
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Kovács SA, Győrffy B. Transcriptomic datasets of cancer patients treated with immune-checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review. J Transl Med 2022; 20:249. [PMID: 35641998 PMCID: PMC9153191 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03409-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in the last decade has resulted in a paradigm shift in certain areas of oncology. Patients can be treated either by a monotherapy of anti-CTLA-4 (tremelimumab or ipilimumab), anti-PD-1 (nivolumab or pembrolizumab), or anti-PD-L1 (avelumab or atezolizumab or durvalumab) or as combination therapy of anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1. To maximize the clinical treatment benefit of cancer immunotherapy, the prediction of the actual immune response by the identification and application of clinically useful biomarkers will be required. Whole transcriptomic datasets of patients with ICI treatment could provide the basis for large-scale discovery and ranking of such potential biomarker candidates. In this review, we summarize currently available transcriptomic data from different biological sources (whole blood, fresh-frozen tissue, FFPE) obtained by different methods (microarray, RNA-Seq, RT-qPCR). We directly include only results from clinical trials and other investigations where an ICI treatment was administered. The available datasets are grouped based on the administered treatment and we also summarize the most important results in the individual cohorts. We discuss the limitations and shortcomings of the available datasets. Finally, a subset of animal studies is reviewed to provide an overview of potential in vivo ICI investigations. Our review can provide a swift reference for researchers aiming to find the most suitable study for their investigation, thus saving a significant amount of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szonja Anna Kovács
- grid.11804.3c0000 0001 0942 9821Department of Bioinformatics, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó utca 7-9, 1094 Budapest, Hungary ,grid.429187.10000 0004 0635 9129Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Oncology Biomarker Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Győrffy
- Department of Bioinformatics, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó utca 7-9, 1094, Budapest, Hungary. .,Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Oncology Biomarker Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary.
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65
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Rutigliano HM, Leppo KA, Morgado KP. Changes in mononuclear immune cells during bovine pregnancy. Reprod Fertil Dev 2022; 34:608-618. [PMID: 35440362 DOI: 10.1071/rd21161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the differences in gene expression between mononuclear cells derived from peripheral blood and endometrium during pregnancy in cattle and to determine the proportion of mononuclear cells in the endometrium of pregnant and diestrous cows. Endometrial tissue and peripheral blood were collected from Day 34±2 pregnant cows, and mononuclear cell populations were quantified and sorted (n =5). The relative mRNA levels of inflammatory mediators was assessed by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. During pregnancy, the proportion of CD8+ , CD4+ , CD4+ CD25- and CD4+ CD25dim cells among mononuclear cells was greater in blood than endometrium, and cells positive for CD14 and CD68 expressed greater mRNA amounts of interleukin (IL ) 6 , CXCL8 and IL10 in endometrium compared with blood. Cells positive for γ/δ-T cell receptor expressed greater amounts of IL1A transcript in the endometrium than in blood of diestrous cows, CD4+ CD25bright cells expressed more CTLA4 mRNA in the endometrium compared with blood of diestrous cows, and endometrial natural killer cells expressed greater CXCL8 mRNA compared with blood of pregnant and diestrous cows. The percentages of CD21+ , NCR1+ , CD8+ , FoxP3+ , CD3+ and CD68+ cells were greater in the endometrium of Day 35 pregnant cows compared with diestrous cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heloisa M Rutigliano
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA; and Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 4815 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Kelsy A Leppo
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 4815 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Kira P Morgado
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 4815 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA
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Ranallo N, Bocchini M, Menis J, Pilotto S, Severi S, Liverani C, Bongiovanni A. Delta-like ligand 3 (DLL3): an attractive actionable target in tumors with neuroendocrine origin. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2022; 22:597-603. [PMID: 35477310 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2022.2071703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuroendocrine carcinomas are very aggressive tumors with few treatment options. DLL3 seems to be an optimal target for therapeutic intervention, as it is expressed mainly on the membrane of tumor cells with neuroendocrine origin. AREAS COVERED In this article, we outline the preclinical and clinical studies published in the last years on DLL3 in neuroendocrine neoplasm, above all of lung origin. Furthermore, we review the current literature on the interaction between DLL3 and the tumor microenvironment. EXPERT OPINION Several DLL3-targeting strategies have been proposed in the last years with mixed results. Understanding the influence of DLL3 on the tumor (immune) microenvironment and developing adoptive therapies directed against this optimal target might represent the key strategy. Building on the clinical data obtained so far, future trials on in vivo diagnostic tools for predictive purpose and new specific therapies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Ranallo
- Osteoncology and Rare Tumors Center, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo Per Lo Studio Dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy
| | - Martine Bocchini
- Immunotherapy, Cell Therapy and Biobank (ITCB), IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy
| | - Jessica Menis
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Medical Oncology Department, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Pilotto
- Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy
| | - Stefano Severi
- Nuclear Medicine and Radiometabolic Unit, IRCCS Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy
| | - Chiara Liverani
- Bioscience Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy
| | - Alberto Bongiovanni
- Osteoncology and Rare Tumors Center, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo Per Lo Studio Dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy
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Current Landscape of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14082018. [PMID: 35454923 PMCID: PMC9025403 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14082018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary hepatic malignancy, with increasing incidence over the past several decades. The majority of patients with HCC present with advanced unresectable disease, making treatment options with curative intent limited and survival outlooks dismal. Systemic therapy with sorafenib had been traditionally used, with marginal benefit. Immunotherapy, successfully used to treat other malignant tumors, has recently been shown to be safe and well tolerated and to have promising long-term outcomes in patients with advanced HCC. We herein review the outcomes of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) from major clinical trials, summarize predictors of treatment response, and highlight adverse events related to ICI treatment. Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent primary liver tumor. As a result of advanced disease being often present at diagnosis, only a small percentage of patients are amenable to curative-intent treatment options such as surgical resection and liver transplantation. Systemic therapy consisting of tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as sorafenib had been used for over a decade with limited efficacy. More recently, treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors has revolutionized the treatment landscape of various malignant tumors. With this shifting paradigm, recent data have demonstrated encouraging outcomes among patients with HCC. In particular, several trials have investigated the safety and efficacy of various immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) either as monotherapy or in the form of combined treatments. We sought to provide an overview of recent clinical trials among patients with advanced HCC as well as to highlight predictors of response and immune-related adverse events and to review the evidence on perioperative administration of ICI in patients with resectable HCC.
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68
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Naimi A, Mohammed RN, Raji A, Chupradit S, Yumashev AV, Suksatan W, Shalaby MN, Thangavelu L, Kamrava S, Shomali N, Sohrabi AD, Adili A, Noroozi-Aghideh A, Razeghian E. Tumor immunotherapies by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs); the pros and cons. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:44. [PMID: 35392976 PMCID: PMC8991803 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00854-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The main breakthrough in tumor immunotherapy was the discovery of immune checkpoint (IC) proteins, which act as a potent suppressor of the immune system by a myriad of mechanisms. After that, scientists focused on the immune checkpoint molecules mainly. Thereby, much effort was spent to progress novel strategies for suppressing these inhibitory axes, resulting in the evolution of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Then, ICIs have become a promising approach and shaped a paradigm shift in tumor immunotherapies. CTLA-4 plays an influential role in attenuation of the induction of naïve and memory T cells by engagement with its responding ligands like B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86). Besides, PD-1 is predominantly implicated in adjusting T cell function in peripheral tissues through its interaction with programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and PD-L2. Given their suppressive effects on anti-tumor immunity, it has firmly been documented that ICIs based therapies can be practical and rational therapeutic approaches to treat cancer patients. Nonetheless, tumor inherent or acquired resistance to ICI and some treatment-related toxicities restrict their application in the clinic. The current review will deliver a comprehensive overview of the ICI application to treat human tumors alone or in combination with other modalities to support more desired outcomes and lower toxicities in cancer patients. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Naimi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Rebar N. Mohammed
- Medical Laboratory Analysis Department, Cihan University Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah, 46001 Kurdistan Region Iraq
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Suleimanyah, Iraq
| | - Ahmed Raji
- College of Medicine, University of Babylon, Department of Pathology, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Supat Chupradit
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
| | | | - Wanich Suksatan
- Faculty of Nursing, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, 10210 Thailand
| | - Mohammed Nader Shalaby
- Associate Professor of Biological Sciences and Sports Health Department, Faculty of Physical Education, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Lakshmi Thangavelu
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Siavash Kamrava
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Shomali
- Immunology Research Center (IRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Armin D. Sohrabi
- Immunology Research Center (IRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Adili
- Department of Oncology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Noroozi-Aghideh
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Paramedicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Razeghian
- Human Genetics Division, Medical Biotechnology Department, National Institute of Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
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Maiorano BA, Lorusso D, Maiorano MFP, Ciardiello D, Parrella P, Petracca A, Cormio G, Maiello E. The Interplay between PARP Inhibitors and Immunotherapy in Ovarian Cancer: The Rationale behind a New Combination Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3871. [PMID: 35409229 PMCID: PMC8998760 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) has a high impact on morbidity and mortality in the female population. Survival is modest after platinum progression. Therefore, the search for new therapeutic strategies is of utmost importance. BRCA mutations and HR-deficiency occur in around 50% of OC, leading to increased response and survival after Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPis) administration. PARPis represent a breakthrough for OC therapy, with three different agents approved. On the contrary, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), another breakthrough therapy for many solid tumors, led to modest results in OC, without clinical approvals and even withdrawal of clinical trials. Therefore, combinations aiming to overcome resistance mechanisms have become of great interest. Recently, PARPis have been evidenced to modulate tumor microenvironment at the molecular and cellular level, potentially enhancing ICIs responsiveness. This represents the rationale for the combined administration of PARPis and ICIs. Our review ought to summarize the preclinical and translational features that support the contemporary administration of these two drug classes, the clinical trials conducted so far, and future directions with ongoing studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigida Anna Maiorano
- Oncology Unit, Foundation Casa Sollievo Della Sofferenza IRCCS, San Giovanni Rotondo, 71013 Foggia, Italy; (D.C.); (E.M.)
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Domenica Lorusso
- Gynecologic Oncology Unit, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Scientific Directorate, Fondazione Policlinico “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Mauro Francesco Pio Maiorano
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Biomedical and Human Oncological Science, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy; (M.F.P.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Davide Ciardiello
- Oncology Unit, Foundation Casa Sollievo Della Sofferenza IRCCS, San Giovanni Rotondo, 71013 Foggia, Italy; (D.C.); (E.M.)
- Oncology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Parrella
- Oncology Laboratory, Foundation Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza IRCCS, San Giovanni Rotondo, 71013 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Antonio Petracca
- Division of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS-Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, 71013 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Gennaro Cormio
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Biomedical and Human Oncological Science, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy; (M.F.P.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Evaristo Maiello
- Oncology Unit, Foundation Casa Sollievo Della Sofferenza IRCCS, San Giovanni Rotondo, 71013 Foggia, Italy; (D.C.); (E.M.)
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70
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Wang D, Bai X, Wang B, Yi Q, Yu W, Zhang X, Tian R, Zhang X, Li C, Chen Y, Liu Y, Cheng Y, He S. CTLA4Ig/VISTAIg combination therapy selectively induces CD4 + T cell-mediated immune tolerance by targeting the SOCS1 signaling pathway in porcine islet xenotransplantation. Immunology 2022; 166:169-184. [PMID: 35263451 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell inhibitory receptors can regulate the proliferation or function of T cells by binding to their ligands and present a unique opportunity to manage destructive immune responses during porcine islet xenotransplantation. We applied ex vivo porcine islet xenotransplantation and in vitro mixed lymphocyte-islet reaction models to assess immune checkpoint receptor expression profiles in recipient T cells, investigate whether CTLA4 or VISTA immunoglobulin (Ig) combination therapy alone could suppress porcine islet xenograft rejection and further analyze its potential immune tolerance mechanism. Recipient T cells expressed moderate to high levels of CTLA4, PD-1, TIGIT, and VISTA, and the frequency of CTLA4+ CD4+ , TIGIT+ CD4+ , VISTA+ CD4+ and VISTA+ CD8+ T cells was positively correlated with porcine islet xenograft survival time in xenotransplant recipients. Combined treatment with CTLA4Ig and VISTAIg selectively inhibited recipient CD4+ T cell hyperresponsiveness and proinflammatory cytokine production and significantly delayed xenograft rejection. SOCS1 deficiency in CD4+ T cells stimulated by xenogeneic islets facilitated hyperresponsiveness and abolished the suppressive effect of combination therapy on recipient T cell-mediated porcine islet damage in vivo and in vitro. Further mechanistic studies revealed that combined treatment significantly induced SOCS1 expression and inhibited the Jak-STAT signaling pathway in wild-type recipient CD4+ T cells stimulated by xenogeneic islets, whereas SOCS1 deficiency resulted in Jak-STAT signaling pathway activation in recipient CD4+ T cells. We demonstrated a major role for CTLA4 and VISTA as key targets in CD4+ T cell hyperresponsiveness and porcine islet xenograft rejection. The selective inhibition of CD4+ T cell immunity by CTLA4Ig/VISTAIg is based on SOCS1-dependent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P.R. China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Xue Bai
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P.R. China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Life Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P.R. China
| | - Qiying Yi
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Weihua Yu
- Institutes of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xinying Zhang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P.R. China
| | - Ruoyuan Tian
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P.R. China
| | - Caihua Li
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yao Cheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P.R. China
| | - Sirong He
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P.R. China
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Jafarzadeh A, Kumar S, Bodhale N, Jafarzadeh S, Nemati M, Sharifi I, Sarkar A, Saha B. The expression of PD-1 and its ligands increases in Leishmania infection and its blockade reduces the parasite burden. Cytokine 2022; 153:155839. [PMID: 35276636 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The expression of programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and its ligands- PD-L1 and PD-L2- on T cells and macrophages', respectively, increases in Leishmania infection. The PD-1/PD-L1 interaction induces T cell anergy, T cell apoptosis and exhaustion, diversion of T cells toward TH2 and T-reg cells but inhibits M1 macrophage activities by suppression of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. These changes exacerbate Leishmania infection. As PD-L1-deficient, but not PD-L2-deficient, mice were protected againstL. mexicanainfection, differential roles have been proposed for PD-L1 and PD-L2 in mouse models of leishmaniasis. Blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 interaction in various in vitro and Leishmania-infected mouse, hamster and dog models enhanced IFN-γ and NO production, reduced IL-10 and TGF-β generation, promoted T cell proliferation and reduced parasite burden. Therefore, PD-1/PD-L1 blockade is being considered as a potential therapeutic strategy to restore protective immunity during leishmaniasis, particularly, in drug-resistant cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Sunil Kumar
- National Centre For Cell Science, Pune 411007, India
| | | | - Sara Jafarzadeh
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryam Nemati
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Haematology and Laboratory Sciences, School of Para-Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Arup Sarkar
- Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre For Cell Science, Pune 411007, India; Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar, India.
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72
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Lv LH, Lu JR, Zhao T, Liu JL, Liang HQ. A CD8 + T Cell-Related Genes Expression Signature Predicts Prognosis and the Efficacy of Immunotherapy in Breast Cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2022; 27:53-65. [PMID: 35088220 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-022-09510-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has been applied to patients with breast cancer. However, only part of patients benefits from the current immunotherapy. Accurate prediction of individual response to immunotherapy can be beneficial for breast cancer management. CD8+ T cells are the main force of anti-tumor immunity. This study aimed to establish a CD8+ T cell-related gene expression signature for prediction of breast cancer prognostic and immunotherapy efficacy. RNA-seq transcriptomic data was the basics of this research. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression analysis established the prognostic signature. We identified 290 CD8+ T cell-related genes in the training set and established a risk-score model based on 8-genes panel (SOCS1, IL10, CAMK4, CXCL13, KIR2DS4, TESPA1, CD70 and ICAM4). Subsequently, univariate Cox regression analysis suggested that high risk-score was a risk factor for breast cancer (HR = 3.1, 95%CI 2.0-4.8, P < 0.001). In tumor microenvironment, high-risk tumors present decreased tumor infiltrating CD8+ T cells and increased M2 macrophages. The low-risk patients may benefit more from immune checkpoint blockade immunotherapy than the high-risk patients. Moreover, breast tumors which sensitive to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) showed higher IL10 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Hua Lv
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jia-Rong Lu
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Tao Zhao
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jing-Li Liu
- Nursing College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Hai-Qi Liang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
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73
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Zhang C, Wang F, Sun N, Zhang Z, Zhang G, Zhang Z, Luo Y, Che Y, Cheng H, Li J, He J. The combination of novel immune checkpoints HHLA2 and ICOSLG: A new system to predict survival and immune features in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Genes Dis 2022; 9:415-428. [PMID: 35224157 PMCID: PMC8843897 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting B7-CD28 family pathways in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) have shown promising results. However, a comprehensive understanding of B7-CD28 family members in ESCC is still limited. This study aimed to construct a novel B7-CD28 family-based prognosis system to predict survival in patients with ESCC. We collected 179 cases from our previously published microarray data and 86 cases with qPCR data. Specifically, 119 microarray data (GSE53624) were used as a training set, whereas the remaining 60 microarray data (GSE53622), all 179 microarray data (GSE53625) and an independent cohort with 86 qPCR data were used for validation. The underlying mechanism and immune landscape of the system were also explored using bioinformatics and immunofluorescence. We examined 13 well-defined B7-CD28 family members and identified 2 genes (ICSOLG and HHLA2) with the greatest prognostic value. A system based on the combination HHLA2 and ICOSLG (B7-CD28 signature) was constructed to distinguish patients as high- or low-risk of an unfavorable outcome, which was further confirmed as an independent prognostic factor. As expected, the signature was well validated in the entire cohort and in the independent cohort, as well as in different clinical subgroups. The signature was found to be closely related to immune-specific biological processes and pathways. Additionally, high-risk group samples demonstrated high infiltration of Tregs and fibroblasts and distinctive immune checkpoint panels. Collectively, we built the first, practical B7-CD28 signature for ESCC that could independently identify high-risk patients. Such information may help inform immunotherapy-based treatment decisions for patients with ESCC.
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74
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Walia HK, Sharma P, Singh N, Sharma S. Immunotherapy in Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment: a Promising Headway for Future Perspective. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2022; 23:268-294. [PMID: 35226309 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-022-00949-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Despite advancements in clinical research, both prognosis and treatment for SCLC patients are still in the nascent stage. SCLC is a fatal disease with high tumor mutational burden and is strongly associated with exposure to tobacco. This leads to the development of potential neo-antigens, inhibition of immune responses, and development of paraneoplastic disorders. Surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy are widely accepted treatments for cancer globally, and most recently, immunotherapy has now become the "fourth pillar" of SCLC treatment. Various immune checkpoint pathways regulate the activation of T cells at multiple stages during an immune response. T cell checkpoint inhibitors such as anti-PD1 (pembrolizumab, nivolumab), anti-PDL1, and anti-CTLA-4 (tremelimumab, ipilimumab) have potential to show anti-cancer activity along with the promise to prolong survival in patients with SCLC. Treatment with the CTLA-4-specific antibodies can restore the immune response by increasing the accumulation and survival of T-cells whereas monoclonal antibodies block either PD-1 or its ligands that prevent downregulation of effector T-cell, which enables the T-cells to mediate the death of tumor cells. Furthermore, monoclonal antibody in combination with chemotherapy has attained quite a focus to enhance the survival of SCLC patients. Apart from this, various immunotherapeutic approaches have been evaluated in the clinical trials for SCLC patients such as TLR9 agonist, anti-CD47, anti-ganglioside therapy, and anti-Notch signaling. The current review focuses on the rationale as well as on the clinical studies of immunotherapy in SCLC along with the clinical end results of certain immunotherapeutic agents and novel therapeutic combinations in SCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harleen Kaur Walia
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, Punjab, 147004, India
| | - Parul Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, Punjab, 147004, India
| | - Navneet Singh
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Siddharth Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, Punjab, 147004, India.
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75
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Yan Q, Zhang B, Ling X, Zhu B, Mei S, Yang H, Zhang D, Huo J, Zhao Z. CTLA-4 Facilitates DNA Damage–Induced Apoptosis by Interacting With PP2A. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:728771. [PMID: 35281086 PMCID: PMC8907142 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.728771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) plays a pivotal role in regulating immune responses. It accumulates in intracellular compartments, translocates to the cell surface, and is rapidly internalized. However, the cytoplasmic function of CTLA-4 remains largely unknown. Here, we describe the role of CTLA-4 as an immunomodulator in the DNA damage response to genotoxic stress. Using isogenic models of murine T cells with either sufficient or deficient CTLA-4 expression and performing a variety of assays, including cell apoptosis, cell cycle, comet, western blotting, co-immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence staining analyses, we show that CTLA-4 activates ataxia–telangiectasia mutated (ATM) by binding to the ATM inhibitor protein phosphatase 2A into the cytoplasm of T cells following transient treatment with zeocin, exacerbating the DNA damage response and inducing apoptosis. These findings provide new insights into how T cells maintain their immune function under high-stress conditions, which is clinically important for patients with tumors undergoing immunotherapy combined with chemoradiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongyu Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Ling
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shenghui Mei
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongjie Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiping Huo
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhigang Zhao,
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76
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Targeting immune checkpoints in gynecologic cancer: updates & perspectives for pathologists. Mod Pathol 2022; 35:142-151. [PMID: 34493822 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-021-00882-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Checkpoint inhibitor-based immunotherapy is increasingly used in the treatment of gynecologic cancers, and most often targets the PD-1/PD-L1 axis. Pathologists should be familiar with the biomarkers required to determine candidacy for these treatments based on existing FDA approvals, including mismatch repair protein immunohistochemistry, microsatellite instability testing, tumor mutation burden testing, and PD-L1 immunohistochemistry. This review summarizes the rationale behind these treatments and their associated biomarkers and delivers guidance on how to utilize and readout these tests. It also introduces additional biomarkers which may provide information regarding immunotherapeutic vulnerability in the future such as neoantigen load; POLE mutation status; and immunohistochemical expression of immunosuppressive checkpoints like LAG-3, TIM-3, TIGIT, and VISTA; immune-activating checkpoints such as CD27, CD40, CD134, and CD137; enzymes such as IDO-1 and adenosine-related compounds; and MHC class I.
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77
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Pirš B, Škof E, Smrkolj V, Smrkolj Š. Overview of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Gynecological Cancer Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:631. [PMID: 35158899 PMCID: PMC8833536 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last ten years, clinical oncology has been revolutionized by the introduction of oncological immunotherapy, mainly in the form of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) that transformed the standard of care of several advanced solid malignancies. Using ICIs for advanced gynecological cancers has yielded good results, especially for endometrial cancer. In ovarian or cervical cancer, combining ICIs with other established agents has shown some promise. Concurrently with the clinical development of ICIs, biomarkers that predict responses to such therapy have been discovered and used in clinical trials. The translation of these biomarkers to clinical practice was somewhat hampered by lacking assay standardization and non-comprehensive reporting of biomarker status in trials often performed on a small number of gynecological cancer patients. We can expect increased use of ICIs combined with other agents in gynecological cancer in the near future. This will create a need for reliable response prediction tools, which we believe will be based on biomarker, clinical, and tumor characteristics. In this article, we review the basic biology of ICIs and response prediction biomarkers, as well as the latest clinical trials that focus on subgroup effectiveness based on biomarker status in gynecological cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boštjan Pirš
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (B.P.); (E.Š.); (V.S.)
- Division of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Centre, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Erik Škof
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (B.P.); (E.Š.); (V.S.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vladimir Smrkolj
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (B.P.); (E.Š.); (V.S.)
| | - Špela Smrkolj
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (B.P.); (E.Š.); (V.S.)
- Division of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Centre, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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78
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Jiao S, Xiong Q, Yan M, Zhan X, Yang Z, Peng C, Sun B, Pang D, Liu T. Intratumor expanded T cell clones can be non-sentinel lymph node derived in breast cancer revealed by single-cell immune profiling. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-003325. [PMID: 34992092 PMCID: PMC8739441 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sentinel lymph nodes (LNs) are regarded as key immune surveillance sites in cancer wherein mature dendritic cells present tumor-derived antigens to prime and activate T cells, which then migrate to the tumor site. However, it is unclear whether the tumor-specific T cells can be elicited within the tumor independent of the sentinel LNs. Methods We performed an integrative analysis of gene expression profiles of 65,285 cells and T cell receptor sequences of 15,831 T cells from 5 paired primary breast tumors and sentinel LNs to identify where clonal T cells come from and the characteristics of those clonal T cells. Results The proportion of clonal T cells was higher in the primary tumors compared with the sentinel LNs, whereas all expanded clones identified in the sentinel LN were also present in the primary tumors. In contrast, 10.91% of the expanded clones in the primary tumors were not found in the sentinel LNs. These novel intratumoral T cell clones were characterized by high tissues retention capacity (CXCR6 +ITGAE+) and a distinct coinhibitory pattern (CD39 +NKG2A+) compared with the expanded T cell clones common to both sites. Furthermore, multiplex immunofluorescence imaging showed the presence of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) in the primary breast tumors wherein the activated cytolytic T cells were concentrated, indicating its possible role in eliciting non-sentinel LN-derived T cell clones. Conclusions Our study revealed expanded intratumor non-sentinel LN derived T cell clones located in the TLS, which points to the need for exploring the role of TLS in antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiping Jiao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing Xiong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meisi Yan
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhan
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhenhuang Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Beicheng Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Da Pang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China .,Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.,Sino-Russian Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China .,Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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79
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Li D, Lin S, Hong J, Ho M. Immunotherapy for hepatobiliary cancers: Emerging targets and translational advances. Adv Cancer Res 2022; 156:415-449. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2022.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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80
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Smit DJ, Jücker M. AKT Isoforms as a Target in Cancer and Immunotherapy. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2022; 436:409-436. [PMID: 36243855 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-06566-8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Over the past years, targeted therapies have received tremendous attention in cancer therapy. One of the most frequently targeted pathways is the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway that regulates crucial cellular processes including proliferation, survival, and migration. In a wide variety of cancer entities, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway was found to be a critical driver of disease progression, indicating a noteworthy target in cancer therapy. This chapter focuses on targeted therapies against AKT, which is a key enzyme within the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Although the three different isoforms of AKT, namely AKT1, AKT2, and AKT3, have a high homology, the isoforms exhibit different biological functions. Recently, direct inhibitors against all AKT isoforms as well as selective inhibitors against specific AKT isoforms have been extensively investigated in preclinical work as well as in clinical trials to attenuate proliferation of cancer cells. While no AKT inhibitor has been approved by the FDA for cancer therapy to date, AKT still plays a crucial role in a variety of treatment strategies including immune checkpoint inhibition. In this chapter, we summarize the status of AKT inhibitors either targeting all or specific AKT isoforms. Furthermore, we explain the role of AKT signaling in direct inhibition of tumor cell growth as well as in immune cells and immune checkpoint inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Smit
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Jücker
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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81
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Wang P, Tang L, Zhou B, Cheng L, Zhao RC, Zhang J. Analytical methods for the detection of PD-1/PD-L1 and other molecules related to immune checkpoints. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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82
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Liu E, Karpf L, Bohl D. Neuroinflammation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia and the Interest of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Study Immune Cells Interactions With Neurons. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 14:767041. [PMID: 34970118 PMCID: PMC8712677 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.767041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a shared hallmark between amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). For long, studies were conducted on tissues of post-mortem patients and neuroinflammation was thought to be only bystander result of the disease with the immune system reacting to dying neurons. In the last two decades, thanks to improving technologies, the identification of causal genes and the development of new tools and models, the involvement of inflammation has emerged as a potential driver of the diseases and evolved as a new area of intense research. In this review, we present the current knowledge about neuroinflammation in ALS, ALS-FTD, and FTD patients and animal models and we discuss reasons of failures linked to therapeutic trials with immunomodulator drugs. Then we present the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology and its interest as a new tool to have a better immunopathological comprehension of both diseases in a human context. The iPSC technology giving the unique opportunity to study cells across differentiation and maturation times, brings the hope to shed light on the different mechanisms linking neurodegeneration and activation of the immune system. Protocols available to differentiate iPSC into different immune cell types are presented. Finally, we discuss the interest in studying monocultures of iPS-derived immune cells, co-cultures with neurons and 3D cultures with different cell types, as more integrated cellular approaches. The hope is that the future work with human iPS-derived cells helps not only to identify disease-specific defects in the different cell types but also to decipher the synergistic effects between neurons and immune cells. These new cellular tools could help to find new therapeutic approaches for all patients with ALS, ALS-FTD, and FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Liu
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Léa Karpf
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Bohl
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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83
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Ramaswamy M, Kim T, Jones DC, Ghadially H, Mahmoud TI, Garcia A, Browne G, Zenonos Z, Puplampu-Dove Y, Riggs JM, Bhat GK, Herbst R, Schofield DJ, Carlesso G. Immunomodulation of T and NK-cell Responses by a Bispecific Antibody Targeting CD28 Homolog and PD-L1. Cancer Immunol Res 2021; 10:200-214. [PMID: 34937728 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-21-0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Checkpoint blockade therapies targeting PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 are clinically successful but also evoke adverse events due to systemic T-cell activation. We engineered a bispecific, monoclonal antibody targeting CD28 homolog (CD28H), a newly identified B7 family receptor that is constitutively expressed on T and natural killer (NK) cells, with a PD-L1 antibody to potentiate tumor-specific immune responses. The bispecific antibody led to T-cell costimulation, induced NK cell cytotoxicity of PD-L1-expressing tumor cells, and activated tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells. Mechanistically, the CD28H agonistic arm of the bispecific antibody reduced PD-L1/PD-1-induced SHP2 phosphorylation, while simultaneously augmenting T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling by activating the MAPK and AKT pathways. This bispecific approach could be used to target multiple immune cells, including CD8+ T cells, tissue-resident memory T cells, and NK cells, in a tumor-specific manner that may lead to induction of durable, therapeutic antitumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Ramaswamy
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, AstraZeneca (United States)
| | - Taeil Kim
- Oncology R, AstraZeneca (United States)
| | - Des C Jones
- Early Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca (United Kingdom)
| | | | | | - Andrew Garcia
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, AstraZeneca (United States)
| | - Gareth Browne
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering R, AstraZeneca (United Kingdom)
| | - Zenon Zenonos
- Antibody Development and Protein Engineering R, AstraZeneca (United Kingdom)
| | | | | | | | | | - Darren J Schofield
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering R, AstraZeneca (United Kingdom)
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84
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Li W, Zhang X, Zhang C, Yan J, Hou X, Du S, Zeng C, Zhao W, Deng B, McComb DW, Zhang Y, Kang DD, Li J, Carson WE, Dong Y. Biomimetic nanoparticles deliver mRNAs encoding costimulatory receptors and enhance T cell mediated cancer immunotherapy. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7264. [PMID: 34907171 PMCID: PMC8671507 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27434-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies targeting costimulatory receptors of T cells have been developed for the activation of T cell immunity in cancer immunotherapy. However, costimulatory molecule expression is often lacking in tumor-infiltrating immune cells, which can impede antibody-mediated immunotherapy. Here, we hypothesize that delivery of costimulatory receptor mRNA to tumor-infiltrating T cells will enhance the antitumor effects of antibodies. We first design a library of biomimetic nanoparticles and find that phospholipid nanoparticles (PL1) effectively deliver costimulatory receptor mRNA (CD137 or OX40) to T cells. Then, we demonstrate that the combination of PL1-OX40 mRNA and anti-OX40 antibody exhibits significantly improved antitumor activity compared to anti-OX40 antibody alone in multiple tumor models. This treatment regimen results in a 60% complete response rate in the A20 tumor model, with these mice being resistant to rechallenge by A20 tumor cells. Additionally, the combination of PL1-OX40 mRNA and anti-OX40 antibody significantly boosts the antitumor immune response to anti-PD-1 + anti-CTLA-4 antibodies in the B16F10 tumor model. This study supports the concept of delivering mRNA encoding costimulatory receptors in combination with the corresponding agonistic antibody as a strategy to enhance cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Li
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Xinfu Zhang
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA ,grid.30055.330000 0000 9247 7930State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Chengxiang Zhang
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Jingyue Yan
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Xucheng Hou
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Shi Du
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Chunxi Zeng
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Weiyu Zhao
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Binbin Deng
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Center for Electron Microscopy and Analysis, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43212 USA
| | - David W. McComb
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Center for Electron Microscopy and Analysis, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43212 USA ,grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Yuebao Zhang
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Diana D. Kang
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Junan Li
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - William E. Carson
- grid.412332.50000 0001 1545 0811Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and The OSU James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Yizhou Dong
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. .,The Center for Clinical and Translational Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. .,The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. .,Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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85
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Vathiotis IA, Moutafi MK, Divakar P, Aung TN, Qing T, Fernandez A, Yaghoobi V, El-Abed S, Wang Y, Guillaume S, Nuciforo P, Huober J, Di Cosimo S, Kim SB, Harbeck N, Gomez H, Shafi S, Syrigos KN, Fountzilas G, Sotiriou C, Pusztai L, Warren S, Rimm DL. Alpha-smooth Muscle Actin Expression in the Stroma Predicts Resistance to Trastuzumab in Patients with Early-stage HER2-positive Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:6156-6163. [PMID: 34465600 PMCID: PMC8595766 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-2103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The companion diagnostic test for trastuzumab has not changed much in the last 25 years. We used high-plex digital spatial profiling to identify biomarkers besides HER2 that can help predict response to trastuzumab in HER2-positive breast cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Fifty-eight protein targets were measured in three different molecularly defined compartments by the NanoString GeoMx Digital Spatial Profiler (DSP) in a tissue microarray containing 151 patients with breast cancer that received adjuvant trastuzumab as part of the Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group 10/05 clinical trial. Promising candidate biomarkers were orthogonally validated with quantitative immunofluorescence (QIF). RNA-sequencing data from the Neoadjuvant Lapatinib and/or Trastuzumab Treatment Optimisation Study (NeoALTTO) were accessed to provide independent cohort validation. Disease-free survival (DFS) was the main outcome assessed. Statistical analyses were performed using a two-sided test (α = 0.05) and multiple testing correction (Benjamini-Hochberg method, FDR < 0.1). RESULTS By DSP, high expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), both in the leukocyte and stromal compartments, was associated with shorter DFS in univariate analysis (P = 0.002 and P = 0.023, respectively). High α-SMA expression in the stroma was validated by QIF after controlling for estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor status [HR, 3.12; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.12-8.68; P = 0.029] showing recurrence on trastuzumab in the same cohort. In the NeoALTTO cohort, elevated levels of ACTA2 were predictive for shorter DFS in the multivariate analysis (HR, 3.21; 95% CI, 1.14-9.05; P = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS This work identifies α-SMA as a novel, easy-to-implement biomarker of resistance to trastuzumab that may be valuable in settings where trastuzumab is combined with other therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis A Vathiotis
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Myrto K Moutafi
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Thazin Nwe Aung
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Tao Qing
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Aileen Fernandez
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Vesal Yaghoobi
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | | | - Sebastien Guillaume
- Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paolo Nuciforo
- Molecular Oncology Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jens Huober
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Sung-Bae Kim
- Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of South Korea
| | - Nadia Harbeck
- Breast Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Henry Gomez
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru
| | - Saba Shafi
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Konstantinos N Syrigos
- Department of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - George Fountzilas
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- German Oncology Center, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Christos Sotiriou
- Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lajos Pusztai
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - David L Rimm
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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86
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Feng T, Zhao J, Wei D, Guo P, Yang X, Li Q, Fang Z, Wei Z, Li M, Jiang Y, Luo Y. Immunogenomic Analyses of the Prognostic Predictive Model for Patients With Renal Cancer. Front Immunol 2021; 12:762120. [PMID: 34712244 PMCID: PMC8546215 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.762120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is associated with poor prognostic outcomes. The current stratifying system does not predict prognostic outcomes and therapeutic benefits precisely for RCC patients. Here, we aim to construct an immune prognostic predictive model to assist clinician to predict RCC prognosis. Methods Herein, an immune prognostic signature was developed, and its predictive ability was confirmed in the kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) cohorts based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset. Several immunogenomic analyses were conducted to investigate the correlations between immune risk scores and immune cell infiltrations, immune checkpoints, cancer genotypes, tumor mutational burden, and responses to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Results The immune prognostic signature contained 14 immune-associated genes and was found to be an independent prognostic factor for KIRC. Furthermore, the immune risk score was established as a novel marker for predicting the overall survival outcomes for RCC. The risk score was correlated with some significant immunophenotypic factors, including T cell infiltration, antitumor immunity, antitumor response, oncogenic pathways, and immunotherapeutic and chemotherapeutic response. Conclusions The immune prognostic, predictive model can be effectively and efficiently used in the prediction of survival outcomes and immunotherapeutic responses of RCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Feng
- Department of Urology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahui Zhao
- Department of Urology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dechao Wei
- Department of Urology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengju Guo
- Department of Urology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobing Yang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiankun Li
- Department of Urology, Beijing Huairou Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhou Fang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziheng Wei
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingchuan Li
- Department of Urology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongguang Jiang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Luo
- Department of Urology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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87
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Zheng S, Song Q, Zhang P. Metabolic Modifications, Inflammation, and Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:703681. [PMID: 34631531 PMCID: PMC8497755 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.703681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has accomplished significant progresses on treatment of various cancers in the past decade; however, recent studies revealed more and more heterogeneity in tumor microenvironment which cause unneglectable therapy resistance. A central phenomenon in tumor malignancy is metabolic dysfunctionality; it reprograms metabolic homeostasis in tumor and stromal cells thus affecting metabolic modifications on specific proteins. These posttranslational modifications include glycosylation and palmitoylation, which usually alter the protein localization, stability, and function. Many of these proteins participate in acute or chronic inflammation and play critical roles in tumorigenesis and progression. Therefore, targeting these metabolic modifications in immune checkpoints and inflammation provides an attractive therapeutic strategy for certain cancers. In this review, we summarize the recent progresses on metabolic modifications in this field, focus on the mechanisms on how glycosylation and palmitoylation regulate innate immune and inflammation, and we further discuss designing new immunotherapy targeting metabolic modifications. We aim to improve immunotherapy or targeted-therapy response and achieve more accurate individual therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihao Zheng
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qibin Song
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pingfeng Zhang
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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88
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Arnesen VS, Gras Navarro A, Chekenya M. Challenges and Prospects for Designer T and NK Cells in Glioblastoma Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4986. [PMID: 34638471 PMCID: PMC8507952 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most prevalent, aggressive primary brain tumour with a dismal prognosis. Treatment at diagnosis has limited efficacy and there is no standardised treatment at recurrence. New, personalised treatment options are under investigation, although challenges persist for heterogenous tumours such as GBM. Gene editing technologies are a game changer, enabling design of novel molecular-immunological treatments to be used in combination with chemoradiation, to achieve long lasting survival benefits for patients. Here, we review the literature on how cutting-edge molecular gene editing technologies can be applied to known and emerging tumour-associated antigens to enhance chimeric antigen receptor T and NK cell therapies for GBM. A tight balance of limiting neurotoxicity, avoiding tumour antigen loss and therapy resistance, while simultaneously promoting long-term persistence of the adoptively transferred cells must be maintained to significantly improve patient survival. We discuss the opportunities and challenges posed by the brain contexture to the administration of the treatments and achieving sustained clinical responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Gras Navarro
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies Vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Martha Chekenya
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies Vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
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89
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Sun H, Hartigan CR, Chen CW, Sun Y, Tariq M, Robertson JM, Krummey SM, Mehta AK, Ford ML. TIGIT regulates apoptosis of risky memory T cell subsets implicated in belatacept-resistant rejection. Am J Transplant 2021; 21:3256-3267. [PMID: 33756063 PMCID: PMC8458514 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Belatacept confers increased patient and graft survival in renal transplant recipients relative to calcineurin inhibitors, but is associated with an increased rate of acute rejection. Recent immunophenotypic studies comparing pretransplant T cell phenotypes of patients who reject versus those who remain stable on belatacept identified three potential "risky" memory T cell subsets that potentially underlie belatacept-resistant rejection: CD4+ CD28+ TEM , CD8+ CD28null , and CD4+ CD57+ PD1- subsets. Here, we compared key phenotypic and functional aspects of these human memory T cell subsets, with the goal of identifying additional potential targets to modulate them. Results demonstrate that TIGIT, an increasingly well-appreciated immune checkpoint receptor, was expressed on all three risky memory T cell subsets in vitro and in vivo in the presence of belatacept. Coculture of human memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with an agonistic anti-TIGIT mAb significantly increased apoptotic cell death of all three risky memory T cell subsets. Mechanistically, TIGIT-mediated apoptosis of risky memory T cells was dependent on FOXP3+ Treg, suggesting that agonism of the TIGIT pathway increases FOXP3+ Treg suppression of human memory T cell populations. Overall, these data suggest that TIGIT agonism could represent a new therapeutic target to inhibit belatacept-resistant rejection during transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Sun
- Emory Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia,Department of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Christina R. Hartigan
- Emory Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ching-wen Chen
- Emory Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yini Sun
- Emory Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia,Department of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Marvi Tariq
- Emory Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jennifer M. Robertson
- Emory Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Scott M. Krummey
- Emory Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Aneesh K. Mehta
- Emory Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mandy L. Ford
- Emory Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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90
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Clark CA, Yang ES. Harnessing DNA Repair Defects to Augment Immune-Based Therapies in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:703802. [PMID: 34631532 PMCID: PMC8497895 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.703802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has poor prognosis with limited treatment options, with little therapeutic progress made during the past several decades. DNA damage response (DDR) associated therapies, including radiation and inhibitors of DDR, demonstrate potential efficacy against TNBC, especially under the guidance of genomic subtype-directed treatment. The tumor immune microenvironment also contributes greatly to TNBC malignancy and response to conventional and targeted therapies. Immunotherapy represents a developing trend in targeted therapies directed against TNBC and strategies combining immunotherapy and modulators of the DDR pathways are being pursued. There is increasing understanding of the potential interplay between DDR pathways and immune-associated signaling. As such, the question of how we treat TNBC regarding novel immuno-molecular strategies is continually evolving. In this review, we explore the current and upcoming treatment options of TNBC in the context of DNA repair mechanisms and immune-based therapies, with a focus on implications of recent genomic analyses and clinical trial findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis A. Clark
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Eddy S. Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States
- O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Hugh Kaul Precision Medicine Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States
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91
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Ishihara H, Kondo T, Nakamura K, Nemoto Y, Tachibana H, Fukuda H, Yoshida K, Kobayashi H, Iizuka J, Shimmura H, Hashimoto Y, Tanabe K, Takagi T. Association of tumor burden with outcome in first-line therapy with nivolumab plus ipilimumab for previously untreated metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2021; 51:1751-1756. [PMID: 34492101 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyab142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the prognostic impact of tumor burden in patients receiving nivolumab plus ipilimumab as first-line therapy for previously untreated metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). METHODS We retrospectively evaluated 62 patients with IMDC intermediate- or poor-risk mRCC, treated with nivolumab plus ipilimumab as first-line therapy at five affiliated institutions. Tumor burden was defined as the sum of diameters of baseline targeted lesions according to the RECIST version.1.1. We categorized the patients into two groups based on the median value of tumor burden (i.e., high vs. low). The association of tumor burden with progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) and objective response rate (ORR) with nivolumab plus ipilimumab treatment was analyzed. RESULTS The median tumor burden was 63.0 cm (interquartile range: 34.2-125.8). PFS was significantly shorter in patients with high tumor burden (n = 31) than in those with low tumor burden (n = 31) (median: 6.08 [95% CI: 2.73-9.70] vs. 12.5 [4.77-24.0] months, P = 0.0134). In addition, OS tended to be shorter in patients with high tumor burden; however, there was no statistically significant difference (1-year rate: 77.3 vs. 96.7%, P = 0.166). ORR was not significantly different between patients with high and low tumor burden (35 vs. 55%, P = 0.202). Multivariate analysis of PFS further showed that tumor burden was an independent factor (HR: 2.22 [95% CI: 1.11-4.45], P = 0.0242). CONCLUSIONS Tumor burden might be a useful factor for outcome prediction, at least for PFS prediction, in patients receiving nivolumab plus ipilimumab for mRCC. Further prospective studies are warranted to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ishihara
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University Medical Center East, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsunenori Kondo
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University Medical Center East, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yuki Nemoto
- Department of Urology, Saiseikai Kawaguchi General Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Tachibana
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University Medical Center East, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Urology, Saiseikai Kurihashi Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hironori Fukuda
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yoshida
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirohito Kobayashi
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University Medical Center East, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junpei Iizuka
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shimmura
- Department of Urology, Tokiwakai Jyoban Hospital, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Hashimoto
- Department of Urology, Saiseikai Kawaguchi General Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazunari Tanabe
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshio Takagi
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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92
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García-Fernández C, Saz A, Fornaguera C, Borrós S. Cancer immunotherapies revisited: state of the art of conventional treatments and next-generation nanomedicines. Cancer Gene Ther 2021; 28:935-946. [PMID: 33837365 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-021-00333-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the landscape of cancer treatments has broadened thanks to the clinical application of immunotherapeutics. After decades of failures, cancer immunotherapy represents an exciting alternative for those patients suffering from a wide variety of cancers, especially for those skin cancers, such as the early stages of melanoma. However, those cancers affecting internal organs still face a long way to success, because of the poor biodistribution of immunotherapies. Here, nanomedicine appears as a hopeful strategy to modulate the biodistribution aiming at target organ accumulation. In this way, efficacy will be improved, while reducing the side effects at the same time. In this review, we aim to highlight the most promising cancer immunotherapeutic strategies. From monoclonal antibodies and their traditional use as targeted therapies to their current use as immune checkpoint inhibitors; as well as adoptive cell transfer therapies; oncolytic viruses, and therapeutic cancer vaccination. Then, we aim to discuss the important role of nanomedicine to improve the performance of these immunotherapeutic tools to finally review the already marketed nanomedicine-based cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coral García-Fernández
- Grup d'Enginyeria de Materials (Gemat), Institut Químic de Sarrià (IQS), Univeritat Ramon Llull (URL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Saz
- Grup d'Enginyeria de Materials (Gemat), Institut Químic de Sarrià (IQS), Univeritat Ramon Llull (URL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Fornaguera
- Grup d'Enginyeria de Materials (Gemat), Institut Químic de Sarrià (IQS), Univeritat Ramon Llull (URL), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Salvador Borrós
- Grup d'Enginyeria de Materials (Gemat), Institut Químic de Sarrià (IQS), Univeritat Ramon Llull (URL), Barcelona, Spain
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93
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Thai AA, Solomon BJ, Sequist LV, Gainor JF, Heist RS. Lung cancer. Lancet 2021; 398:535-554. [PMID: 34273294 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00312-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 950] [Impact Index Per Article: 316.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide with an estimated 2 million new cases and 1·76 million deaths per year. Substantial improvements in our understanding of disease biology, application of predictive biomarkers, and refinements in treatment have led to remarkable progress in the past two decades and transformed outcomes for many patients. This seminar provides an overview of advances in the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer and small-cell lung cancer, with a particular focus on targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alesha A Thai
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Solomon
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lecia V Sequist
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Justin F Gainor
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca S Heist
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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PIP4Ks impact on PI3K, FOXP3, and UHRF1 signaling and modulate human regulatory T cell proliferation and immunosuppressive activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2010053118. [PMID: 34312224 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2010053118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play fundamental roles in maintaining peripheral tolerance to prevent autoimmunity and limit legitimate immune responses, a feature hijacked in tumor microenvironments in which the recruitment of Tregs often extinguishes immune surveillance through suppression of T-effector cell signaling and tumor cell killing. The pharmacological tuning of Treg activity without impacting on T conventional (Tconv) cell activity would likely be beneficial in the treatment of various human pathologies. PIP4K2A, 2B, and 2C constitute a family of lipid kinases that phosphorylate PtdIns5P to PtdIns(4,5)P 2 They are involved in stress signaling, act as synthetic lethal targets in p53-null tumors, and in mice, the loss of PIP4K2C leads to late onset hyperinflammation. Accordingly, a human single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) near the PIP4K2C gene is linked with susceptibility to autoimmune diseases. How PIP4Ks impact on human T cell signaling is not known. Using ex vivo human primary T cells, we found that PIP4K activity is required for Treg cell signaling and immunosuppressive activity. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of PIP4K in Tregs reduces signaling through the PI3K, mTORC1/S6, and MAPK pathways, impairs cell proliferation, and increases activation-induced cell death while sparing Tconv. PIP4K and PI3K signaling regulate the expression of the Treg master transcriptional activator FOXP3 and the epigenetic signaling protein Ubiquitin-like containing PHD and RING finger domains 1 (UHRF1). Our studies suggest that the pharmacological inhibition of PIP4K can reprogram human Treg identity while leaving Tconv cell signaling and T-helper differentiation to largely intact potentially enhancing overall immunological activity.
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95
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Zimmermannova O, Caiado I, Ferreira AG, Pereira CF. Cell Fate Reprogramming in the Era of Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:714822. [PMID: 34367185 PMCID: PMC8336566 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.714822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in understanding how cancer cells interact with the immune system allowed the development of immunotherapeutic strategies, harnessing patients' immune system to fight cancer. Dendritic cell-based vaccines are being explored to reactivate anti-tumor adaptive immunity. Immune checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor T-cells (CAR T) were however the main approaches that catapulted the therapeutic success of immunotherapy. Despite their success across a broad range of human cancers, many challenges remain for basic understanding and clinical progress as only a minority of patients benefit from immunotherapy. In addition, cellular immunotherapies face important limitations imposed by the availability and quality of immune cells isolated from donors. Cell fate reprogramming is offering interesting alternatives to meet these challenges. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology not only enables studying immune cell specification but also serves as a platform for the differentiation of a myriad of clinically useful immune cells including T-cells, NK cells, or monocytes at scale. Moreover, the utilization of iPSCs allows introduction of genetic modifications and generation of T/NK cells with enhanced anti-tumor properties. Immune cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, can also be generated by direct cellular reprogramming employing lineage-specific master regulators bypassing the pluripotent stage. Thus, the cellular reprogramming toolbox is now providing the means to address the potential of patient-tailored immune cell types for cancer immunotherapy. In parallel, development of viral vectors for gene delivery has opened the door for in vivo reprogramming in regenerative medicine, an elegant strategy circumventing the current limitations of in vitro cell manipulation. An analogous paradigm has been recently developed in cancer immunotherapy by the generation of CAR T-cells in vivo. These new ideas on endogenous reprogramming, cross-fertilized from the fields of regenerative medicine and gene therapy, are opening exciting avenues for direct modulation of immune or tumor cells in situ, widening our strategies to remove cancer immunotherapy roadblocks. Here, we review current strategies for cancer immunotherapy, summarize technologies for generation of immune cells by cell fate reprogramming as well as highlight the future potential of inducing these unique cell identities in vivo, providing new and exciting tools for the fast-paced field of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Zimmermannova
- Cell Reprogramming in Hematopoiesis and Immunity Laboratory, Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Inês Caiado
- Cell Reprogramming in Hematopoiesis and Immunity Laboratory, Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Doctoral Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alexandra G. Ferreira
- Cell Reprogramming in Hematopoiesis and Immunity Laboratory, Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Doctoral Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos-Filipe Pereira
- Cell Reprogramming in Hematopoiesis and Immunity Laboratory, Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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96
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De Luca AJ, Lyons AB, Flies AS. Cytokines: Signalling Improved Immunotherapy? Curr Oncol Rep 2021; 23:103. [PMID: 34269916 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-021-01095-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Immune checkpoint immunotherapies (ICI) are now approved for over 20 types of cancer and there are almost 6000 ongoing clinical trials investigating immuno-modulators as cancer therapies. This review investigated the effect of monoclonal antibody-based immune checkpoint immunotherapies when combined with cytokine therapy. We reviewed published clinical trial results from 2005 to 2020 for studies that used approved monoclonal antibody ICI in combination with the cytokines. Studies that met the search criteria were assessed for treatment efficacy and immunological changes associated with treatment. RECENT FINDING ICI often fails to result in improved clinical outcomes for patients and lasting protection from cancer recurrence. The use of pro-inflammatory cytokines alongside ICI has been shown to enhance the efficacy of these therapies in vitro and in animal studies. However, the results in human clinical trials are less clear and many clinical trials do not publish results at the end of the trial. A deeper understanding of the molecular interactions between cytokines, tumors, and immune cells is needed to improve overall ICI outcomes and design combination trials. Critical examination of the design and characteristics of previous clinical trials can provide insight into the lack of effective clinical translation for many immunotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana J De Luca
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
| | - A Bruce Lyons
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Andrew S Flies
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
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97
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Zou W, Lu J, Hao Y. Myocarditis Induced by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Prospects. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:3077-3088. [PMID: 34267536 PMCID: PMC8275200 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s311616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, immune checkpoint molecules downregulate the activation and effector function of myocardial antigen-reactive T cells through an immunosuppressive pathway, thus enabling myocardial T cells to maintain immune homeostasis under the action of central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms. The PD-1/PD-L1 signalling pathway is particularly important for limiting the ability of T cells to attack the heart. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) specifically block this PD-1/PD-L1-mediated restriction of T cell activation and other immunosuppressive pathways by targeting immune checkpoints. In recent years, with the wide use of ICIs in cancer treatment, even though the incidence of immunomyocarditis is low, it has attracted increasing attention because of its complex clinical symptoms, rapid progression of disease and high mortality rates. The pathogenesis, genetic susceptibility factors and predictive biomarkers of immunomyocarditis still need to be understood, and multidisciplinary cooperation in the clinical treatment of this complication is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlu Zou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250021, People's Republic of China.,Department of Infectious Disease.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Jinan, 250117, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Hao
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
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98
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Chiu LC, Lin SM, Lo YL, Kuo SCH, Yang CT, Hsu PC. Immunotherapy and Vaccination in Surgically Resectable Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:689. [PMID: 34201650 PMCID: PMC8310081 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-stage NSCLC (stages I and II, and some IIIA diseases) accounts for approximately 30% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cases, with surgery being its main treatment modality. The risk of disease recurrence and cancer-related death, however, remains high among NSCLC patients after complete surgical resection. In previous studies on the long-term follow-up of post-operative NSCLC, the results showed that the five-year survival rate was about 65% for stage IB and about 35% for stage IIIA diseases. Platinum-based chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy has been used as a neoadjuvant therapy or post-operative adjuvant therapy in NSCLC, but the improvement of survival is limited. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have effectively improved the 5-year survival of advanced NSCLC patients. Cancer vaccination has also been explored and used in the prevention of cancer or reducing disease recurrence in resected NSCLC. Here, we review studies that have focused on the use of immunotherapies (i.e., ICIs and vaccination) in surgically resectable NSCLC. We present the results of completed clinical trials that have used ICIs as neoadjuvant therapies in pre-operative NSCLC. Ongoing clinical trials investigating ICIs as neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chung Chiu
- Division of Thoracic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City 33305, Taiwan; (L.-C.C.); (S.-M.L.); (Y.-L.L.); (S.C.-H.K.); (C.-T.Y.)
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, New Taipei Municipal Tu Cheng Hospital, New Taipei City 23652, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Min Lin
- Division of Thoracic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City 33305, Taiwan; (L.-C.C.); (S.-M.L.); (Y.-L.L.); (S.C.-H.K.); (C.-T.Y.)
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lun Lo
- Division of Thoracic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City 33305, Taiwan; (L.-C.C.); (S.-M.L.); (Y.-L.L.); (S.C.-H.K.); (C.-T.Y.)
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
| | - Scott Chih-Hsi Kuo
- Division of Thoracic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City 33305, Taiwan; (L.-C.C.); (S.-M.L.); (Y.-L.L.); (S.C.-H.K.); (C.-T.Y.)
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ta Yang
- Division of Thoracic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City 33305, Taiwan; (L.-C.C.); (S.-M.L.); (Y.-L.L.); (S.C.-H.K.); (C.-T.Y.)
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taoyuan Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City 33378, Taiwan
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Chih Hsu
- Division of Thoracic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City 33305, Taiwan; (L.-C.C.); (S.-M.L.); (Y.-L.L.); (S.C.-H.K.); (C.-T.Y.)
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
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99
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The Evolution of Cancer Immunotherapy. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9060614. [PMID: 34200997 PMCID: PMC8227172 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has changed the environment of cancer treatment by providing new and efficacious therapy options for many solid and hematologic malignancies. Although not a new field of oncology, immunotherapy has quickly developed into one of the most flourishing fields in medicine. In this review article, we explore key discoveries which helped to shape our current understanding of the immune system’s role in neoplasms. Many landmark developments include the advancements in checkpoint inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, CAR-T cells and anti-cancer vaccines. We also explore the drawbacks and efficacy of various categories of immunotherapy. Ongoing investigations within immunotherapy, such as the gut microbiome, combining checkpoint inhibitors and gene sequencing, continue to personalize treatments for cancer patients, providing exciting and endless possibilities for the future.
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100
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Xie Q, Ding J, Chen Y. Role of CD8 + T lymphocyte cells: Interplay with stromal cells in tumor microenvironment. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1365-1378. [PMID: 34221857 PMCID: PMC8245853 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T lymphocytes are pivotal cells in the host response to antitumor immunity. Tumor-driven microenvironments provide the conditions necessary for regulating infiltrating CD8+ T cells in favor of tumor survival, including weakening CD8+ T cell activation, driving tumor cells to impair immune attack, and recruiting other cells to reprogram the immune milieu. Also in tumor microenvironment, stromal cells exert immunosuppressive skills to avoid CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity. In this review, we explore the universal function and fate decision of infiltrated CD8+ T cells and highlight their antitumor response within various stromal architectures in the process of confronting neoantigen-specific tumor cells. Thus, this review provides a foundation for the development of antitumor therapy based on CD8+ T lymphocyte manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xie
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jian Ding
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai HaiHe Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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