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Leber A, Hontecillas R, Tubau-Juni N, Zoccoli-Rodriguez V, Goodpaster B, Bassaganya-Riera J. Abscisic acid enriched fig extract promotes insulin sensitivity by decreasing systemic inflammation and activating LANCL2 in skeletal muscle. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10463. [PMID: 32591558 PMCID: PMC7319979 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67300-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abscisic acid is a phytohormone found in fruits and vegetables and is endogenously produced in mammals. In humans and mice, lanthionine synthetase C-like 2 (LANCL2) has been characterized as the natural receptor for ABA. Herein, we characterize the efficacy of a fig fruit extract of ABA in promoting glycemic control. This ABA-enriched extract, at 0.125 µg ABA/kg body weight, improves glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity and fasting blood glucose in diet-induced obesity (DIO) and db/db mouse models. In addition to decreasing systemic inflammation and providing glycemic control without increasing insulin, ABA extract modulates the metabolic activity of muscle. ABA increases expression of important glycogen synthase, glucose, fatty acid and mitochondrial metabolism genes and increases direct measures of fatty acid oxidation, glucose oxidation and metabolic flexibility in soleus muscle cells from ABA-treated mice with DIO. Glycolytic and mitochondrial ATP production were increased in ABA-treated human myotubes. Further, ABA synergized with insulin to dramatically increase the rate of glycogen synthesis. The loss of LANCL2 in skeletal muscle abrogated the effect of ABA extract in the DIO model and increased fasting blood glucose levels. This data further supports the clinical development of ABA in the treatment of pre-diabetes, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Leber
- NIMML Institute, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
- BioTherapeutics, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Raquel Hontecillas
- NIMML Institute, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
- BioTherapeutics, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Nuria Tubau-Juni
- NIMML Institute, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
- BioTherapeutics, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | | | | | - Josep Bassaganya-Riera
- NIMML Institute, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA.
- BioTherapeutics, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA.
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Salazar G, Cullen A, Huang J, Zhao Y, Serino A, Hilenski L, Patrushev N, Forouzandeh F, Hwang HS. SQSTM1/p62 and PPARGC1A/PGC-1alpha at the interface of autophagy and vascular senescence. Autophagy 2020; 16:1092-1110. [PMID: 31441382 PMCID: PMC7469683 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1659612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective macroautophagy/autophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction are known to stimulate senescence. The mitochondrial regulator PPARGC1A (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma, coactivator 1 alpha) regulates mitochondrial biogenesis, reducing senescence of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs); however, it is unknown whether autophagy mediates PPARGC1A-protective effects on senescence. Using ppargc1a-/- VSMCs, we identified the autophagy receptor SQSTM1/p62 (sequestosome 1) as a major regulator of autophagy and senescence of VSMCs. Abnormal autophagosomes were observed in VSMCs in aortas of ppargc1a-/- mice. ppargc1a-/- VSMCs in culture presented reductions in LC3-II levels; in autophagosome number; and in the expression of SQSTM1 (protein and mRNA), LAMP2 (lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2), CTSD (cathepsin D), and TFRC (transferrin receptor). Reduced SQSTM1 protein expression was also observed in aortas of ppargc1a-/- mice and was upregulated by PPARGC1A overexpression, suggesting that SQSTM1 is a direct target of PPARGC1A. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA (3 methyladenine), spautin-1 or Atg5 (autophagy related 5) siRNA stimulated senescence. Rapamycin rescued the effect of Atg5 siRNA in Ppargc1a+/+ , but not in ppargc1a-/- VSMCs, suggesting that other targets of MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase), in addition to autophagy, also contribute to senescence. Sqstm1 siRNA increased senescence basally and in response to AGT II (angiotensin II) and zinc overload, two known inducers of senescence. Furthermore, Sqstm1 gene deficiency mimicked the phenotype of Ppargc1a depletion by presenting reduced autophagy and increased senescence in vitro and in vivo. Thus, PPARGC1A upregulates autophagy reducing senescence by a SQSTM1-dependent mechanism. We propose SQSTM1 as a novel target in therapeutic interventions reducing senescence. ABBREVIATIONS 3-MA: 3 methyladenine; ACTA2/SM-actin: actin, alpha 2, smooth muscle, aorta; ACTB/β-actin: actin beta; AGT II: angiotensin II; ATG5: autophagy related 5; BECN1: beclin 1; CAT: catalase; CDKN1A: cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (P21); Chl: chloroquine; CTSD: cathepsin D; CYCS: cytochrome C, somatic; DHE: dihydroethidium; DPBS: Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline; EL: elastic lamina; EM: extracellular matrix; FDG: fluorescein-di-β-D-galactopyranoside; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; γH2AFX: phosphorylated H2A histone family, member X, H2DCFDA: 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate; LAMP2: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2; MASMs: mouse vascular smooth muscle cells; MEF: mouse embryonic fibroblast; NBR1: NBR1, autophagy cargo receptor; NFKB/NF-κB: nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NFE2L2: nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2; NOX1: NADPH oxidase 1; OPTN: optineurin; PFA: paraformaldehyde; PFU: plaque-forming units; PPARGC1A/PGC-1α: peroxisome proliferator activated receptor, gamma, coactivator 1 alpha; Ptdln3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; RASMs: rat vascular smooth muscle cells; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SA-GLB1/β-gal: senescence-associated galactosidase, beta 1; SASP: senescence-associated secretory phenotype; SIRT1: sirtuin 1; Spautin 1: specific and potent autophagy inhibitor 1; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; SOD: superoxide dismutase; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; TFEB: transcription factor EB; TFRC: transferrin receptor; TRP53/p53: transformation related protein 53; TUBG1: tubulin gamma 1; VSMCs: vascular smooth muscle cells; WT: wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Salazar
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
- Center for Advancing Exercise and Nutrition Research on Aging (CAENRA), Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Abigail Cullen
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Jingwen Huang
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Yitong Zhao
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Alexa Serino
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Lula Hilenski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nikolay Patrushev
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Farshad Forouzandeh
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Hyun Seok Hwang
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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Quiles JM, Gustafsson ÅB. Mitochondrial Quality Control and Cellular Proteostasis: Two Sides of the Same Coin. Front Physiol 2020; 11:515. [PMID: 32528313 PMCID: PMC7263099 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of cardiac pathophysiology. Defects in mitochondrial performance disrupt contractile function, overwhelm myocytes with reactive oxygen species (ROS), and transform these cellular powerhouses into pro-death organelles. Thus, quality control (QC) pathways aimed at identifying and removing damaged mitochondrial proteins, components, or entire mitochondria are crucial processes in post-mitotic cells such as cardiac myocytes. Almost all of the mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nuclear genome and the trafficking of these nuclear-encoded proteins necessitates significant cross-talk with the cytosolic protein QC machinery to ensure that only functional proteins are delivered to the mitochondria. Within the organelle, mitochondria contain their own protein QC system consisting of chaperones and proteases. This system represents another level of QC to promote mitochondrial protein folding and prevent aggregation. If this system is overwhelmed, a conserved transcriptional response known as the mitochondrial unfolded protein response is activated to increase the expression of proteins involved in restoring mitochondrial proteostasis. If the mitochondrion is beyond repair, the entire organelle must be removed before it becomes cytotoxic and causes cellular damage. Recent evidence has also uncovered mitochondria as participants in cytosolic protein QC where misfolded cytosolic proteins can be imported and degraded inside mitochondria. However, this process also places increased pressure on mitochondrial QC pathways to ensure that the imported proteins do not cause mitochondrial dysfunction. This review is focused on discussing the pathways involved in regulating mitochondrial QC and their relationship to cellular proteostasis and mitochondrial health in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Quiles
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Åsa B Gustafsson
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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Wang S, Chen Y, Li X, Zhang W, Liu Z, Wu M, Pan Q, Liu H. Emerging role of transcription factor EB in mitochondrial quality control. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 128:110272. [PMID: 32447212 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are energy producers that play a vital role in cell survival. Mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in many diseases, including metabolic syndrome, neurodegenerative disorders, cardiomyopathies, cancer, obesity, and diabetic kidney disease, and challenges still remain in terms of treatments for these diseases. Mitochondrial quality control (MQC), which is defined as the maintenance of the quantity, morphology, and function of mitochondria, plays a pivotal role in maintaining cellular metabolic homeostasis and cell survival. Recently, growing evidence suggests that the transcription factor EB (TFEB) plays a pivotal role in MQC. Here, we systemically investigate the potential role and mechanisms of TFEB in MQC, which include the activation of mitophagy, regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) clearance, and the balance of mitochondria fission-fusion cycle. Importantly, we further discuss the therapeutic measures and effects aimed at TFEB on mitochondrial dysfunction-related diseases. Taken together, targeting TFEB to regulate MQC may represent an appealing therapeutic strategy for mitochondrial dysfunction related-diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China
| | - Yanse Chen
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China
| | - Weihuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China
| | - Zejian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China
| | - Man Wu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China
| | - Qingjun Pan
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China.
| | - Huafeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China.
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Abstract
Regular exercise enhances mitochondrial function by promoting healthy mitochondrial remodeling, but the underlying mechanisms are not thoroughly understood. An emerging hypothesis suggests that, in addition to anabolic events such as mitochondria biogenesis, the selective degradation of dysfunctional mitochondria (i.e., mitophagy) also is a key component of exercise-mediated adaptations in striated muscle, which eventually leads to better mitochondrial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntian Guan
- Department of Pharmacology.,Center for Skeletal Muscle Research at the Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center
| | - Joshua C Drake
- Center for Skeletal Muscle Research at the Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center
| | - Zhen Yan
- Department of Pharmacology.,Center for Skeletal Muscle Research at the Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center.,Departments of Medicine, and.,Molecular Physiology and Biological Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
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56
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Theeuwes WF, Gosker HR, Schols AMWJ, Langen RCJ, Remels AHV. Regulation of PGC-1α expression by a GSK-3β-TFEB signaling axis in skeletal muscle. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118610. [PMID: 31738957 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In muscle cells, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator 1 (PGC-1) signaling network, which has been shown to be disturbed in the skeletal muscle in several chronic diseases, tightly controls mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative substrate metabolism. Previously, we showed that inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β potently increased Pgc-1α abundance and oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle cells. The current study aims to unravel the molecular mechanism driving the increase in Pgc-1α mediated by GSK-3β inactivation. METHODS GSK-3β was inactivated genetically or pharmacologically in C2C12 myotubes and the requirement of transcription factors known to be involved in Pgc-1α transcription for increases in Pgc-1α abundance mediated by inactivation of GSK-3β was examined. RESULTS Enhanced PGC-1α promoter activation after GSK-3β inhibition suggested a transcriptionally-controlled mechanism. While myocyte enhancer factor (MEF)2 transcriptional activity was unaltered, GSK-3β inactivation increased the abundance and activity of the transcription factors estrogen-related receptor (ERR)α and ERRγ. Pharmacological inhibition or knock-down of ERRα and ERRγ however failed to prevent increases in Pgc-1α mRNA mediated by GSK-3β inactivation. Interestingly, GSK-3β inactivation activated transcription factor EB (TFEB), evidenced by decreased phosphorylation and enhanced nuclear localization of the TFEB protein. Moreover, knock-down of TFEB completely prevented increases in Pgc-1α gene expression, PGC-1α promoter activity and PGC-1α protein abundance induced by GSK-3β inactivation. Furthermore, mutation of a specific TFEB binding site on the PGC-1α promoter blocked promoter activation upon inhibition of GSK-3β. CONCLUSIONS In skeletal muscle, GSK-3β inactivation causes dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation of TFEB resulting in TFEB-dependent induction of Pgc-1α expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Theeuwes
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - H R Gosker
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - A M W J Schols
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - R C J Langen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - A H V Remels
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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57
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Spaulding HR, Ludwig AK, Hollinger K, Hudson MB, Selsby JT. PGC-1α overexpression increases transcription factor EB nuclear localization and lysosome abundance in dystrophin-deficient skeletal muscle. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14383. [PMID: 32109352 PMCID: PMC7048376 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused by the absence of functional dystrophin protein and results in progressive muscle wasting. Dystrophin deficiency leads to a host of dysfunctional cellular processes including impaired autophagy. Autophagic dysfunction appears to be due, at least in part, to decreased lysosomal abundance mediated by decreased nuclear localization of transcription factor EB (TFEB), a transcription factor responsible for lysosomal biogenesis. PGC-1α overexpression decreased disease severity in dystrophin-deficient skeletal muscle and increased PGC-1α has been linked to TFEB activation in healthy muscle. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which PGC-1α overexpression increased nuclear TFEB localization, increased lysosome abundance, and increased autophagosome degradation. We hypothesized that overexpression of PGC-1α would drive TFEB nuclear translocation, increase lysosome biogenesis, and improve autophagosome degradation. To address this hypothesis, we delivered PGC-1α via adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector injected into the right limb of 3-week-old mdx mice and the contralateral limbs received a sham injection. At 6 weeks of age, this approach increased PGC-1α transcript by 60-fold and increased TFEB nuclear localization in gastrocnemii from PGC-1α treated limbs by twofold compared to contralateral controls. Furthermore, lamp2, a marker of lysosome abundance, was significantly elevated in muscles from limbs overexpressing PGC-1α. Lastly, increased LC3II and similar p62 in PGC-1α overexpressing-limbs compared to contralateral limbs are supportive of increased degradation of autophagosomes. These data provide mechanistic insight into PGC-1α-mediated benefits to dystrophin-deficient muscle, such that increased TFEB nuclear localization in dystrophin-deficient muscle leads to increased lysosome biogenesis and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda K. Ludwig
- Department of Biological SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
| | | | - Matthew B. Hudson
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied PhysiologyUniversity of DelawareNewarkDEUSA
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Stacchiotti A, Favero G, Rodella LF. Impact of Melatonin on Skeletal Muscle and Exercise. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020288. [PMID: 31991655 PMCID: PMC7072499 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle disorders are dramatically increasing with human aging with enormous sanitary costs and impact on the quality of life. Preventive and therapeutic tools to limit onset and progression of muscle frailty include nutrition and physical training. Melatonin, the indole produced at nighttime in pineal and extra-pineal sites in mammalians, has recognized anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant properties. Mitochondria are the favorite target of melatonin, which maintains them efficiently, scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative damage. Here, we discuss the most recent evidence of dietary melatonin efficacy in age-related skeletal muscle disorders in cellular, preclinical, and clinical studies. Furthermore, we analyze the emerging impact of melatonin on physical activity. Finally, we consider the newest evidence of the gut-muscle axis and the influence of exercise and probably melatonin on the microbiota. In our opinion, this review reinforces the relevance of melatonin as a safe nutraceutical that limits skeletal muscle frailty and prolongs physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Stacchiotti
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (G.F.); (L.F.R.)
- Interdepartmental University Center of Research “Adaptation and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs (ARTO)”, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-030-3717478; Fax: +39-030-3717486
| | - Gaia Favero
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (G.F.); (L.F.R.)
| | - Luigi Fabrizio Rodella
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (G.F.); (L.F.R.)
- Interdepartmental University Center of Research “Adaptation and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs (ARTO)”, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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Hwang PS, Machek SB, Cardaci TD, Wilburn DT, Kim CS, Suezaki ES, Willoughby DS. Effects of Pyrroloquinoline Quinone (PQQ) Supplementation on Aerobic Exercise Performance and Indices of Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Untrained Men. J Am Coll Nutr 2019; 39:547-556. [PMID: 31860387 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2019.1705203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is a novel supplement involved in processes such as mitochondrial biogenesis and cellular energy metabolism. Since endurance exercise and PQQ exhibit similar mechanisms for mitochondrial biogenesis, it is plausible that PQQ may have ergogenic value. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a six-week endurance exercise training program on mitochondrial biogenesis and aerobic performance in non-endurance-trained males.Methods: Twenty-three males were randomized to consume 20 mg/day of PQQ or placebo (PLC). Both groups followed a supervised six-week endurance exercise training program. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy-x-ray-absorptiometry (DEXA). Aerobic exercise performance and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), a biochemical marker for mitochondrial biogenesis, were assessed before and after the six-week endurance training/supplementation program.Results: There were no significant differences between groups in aerobic performance after endurance-training (p > 0.05). However, there were significant improvements in peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) and total exercise test duration after endurance-training, irrespective of group (p < 0.05). The PQQ group had a significant increase in PGC-1α protein levels from baseline to post endurance training compared to PLC (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the PQQ group had higher PGC-1α protein levels after 6 weeks of endurance training compared to PLC (p < 0.05).Conclusions: Supplementation of PQQ does not appear to elicit any ergogenic effects regarding aerobic performance or body composition but appears to impact mitochondrial biogenesis by way of significant elevations in PGC-1α protein content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Hwang
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Exercise and Biochemical Nutrition Laboratory, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Steven B Machek
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Exercise and Biochemical Nutrition Laboratory, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas D Cardaci
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Exercise and Biochemical Nutrition Laboratory, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Dylan T Wilburn
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Exercise and Biochemical Nutrition Laboratory, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Caelin S Kim
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Exercise and Biochemical Nutrition Laboratory, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Emiliya S Suezaki
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Exercise and Biochemical Nutrition Laboratory, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Darryn S Willoughby
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Exercise and Biochemical Nutrition Laboratory, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
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60
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Memme JM, Erlich AT, Phukan G, Hood DA. Exercise and mitochondrial health. J Physiol 2019; 599:803-817. [PMID: 31674658 DOI: 10.1113/jp278853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial health is an important mediator of cellular function across a range of tissues, and as a result contributes to whole-body vitality in health and disease. Our understanding of the regulation and function of these organelles is of great interest to scientists and clinicians across many disciplines within our healthcare system. Skeletal muscle is a useful model tissue for the study of mitochondrial adaptations because of its mass and contribution to whole body metabolism. The remarkable plasticity of mitochondria allows them to adjust their volume, structure and capacity under conditions such as exercise, which is useful or improving metabolic health in individuals with various diseases and/or advancing age. Mitochondria exist within muscle as a functional reticulum which is maintained by dynamic processes of biogenesis and fusion, and is balanced by opposing processes of fission and mitophagy. The sophisticated coordination of these events is incompletely understood, but is imperative for organelle function and essential for the maintenance of an interconnected organelle network that is finely tuned to the metabolic needs of the cell. Further elucidation of the mechanisms of mitochondrial turnover in muscle could offer potential therapeutic targets for the advancement of health and longevity among our ageing populations. As well, investigating exercise modalities that are both convenient and capable of inducing robust mitochondrial adaptations are useful in fostering more widespread global adherence. To this point, exercise remains the most potent behavioural therapeutic approach for the improvement of mitochondrial health, not only in muscle, but potentially also in other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Memme
- Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M3J 1P3.,School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M3J 1P3
| | - Avigail T Erlich
- Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M3J 1P3.,School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M3J 1P3
| | - Geetika Phukan
- Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M3J 1P3.,School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M3J 1P3
| | - David A Hood
- Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M3J 1P3.,School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M3J 1P3
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Abstract
It is well established that mitochondria play a critical role in the metabolic and physiological adaptation of skeletal muscle to enhanced contractile activity. Several redox-sensitive signaling pathways such as PGC-1α, AMPK, IGF/Akt/mTOR, SIRT, NFκB, and FoxO are involved with extensive crosstalk to regulate vital cellular functions such as mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial fusion and fission dynamics, autophagy/mitophagy, and apoptosis under altered demand and stress. However, when muscles cease contraction, such as during immobilization and denervation, mitochondria undergo a series of detrimental changes characterized by downregulation of PGC-1α and antioxidant defense, increased ROS generation, activated FoxO, NFκB, and inflammation, enhanced ubiquitination, and finally mitophagy and apoptotic cascades. The phenotypic outcome of the discord of mitochondrial homeostasis is elevated proteolysis and muscle atrophy. The demonstration that PGC-1α overexpression via transgene or in vivo DNA transfection can restore mitochondrial homeostasis and reverse myocyte atrophy supports the "mitostasis theory of muscle atrophy".
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li Ji
- The Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene and Exercise Science, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Dongwook Yeo
- The Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene and Exercise Science, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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Kang Y, Li Y, Zhang T, Chi Y, Liu M. Effects of transcription factor EB on oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by high glucose in podocytes. Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:447-456. [PMID: 31173156 PMCID: PMC6605469 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of transcription factor EB (TFEB) overexpression on oxidative stress, mitochondrial function and apoptosis in podocytes induced with high glucose. High glucose-induced time-dependent changes in TFEB expression were identified and nuclear translocation of TFEB was observed in podocytes. Overexpression of TFEB markedly reduced high glucose-induced oxidative stress in podocytes, and increased the expression of superoxide dismutase 2 and heme oxygenase 1 antioxidant enzymes. It was further observed that TFEB overexpression could partially restore the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α, transcription factor A, mitochondrial, and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4, thereby enhancing mitochondrial biosynthesis. Furthermore, overexpression of TFEB reduced mitochondrial swelling and fragmentation, restored mitochondrial membrane potential, and contributed to the restoration of mitochondrial function. By overexpressing TFEB, it was revealed that TFEB increased the ratios of phosphorylated (p)-Akt/Akt and p-Bad/Bad, and the expression of downstream Bcl-xl, and reduced the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and the expression of cleaved-caspase-3 compared with high glucose-treatment. Furthermore, when the Akt phosphorylation inhibitor Ly294002 was added, the improvement by TFEB to high glucose-induced apoptosis was significantly reduced. These findings suggest that overexpressing TFEB could reduce the production of reactive oxygen species in podocytes in a high glucose environment, relieve oxidative stress, promote mitochondrial biogenesis and renewal functions, and reduce high glucose-induced podocyte apoptosis by activating the Akt/Bad pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingli Kang
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Yanqing Chi
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Maodong Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
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Nilsson MI, Tarnopolsky MA. Mitochondria and Aging-The Role of Exercise as a Countermeasure. BIOLOGY 2019; 8:biology8020040. [PMID: 31083586 PMCID: PMC6627948 DOI: 10.3390/biology8020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria orchestrate the life and death of most eukaryotic cells by virtue of their ability to supply adenosine triphosphate from aerobic respiration for growth, development, and maintenance of the ‘physiologic reserve’. Although their double-membrane structure and primary role as ‘powerhouses of the cell’ have essentially remained the same for ~2 billion years, they have evolved to regulate other cell functions that contribute to the aging process, such as reactive oxygen species generation, inflammation, senescence, and apoptosis. Biological aging is characterized by buildup of intracellular debris (e.g., oxidative damage, protein aggregates, and lipofuscin), which fuels a ‘vicious cycle’ of cell/DNA danger response activation (CDR and DDR, respectively), chronic inflammation (‘inflammaging’), and progressive cell deterioration. Therapeutic options that coordinately mitigate age-related declines in mitochondria and organelles involved in quality control, repair, and recycling are therefore highly desirable. Rejuvenation by exercise is a non-pharmacological approach that targets all the major hallmarks of aging and extends both health- and lifespan in modern humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats I Nilsson
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, McMaster University Medical Center, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
- Exerkine Corporation, McMaster University Medical Center, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada.
| | - Mark A Tarnopolsky
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, McMaster University Medical Center, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
- Exerkine Corporation, McMaster University Medical Center, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada.
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Regulation of autophagic and mitophagic flux during chronic contractile activity-induced muscle adaptations. Pflugers Arch 2018; 471:431-440. [PMID: 30368578 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2225-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy and mitophagy are important for training-inducible muscle adaptations, yet it remains unclear how these systems are regulated throughout the adaptation process. Here, we studied autophagic and mitophagic flux in the skeletal muscles of Sprague-Dawley rats (300-500 g) exposed to chronic contractile activity (CCA; 3 h/day, 9 V, 10 Hz continuous, 0.1 ms pulse duration) for 1, 2, 5, and 7 days (N = 6-8/group). In order to determine the flux rates, colchicine (COL; 0.4 mg/ml/kg) was injected 48 h before tissue collection, and we evaluated differences of autophagosomal protein abundances (LC3-II and p62) between colchicine- and saline-injected animals. We confirmed that CCA resulted in mitochondrial adaptations, including improved state 3 respiration as early as day 1 in permeabilized muscle fibers, as well significant increases in mitochondrial respiratory capacity and marker proteins in IMF mitochondria by day 7. Mitophagic and autophagic flux (LC3-II and p62) were significantly decreased in skeletal muscle following 7 days of CCA. Notably, the mitophagic system seemed to be downregulated prior (day 3-5) to changes in autophagic flux (day 7), suggesting enhanced sensitivity of mitophagy compared to autophagy with chronic muscle contraction. Although we detected no significant change in the nuclear translocation of TFEB, a regulator of lysosomal biogenesis, CCA increased total TFEB protein, as well as LAMP1, in skeletal muscle. Thus, chronic muscle activity reduces mitophagy in parallel with improved mitochondrial function, and this is supported by enhanced lysosomal degradation capacity.
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Hood DA, Memme JM, Oliveira AN, Triolo M. Maintenance of Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria in Health, Exercise, and Aging. Annu Rev Physiol 2018; 81:19-41. [PMID: 30216742 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-020518-114310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are critical organelles responsible for regulating the metabolic status of skeletal muscle. These organelles exhibit remarkable plasticity by adapting their volume, structure, and function in response to chronic exercise, disuse, aging, and disease. A single bout of exercise initiates signaling to provoke increases in mitochondrial biogenesis, balanced by the onset of organelle turnover carried out by the mitophagy pathway. This accelerated turnover ensures the presence of a high functioning network of mitochondria designed for optimal ATP supply, with the consequence of favoring lipid metabolism, maintaining muscle mass, and reducing apoptotic susceptibility over the longer term. Conversely, aging and disuse are associated with reductions in muscle mass that are in part attributable to dysregulation of the mitochondrial network and impaired mitochondrial function. Therefore, exercise represents a viable, nonpharmaceutical therapy with the potential to reverse and enhance the impaired mitochondrial function observed with aging and chronic muscle disuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Hood
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada;
| | - Jonathan M Memme
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada;
| | - Ashley N Oliveira
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada;
| | - Matthew Triolo
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada;
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Parousis A, Carter HN, Tran C, Erlich AT, Mesbah Moosavi ZS, Pauly M, Hood DA. Contractile activity attenuates autophagy suppression and reverses mitochondrial defects in skeletal muscle cells. Autophagy 2018; 14:1886-1897. [PMID: 30078345 PMCID: PMC6152519 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1491488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a survival mechanism that facilitates protein turnover in post-mitotic cells in a lysosomal-dependent process. Mitophagy is a selective form of autophagy, which arbitrates the selective recognition and targeting of aberrant mitochondria for degradation. Mitochondrial content in cells is the net balance of mitochondrial catabolism via mitophagy, and organelle biogenesis. Although the latter process has been well described, mitophagy in skeletal muscle is less understood, and it is currently unknown how these two opposing mechanisms converge during contractile activity. Here we show that chronic contractile activity (CCA) in muscle cells induced mitochondrial biogenesis and coordinately enhanced the expression of TFEB (transcription factor EB) and PPARGC1A/PGC-1α, master regulators of lysosome and mitochondrial biogenesis, respectively. CCA also enhanced the expression of PINK1 and the lysosomal protease CTSD (cathepsin D). Autophagy blockade with bafilomycin A1 (BafA) reduced mitochondrial state 3 and 4 respiration, increased ROS production and enhanced the accumulation of MAP1LC3B-II/LC3-II and SQSTM1/p62. CCA ameliorated this mitochondrial dysfunction during defective autophagy, increased PPARGC1A, normalized LC3-II levels and reversed mitochondrially-localized SQSTM1 toward control levels. NAC emulated the LC3-II reductions induced by contractile activity, signifying that a decrease in oxidative stress could represent a mechanism of autophagy normalization brought about by CCA. CCA enhances mitochondrial biogenesis and lysosomal activity, and normalizes autophagy flux during autophagy suppression, partly via ROS-dependent mechanisms. Thus, contractile activity represents a potential therapeutic intervention for diseases in which autophagy is inhibited, such as vacuolar myopathies in skeletal muscle, by establishing a healthy equilibrium of anabolic and catabolic pathways. ABBREVIATIONS AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; BafA: bafilomycin A1; BNIP3L: BCL2/adenovirus E1B interacting protein 3-like; CCA: chronic contractile activity; COX4I1: cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4I1; DMEM: Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; GFP: green fluorescent protein; LSD: lysosomal storage diseases; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MTORC1: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase complex 1; NAC: N-acetylcysteine; PPARGC1A: peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, gamma, coactivator 1 alpha; PINK1: PTEN induced putative kinase 1; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SOD2: superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TFEB: transcription factor EB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Parousis
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Heather N. Carter
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Claudia Tran
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Avigail T. Erlich
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zahra S. Mesbah Moosavi
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marion Pauly
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David A. Hood
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Carter HN, Kim Y, Erlich AT, Zarrin‐khat D, Hood DA. Autophagy and mitophagy flux in young and aged skeletal muscle following chronic contractile activity. J Physiol 2018; 596:3567-3584. [PMID: 29781176 PMCID: PMC6092298 DOI: 10.1113/jp275998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS A healthy mitochondrial pool is dependent on the removal of dysfunctional organelles via mitophagy, but little is known about how mitophagy is altered with ageing and chronic exercise. Chronic contractile activity (CCA) is a standardized exercise model that can elicit mitochondrial adaptations in both young and aged muscle, albeit to a lesser degree in the aged group. Assessment of mitophagy flux revealed enhanced targeting of mitochondria for degradation in aged muscle, in contrast to previous theories. Mitophagy flux was significantly reduced as an adaptation to CCA suggesting that an improvement in organelle quality reduces the need for mitochondrial turnover. CCA enhances lysosomal capacity and may ameliorate lysosomal dysfunction in aged muscle. ABSTRACT Skeletal muscle exhibits deficits in mitochondrial quality with age. Central to the maintenance of a healthy mitochondrial pool is the removal of dysfunctional organelles via mitophagy. Little is known on how mitophagy is altered with ageing and chronic exercise. We assessed mitophagy flux using colchicine treatment in vivo following chronic contractile activity (CCA) of muscle in young and aged rats. CCA evoked mitochondrial biogenesis in young muscle, with an attenuated response in aged muscle. Mitophagy flux was higher in aged muscle and was correlated with the enhanced expression of mitophagy receptors and upstream transcriptional regulators. CCA decreased mitophagy flux in both age groups, suggesting an improvement in organelle quality. CCA also reduced the exaggerated expression of TFEB evident in aged muscle, which may be promoting the age-induced increase in lysosomal markers. Thus, aged muscle possesses an elevated drive for autophagy and mitophagy which may contribute to the decline in organelle content observed with age, but which may serve to maintain mitochondrial quality. CCA improves organelle integrity and reduces mitophagy, illustrating that chronic exercise is a modality to improve muscle quality in aged populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather N. Carter
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health ScienceYork UniversityTorontoOntarioM3J 1P3Canada
| | - Yuho Kim
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health ScienceYork UniversityTorontoOntarioM3J 1P3Canada
| | - Avigail T. Erlich
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health ScienceYork UniversityTorontoOntarioM3J 1P3Canada
| | - Dorrin Zarrin‐khat
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health ScienceYork UniversityTorontoOntarioM3J 1P3Canada
- Department of BiologyYork UniversityTorontoOntarioM3J 1P3Canada
| | - David A. Hood
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health ScienceYork UniversityTorontoOntarioM3J 1P3Canada
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