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Steinbacher P, Feichtinger RG, Kedenko L, Kedenko I, Reinhardt S, Schönauer AL, Leitner I, Sänger AM, Stoiber W, Kofler B, Förster H, Paulweber B, Ring-Dimitriou S. The single nucleotide polymorphism Gly482Ser in the PGC-1α gene impairs exercise-induced slow-twitch muscle fibre transformation in humans. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123881. [PMID: 25886402 PMCID: PMC4401702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PGC-1α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator 1α) is an important regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and a master regulator of enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation. Recent evidence demonstrated that the Gly482Ser single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the PGC-1α gene affects insulin sensitivity, blood lipid metabolism and binding to myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2). Individuals carrying this SNP were shown to have a reduced cardiorespiratory fitness and a higher risk to develop type 2 diabetes. Here, we investigated the responses of untrained men with the Gly482Ser SNP to a 10 week programme of endurance training (cycling, 3 x 60 min/week, heart rate at 70-90% VO2peak). Quantitative data from analysis of biopsies from vastus lateralis muscle revealed that the SNP group, in contrast to the control group, lacked a training-induced increase in content of slow contracting oxidative fibres. Capillary supply, mitochondrial density, mitochondrial enzyme activities and intramyocellular lipid content increased similarly in both groups. These results indicate that the impaired binding of MEF2 to PGC-1α in humans with this SNP impedes exercise-induced fast-to-slow muscle fibre transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Steinbacher
- Department of Cell Biology, Paris Lodron-University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - René G. Feichtinger
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pedicatrics, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Lyudmyla Kedenko
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Igor Kedenko
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sandra Reinhardt
- Department of Cell Biology, Paris Lodron-University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Anna-Lena Schönauer
- Department of Cell Biology, Paris Lodron-University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Isabella Leitner
- Department of Cell Biology, Paris Lodron-University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alexandra M. Sänger
- Department of Cell Biology, Paris Lodron-University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Walter Stoiber
- Department of Cell Biology, Paris Lodron-University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pedicatrics, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Holger Förster
- Medical Office in Pediatrics and Sports Medicine, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Bernhard Paulweber
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Susanne Ring-Dimitriou
- Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, Paris Lodron-University of Salzburg, Hallein, Austria
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Brandauer J, Andersen MA, Kellezi H, Risis S, Frøsig C, Vienberg SG, Treebak JT. AMP-activated protein kinase controls exercise training- and AICAR-induced increases in SIRT3 and MnSOD. Front Physiol 2015; 6:85. [PMID: 25852572 PMCID: PMC4371692 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial protein deacetylase sirtuin (SIRT) 3 may mediate exercise training-induced increases in mitochondrial biogenesis and improvements in reactive oxygen species (ROS) handling. We determined the requirement of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) for exercise training-induced increases in skeletal muscle abundance of SIRT3 and other mitochondrial proteins. Exercise training for 6.5 weeks increased SIRT3 (p < 0.01) and superoxide dismutase 2 (MnSOD; p < 0.05) protein abundance in quadriceps muscle of wild-type (WT; n = 13–15), but not AMPK α2 kinase dead (KD; n = 12–13) mice. We also observed a strong trend for increased MnSOD abundance in exercise-trained skeletal muscle of healthy humans (p = 0.051; n = 6). To further elucidate a role for AMPK in mediating these effects, we treated WT (n = 7–8) and AMPK α2 KD (n = 7–9) mice with 5-amino-1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-imidazole-4-carboxamide (AICAR). Four weeks of daily AICAR injections (500 mg/kg) resulted in AMPK-dependent increases in SIRT3 (p < 0.05) and MnSOD (p < 0.01) in WT, but not AMPK α2 KD mice. We also tested the effect of repeated AICAR treatment on mitochondrial protein levels in mice lacking the transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ-coactivator 1α (PGC-1α KO; n = 9–10). Skeletal muscle SIRT3 and MnSOD protein abundance was reduced in sedentary PGC-1α KO mice (p < 0.01) and AICAR-induced increases in SIRT3 and MnSOD protein abundance was only observed in WT mice (p < 0.05). Finally, the acetylation status of SIRT3 target lysine residues on MnSOD (K122) or oligomycin-sensitivity conferring protein (OSCP; K139) was not altered in either mouse or human skeletal muscle in response to acute exercise. We propose an important role for AMPK in regulating mitochondrial function and ROS handling in skeletal muscle in response to exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Brandauer
- Section of Integrative Physiology, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark ; Department of Health Sciences, Gettysburg College Gettysburg, PA, USA
| | - Marianne A Andersen
- Section of Integrative Physiology, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Holti Kellezi
- Section of Integrative Physiology, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steve Risis
- Section of Integrative Physiology, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Frøsig
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, The August Krogh Centre, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara G Vienberg
- Section of Integrative Physiology, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas T Treebak
- Section of Integrative Physiology, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
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Rodriguez-Miguelez P, Lima-Cabello E, Martínez-Flórez S, Almar M, Cuevas MJ, González-Gallego J. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 modulates the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and endothelial nitric oxide synthase induced by eccentric exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 118:1075-83. [PMID: 25749442 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00780.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of acute and chronic eccentric exercise on the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α activation response and the concomitant modulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression in rat skeletal muscle. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to three experimental groups: rested control group, acutely exercised group after an intermittent downhill protocol for 90 min, and acutely exercise group with a previous eccentric training of 8 wk. HIF-1α activation, VEGF and eNOS gene expression, protein content, and promoter activation were assessed in vastus lateralis muscle biopsies. Acute eccentric exercise induced a marked activation of HIF-1α and resulted in increased VEGF and eNOS mRNA level and protein concentration. The binding of HIF-1α to the VEGF and eNOS promoters, measured by a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, was undetectable in rested rats, whereas it was evident in acutely exercised animals. Acute exercise also increased myeloperoxidase, toll-like receptor-4, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-1β protein content, suggesting a contribution of proinflammatory stimuli to HIF-1α activation and VEGF overexpression. All of these effects were partially abolished by training. Moreover, training resulted in an increased capillary density. In summary, our findings indicate that eccentric exercise prompts an HIF-1α response in untrained skeletal muscle that contributes to the upregulation of VEGF and eNOS gene expression and is attenuated after an eccentric training program.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mar Almar
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
| | - María J Cuevas
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
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Hoier B, Hellsten Y. Exercise-induced capillary growth in human skeletal muscle and the dynamics of VEGF. Microcirculation 2015; 21:301-14. [PMID: 24450403 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In skeletal muscle, growth of capillaries is an important adaptation to exercise training that secures adequate diffusion capacity for oxygen and nutrients even at high-intensity exercise when increases in muscle blood flow are profound. Mechanical forces present during muscle activity, such as shear stress and passive stretch, lead to cellular signaling, enhanced expression of angiogenic factors, and initiation of capillary growth. The most central angiogenic factor in skeletal muscle capillary growth is VEGF. During muscle contraction, VEGF increases in the muscle interstitium, acts on VEGF receptors on the capillary endothelium, and thereby stimulates angiogenic processes. A primary source of muscle interstitial VEGF during exercise is the skeletal muscle fibers which contain large stores of VEGF within vesicles. We propose that, during muscle activity, these VEGF-containing vesicles are redistributed toward the sarcolemma where the contents are secreted into the extracellular fluid. VEGF mRNA expression is increased primarily after exercise, which allows for a more rapid replenishment of VEGF stores lost through secretion during exercise. Future studies should focus on elucidating mechanisms and regulation of VEGF secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitte Hoier
- Division of Integrated Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
Maximizing metabolic stress at a given level of mechanical stress can improve the adaptive response to endurance training, decrease injury, and potentially improve performance. Calcium and metabolic stress, in the form of heat, decreases in the adenosine triphosphate/adenosine diphosphate ratio, glycogen depletion, caloric restriction, and oxidative stress, are the primary determinants of the adaptation to training. These stressors increase the activity and amount of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α), a protein that can directly induce the primary adaptive responses to endurance exercise: mitochondrial biogenesis, angiogenesis, and increases in fat oxidation. The activity of PGC-1α is regulated by its charge (phosphorylation and acetylation), whereas its transcription is regulated by proteins that bind to myocyte enhancing factor 2, enhancer box, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element sites within the PGC-1α promoter. This brief review will describe what is known about the control of PGC-1α by these metabolic stressors. As the duration of calcium release and the amount of metabolic stress, and therefore the activation of PGC-1α, can be directly modulated by training and nutrition, a simple strategy can be generated to maximize the adaptive response to endurance training.
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Chalopin M, Soleti R, Benameur T, Tesse A, Faure S, Martínez MC, Andriantsitohaina R. Red wine polyphenol compounds favor neovascularisation through estrogen receptor α-independent mechanism in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110080. [PMID: 25299185 PMCID: PMC4192547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Red wine polyphenol compounds (RWPC) exert paradoxical effects depending on the dose on post-ischemic neovascularisation. Low dose RWPC (0.2 mg/kg/day) is pro-angiogenic, whereas high dose (20 mg/kg/day) is anti-angiogenic. We recently reported that the endothelial effect of RWPC is mediated through the activation of a redox-sensitive pathway, mitochondrial biogenesis and the activation of α isoform of the estrogen receptor (ERα). Here, we investigated the implication of ERα on angiogenic properties of RWPC. Using ovariectomized mice lacking ERα treated with high dose of RWPC after hindlimb ischemia, we examined blood flow reperfusion, vascular density, nitric oxide (NO) production, expression and activation of proteins involved in angiogenic process and muscle energy sensing network. As expected, high dose of RWPC treatment reduced both blood flow and vascular density in muscles of mice expressing ERα. These effects were associated with reduced NO production resulting from diminished activity of eNOS. In the absence of RWPC, ERα deficient mice showed a reduced neo-vascularisation associated with a decreased NO production. Surprisingly in mice lacking ERα, high dose of RWPC increased blood flow and capillary density in conjunction with increased NO pathway and production as well as VEGF expression. Of particular interest is the activation of Sirt-1, AMPKα and PGC-1α/β axis in ischemic hindlimb from both strains. Altogether, the results highlight a pro-angiogenic property of RWPC via an ERα-independent mechanism that is associated with an up-regulation of energy sensing network. This study brings a corner stone of a novel pathway for RWPC to correct cardiovascular diseases associated with failed neovascularisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Chalopin
- INSERM U1063, Stress Oxydant et Pathologies Métaboliques, Angers, France
| | - Raffaella Soleti
- INSERM U1063, Stress Oxydant et Pathologies Métaboliques, Angers, France
| | - Tarek Benameur
- INSERM U1063, Stress Oxydant et Pathologies Métaboliques, Angers, France
| | - Angela Tesse
- INSERM U1063, Stress Oxydant et Pathologies Métaboliques, Angers, France
| | - Sébastien Faure
- INSERM U1063, Stress Oxydant et Pathologies Métaboliques, Angers, France
| | | | - Ramaroson Andriantsitohaina
- INSERM U1063, Stress Oxydant et Pathologies Métaboliques, Angers, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d’Angers, Angers, France
- * E-mail:
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57
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Marcinko K, Steinberg GR. The role of AMPK in controlling metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis during exercise. Exp Physiol 2014; 99:1581-5. [PMID: 25261498 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2014.082255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is associated with defects in skeletal muscle fatty acid (FA) metabolism that contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes. Endurance exercise increases FA and glucose metabolism, muscle mitochondrial content and insulin sensitivity. In skeletal muscle, basal rates of FA oxidation are dependent on AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2, the rate-limiting enzyme controlling the production of the metabolic intermediate malonyl-CoA. Likewise, AMPK is essential for maintaining muscle mitochondrial content in untrained mice; effects that may be mediated through regulation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator-1α. However, the importance of AMPK in regulating glucose and FA uptake, FA oxidation and mitochondrial biogenesis during and following endurance exercise training is not fully understood. A better understanding of the mechanisms by which endurance exercise regulates substrate utilization and mitochondrial biogenesis may lead to improved therapeutic and preventative strategies for the treatment of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Marcinko
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Gliemann L, Olesen J, Biensø RS, Schmidt JF, Akerstrom T, Nyberg M, Lindqvist A, Bangsbo J, Hellsten Y. Resveratrol modulates the angiogenic response to exercise training in skeletal muscles of aged men. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 307:H1111-9. [PMID: 25128170 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00168.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In animal studies, the polyphenol resveratrol has been shown to influence several pathways of importance for angiogenesis in skeletal muscle. The aim of the present study was to examine the angiogenic effect of resveratrol supplementation with parallel exercise training in aged men. Forty-three healthy physically inactive aged men (65 ± 1 yr) were divided into 1) a training group that conducted 8 wk of intense exercise training where half of the subjects received a daily intake of either 250 mg trans-resveratrol (n = 14) and the other half received placebo (n = 13) and 2) a nontraining group that received either 250 mg trans-resveratrol (n = 9) or placebo (n = 7). The group that trained with placebo showed a ~20% increase in the capillary-to-fiber ratio, an increase in muscle protein expression of VEGF, VEGF receptor-2, and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP-1) but unaltered thrombospodin-1 levels. Muscle interstitial VEGF and thrombospodin-1 protein levels were unchanged after the training period. The group that trained with resveratrol supplementation did not show an increase in the capillary-to-fiber ratio or an increase in muscle VEGF protein. Muscle TIMP-1 protein levels were lower in the training and resveratrol group than in the training and placebo group. Both training groups showed an increase in forkhead box O1 protein. In nontraining groups, TIMP-1 protein was lower in the resveratrol-treated group than the placebo-treated group after 8 wk. In conclusion, these data show that exercise training has a strong angiogenic effect, whereas resveratrol supplementation may limit basal and training-induced angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Gliemann
- Integrative Physiology Group, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Jesper Olesen
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Sjørup Biensø
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob Friis Schmidt
- Integrative Physiology Group, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Thorbjorn Akerstrom
- Integrative Physiology Group, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Michael Nyberg
- Integrative Physiology Group, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Anna Lindqvist
- Integrative Physiology Group, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- Integrative Physiology Group, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Ylva Hellsten
- Integrative Physiology Group, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
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Kon M, Ohiwa N, Honda A, Matsubayashi T, Ikeda T, Akimoto T, Suzuki Y, Hirano Y, Russell AP. Effects of systemic hypoxia on human muscular adaptations to resistance exercise training. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:2/6/e12033. [PMID: 24907297 PMCID: PMC4208656 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is an important modulator of endurance exercise‐induced oxidative adaptations in skeletal muscle. However, whether hypoxia affects resistance exercise‐induced muscle adaptations remains unknown. Here, we determined the effect of resistance exercise training under systemic hypoxia on muscular adaptations known to occur following both resistance and endurance exercise training, including muscle cross‐sectional area (CSA), one‐repetition maximum (1RM), muscular endurance, and makers of mitochondrial biogenesis and angiogenesis, such as peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ coactivator‐1α (PGC‐1α), citrate synthase (CS) activity, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 (HIF‐1), and capillary‐to‐fiber ratio. Sixteen healthy male subjects were randomly assigned to either a normoxic resistance training group (NRT, n =7) or a hypoxic (14.4% oxygen) resistance training group (HRT, n =9) and performed 8 weeks of resistance training. Blood and muscle biopsy samples were obtained before and after training. After training muscle CSA of the femoral region, 1RM for bench‐press and leg‐press, muscular endurance, and skeletal muscle VEGF protein levels significantly increased in both groups. The increase in muscular endurance was significantly higher in the HRT group. Plasma VEGF concentration and skeletal muscle capillary‐to‐fiber ratio were significantly higher in the HRT group than the NRT group following training. Our results suggest that, in addition to increases in muscle size and strength, HRT may also lead to increased muscular endurance and the promotion of angiogenesis in skeletal muscle. This study investigated the effect of resistance exercise training performed under systemic hypoxia or normoxia on biochemical and molecular muscular adaptations in healthy male subjects. Our findings demonstrate that resistance training under systemic hypoxia led not only muscle hypertrophy, but most interestingly, to a greater increase in muscular endurance. This increase in muscular endurance was potentially caused by the increased angiogenesis as determined by capillary‐to‐fiber ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Kon
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1 Nishigaoka, KitaTokyo, Japan Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nao Ohiwa
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1 Nishigaoka, KitaTokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Honda
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1 Nishigaoka, KitaTokyo, Japan
| | - Takeo Matsubayashi
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1 Nishigaoka, KitaTokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuaki Ikeda
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1 Nishigaoka, KitaTokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Akimoto
- Division of Regenerative Medical Engineering, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, BunkyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1 Nishigaoka, KitaTokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hirano
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1 Nishigaoka, KitaTokyo, Japan
| | - Aaron P Russell
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
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van de Weert – van Leeuwen PB, de Vrankrijker AMM, Fentz J, Ciofu O, Wojtaszewski JFP, Arets HGM, Hulzebos HJ, van der Ent CK, Beekman JM, Johansen HK. Effect of long-term voluntary exercise wheel running on susceptibility to bacterial pulmonary infections in a mouse model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82869. [PMID: 24376599 PMCID: PMC3871638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular moderate exercise has been suggested to exert anti-inflammatory effects and improve immune effector functions, resulting in reduced disease incidence and viral infection susceptibility. Whether regular exercise also affects bacterial infection susceptibility is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate whether regular voluntary exercise wheel running prior to a pulmonary infection with bacteria (P. aeruginosa) affects lung bacteriology, sickness severity and phagocyte immune function in mice. Balb/c mice were randomly placed in a cage with or without a running wheel. After 28 days, mice were intranasally infected with P. aeruginosa. Our study showed that regular exercise resulted in a higher sickness severity score and bacterial (P. aeruginosa) loads in the lungs. The phagocytic capacity of monocytes and neutrophils from spleen and lungs was not affected. Although regular moderate exercise has many health benefits, healthy mice showed increased bacterial (P. aeruginosa) load and symptoms, after regular voluntary exercise, with perseverance of the phagocytic capacity of monocytes and neutrophils. Whether patients, suffering from bacterial infectious diseases, should be encouraged to engage in exercise and physical activities with caution requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline B. van de Weert – van Leeuwen
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Molecular and Cellular Intervention, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Joachim Fentz
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Molecular Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Oana Ciofu
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen F. P. Wojtaszewski
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Molecular Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hubertus G. M. Arets
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrikus J. Hulzebos
- Child Development & Exercise Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis K. van der Ent
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey M. Beekman
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Molecular and Cellular Intervention, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Helle K. Johansen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ringholm S, Olesen J, Pedersen JT, Brandt CT, Halling JF, Hellsten Y, Prats C, Pilegaard H. Effect of lifelong resveratrol supplementation and exercise training on skeletal muscle oxidative capacity in aging mice; impact of PGC-1α. Exp Gerontol 2013; 48:1311-8. [PMID: 23994519 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study tested the hypothesis that lifelong resveratrol (RSV) supplementation counteracts an age-associated decrease in skeletal muscle oxidative capacity through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator (PGC)-1α and that RSV combined with lifelong exercise training (EX) exerts additive effects through PGC-1α in mice. METHODS 3 month old PGC-1α whole body knockout (KO) and wild type (WT) littermate mice were placed in cages with or without running wheel and fed either standard chow or standard chow with RSV supplementation (4 g/kg food) for 12 months. Young (3 months of age), sedentary mice on standard chow served as young controls. A graded running performance test and a glucose tolerance test were performed 2 and 1 week, respectively, before euthanization where quadriceps and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were removed. RESULTS In PGC-1α KO mice, quadriceps citrate synthase (CS) activity, mitochondrial (mt)DNA content as well as pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)-E1α, cytochrome (Cyt) c and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein content were 20-75% lower and, EDL capillary-to-fiber (C:F) ratio was 15-30% lower than in WT mice. RSV and/or EX had no effect on the C:F ratio in EDL. CS activity (P=0.063) and mtDNA content (P=0.013) decreased with age in WT mice, and CS activity, mtDNA content, PDH-E1α protein and VEGF protein increased ~1.5-1.8-fold with lifelong EX in WT, but not in PGC-1α KO mice, while RSV alone had no significant effect on these proteins. CONCLUSION Lifelong EX increased activity/content of oxidative proteins, mtDNA and angiogenic proteins in skeletal muscle through PGC-1α, while RSV supplementation alone had no effect. Combining lifelong EX and RSV supplementation had no additional effect on skeletal muscle oxidative and angiogenic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Ringholm
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, August Krogh Centre, Department of Biology, August Krogh Building, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Camerino GM, Pierno S, Liantonio A, De Bellis M, Cannone M, Sblendorio V, Conte E, Mele A, Tricarico D, Tavella S, Ruggiu A, Cancedda R, Ohira Y, Danieli-Betto D, Ciciliot S, Germinario E, Sandonà D, Betto R, Camerino DC, Desaphy JF. Effects of pleiotrophin overexpression on mouse skeletal muscles in normal loading and in actual and simulated microgravity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72028. [PMID: 24015201 PMCID: PMC3756024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a widespread cytokine involved in bone formation, neurite outgrowth, and angiogenesis. In skeletal muscle, PTN is upregulated during myogenesis, post-synaptic induction, and regeneration after crushing, but little is known regarding its effects on muscle function. Here, we describe the effects of PTN on the slow-twitch soleus and fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles in mice over-expressing PTN under the control of a bone promoter. The mice were maintained in normal loading or disuse condition, induced by hindlimb unloading (HU) for 14 days. Effects of exposition to near-zero gravity during a 3-months spaceflight (SF) into the Mice Drawer System are also reported. In normal loading, PTN overexpression had no effect on muscle fiber cross-sectional area, but shifted soleus muscle toward a slower phenotype, as shown by an increased number of oxidative type 1 fibers, and increased gene expression of cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV and citrate synthase. The cytokine increased soleus and EDL capillary-to-fiber ratio. PTN overexpression did not prevent soleus muscle atrophy, slow-to-fast transition, and capillary regression induced by SF and HU. Nevertheless, PTN exerted various effects on sarcolemma ion channel expression/function and resting cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration in soleus and EDL muscles, in normal loading and after HU. In conclusion, the results show very similar effects of HU and SF on mouse soleus muscle, including activation of specific gene programs. The EDL muscle is able to counterbalance this latter, probably by activating compensatory mechanisms. The numerous effects of PTN on muscle gene expression and functional parameters demonstrate the sensitivity of muscle fibers to the cytokine. Although little benefit was found in HU muscle disuse, PTN may emerge useful in various muscle diseases, because it exerts synergetic actions on muscle fibers and vessels, which could enforce oxidative metabolism and ameliorate muscle performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Maria Camerino
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy & Drug Sciences, University of Bari – Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Sabata Pierno
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy & Drug Sciences, University of Bari – Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Liantonio
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy & Drug Sciences, University of Bari – Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Michela De Bellis
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy & Drug Sciences, University of Bari – Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Cannone
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy & Drug Sciences, University of Bari – Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Valeriana Sblendorio
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy & Drug Sciences, University of Bari – Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Elena Conte
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy & Drug Sciences, University of Bari – Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonietta Mele
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy & Drug Sciences, University of Bari – Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Tricarico
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy & Drug Sciences, University of Bari – Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Sara Tavella
- Department of Oncology, Biology, and Genetics, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ruggiu
- Department of Oncology, Biology, and Genetics, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Ranieri Cancedda
- Department of Oncology, Biology, and Genetics, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Yoshinobu Ohira
- Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Stefano Ciciliot
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Germinario
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Dorianna Sandonà
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Romeo Betto
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Padova, Italy
| | - Diana Conte Camerino
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy & Drug Sciences, University of Bari – Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Jean-François Desaphy
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy & Drug Sciences, University of Bari – Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- * E-mail:
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63
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Kröller-Schön S, Jansen T, Schüler A, Oelze M, Wenzel P, Hausding M, Kerahrodi JG, Beisele M, Lackner KJ, Daiber A, Münzel T, Schulz E. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, coactivator 1α deletion induces angiotensin II-associated vascular dysfunction by increasing mitochondrial oxidative stress and vascular inflammation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:1928-35. [PMID: 23788763 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) is an important mediator of mitochondrial biogenesis and function. Because dysfunctional mitochondria might be involved in the pathogenesis of vascular disease, the current study was designed to investigate the effects of in vivo PGC-1α deficiency during chronic angiotensin II (ATII) treatment. APPROACH AND RESULTS Although ATII infusion at subpressor doses (0.1 mg/kg per day for 7 days) did not cause vascular dysfunction in wild-type mice, it led to impaired endothelial-dependent and endothelial-independent relaxation in PGC-1α knockout mice. In parallel, oxidative stress was increased in aortic rings from ATII-treated PGC-1α knockout mice, whereas no change in nitric oxide production was observed. By using the mitochondrial-specific superoxide dye MitoSox and complex I inhibitor rotenone, we identified the mitochondrial respiratory chain as the major PGC-1α-dependent reactive oxygen species source in vivo, accompanied by increased vascular inflammation and cell senescence. In vivo treatment with the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant Mito-TEMPO partially corrected endothelial dysfunction and prevented vascular inflammation in ATII-treated PGC-1α mice, suggesting a causative role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in this setting. CONCLUSIONS PGC-1α deletion induces vascular dysfunction and inflammation during chronic ATII infusion by increasing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swenja Kröller-Schön
- Department of Cardiology, II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Corvera S, Gealekman O. Adipose tissue angiogenesis: impact on obesity and type-2 diabetes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1842:463-72. [PMID: 23770388 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The growth and function of tissues are critically dependent on their vascularization. Adipose tissue is capable of expanding many-fold during adulthood, therefore requiring the formation of new vasculature to supply growing and proliferating adipocytes. The expansion of the vasculature in adipose tissue occurs through angiogenesis, where new blood vessels develop from those pre-existing within the tissue. Inappropriate angiogenesis may underlie adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity, which in turn increases type-2 diabetes risk. In addition, genetic and developmental factors involved in vascular patterning may define the size and expandability of diverse adipose tissue depots, which are also associated with type-2 diabetes risk. Moreover, the adipose tissue vasculature appears to be the niche for pre-adipocyte precursors, and factors that affect angiogenesis may directly impact the generation of new adipocytes. Here we review recent advances on the basic mechanisms of angiogenesis, and on the role of angiogenesis in adipose tissue development and obesity. A substantial amount of data points to a deficit in adipose tissue angiogenesis as a contributing factor to insulin resistance and metabolic disease in obesity. These emerging findings support the concept of the adipose tissue vasculature as a source of new targets for metabolic disease therapies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Modulation of Adipose Tissue in Health and Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Corvera
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
| | - Olga Gealekman
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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65
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Hoier B, Prats C, Qvortrup K, Pilegaard H, Bangsbo J, Hellsten Y. Subcellular localization and mechanism of secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor in human skeletal muscle. FASEB J 2013; 27:3496-504. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-224618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Birgitte Hoier
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and SportUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Clara Prats
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCore Facility of Integrated MicroscopyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Klaus Qvortrup
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCore Facility of Integrated MicroscopyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | | | - Jens Bangsbo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and SportUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Ylva Hellsten
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and SportUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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66
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PGC-1α is required for exercise- and exercise training-induced UCP1 up-regulation in mouse white adipose tissue. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64123. [PMID: 23717545 PMCID: PMC3661446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to test the hypotheses that 1) a single exercise bout increases UCP1 mRNA in both inguinal (i)WAT and epididymal (e)WAT, 2) UCP1 expression and responsiveness to exercise are different in iWAT and eWAT, 3) PGC-1α determines the basal levels of UCP1 and PRDM16 in WAT and 4) exercise and exercise training regulate UCP1 and PRDM16 expression in WAT in a PGC-1α-dependent manner. METHODS Whole body PGC-1α knockout (KO) and wildtype (WT) littermate mice performed a single treadmill exercise bout at 14 m/min and 10% slope for 1 hour. Mice were sacrificed and iWAT, eWAT and quadriceps muscle were removed immediately after, 2, 6 and 10 hours after running, and from sedentary mice that served as controls. In addition, PGC-1α KO mice and WT littermates were exercise trained for 5 weeks with sedentary mice as untrained controls. Thirty-six-37 hours after the last exercise bout iWAT was removed. RESULTS UCP1 mRNA content increased 19-fold in iWAT and 7.5-fold in eWAT peaking at 6 h and 0' of recovery, respectively, in WT but with no changes in PGC-1α KO mice. UCP1 protein was undetectable in eWAT and very low in iWAT of untrained mice but increased with exercise training to 4.4 (AU) in iWAT from WT mice without significant effects in PGC-1α KO mice. CONCLUSION The present observations provide evidence that exercise training increases UCP1 protein in iWAT through PGC-1α, likely as a cumulative effect of transient increases in UCP1 expression after each exercise bout. Moreover, the results suggest that iWAT is more responsive than eWAT in exercise-induced regulation of UCP1. In addition, as PRDM16 mRNA content decreased in recovery from acute exercise, the present findings suggest that acute exercise elicits regulation of several brown adipose tissue genes in mouse WAT.
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Rhee S, Guerrero-Zayas MI, Wallingford MC, Ortiz-Pineda P, Mager J, Tremblay KD. Visceral endoderm expression of Yin-Yang1 (YY1) is required for VEGFA maintenance and yolk sac development. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58828. [PMID: 23554936 PMCID: PMC3598950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse embryos lacking the polycomb group gene member Yin-Yang1 (YY1) die during the peri-implantation stage. To assess the post-gastrulation role of YY1, a conditional knock-out (cKO) strategy was used to delete YY1 from the visceral endoderm of the yolk sac and the definitive endoderm of the embryo. cKO embryos display profound yolk sac defects at 9.5 days post coitum (dpc), including disrupted angiogenesis in mesoderm derivatives and altered epithelial characteristics in the visceral endoderm. Significant changes in both cell death and proliferation were confined to the YY1-expressing yolk sac mesoderm indicating that loss of YY1 in the visceral endoderm causes defects in the adjacent yolk sac mesoderm. Production of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGFA) by the visceral endoderm is essential for normal growth and development of the yolk sac vasculature. Reduced levels of VEGFA are observed in the cKO yolk sac, suggesting a cause for the angiogenesis defects. Ex vivo culture with exogenous VEGF not only rescued angiogenesis and apoptosis in the cKO yolk sac mesoderm, but also restored the epithelial defects observed in the cKO visceral endoderm. Intriguingly, blocking the activity of the mesoderm-localized VEGF receptor, FLK1, recapitulates both the mesoderm and visceral endoderm defects observed in the cKO yolk sac. Taken together, these results demonstrate that YY1 is responsible for maintaining VEGF in the developing visceral endoderm and that a VEGF-responsive paracrine signal, originating in the yolk sac mesoderm, is required to promote normal visceral endoderm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyeon Rhee
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mara-Isel Guerrero-Zayas
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mary C. Wallingford
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Pablo Ortiz-Pineda
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jesse Mager
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kimberly D. Tremblay
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
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68
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O'Neill HM, Holloway GP, Steinberg GR. AMPK regulation of fatty acid metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis: implications for obesity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 366:135-51. [PMID: 22750049 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle plays an important role in regulating whole-body energy expenditure given it is a major site for glucose and lipid oxidation. Obesity and type 2 diabetes are causally linked through their association with skeletal muscle insulin resistance, while conversely exercise is known to improve whole body glucose homeostasis simultaneously with muscle insulin sensitivity. Exercise activates skeletal muscle AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK plays a role in regulating exercise capacity, skeletal muscle mitochondrial content and contraction-stimulated glucose uptake. Skeletal muscle AMPK is also thought to be important for regulating fatty acid metabolism; however, direct genetic evidence in this area is currently lacking. This review will discuss the current paradigms regarding the influence of AMPK in regulating skeletal muscle fatty acid metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis at rest and during exercise, and highlight the potential implications in the development of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley M O'Neill
- University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Abstract
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a common vascular disease that reduces blood flow capacity to the legs of patients. PAD leads to exercise intolerance that can progress in severity to greatly limit mobility, and in advanced cases leads to frank ischemia with pain at rest. It is estimated that 12 to 15 million people in the United States are diagnosed with PAD, with a much larger population that is undiagnosed. The presence of PAD predicts a 50% to 1500% increase in morbidity and mortality, depending on severity. Treatment of patients with PAD is limited to modification of cardiovascular disease risk factors, pharmacological intervention, surgery, and exercise therapy. Extended exercise programs that involve walking approximately five times per week, at a significant intensity that requires frequent rest periods, are most significant. Preclinical studies and virtually all clinical trials demonstrate the benefits of exercise therapy, including improved walking tolerance, modified inflammatory/hemostatic markers, enhanced vasoresponsiveness, adaptations within the limb (angiogenesis, arteriogenesis, and mitochondrial synthesis) that enhance oxygen delivery and metabolic responses, potentially delayed progression of the disease, enhanced quality of life indices, and extended longevity. A synthesis is provided as to how these adaptations can develop in the context of our current state of knowledge and events known to be orchestrated by exercise. The benefits are so compelling that exercise prescription should be an essential option presented to patients with PAD in the absence of contraindications. Obviously, selecting for a lifestyle pattern that includes enhanced physical activity prior to the advance of PAD limitations is the most desirable and beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara L Haas
- Angiogenesis Research Group, Muscle Health Research Centre, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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70
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Abstract
Exercise-induced angiogenesis in skeletal muscle involves both non-sprouting and sprouting angiogenesis and results from the integrated responses of multiple systems and stimuli. VEGF-A (vascular endothelial growth factor A) levels are increased in exercised muscle and have been demonstrated to be critical for exercise-induced capillary growth. Only limited information is available regarding the role of other angiogenic and angiostatic factors in exercise, but changes in the angiopoietin family following repetitive bouts of exercise occur in a pattern that is favourable for angiogenesis. Results from other angiogenic model systems, indicate that miRNAs (microRNAs) are important factors in the regulation of angiogenesis and thus to explore their role as regulators of exercise induced angiogenesis will be an important avenue of study in the future. ECM (extracellular matrix) remodelling and activation of MMPs (matrix metalloproteinases) are, to some extent, overlooked players in skeletal muscle adaptation. Degradation of ECM proteins liberates angiogenic factors from immobilized matrix stores and make cell migration possible. In fact, it is known that MMPs become activated by a single bout of exercise in humans, rapid interstitial changes occur long before any changes in gene transcription could result in protein synthesis and inhibition of MMP activity completely abolishes sprouting angiogenesis. A growing body of evidence suggests that circulating and resident progenitor cells, in addition to other cell types located in skeletal muscle tissue, participate in skeletal muscle angiogenesis by various mechanisms. However, more studies are needed before these can be confirmed as mechanisms of exercise-induced capillary growth.
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71
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Carroll AM, Palmer AA, Lionikas A. QTL Analysis of Type I and Type IIA Fibers in Soleus Muscle in a Cross between LG/J and SM/J Mouse Strains. Front Genet 2012; 2:99. [PMID: 22303393 PMCID: PMC3262224 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2011.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Properties of muscle fibers, i.e., their type, number and size, are important determinants of functional characteristics of skeletal muscle, and of the quality of meat in livestock. Genetic factors play an important role in determining variation in fiber properties, however, specific genes remain largely elusive. We examined histological properties of soleus muscle fibers in two strains of mice exhibiting a twofold difference in muscle mass, LG/J and SM/J, and their F2 intercross. The total number of muscle fibers (555 ± 106; mean ± SD) did not differ between the strains or between males and females. A higher percentage of type I fibers was observed in the LG/J compared to the SM/J strain (P < 0.001) in both males (45 ± 3 vs. 37 ± 4%) and females (58 ± 4 vs. 41 ± 3%). Across strains, females had a higher percentage of type I fibers than males (P < 0.001), and the sex effect was greater in the LG/J strain (strain-by-sex interaction, P < 0.001). The cross-sectional area (CSA) did not differ between type I and type IIA fibers, but was greater in the LG/J than the SM/J strain (1365 ± 268 vs. 825 ± 229 μm(2), P < 0.001). Three significant quantitative trait locus (QTL) affecting CSA for type I and type IIA fibers mapped to chromosomes (Chr) 1, 6, and 11 and three suggestive QTL for percentage of type I fibers mapped to Chr 2, 3, and 4. Within each significant QTL, regions of conserved synteny were also implicated in variation of similar traits in an analogous study in pigs. Our results provide the evidence that the intercross between the SM/J and LG/J strains is a promising model to search for genes affecting muscle fiber properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Carroll
- School of Medical Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of AberdeenAberdeen, UK
| | - Abraham A. Palmer
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of ChicagoChicago, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of ChicagoChicago, IL, USA
| | - Arimantas Lionikas
- School of Medical Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of AberdeenAberdeen, UK
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72
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Baraka AM, Deif MM. Role of activation of 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase in gastric ulcer healing in diabetic rats. Pharmacology 2011; 88:275-83. [PMID: 22068032 DOI: 10.1159/000331879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential utility of 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-activating agents, such as metformin, in inducing angiogenesis, could be a promising approach to promote healing of gastric ulcers complicated by diabetes mellitus. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of a drug that activates AMPK, namely metformin, in gastric ulcer healing in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. METHODS Forty male Wistar albino rats were made diabetic by intraperitoneal (i.p.) streptozotocin injection and 10 rats were injected i.p. by a single dose of physiological saline. Six weeks following streptozotocin or saline injection, gastric ulcers were induced by serosal application of acetic acid. Three days after acetic acid application, rats were divided into group 1 (nondiabetic control), group 2 (streptozotocin-injected rats), groups 3-5 (streptozotocin-injected rats treated with metformin or metformin and an inhibitor of AMPK, namely compound C or pioglitazone) for 7 days following acetic acid application. RESULTS Administration of metformin, but not pioglitazone, resulted in a significant decrease in the gastric ulcer area, a significant increase in epithelial regeneration assessed histologically, a significant increase in the number of microvessels in the ulcer margin, a significant increase in gastric vascular endothelial growth factor concentration and gastric von Willebrand factor as well as a significant increase in gastric phospho-AMPK. Compound C, an inhibitor of AMPK, blocked metformin-induced changes in assessed parameters suggesting that the effect of metformin was mediated mainly through activation of AMPK. CONCLUSION Our results suggest the feasibility of a novel treatment strategy, namely drugs activating AMPK, for patients in whom impairment of ulcer healing constitutes a secondary complication of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza M Baraka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
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73
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Ringholm S, Biensø RS, Kiilerich K, Guadalupe-Grau A, Aachmann-Andersen NJ, Saltin B, Plomgaard P, Lundby C, Wojtaszewski JFP, Calbet JA, Pilegaard H. Bed rest reduces metabolic protein content and abolishes exercise-induced mRNA responses in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 301:E649-58. [PMID: 21750272 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00230.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to test the hypothesis that 7 days of bed rest reduces mitochondrial number and expression and activity of oxidative proteins in human skeletal muscle but that exercise-induced intracellular signaling as well as mRNA and microRNA (miR) responses are maintained after bed rest. Twelve young, healthy male subjects completed 7 days of bed rest with vastus lateralis muscle biopsies taken before and after bed rest. In addition, muscle biopsies were obtained from six of the subjects prior to, immediately after, and 3 h after 45 min of one-legged knee extensor exercise performed before and after bed rest. Maximal oxygen uptake decreased by 4%, and exercise endurance decreased nonsignificantly, by 11%, by bed rest. Bed rest reduced skeletal muscle mitochondrial DNA/nuclear DNA content 15%, hexokinase II and sirtuin 1 protein content ∼45%, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and citrate synthase activity ∼8%, and miR-1 and miR-133a content ∼10%. However, cytochrome c and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein content as well as capillarization did not change significantly with bed rest. Acute exercise increased AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α, and VEGF mRNA content in skeletal muscle before bed rest, but the responses were abolished after bed rest. The present findings indicate that only 7 days of physical inactivity reduces skeletal muscle metabolic capacity as well as abolishes exercise-induced adaptive gene responses, likely reflecting an interference with the ability of skeletal muscle to adapt to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Ringholm
- Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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74
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Rowe GC, Jang C, Patten IS, Arany Z. PGC-1β regulates angiogenesis in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 301:E155-63. [PMID: 21364124 PMCID: PMC3275155 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00681.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic metabolism requires oxygen and carbon sources brought to tissues via the vasculature. Metabolically active tissues such as skeletal muscle can regulate blood vessel density to match metabolic needs; however, the molecular cues that coordinate these processes remain poorly understood. Here we report that the transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1β (PGC-1β), a potent regulator of mitochondrial biology, induces angiogenesis in skeletal muscle. PGC-1β induces the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in cell culture and in vivo. The induction of VEGF by PGC-1β requires coactivation of the orphan nuclear receptor estrogen-related receptor-α (ERRα) and is independent of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway. In coculture experiments, overexpression of PGC-1β in skeletal myotubes increases the migration of adjacent endothelial cells, and this depends on VEGF signaling. Transgenic expression of PGC-1β in skeletal myocytes dramatically increases muscular vessel density. Taken together, these data indicate that PGC-1β is a potent regulator of angiogenesis, thus providing a novel link between the regulations of oxidative metabolism and vascular density.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Carrier Proteins/physiology
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation/genetics
- Humans
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/physiology
- Muscle, Skeletal/blood supply
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/genetics
- RNA-Binding Proteins
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/physiology
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
- ERRalpha Estrogen-Related Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn C Rowe
- Cardiovascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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75
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Ingwersen MS, Kristensen M, Pilegaard H, Wojtaszewski JFP, Richter EA, Juel C. Na,K-ATPase activity in mouse muscle is regulated by AMPK and PGC-1α. J Membr Biol 2011; 242:1-10. [PMID: 21687978 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-011-9365-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Na,K-ATPase activity, which is crucial for skeletal muscle function, undergoes acute and long-term regulation in response to muscle activity. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that AMP kinase (AMPK) and the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1α are underlying factors in long-term regulation of Na,K-ATPase isoform (α,β and PLM) abundance and Na(+) affinity. Repeated treatment of mice with the AMPK activator AICAR decreased total PLM protein content but increased PLM phosphorylation, whereas the number of α- and β-subunits remained unchanged. The K(m) for Na(+) stimulation of Na,K-ATPase was reduced (higher affinity) after AICAR treatment. PLM abundance was increased in AMPK kinase-dead mice compared with control mice, but PLM phosphorylation and Na,K-ATPase Na(+) affinity remained unchanged. Na,K-ATPase activity and subunit distribution were also measured in mice with different degrees of PGC-1α expression. Protein abundances of α1 and α2 were reduced in PGC-1α +/- and -/- mice, and the β(1)/β(2) ratio was increased with PGC-1α overexpression (TG mice). PLM protein abundance was decreased in TG mice, but phosphorylation status was unchanged. Na,K-ATPase V (max) was decreased in PCG-1α TG and KO mice. Experimentally in vitro induced phosphorylation of PLM increased Na,K-ATPase Na(+) affinity, confirming that PLM phosphorylation is important for Na,K-ATPase function. In conclusion, both AMPK and PGC-1α regulate PLM abundance, AMPK regulates PLM phosphorylation and PGC-1α expression influences Na,K-ATPase α(1) and α(2) content and β(1)/β(2) isoform ratio. Phosphorylation of the Na,K-ATPase subunit PLM is an important regulatory mechanism.
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76
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Huber-Abel FAM, Gerber M, Hoppeler H, Baum O. Exercise-induced angiogenesis correlates with the up-regulated expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in human skeletal muscle. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:155-62. [PMID: 21505843 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-1960-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) to angiogenesis in human skeletal muscle after endurance exercise is controversially discussed. We therefore ascertained whether the expression of nNOS is associated with the capillary density in biopsies of the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle that had been derived from 10 sedentary male subjects before and after moderate training (four 30-min weekly jogging sessions for 6 months, with a heart-rate corresponding to 75% VO(2)max). In these biopsies, nNOS was predominantly expressed as alpha-isoform with exon-mu and to a lesser extent without exon-mu, as determined by RT-PCR. The mRNA levels of nNOS were quantified by real-time PCR and related to the capillary-to-fibre ratio and the numerical density of capillaries specified by light microscopy. If the VL biopsies of all subjects were co-analysed, mRNA levels of nNOS were non-significantly elevated after training (+34%; P > 0.05). However, only five of the ten subjects exhibited significant (P ≤ 0.05) elevations in the capillary-to-fibre ratio (+25%) and the numerical density of capillaries (+21%) and were thus undergoing angiogenesis. If the VL biopsies of these five subjects alone were evaluated, the mRNA levels of nNOS were significantly up-regulated (+128%; P ≤ 0.05) and correlated positively (r = 0.8; P ≤ 0.01) to angiogenesis. Accordingly, nNOS protein expression in VL biopsies quantified by immunoblotting was significantly increased (+82%; P ≤ 0.05) only in those subjects that underwent angiogenesis. In conclusion, the expression of nNOS at mRNA and protein levels was statistically linked to capillarity after exercise suggesting that nNOS is involved in the angiogenic response to training in human skeletal muscle.
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77
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Liu G, Qutub AA, Vempati P, Mac Gabhann F, Popel AS. Module-based multiscale simulation of angiogenesis in skeletal muscle. Theor Biol Med Model 2011; 8:6. [PMID: 21463529 PMCID: PMC3079676 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4682-8-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mathematical modeling of angiogenesis has been gaining momentum as a means to shed new light on the biological complexity underlying blood vessel growth. A variety of computational models have been developed, each focusing on different aspects of the angiogenesis process and occurring at different biological scales, ranging from the molecular to the tissue levels. Integration of models at different scales is a challenging and currently unsolved problem. Results We present an object-oriented module-based computational integration strategy to build a multiscale model of angiogenesis that links currently available models. As an example case, we use this approach to integrate modules representing microvascular blood flow, oxygen transport, vascular endothelial growth factor transport and endothelial cell behavior (sensing, migration and proliferation). Modeling methodologies in these modules include algebraic equations, partial differential equations and agent-based models with complex logical rules. We apply this integrated model to simulate exercise-induced angiogenesis in skeletal muscle. The simulation results compare capillary growth patterns between different exercise conditions for a single bout of exercise. Results demonstrate how the computational infrastructure can effectively integrate multiple modules by coordinating their connectivity and data exchange. Model parameterization offers simulation flexibility and a platform for performing sensitivity analysis. Conclusions This systems biology strategy can be applied to larger scale integration of computational models of angiogenesis in skeletal muscle, or other complex processes in other tissues under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Systems Biology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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78
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Yan Z, Okutsu M, Akhtar YN, Lira VA. Regulation of exercise-induced fiber type transformation, mitochondrial biogenesis, and angiogenesis in skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 110:264-74. [PMID: 21030673 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00993.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle exhibits superb plasticity in response to changes in functional demands. Chronic increases of skeletal muscle contractile activity, such as endurance exercise, lead to a variety of physiological and biochemical adaptations in skeletal muscle, including mitochondrial biogenesis, angiogenesis, and fiber type transformation. These adaptive changes are the basis for the improvement of physical performance and other health benefits. This review focuses on recent findings in genetically engineered animal models designed to elucidate the mechanisms and functions of various signal transduction pathways and gene expression programs in exercise-induced skeletal muscle adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yan
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
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79
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Abstract
The beating heart requires a constant flux of ATP to maintain contractile function, and there is increasing evidence that energetic defects contribute to the development of heart failure. The last 10 years have seen a resurgent interest in cardiac intermediary metabolism and a dramatic increase in our understanding of transcriptional networks that regulate cardiac energetics. The PPAR-γ coactivator (PGC)-1 family of proteins plays a central role in these pathways. The mechanisms by which PGC-1 proteins regulate transcriptional networks and are regulated by physiological cues, as well as the roles they play in cardiac development and disease, are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn C Rowe
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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80
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Abstract
AbstractAdenosine Monophosphate-activated Protein Kinase (AMPK), a serine/threonine kinase and a member of the Snf1/AMPK protein kinase family, consists of three protein subunits that together make a functional enzyme. AMPK, which is expressed in a number of tissues, including the liver, brain, and skeletal muscle, is allosterically activated by a rise in the AMP: ATP ratio (ie in a low ATP or energy depleted state). The net effect of AMPK activation is to halt energy consuming (anabolic) pathways but to promote energy conserving (catabolic) cellular pathways. AMPK has therefore often been dubbed the "metabolic master switch". AMPK also plays a critical physiological role in the cardiovascular system. Increasing evidence suggest that AMPK might also function as a sensor by responding to oxidative stress. Mostly importantly, AMPK modulates endogenous antioxidant gene expression and/or suppress the production of oxidants. AMPK promotes cardiovascular homeostasis by ensuring an optimum redox balance on the heart and vascular tissues. Dysfunctional AMPK is thought to underlie several cardiovascular pathologies. Here we review this kinase from its structure and discovery to current knowledge of its adaptive and maladaptive role in the cardiovascular system.
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81
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Kiilerich K, Adser H, Jakobsen AH, Pedersen PA, Hardie DG, Wojtaszewski JFP, Pilegaard H. PGC-1alpha increases PDH content but does not change acute PDH regulation in mouse skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 299:R1350-9. [PMID: 20720174 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00400.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test whether the transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ coactivator (PGC)1α regulates the content of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)-E1α and influences PDH activity through regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 (PDK4) expression and subsequently PDH phosphorylation. PGC-1α whole body knockout (KO), muscle-specific PGC-1α overexpressing mice (MCK PGC-1α), and littermate wild-type (WT) mice underwent two interventions known to affect PDH. Quadriceps muscles were removed from fed and 24-h fasted mice as well as at 6 h of recovery after 1-h running and from mice that did not run acutely. PDH-E1α protein content and PDH-E1α phosphorylation were lower in PGC-1α KO and higher in MCK PGC-1α mice at rest, but, while MCK PGC-1α had higher PDK4 protein content, KO of PGC-1α had no effect on PDK4 protein content. The differences in phosphorylation partly vanished when expressing phosphorylation relative to the PDH-E1α content with only a maintained elevated phosphorylation in MCK PGC-1α mice. Fasting upregulated PDK4 protein in PGC-1α KO, MCK PGC-1α and WT mice, but this was not consistently associated with increased PDH-E1α phosphorylation. Downregulation of the activity of PDH in the active form (PDHa) at 6-h recovery from exercise in both the PGC-1α KO and MCK PGC-1α mice and the association between PDH-E1α phosphorylation and PDHa activity in PGC-1α KO mice indicate that PGC-1α is not required for these responses. In conclusion, PGC-1α regulates PDH-E1α protein content in parallel with mitochondrial oxidative proteins, but does not seem to influence PDH regulation in mouse skeletal muscle in response to fasting and in recovery from exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Kiilerich
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, August Krogh Bldg., Dept. of Biology, Universitetsparken 13, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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82
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PGC-1alpha-mediated adaptations in skeletal muscle. Pflugers Arch 2010; 460:153-62. [PMID: 20401754 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-010-0834-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Lifestyle-related diseases are rapidly increasing at least in part due to less physical activity. The health beneficial effects of regular physical activity include metabolic adaptations in skeletal muscle, which are thought to be elicited by cumulative effects of transient gene responses to each single exercise, but how is this regulated? A potential candidate in this is the transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator (PGC)-1alpha, which has been identified as a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, but also been shown to regulate proteins involved in angiogenesis and the anti-oxidant defence as well as to affect expression of inflammatory markers. Exercise increases PGC-1alpha transcription and potentially PGC-1alpha activity through post-translational modifications, and concomitant PGC-1alpha-mediated gene regulation is suggested to be an underlying mechanism for adaptations in skeletal muscle, when exercise is repeated. The current review presents some of the key findings in PGC-1alpha-mediated regulation of metabolically related, anti-oxidant and inflammatory proteins in skeletal muscle in the basal state and in response to exercise training, and describes functional significance of PGC-1alpha-mediated effects in skeletal muscle. In addition, regulation of PGC-1alpha expression and activity in skeletal muscle is described. The impact of changes in PGC-1alpha expression in mouse skeletal muscle and the ability of PGC-1alpha to regulate multiple pathways and functions underline the potential importance of PGC-1alpha in skeletal muscle adaptations in humans. The absence of exercise-induced PGC-1alpha-mediated gene regulation during a physical inactive lifestyle is suggested to lead to reduced oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle and concomitant impaired metabolism.
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83
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Remels AHV, Langen RCJ, Schrauwen P, Schaart G, Schols AMWJ, Gosker HR. Regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis during myogenesis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 315:113-20. [PMID: 19804813 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Revised: 09/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pathways involved in mitochondrial biogenesis associated with myogenic differentiation are poorly defined. Therefore, C(2)C(12) myoblasts were differentiated into multi-nucleated myotubes and parameters/regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis were investigated. Mitochondrial respiration, citrate synthase- and beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity as well as protein content of complexes I, II, III and V of the mitochondrial respiratory chain increased 4-8-fold during differentiation. Additionally, an increase in the ratio of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) slow vs MyHC fast protein content was observed. PPAR transcriptional activity and transcript levels of PPAR-alpha, the PPAR co-activator PGC-1alpha, mitochondrial transcription factor A and nuclear respiratory factor 1 increased during differentiation while expression levels of PPAR-gamma decreased. In conclusion, expression and activity levels of genes known for their regulatory role in skeletal muscle oxidative capabilities parallel the increase in oxidative parameters during the myogenic program. In particular, PGC-1alpha and PPAR-alpha may be involved in the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis during myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H V Remels
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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84
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Tang K, Wagner PD, Breen EC. TNF-alpha-mediated reduction in PGC-1alpha may impair skeletal muscle function after cigarette smoke exposure. J Cell Physiol 2010; 222:320-7. [PMID: 19859910 PMCID: PMC5831677 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle dysfunction contributes to exercise limitation in COPD. In this study cigarette smoke exposure was hypothesized to increase expression of the inflammatory cytokine, TNF-alpha, thereby suppressing PGC-1alpha, and hence affecting down stream molecules that regulate oxygen transport and muscle function. Furthermore, we hypothesized that highly vascularized oxidative skeletal muscle would be more susceptible to cigarette smoke than less well-vascularized glycolytic muscle. To test these hypotheses, mice were exposed to cigarette smoke daily for 8 or 16 weeks, resulting in 157% (8 weeks) and 174% (16 weeks) increases in serum TNF-alpha. Separately, TNF-alpha administered to C2C12 myoblasts was found to dose-dependently reduce PGC-1alpha mRNA. In the smoke-exposed mice, PGC-1alpha mRNA was decreased, by 48% in soleus and 23% in EDL. The vascular PGC-1alpha target molecule, VEGF, was also down-regulated, but only in the soleus, which exhibited capillary regression and an oxidative to glycolytic fiber type transition. The apoptosis PGC-1alpha target genes, atrogin-1 and MuRF1, were up-regulated, and to a greater extent in the soleus than EDL. Citrate synthase (soleus-19%, EDL-17%) and beta-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (beta-HAD) (soleus-22%, EDL-19%) decreased similarly in both muscle types. There was loss of body and gastrocnemius complex mass, with rapid soleus but not EDL fatigue and diminished exercise endurance. These data suggest that in response to smoke exposure, TNF-alpha-mediated down-regulation of PGC-1alpha may be a key step leading to vascular and myocyte dysfunction, effects that are more evident in oxidative than glycolytic skeletal muscles.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Capillaries/drug effects
- Cell Line
- Down-Regulation
- Exercise Tolerance
- Glycolysis
- Hindlimb
- Inhalation Exposure
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Muscle Contraction
- Muscle Fatigue
- Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch/drug effects
- Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch/pathology
- Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch/drug effects
- Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch/pathology
- Muscle Proteins/genetics
- Muscle, Skeletal/blood supply
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology
- Muscular Atrophy/etiology
- Muscular Atrophy/metabolism
- Muscular Atrophy/physiopathology
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- SKP Cullin F-Box Protein Ligases/genetics
- Smoking/adverse effects
- Time Factors
- Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcription Factors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/blood
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/genetics
- Up-Regulation
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Kechun Tang
- Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0623, USA.
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85
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Leick L, Lyngby SS, Wojtaszewski JFP, Wojtasewski JFP, Pilegaard H. PGC-1alpha is required for training-induced prevention of age-associated decline in mitochondrial enzymes in mouse skeletal muscle. Exp Gerontol 2010; 45:336-42. [PMID: 20085804 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2010.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that exercise training prevents an age-associated decline in skeletal muscle mitochondrial enzymes through a PGC-1alpha dependent mechanism. Whole body PGC-1alpha knock-out (KO) and littermate wildtype (WT) mice were submitted to long term running wheel exercise training or a sedentary lifestyle from 2 to 13 month of age. Furthermore, a group of approximately 4-month-old mice was used as young untrained controls. There was in both genotypes an age-associated approximately 30% decrease in citrate synthase (CS) activity and superoxide dismutase (SOD)2 protein content in 13-month-old untrained mice compared with young untrained mice. However, training prevented the age-associated decrease in CS activity and SOD2 protein content only in WT mice, but long term exercise training did increase HKII protein content in both genotypes. In addition, while CS activity and protein expression of cytc and SOD2 were 50-150% lower in skeletal muscle of PGC-1alpha mice than WT mice, the expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax and the anti-apoptotic Bcl2 was approximately 30% elevated in PGC-1alpha KO mice. In conclusion, the present findings indicate that PGC-1alpha is required for training-induced prevention of an age-associated decline in CS activity and SOD2 protein expression in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Leick
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism & Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Department of Biology, Section of Molecular, Integrative Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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86
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Geng T, Li P, Okutsu M, Yin X, Kwek J, Zhang M, Yan Z. PGC-1alpha plays a functional role in exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis and angiogenesis but not fiber-type transformation in mouse skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 298:C572-9. [PMID: 20032509 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00481.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Endurance exercise stimulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha) expression in skeletal muscle, and forced expression of PGC-1alpha changes muscle metabolism and exercise capacity in mice. However, it is unclear if PGC-1alpha is indispensible for endurance exercise-induced metabolic and contractile adaptations in skeletal muscle. In this study, we showed that endurance exercise-induced expression of mitochondrial enzymes (cytochrome oxidase IV and cytochrome c) and increases of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1, CD31)-positive endothelial cells in skeletal muscle, but not IIb-to-IIa fiber-type transformation, were significantly attenuated in muscle-specific Pgc-1alpha knockout mice. Interestingly, voluntary running effectively restored the compromised mitochondrial integrity and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) protein expression in skeletal muscle in Pgc-1alpha knockout mice. Thus, PGC-1alpha plays a functional role in endurance exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis and angiogenesis, but not IIb-to-IIa fiber-type transformation in mouse skeletal muscle, and the improvement of mitochondrial morphology and antioxidant defense in response to endurance exercise may occur independently of PGC-1alpha function. We conclude that PGC-1alpha is required for complete skeletal muscle adaptations induced by endurance exercise in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuoyu Geng
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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87
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The transcriptional coactivator PGC-1alpha mediates exercise-induced angiogenesis in skeletal muscle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:21401-6. [PMID: 19966219 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0909131106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) affects 5 million people in the US and is the primary cause of limb amputations. Exercise remains the single best intervention for PAD, in part thought to be mediated by increases in capillary density. How exercise triggers angiogenesis is not known. PPARgamma coactivator (PGC)-1alpha is a potent transcriptional co-activator that regulates oxidative metabolism in a variety of tissues. We show here that PGC-1alpha mediates exercise-induced angiogenesis. Voluntary exercise induced robust angiogenesis in mouse skeletal muscle. Mice lacking PGC-1alpha in skeletal muscle failed to increase capillary density in response to exercise. Exercise strongly induced expression of PGC-1alpha from an alternate promoter. The induction of PGC-1alpha depended on beta-adrenergic signaling. beta-adrenergic stimulation also induced a broad program of angiogenic factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). This induction required PGC-1alpha. The orphan nuclear receptor ERRalpha mediated the induction of VEGF by PGC-1alpha, and mice lacking ERRalpha also failed to increase vascular density after exercise. These data demonstrate that beta-adrenergic stimulation of a PGC-1alpha/ERRalpha/VEGF axis mediates exercise-induced angiogenesis in skeletal muscle.
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88
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Pogozelski AR, Geng T, Li P, Yin X, Lira VA, Zhang M, Chi JT, Yan Z. p38gamma mitogen-activated protein kinase is a key regulator in skeletal muscle metabolic adaptation in mice. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7934. [PMID: 19936205 PMCID: PMC2775956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular endurance exercise induces skeletal muscle contractile and metabolic adaptations, conferring salutary health benefits, such as protection against the metabolic syndrome. The plasticity of skeletal muscle has been extensively investigated, but how the adaptive processes are precisely controlled is largely unknown. Using muscle-specific gene deletion in mice, we now show that p38gamma mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), but not p38alpha and p38beta, is required for endurance exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis and angiogenesis, whereas none of the p38 isoforms are required for IIb-to-IIa fiber-type transformation. These phenotypic findings were further supported by microarray and real-time PCR analyses revealing contractile activity-dependent p38gamma target genes, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator-1alpha (Pgc-1alpha) and vascular endothelial growth factor (Vegf), in skeletal muscle following motor nerve stimulation. Gene transfer-mediated overexpression of a dominant negative form of p38gamma, but not that of p38alpha or p38beta, blocked motor nerve stimulation-induced Pgc-1alpha transcription. These findings provide direct evidence for an obligated role of p38gamma MAPK-PGC-1alpha regulatory axis in endurance exercise-induced metabolic adaptation, but not contractile adaptation, in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Pogozelski
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Tuoyu Geng
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Xinhe Yin
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Vitor A. Lira
- Department of Medicine-Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Center for Skeletal Muscle Research at Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jen-Tsan Chi
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Zhen Yan
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine-Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Center for Skeletal Muscle Research at Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
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