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Pei L, Wan T, Wang S, Ye M, Qiu Y, Jiang R, Pang N, Huang Y, Zhou Y, Jiang X, Ling W, Zhang Z, Yang L. Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside regulates the activation and the secretion of adipokines from brown adipose tissue and alleviates diet induced fatty liver. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 105:625-632. [PMID: 29898429 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside (Cy-3-G) the most abundant monomer of anthocyanins has multiple protective effects on many diseases. To date, whether Cy-3-G could regulate the function of brown adipose tissue (BAT) is still unclear and whether this regulation could influence the secretion of adipokines from BAT to prevent non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) indirectly remains to be explored. In this study we investigated the effect of Cy-3-G on BAT and the potential role of Cy-3-G to prevent fatty liver through regulating the secretion of BAT. METHODS Male C57BL/6 J mice were fed with a high fat high cholesterol (HFC) diet with or without 200 mg/kg B.W Cy-3-G for 8 weeks. In in vitro experiments, the differentiated brown adipocytes (BAC) and C3H10T1/2 clone8 cells were treated with 0.2 mM palmitate with or without Cy-3-G for 72 or 96 h. Then the culture media of C3H10T1/2 clone8 cells were collected for measuring the adipokines secretion by immunoblot assay and were applied to culture HepG2 cells or LO2 cells for 24 h. Lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells or LO2 cells were evaluated by oil red O staining. RESULTS Here we found that Cy-3-G regulated the activation of BAT and the expression of adipokines in BAT which were disrupted by HFC diet and alleviated diet induced fatty liver in mice. In in vitro experiments, Cy-3-G inhibited the release of adipokines including extracellular nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (eNAMPT) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) from differentiated C3H10T1/2 clone8 cells induced by palmitate, which was accompanied by a reduction of lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells and LO2 cells cultured by the corresponding collected media of C3H10T1/2 clone8 cells. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that Cy-3-G can regulate the thermogenic and secretory functions of BAT. Furthermore, our data suggest that the protective effect of Cy-3-G on hepatic lipid accumulation is probably via regulating the secretion of adipokines from BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Pei
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, PR China
| | - Ting Wan
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, PR China
| | - Sufan Wang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, PR China
| | - Mingtong Ye
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, PR China
| | - Yun Qiu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, PR China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, PR China
| | - Nengzhi Pang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, PR China
| | - Yuanling Huang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, PR China
| | - Yujia Zhou
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, PR China
| | - Xuye Jiang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, PR China
| | - Wenhua Ling
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, PR China
| | - Zhenfeng Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510260, PR China
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, PR China.
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53
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Abstract
Cachexia, a progressive weight loss in cancer patients that results from tumor-induced energy wasting, is a serious problem that interferes with response to treatment and affects quality of life. Recent studies suggest that thermogenesis of adipose tissues is involved in energy wasting and also point to a link between the atrophy of fat and muscle. Tumor-derived PTHrP has emerged as a key molecule playing multiple roles in cachexia, from fat "browning" factor to potential therapeutic target.
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54
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Tang L, Li N, Jian W, Kang Y, Yin B, Sun S, Guo J, Sun L, Ta D. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound prevents muscle atrophy induced by type 1 diabetes in rats. Skelet Muscle 2017; 7:29. [PMID: 29273088 PMCID: PMC5741922 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-017-0145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) induces serious skeletal muscle atrophy. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) is a common treatment for skeletal muscle injury and is effective in accelerating the rate of muscle growth. However, to the best of our knowledge, whether LIPUS can improve skeletal muscle atrophy in type 1 diabetic rats has not been investigated. Methods The rats were randomly divided into four groups: the normal control group (NC); the sham-treated diabetic control group (DC); the diabetic, insulin-treated group (DI) as a positive control; and the diabetic LIPUS therapy group (DL). The DL rats were treated with LIPUS (1 MHz, 30 mW/cm2) on the gastrocnemius for 20 min/day. Results After 6 weeks, the rats in the DC group showed severe muscle atrophy. However, LIPUS significantly improved type 1 diabetes-induced muscle atrophy, as evidenced by significantly enhanced muscle cross-sectional area, muscle mass, and strength. Moreover, compared with the DC group, LIPUS significantly activated Akt and upregulated the expression of mTOR, and LIPUS downregulated the expression of MSTN, its receptor ActRIIB, and FoxO1. Conclusions These results indicate that LIPUS improved muscle atrophy induced by type 1 diabetes, and the MSTN/Akt/mTOR&FoxO1 signaling pathway may play a role in this improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Tang
- Institute of Sports Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Nan Li
- Institute of Sports Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.,Leisure Management College, Xi'an Eurasia University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenqi Jian
- Institute of Sports Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yiting Kang
- Institute of Sports Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Bo Yin
- Institute of Sports Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Shuxin Sun
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jianzhong Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ultrasonics, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lijun Sun
- Institute of Sports Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
| | - Dean Ta
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China. .,Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention (MICCAI) of Shanghai, Shanghai, China.
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55
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Villarroya F, Gavaldà-Navarro A, Peyrou M, Villarroya J, Giralt M. The Lives and Times of Brown Adipokines. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:855-867. [PMID: 29113711 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is responsible for adaptive non-shivering thermogenesis. Moreover, brown fat secretes regulatory factors, so-called brown adipokines, that have autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine actions. Brown adipokines are either polypeptides or nonpeptidic molecules including lipid molecules and microRNAs. The secretory properties of brown fat are essential for tissue remodeling adaptations to thermogenic necessities. The endocrine properties of brown adipokines are thought to contribute to the association between BAT activity and a healthy metabolic profile in relation to glucose and lipid homeostasis. The identification and characterization of brown adipokines may allow the discovery of circulating biomarkers of BAT activity in humans, and will lead to the development of candidate tools for therapeutic interventions in metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red 'Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición', Madrid, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Aleix Gavaldà-Navarro
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red 'Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición', Madrid, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marion Peyrou
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red 'Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición', Madrid, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Giralt
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red 'Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición', Madrid, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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56
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Dong M, Lin J, Lim W, Jin W, Lee HJ. Role of brown adipose tissue in metabolic syndrome, aging, and cancer cachexia. Front Med 2017; 12:130-138. [PMID: 29119382 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-017-0555-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays a fundamental role in maintaining body temperature by producing heat. BAT that had been know to exist only in mammals and the human neonate has received great attention for the treatment of obesity and diabetes due to its important function in energy metabolism, ever since it is recently reported that human adults have functional BAT. In addition, beige adipocytes, brown adipocytes in white adipose tissue (WAT), have also been shown to take part in whole body metabolism. Multiple lines of evidence demonstrated that transplantation or activation of BAT or/and beige adipocytes reversed obesity and improved insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, many genes involved in BATactivation and/or the recruitment of beige cells have been found, thereby providing new promising strategies for future clinical application of BAT activation to treat obesity and metabolic diseases. This review focuses on recent advances of BAT function in the metabolic aspect and the relationship between BAT and cancer cachexia, a pathological process accompanied with decreased body weight and increased energy expenditure in cancer patients. The underlying possible mechanisms to reduce BAT mass and its activity in the elderly are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,The University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,The University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wonchung Lim
- Department of Sports Medicine, College of Health Science, Cheongju University, Cheongju, 363-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Wanzhu Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Hyuek Jong Lee
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Center for Vascular Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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57
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Abstract
Brown and beige adipocytes arise from distinct developmental origins. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) develops embryonically from precursors that also give to skeletal muscle. Beige fat develops postnatally and is highly inducible. Beige fat recruitment is mediated by multiple mechanisms, including de novo beige adipogenesis and white-to-brown adipocyte transdifferentiaiton. Beige precursors reside around vasculatures, and proliferate and differentiate into beige adipocytes. PDGFRα+Ebf2+ precursors are restricted to beige lineage cells, while another PDGFRα+ subset gives rise to beige adipocytes, white adipocytes, or fibrogenic cells. White adipocytes can be reprogramed and transdifferentiated into beige adipocytes. Brown and beige adipocytes display many similar properties, including multilocular lipid droplets, dense mitochondria, and expression of UCP1. UCP1-mediated thermogenesis is a hallmark of brown/beige adipocytes, albeit UCP1-independent thermogenesis also occurs. Development, maintenance, and activation of BAT/beige fat are guided by genetic and epigenetic programs. Numerous transcriptional factors and coactivators act coordinately to promote BAT/beige fat thermogenesis. Epigenetic reprograming influences expression of brown/beige adipocyte-selective genes. BAT/beige fat is regulated by neuronal, hormonal, and immune mechanisms. Hypothalamic thermal circuits define the temperature setpoint that guides BAT/beige fat activity. Metabolic hormones, paracrine/autocrine factors, and various immune cells also play a critical role in regulating BAT/beige fat functions. BAT and beige fat defend temperature homeostasis, and regulate body weight and glucose and lipid metabolism. Obesity is associated with brown/beige fat deficiency, and reactivation of brown/beige fat provides metabolic health benefits in some patients. Pharmacological activation of BAT/beige fat may hold promise for combating metabolic diseases. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:1281-1306, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyou Rui
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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58
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Song L, Sun Z, Kim DS, Gou W, Strange C, Dong H, Cui W, Gilkeson G, Morgan KA, Adams DB, Wang H. Adipose stem cells from chronic pancreatitis patients improve mouse and human islet survival and function. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:192. [PMID: 28854965 PMCID: PMC5577777 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0627-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic pancreatitis has surgical options including total pancreatectomy to control pain. To avoid surgical diabetes, the explanted pancreas can have islets harvested and transplanted. Immediately following total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation (TP-IAT), many islet cells die due to isolation and transplantation stresses. The percentage of patients remaining insulin free after TP-IAT is therefore low. We determined whether cotransplantation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) from chronic pancreatitis patients (CP-ASCs) would protect islets after transplantation. METHODS In a marginal mass islet transplantation model, islets from C57BL/6 mice were cotransplanted with CP-ASCs into syngeneic streptozotocin-treated diabetic mice. Treatment response was defined by the percentage of recipients reaching normoglycemia, and by the area under the curve for glucose and c-peptide in a glucose tolerance test. Macrophage infiltration, β-cell apoptosis, and islet graft vasculature were measured in transplanted islet grafts by immunohistochemistry. mRNA expression profiling of 84 apoptosis-related genes in islet grafts transplanted alone or with CP-ASCs was measured by the RT2 Profiler™ Apoptosis PCR Array. The impact of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) on islet apoptosis was determined in islets stimulated with cytokines (IL-1β and IFN-γ) in the presence and absence of CP-ASC conditioned medium. RESULTS CP-ASC-treated mice were more often normoglycemic compared to mice receiving islets alone. ASC cotransplantation reduced macrophage infiltration, β-cell death, suppressed expression of TNF-α and Bcl-2 modifying factor (BMF), and upregulated expressions of IGF-1 and TNF Receptor Superfamily Member 11b (TNFRSF11B) in islet grafts. Islets cultured in conditioned medium from CP-ASCs showed reduced cell death. This protective effect was diminished when IGF-1 was blocked in the conditioned medium by the anti-IGF-1 antibody. CONCLUSION Cotransplantation of islets with ASCs from the adipose of chronic pancreatitis patients improved islet survival and islet function after transplantation. The effects are in part mediated by paracrine secretion of IGF-1, suppression of inflammation, and promotion of angiogenesis. ASCs from chronic pancreatitis patients have the potential to be used as a synergistic therapy to enhance the efficacy of islet transplantation following pancreatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Song
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, BSB 641, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Zhen Sun
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, BSB 641, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Do-Sung Kim
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, BSB 641, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Wenyu Gou
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, BSB 641, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Charlie Strange
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Huansheng Dong
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, BSB 641, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Wanxing Cui
- Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Gary Gilkeson
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Katherine A Morgan
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, BSB 641, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - David B Adams
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, BSB 641, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Hongjun Wang
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, BSB 641, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA. .,Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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Chondronikola M, Porter C, Malagaris I, Nella AA, Sidossis LS. Brown adipose tissue is associated with systemic concentrations of peptides secreted from the gastrointestinal system and involved in appetite regulation. Eur J Endocrinol 2017; 177:33-40. [PMID: 28566533 PMCID: PMC6438623 DOI: 10.1530/eje-16-0958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been proposed as a potential therapeutic target against obesity and its related metabolic conditions. Data from studies in rodents support a cross talk between BAT and other distal tissues. The relation between BAT and peptide hormones secreted from the gastrointestinal system (GI) and involved in appetite regulation is not known in humans. DESIGN We studied 18 men during thermoneutral conditions and mild non-shivering cold exposure (CE). METHODS 2-Deoxy-2-(18F)fluoro-d-glucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography scans were conducted after mild cold to measure BAT volume. Fasting serum concentration of GI-secreted peptides and peptides involved in appetite regulation were measured during thermoneutral conditions and mild CE. RESULTS During thermoneutral conditions, BAT volume was associated with lower serum concentration of leptin (P = 0.006), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (P = 0.016) and glucagon (P = 0.048) after adjusting for age and body fat percent. CE significantly decreased serum leptin (P = 0.004) and glucagon concentration (P = 0.020), while cold-induced BAT activation was significantly associated with lower serum ghrelin concentration (P = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS BAT is associated with systemic concentrations of GI-secreted peptides and peptides involved in appetite regulation, suggesting a potential cross talk between BAT and the enteropancreatic axis. Further studies are needed to elucidate the potential link of BAT with the postprandial levels of appetite-regulating peptides and the putative role of BAT in appetite regulation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chondronikola
- Metabolism Unit, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Galveston, U.S.A
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, U.S.A
- Center for Human Nutrition and Atkins Center of Excellence in Obesity Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, U.S.A
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, Greece
| | - Craig Porter
- Metabolism Unit, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Galveston, U.S.A
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, U.S.A
| | - Ioannis Malagaris
- Metabolism Unit, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Galveston, U.S.A
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, U.S.A
| | - Aikaterini A. Nella
- Metabolism Unit, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Galveston, U.S.A
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Texas Medical Branch, U.S.A
| | - Labros S. Sidossis
- Metabolism Unit, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Galveston, U.S.A
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, U.S.A
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, Greece
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, U.S.A
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, U.S.A
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Friederich-Persson M, Nguyen Dinh Cat A, Persson P, Montezano AC, Touyz RM. Brown Adipose Tissue Regulates Small Artery Function Through NADPH Oxidase 4–Derived Hydrogen Peroxide and Redox-Sensitive Protein Kinase G-1α. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:455-465. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.308659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
Biomedical interest in brown adipose tissue (BAT) has increased since the discovery of functionally active BAT in adult humans. Although white adipose tissue (WAT) influences vascular function, vascular effects of BAT are elusive. Thus, we investigated the regulatory role and putative vasoprotective effects of BAT, focusing on hydrogen peroxide, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4 (Nox4), and redox-sensitive signaling.
Approach and Results—
Vascular reactivity was assessed in wild-type and Nox4-knockout mice (Nox4
−/−
) by wire myography in the absence and presence of perivascular adipose tissue of different phenotypes from various adipose depots: (1) mixed WAT/BAT (inguinal adipose tissue) and (2) WAT (epididymal visceral fat) and BAT (intrascapular fat). In wild-type mice, epididymal visceral fat and perivascular adipose tissue increased EC
50
to noradrenaline without affecting maximum contraction. BAT increased EC
50
and significantly decreased maximum contraction, which were prevented by a hydrogen peroxide scavenger (polyethylene glycated catalase) and a specific cyclic GMP–dependent protein kinase G type-1α inhibitor (DT-3), but not by inhibition of endothelial nitric oxide synthase or guanylate cyclase. BAT induced dimerization of cyclic GMP–dependent protein kinase G type-1α and reduced phosphorylation of myosin light chain phosphatase subunit 1 and myosin light chain 20. BAT from Nox4-knockout mice displayed reduced hydrogen peroxide levels and no anticontractile effects. Perivascular adipose tissue from β
3
agonist–treated mice displayed browned perivascular adipose tissue and an increased anticontractile effect.
Conclusions—
We identify a novel vasoprotective action of BAT through an anticontractile effect that is mechanistically different to WAT. Specifically, BAT, via Nox4-derived hydrogen peroxide, induces cyclic GMP–dependent protein kinase G type-1α activation, resulting in reduced vascular contractility. BAT may constitute an interesting therapeutic target to restore vascular function and prevent vascular complications in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malou Friederich-Persson
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Aurelie Nguyen Dinh Cat
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Patrik Persson
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Augusto C. Montezano
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rhian M. Touyz
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Aldiss P, Dellschaft N, Sacks H, Budge H, Symonds ME. Beyond obesity – thermogenic adipocytes and cardiometabolic health. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2017; 31:/j/hmbci.ahead-of-print/hmbci-2017-0007/hmbci-2017-0007.xml. [DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2017-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe global prevalence of obesity and related cardiometabolic disease continues to increase through the 21st century. Whilst multi-factorial, obesity is ultimately caused by chronic caloric excess. However, despite numerous interventions focussing on reducing caloric intake these either fail or only elicit short-term changes in body mass. There is now a focus on increasing energy expenditure instead which has stemmed from the recent ‘re-discovery’ of cold-activated brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult humans and inducible ‘beige’ adipocytes. Through the unique mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), these thermogenic adipocytes are capable of combusting large amounts of chemical energy as heat and in animal models can prevent obesity and cardiometabolic disease. At present, human data does not point to a role for thermogenic adipocytes in regulating body weight or fat mass but points to a pivotal role in regulating metabolic health by improving insulin resistance as well as glucose and lipid homeostasis. This review will therefore focus on the metabolic benefits of BAT activation and the mechanisms and signalling pathways by which these could occur including improvements in insulin signalling in peripheral tissues, systemic lipid and cholesterol metabolism and cardiac and vascular function.
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Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is the main site of adaptive thermogenesis and experimental studies have associated BAT activity with protection against obesity and metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and dyslipidaemia. Active BAT is present in adult humans and its activity is impaired in patients with obesity. The ability of BAT to protect against chronic metabolic disease has traditionally been attributed to its capacity to utilize glucose and lipids for thermogenesis. However, BAT might also have a secretory role, which could contribute to the systemic consequences of BAT activity. Several BAT-derived molecules that act in a paracrine or autocrine manner have been identified. Most of these factors promote hypertrophy and hyperplasia of BAT, vascularization, innervation and blood flow, processes that are all associated with BAT recruitment when thermogenic activity is enhanced. Additionally, BAT can release regulatory molecules that act on other tissues and organs. This secretory capacity of BAT is thought to be involved in the beneficial effects of BAT transplantation in rodents. Fibroblast growth factor 21, IL-6 and neuregulin 4 are among the first BAT-derived endocrine factors to be identified. In this Review, we discuss the current understanding of the regulatory molecules (the so-called brown adipokines or batokines) that are released by BAT that influence systemic metabolism and convey the beneficial metabolic effects of BAT activation. The identification of such adipokines might also direct drug discovery approaches for managing obesity and its associated chronic metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, 08028-Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, 08028-Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rubén Cereijo
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, 08028-Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan Villarroya
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, 08028-Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Giralt
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, 08028-Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, 08028-Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Aldiss P, Davies G, Woods R, Budge H, Sacks HS, Symonds ME. 'Browning' the cardiac and peri-vascular adipose tissues to modulate cardiovascular risk. Int J Cardiol 2016; 228:265-274. [PMID: 27865196 PMCID: PMC5236060 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Excess visceral adiposity, in particular that located adjacent to the heart and coronary arteries is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. In the pathophysiological state, dysfunctional adipose tissue secretes an array of factors modulating vascular function and driving atherogenesis. Conversely, brown and beige adipose tissues utilise glucose and lipids to generate heat and are associated with improved cardiometabolic health. The cardiac and thoracic perivascular adipose tissues are now understood to be composed of brown adipose tissue in the healthy state and undergo a brown-to-white transition i.e. during obesity which may be a driving factor of cardiovascular disease. In this review we discuss the risks of excess cardiac and vascular adiposity and potential mechanisms by which restoring the brown phenotype i.e. “re-browning” could potentially be achieved in clinically relevant populations. Epicardial, paracardial and thoracic perivascular adipose tissues resemble BAT at birth. Despite ‘whitening’ in early life these depots remain metabolically active and potentially thermogenic into adulthood. Obesity induces further ‘whitening’ and inflammation in these depots likely driving the atherogenesis. Maintaining or inducing the brown phenotype in these depots could prevent atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Aldiss
- The Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK, NG7 2UH
| | - Graeme Davies
- The Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK, NG7 2UH
| | - Rachel Woods
- The Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK, NG7 2UH
| | - Helen Budge
- The Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK, NG7 2UH
| | - Harold S Sacks
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Endocrinology and Diabetes Division, and Department of Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Michael E Symonds
- The Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK, NG7 2UH.
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64
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Varela-Rodríguez BM, Pena-Bello L, Juiz-Valiña P, Vidal-Bretal B, Cordido F, Sangiao-Alvarellos S. FNDC5 expression and circulating irisin levels are modified by diet and hormonal conditions in hypothalamus, adipose tissue and muscle. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29898. [PMID: 27432282 PMCID: PMC4949437 DOI: 10.1038/srep29898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Irisin is processed from fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5). However, a controversy exists concerning irisin origin, regulation and function. To elucidate the relationship between serum irisin and FNDC5 mRNA expression levels, we evaluated plasma irisin levels and FNDC5 gene expression in the hypothalamus, gastrocnemius muscle and different depots of adipose tissue in models of altered metabolism. In normal rats, blood irisin levels diminished after 48-h fast and with leptin, insulin and alloxan treatments, and serum irisin concentrations increased in diabetic rats after insulin treatment and acute treatments of irisin increased blood insulin levels. No changes were observed during long-term experiments with different diets. We suggested that levels of circulating irisin are the result of the sum of the irisin produced by different depots of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. This study shows for the first time that there are differences in FNDC5 expression depending on white adipose tissue depots. Moreover, a considerable decrease in visceral and epididymal adipose tissue depots correlated with increased FNDC5 mRNA expression levels, probably in an attempt to compensate the decrease that occurs in their mass. Hypothalamic FNDC5 expression did not change for any of the tested diets but increased with leptin, insulin and metformin treatments suggesting that the regulation of central and peripheral FNDC5/irisin expression and functions are different.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. M. Varela-Rodríguez
- Department of Medicine, School of Health Science, University of A Coruña, Campus de Oza, 15006, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Xubias de Arriba, 84. 15006, A Coruña, Spain
| | - L. Pena-Bello
- Department of Medicine, School of Health Science, University of A Coruña, Campus de Oza, 15006, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Xubias de Arriba, 84. 15006, A Coruña, Spain
- Division of endocrinology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - P. Juiz-Valiña
- Department of Medicine, School of Health Science, University of A Coruña, Campus de Oza, 15006, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Xubias de Arriba, 84. 15006, A Coruña, Spain
| | - B. Vidal-Bretal
- Department of Medicine, School of Health Science, University of A Coruña, Campus de Oza, 15006, Spain
| | - F. Cordido
- Department of Medicine, School of Health Science, University of A Coruña, Campus de Oza, 15006, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Xubias de Arriba, 84. 15006, A Coruña, Spain
- Division of endocrinology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - S. Sangiao-Alvarellos
- Department of Medicine, School of Health Science, University of A Coruña, Campus de Oza, 15006, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Xubias de Arriba, 84. 15006, A Coruña, Spain
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65
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Gifford A, Towse TF, Walker RC, Avison MJ, Welch EB. Characterizing active and inactive brown adipose tissue in adult humans using PET-CT and MR imaging. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E95-E104. [PMID: 27166284 PMCID: PMC4967150 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00482.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Activated brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays an important role in thermogenesis and whole body metabolism in mammals. Positron emission tomography (PET)-computed tomography (CT) imaging has identified depots of BAT in adult humans, igniting scientific interest. The purpose of this study is to characterize both active and inactive supraclavicular BAT in adults and compare the values to those of subcutaneous white adipose tissue (WAT). We obtained [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([(18)F]FDG) PET-CT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of 25 healthy adults. Unlike [(18)F]FDG PET, which can detect only active BAT, MRI is capable of detecting both active and inactive BAT. The MRI-derived fat signal fraction (FSF) of active BAT was significantly lower than that of inactive BAT (means ± SD; 60.2 ± 7.6 vs. 62.4 ± 6.8%, respectively). This change in tissue morphology was also reflected as a significant increase in Hounsfield units (HU; -69.4 ± 11.5 vs. -74.5 ± 9.7 HU, respectively). Additionally, the CT HU, MRI FSF, and MRI R2* values are significantly different between BAT and WAT, regardless of the activation status of BAT. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to quantify PET-CT and MRI FSF measurements and utilize a semiautomated algorithm to identify inactive and active BAT in the same adult subjects. Our findings support the use of these metrics to characterize and distinguish between BAT and WAT and lay the foundation for future MRI analysis with the hope that some day MRI-based delineation of BAT can stand on its own.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliya Gifford
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, Tennessee; Chemical and Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Theodore F Towse
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Ronald C Walker
- Department of Medical Imaging, Tennessee Valley Veterans Affairs Healthcare, Nashville, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Malcolm J Avison
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, Tennessee; Chemical and Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - E Brian Welch
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, Tennessee; Chemical and Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and
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66
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TOUSKOVA V, KLOUCKOVA J, DUROVCOVA V, LACINOVA Z, KAVALKOVA P, TRACHTA P, KOSAK M, MRAZ M, HALUZIKOVA D, HANA V, MAREK J, KRSEK M, HALUZIK M. The Possible Role of mRNA Expression Changes of GH/IGF-1/Insulin Axis Components in Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue in Metabolic Disturbances of Patients With Acromegaly. Physiol Res 2016; 65:493-503. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We explored the effect of chronically elevated circulating levels of growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like-growth-factor-1 (IGF-1) on mRNA expression of GH/IGF-1/insulin axis components and p85alpha subunit of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (p85alpha) in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) of patients with active acromegaly and compared these findings with healthy control subjects in order to find its possible relationships with insulin resistance and body composition changes. Acromegaly group had significantly decreased percentage of truncal and whole body fat and increased homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). In SCAT, patients with acromegaly had significantly increased IGF-1 and IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) expression that both positively correlated with serum GH. P85alpha expression in SCAT did not differ from control group. IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 expression in SCAT were not independently associated with percentage of truncal and whole body fat or with HOMA-IR while IGFBP-3 expression in SCAT was an independent predictor of insulin receptor as well as of p85alpha expression in SCAT. Our data suggest that GH overproduction in acromegaly group increases IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 expression in SCAT while it does not affect SCAT p85alpha expression. Increased IGF-1 or IGFBP-3 in SCAT of acromegaly group do not appear to contribute to systemic differences in insulin sensitivity but may have local regulatory effects in SCAT of patients with acromegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - M. HALUZIK
- Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
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67
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Schilperoort M, Hoeke G, Kooijman S, Rensen PCN. Relevance of lipid metabolism for brown fat visualization and quantification. Curr Opin Lipidol 2016; 27:242-8. [PMID: 27023630 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is an emerging target to combat cardiometabolic disorders as it can take up substantial amounts of glucose and lipids from the circulation for heat production. This review focuses on new concepts in BAT physiology and discusses the need for new techniques to determine BAT activity in humans. RECENT FINDINGS Mouse studies showed that BAT activation selectively increases oxidation of lipids over glucose, by recruiting fatty acids from intracellular triglycerides. To replenish these intracellular lipid stores, brown adipocytes take up both glucose and triglyceride-derived fatty acids, resulting in attenuation of dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. Clinical studies identified the involvement of the β3-adrenergic receptor in BAT activation and demonstrated that human BAT activation also selectively increases lipid oxidation. Notably, insulin resistance during ageing or weight gain reduces the capacity of BAT to internalize glucose, without reducing fatty acid uptake or oxidative metabolism. SUMMARY Preclinical studies established BAT as an important target to combat cardiometabolic disorders and elucidated underlying mechanisms whereas clinical studies identified therapeutic handles. Development of novel lipid-based PET-CT tracers and identification of translational biomarkers of BAT activity are required as alternatives to [F]fluorodeoxyglucose PET-CT to accelerate clinical development of BAT-activating therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Schilperoort
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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68
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Scheja L, Heeren J. Metabolic interplay between white, beige, brown adipocytes and the liver. J Hepatol 2016; 64:1176-1186. [PMID: 26829204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In mammalian evolution, three types of adipocytes have developed, white, brown and beige adipocytes. White adipocytes are the major constituents of white adipose tissue (WAT), the predominant store for energy-dense triglycerides in the body that are released as fatty acids during catabolic conditions. The less abundant brown adipocytes, the defining parenchymal cells of brown adipose tissue (BAT), internalize triglycerides that are stored intracellularly in multilocular lipid droplets. Beige adipocytes (also known as brite or inducible brown adipocytes) are functionally very similar to brown adipocytes and emerge in specific WAT depots in response to various stimuli including sustained cold exposure. The activation of brown and beige adipocytes (together referred to as thermogenic adipocytes) causes both the hydrolysis of stored triglycerides as well as the uptake of lipids and glucose from the circulation. Together, these fuels are combusted for heat production to maintain body temperature in mammals including adult humans. Given that heating by brown and beige adipocytes is a very-well controlled and energy-demanding process which entails pronounced shifts in energy fluxes, it is not surprising that an intensive interplay exists between the various adipocyte types and parenchymal liver cells, and that this influences systemic metabolic fluxes and endocrine networks. In this review we will emphasize the role of hepatic factors that regulate the metabolic activity of white and thermogenic adipocytes. In addition, we will discuss the relevance of lipids and hormones that are secreted by white, brown and beige adipocytes regulating liver metabolism in order to maintain systemic energy metabolism in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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69
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Thoonen R, Hindle AG, Scherrer-Crosbie M. Brown adipose tissue: The heat is on the heart. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 310:H1592-605. [PMID: 27084389 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00698.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The study of brown adipose tissue (BAT) has gained significant scientific interest since the discovery of functional BAT in adult humans. The thermogenic properties of BAT are well recognized; however, data generated in the last decade in both rodents and humans reveal therapeutic potential for BAT against metabolic disorders and obesity. Here we review the current literature in light of a potential role for BAT in beneficially mediating cardiovascular health. We focus mainly on BAT's actions in obesity, vascular tone, and glucose and lipid metabolism. Furthermore, we discuss the recently discovered endocrine factors that have a potential beneficial role in cardiovascular health. These BAT-secreted factors may have a favorable effect against cardiovascular risk either through their metabolic role or by directly affecting the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robrecht Thoonen
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Allyson G Hindle
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Marielle Scherrer-Crosbie
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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70
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Vaicik MK, Morse M, Blagajcevic A, Rios J, Larson J, Yang F, Cohen RN, Papavasiliou G, Brey EM. Hydrogel-Based Engineering of Beige Adipose Tissue. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:7903-7911. [PMID: 26693015 PMCID: PMC4675174 DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00952a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Brown and beige adipose tissues have a significant capacity for energy expenditure that may be exploited as a treatment for obesity and metabolic disease. However, the limited volumes of these tissues in adults hinders realization of this potential. Engineering beige adipose tissue may provide an alternative source of this tissue. In this paper we describe the preparation of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEGDA) hydrogels with mechanical properties similar to native adipose tissue. Adipose derived stem cells (ASC) were cultured in hydrogels without adhesive sequences or degradable monomers. Cells were able to differentiate, independent of scaffold properties and were maintained as a viable and functioning adipose tissue mass. The cells expressed their own basement membrane proteins consistent with the composition of adipose tissue. The ASCs could be induced to express uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) and cIDEA, makers of beige adipocytes with expression level varying with hydrogel stiffness. This hydrogel-based culture system serves as a first step in engineering beige adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Vaicik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL ; Research Service, Veteran Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL
| | - M Morse
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - A Blagajcevic
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - J Rios
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL
| | - J Larson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL
| | - F Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL
| | - R N Cohen
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - G Papavasiliou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL
| | - E M Brey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL ; Research Service, Veteran Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL
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71
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McMillan AC, White MD. Induction of thermogenesis in brown and beige adipose tissues: molecular markers, mild cold exposure and novel therapies. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2015; 22:347-52. [PMID: 26313896 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this short review paper is to summarize recent developments in the understanding of the activation, growth and function of brown adipose tissue (BAT). RECENT FINDINGS Transcriptional markers for increased BAT activity and differentiation of white adipocytes to 'beige' or 'brite' adipocytes include amongst others peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, cytosine-enhancer-binding protein, positive regulatory domain 16 and bone morphogenetic proteins. These markers induce uncoupling protein 1 expression in brown and 'beige' or 'brite' adipocytes which allows energy from macronutrients to be expended as heat. Acute and repeated mild cold exposures of 17-19 °C in adult humans increase BAT volume and activity and this is a novel method for increasing their energy expenditure. Emerging evidence suggests that irisin and melatonin hormones may be involved in BAT activation. Additionally, brown adipocyte stem cell therapy transplantation is a means to stimulate this increased thermogenesis from brown and 'beige' or 'brite' adipocytes. SUMMARY Markers for increased BAT activation and for white adipocyte differentiation into beige/brite adipocytes have been identified, and these lead to an uncoupling protein 1-mediated increase in metabolic rate. Mild cold exposure and brown adipocyte stem cell transplantation are two potential strategies for inducing activation and growth of BAT for the treatment of human obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C McMillan
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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72
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Brown adipose tissue: a potential target in the fight against obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 129:933-49. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20150339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BAT (brown adipose tissue) is the main site of thermogenesis in mammals. It is essential to ensure thermoregulation in newborns. It is also found in (some) adult humans. Its capacity to oxidize fatty acids and glucose without ATP production contributes to energy expenditure and glucose homoeostasis. Brown fat activation has thus emerged as an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. In the present review, we integrate the recent advances on the metabolic role of BAT and its relation with other tissues as well as its potential contribution to fighting obesity and the metabolic syndrome.
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73
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Tharp KM, Stahl A. Bioengineering Beige Adipose Tissue Therapeutics. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:164. [PMID: 26539163 PMCID: PMC4611961 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlocking the therapeutic potential of brown/beige adipose tissue requires technological advancements that enable the controlled expansion of this uniquely thermogenic tissue. Transplantation of brown fat in small animal model systems has confirmed the expectation that brown fat expansion could possibly provide a novel therapeutic to combat obesity and related disorders. Expansion and/or stimulation of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1)-positive adipose tissues have repeatedly demonstrated physiologically beneficial reductions in circulating glucose and lipids. The recent discovery that brown adipose tissue (BAT)-derived secreted factors positively alter whole body metabolism further expands potential benefits of brown or beige/brite adipose expansion. Unfortunately, there are no sources of transplantable BATs for human therapeutic purposes at this time. Recent developments in bioengineering, including novel hyaluronic acid-based hydrogels, have enabled non-immunogenic, functional tissue allografts that can be used to generate large quantities of UCP1-positive adipose tissue. These sophisticated tissue-engineering systems have provided the methodology to develop metabolically active brown or beige/brite adipose tissue implants with the potential to be used as a metabolic therapy. Unlike the pharmacological browning of white adipose depots, implantation of bioengineered UCP1-positive adipose tissues offers a spatially controlled therapeutic. Moving forward, new insights into the mechanisms by which extracellular cues govern stem-cell differentiation and progenitor cell recruitment may enable cell-free matrix implant approaches, which generate a niche sufficient to recruit white adipose tissue-derived stem cells and support their differentiation into functional beige/brite adipose tissues. This review summarizes clinically relevant discoveries in tissue-engineering and biology leading toward the recent development of biomaterial supported beige adipose tissue implants and their potential for the metabolic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Tharp
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Andreas Stahl
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- *Correspondence: Andreas Stahl,
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