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Li W, Deng W, Zhang N, Peng H, Xu Y. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv2387 Facilitates Mycobacterial Survival by Silencing TLR2/p38/JNK Signaling. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11090981. [PMID: 36145413 PMCID: PMC9504853 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11090981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) can evade antimicrobial immunity and persist within macrophages by interfering with multiple host cellular functions through its virulence factors, causing latent tuberculosis. The Rv2387 protein has been identified as a putative effector that potentially participates in Mtb pathogenicity. To explore the role of the Rv2387 protein in host–mycobacteria interactions, we established recombinant M. smegmatis strains and RAW264.7 cell lines that stably express the Rv2387 protein. We found that this protein suppresses mycobacteria infection-induced macrophage apoptosis by inactivating caspase-3/-8, thus facilitating the intracellular survival of mycobacteria. In addition, Rv2387 inhibits the production of inflammatory cytokines in macrophages by specifically suppressing TLR2-dependent stimulation of p38 and JNK MAPK pathways. Moreover, we further determined that the Rv2387 protein conferred a growth advantage over recombinant M. smegmatis and suppressed the inflammatory response in a mouse infection model. Overall, these data suggested that Rv2387 facilitates mycobacteria to escape host immunity and might be an essential virulence factor in Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Li
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Key Laboratory of Regional Characteristic Agricultural Resources, College of Life Sciences, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641100, China
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Wanyan Deng
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Characteristic Agricultural Resources, College of Life Sciences, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641100, China
| | - Huijuan Peng
- Key Laboratory of Regional Characteristic Agricultural Resources, College of Life Sciences, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641100, China
| | - Yi Xu
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (Y.X.)
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Singh M, Kumar S, Singh B, Jain P, Kumari A, Pahuja I, Chaturvedi S, Prasad DVR, Dwivedi VP, Das G. The 1, 2-ethylenediamine SQ109 protects against tuberculosis by promoting M1 macrophage polarization through the p38 MAPK pathway. Commun Biol 2022; 5:759. [PMID: 35902694 PMCID: PMC9334294 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03693-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTs), is an effective and widely recommended treatment for tuberculosis (TB). The antibiotics used in DOTs, are immunotoxic and impair effector T cells, increasing the risk of re-infections and reactivation. Multiple reports suggest that addition of immune-modulators along with antibiotics improves the effectiveness of TB treatment. Therefore, drugs with both antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties are desirable. N1-(Adamantan-2-yl)-N2-[(2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine (SQ109) is an asymmetric diamine derivative of adamantane, that targets Mycobacterial membrane protein Large 3 (MmpL3). SQ109 dissipates the transmembrane electrochemical proton-gradient necessary for cell-wall biosynthesis and bacterial activity. Here, we examined the effects of SQ109 on host-immune responses using a murine TB model. Our results suggest the pro-inflammatory nature of SQ109, which instigates M1-macrophage polarization and induces protective pro-inflammatory cytokines through the p38-MAPK pathway. SQ109 also promotes Th1 and Th17-immune responses that inhibit the bacillary burden in a murine model of TB. These findings put forth SQ109 as a potential-adjunct to TB antibiotic therapy. The adamantine derivative SQ109 induces protective pro-inflammatory cytokines and promotes Th1 and Th17-immune responses that inhibit bacterial burden in a tuberculosis mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.,Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi, 110 019, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Immunobiology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Baldeep Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Preeti Jain
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Anjna Kumari
- Immunobiology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Isha Pahuja
- Immunobiology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Shivam Chaturvedi
- Immunobiology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Ved Prakash Dwivedi
- Immunobiology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
| | - Gobardhan Das
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
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53
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Yang M, Ling X, Xiao J. miR-141 exacerbates lung ischemia-reperfusion injury by targeting EGFR/β-catenin axis mediated autophagy. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:6507-6519. [PMID: 35972910 PMCID: PMC9467402 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Some microRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in lung ischemia-reperfusion injury (LIRI) injury. Here, this study aimed to examine whether miR-141 was related to lung ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) via regulating autophagy and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and to explore the underlying signal transduction pathways. To this end, we constructed the LIRI cell model and mouse models, separately. According to RT-qPCR and Western blotting (WB) analysis results, miR-141 up-regulation together with β-catenin and EGFR down-regulation within mouse pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) or lung tissues was related to lung IRI. Besides, we conducted dual-luciferase reporter assay, which suggested the binding of EGFR to miR-141. In addition, we carried out TUNEL staining, HE staining, and flow cytometric analysis to assess the apoptosis of PMVECs and the injury to mouse lung tissues. Furthermore, we performed light-chain immunofluorescence assay to examine autophagosomes within PMVECs. According to our results, miR-141 suppressed β-catenin level through reducing EGFR level. Besides, the miR-141/EGFR/β-catenin axis enhanced autophagy to aggravate LIRI. To sum up, miR-141 suppresses EGFR expression to inhibit β-catenin level, which subsequently aggravates autophagy and complicates LIRI. The above results offer the candidate therapeutic target for the treatment of lung IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guizhou Province People’s Hospital, Guiyang, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomei Ling
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jinfang Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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Gan Y, Hu Q, Li A, Gu L, Guo S. Estradiol inhibits autophagy of Mycobacterium tuberculosis‑infected 16HBE cells and controls the proliferation of intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mol Med Rep 2022; 25:196. [PMID: 35425995 PMCID: PMC9052002 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Tracheobronchial tuberculosis (TBTB) is most common in young, middle-aged females. Despite adequate anti-tuberculosis therapy, >90% of patients develop tracheobronchial stenosis, which has a high rate of resulting in disability. The present study aimed to explore the effect of estradiol on the development of TBTB. Estrogen receptor (ER) expression in granulomatous tissue was assessed via immunofluorescence. In order to determine whether estrogen affected the proliferation of intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), 16HBE cells were infected with Mtb in vitro, followed by estradiol treatment. Intracellular Mtb was quantified via colony counting. The effect of estradiol on autophagy of infected 16HBE cells was determined via western blotting and transmission electron microscopy. Necrosis assays of infected 16HBE cells were analyzed using propidium iodide staining and assessing lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. To determine how estradiol affects autophagy, infected 16HBE cells were treated with ER-specific and non-specific modulators. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were analyzed via flow cytometry. Additionally, the protein expression levels of autophagy-associated proteins were determined via western blotting. Mtb could enter human lobar bronchial goblet cells and ciliated cells in patients with TBTB. The results also demonstrated that ERα was expressed in granulomatous tissue from patients with TBTB. Administration of 10−6 M estradiol reduced the number of intracellular Mtb colony-forming units in vitro in the 16HBE human bronchial epithelial cell line at day 3 after infection. Furthermore, cells treated with estradiol and infected with Mtb released less LDH at 72 h and exhibited reduced necrosis levels at 24 h compared with the untreated cells. In addition, autophagy of infected 16HBE cells was inhibited by estradiol. Estradiol and the specific ERα agonist had similar effects on autophagy in infected 16HBE cells. Additionally, treatment with the ERα antagonist abolished the inhibition of autophagy by estradiol in infected 16BHE cells. Compared with the untreated infected 16HBE cells, the ROS levels in the infected 16HBE cells treated with estradiol and the ERα agonist significantly decreased. The levels of phosphorylated (p)-mTOR and p-AKT notably increased in estradiol- and ERα agonist-treated infected 16HBE cells. In summary, estradiol may serve a key role in the development of TBTB through binding to ERα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Gan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Qianfang Hu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Anmao Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Lei Gu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Shuliang Guo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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55
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Larsen SE, Williams BD, Rais M, Coler RN, Baldwin SL. It Takes a Village: The Multifaceted Immune Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Vaccine-Induced Immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:840225. [PMID: 35359957 PMCID: PMC8960931 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.840225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite co-evolving with humans for centuries and being intensely studied for decades, the immune correlates of protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) have yet to be fully defined. This lapse in understanding is a major lag in the pipeline for evaluating and advancing efficacious vaccine candidates. While CD4+ T helper 1 (TH1) pro-inflammatory responses have a significant role in controlling Mtb infection, the historically narrow focus on this cell population may have eclipsed the characterization of other requisite arms of the immune system. Over the last decade, the tuberculosis (TB) research community has intentionally and intensely increased the breadth of investigation of other immune players. Here, we review mechanistic preclinical studies as well as clinical anecdotes that suggest the degree to which different cell types, such as NK cells, CD8+ T cells, γ δ T cells, and B cells, influence infection or disease prevention. Additionally, we categorically outline the observed role each major cell type plays in vaccine-induced immunity, including Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Novel vaccine candidates advancing through either the preclinical or clinical pipeline leverage different platforms (e.g., protein + adjuvant, vector-based, nucleic acid-based) to purposefully elicit complex immune responses, and we review those design rationales and results to date. The better we as a community understand the essential composition, magnitude, timing, and trafficking of immune responses against Mtb, the closer we are to reducing the severe disease burden and toll on human health inflicted by TB globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha E. Larsen
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Brittany D. Williams
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Maham Rais
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Rhea N. Coler
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Susan L. Baldwin
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States,*Correspondence: Susan L. Baldwin,
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56
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Histone acetylome-wide associations in immune cells from individuals with active Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Nat Microbiol 2022; 7:312-326. [PMID: 35102304 PMCID: PMC9439955 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-021-01049-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Host cell chromatin changes are thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Here we describe a histone acetylome-wide association study (HAWAS) of an infectious disease, on the basis of genome-wide H3K27 acetylation profiling of peripheral blood granulocytes and monocytes from persons with active Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection and healthy controls. We detected >2,000 differentially acetylated loci in either cell type in a Singapore Chinese discovery cohort (n = 46), which were validated in a subsequent multi-ethnic Singapore cohort (n = 29), as well as a longitudinal cohort from South Africa (n = 26), thus demonstrating that HAWAS can be independently corroborated. Acetylation changes were correlated with differential gene expression. Differential acetylation was enriched near potassium channel genes, including KCNJ15, which modulates apoptosis and promotes Mtb clearance in vitro. We performed histone acetylation quantitative trait locus (haQTL) analysis on the dataset and identified 69 candidate causal variants for immune phenotypes among granulocyte haQTLs and 83 among monocyte haQTLs. Our study provides proof-of-principle for HAWAS to infer mechanisms of host response to pathogens. Genome-wide histone acetylation profiling in cohorts of patients with active and latent tuberculosis reveals acetylation changes in host immune cells modulating potassium channel expression and apoptosis response.
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57
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Hosseini SM, Taheri M, Nouri F, Farmani A, Moez NM, Arabestani MR. Nano drug delivery in intracellular bacterial infection treatments. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 146:112609. [PMID: 35062073 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work aimed to review the potential mechanisms used by macrophages to kill intracellular bacteria, their entrance to the cell, and mechanisms of escape of cellular immunity and applications of various nanoparticles. Since intracellular bacteria such as Mycobacterium and Brucella can survive in host cells and can resist the lethal power of macrophages, they can cause chronic disease or recur in 10-30% of cases in improved patients Nano drug-based therapeutics are promising tools for treating intracellular bacteria and preventing recurrence of the disease caused by these bacteria. In addition, among their unique features, we can mention the small size and the ability of these compounds to purposefully reach the target location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mostafa Hosseini
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nouri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Abbas Farmani
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Narjes Morovati Moez
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Arabestani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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He J, Liu S, Guo X, Zhang F, Takiff HE, Zhao Y. Polymorphisms of the BCL2 gene associated with susceptibility to tuberculosis. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2022; 64:e59. [PMID: 36197420 PMCID: PMC9528363 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202264059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although tuberculosis (TB) is a serious public health concern, we still don’t understand why only 10% of people infected will develop the disease. Apoptosis plays a role in the interaction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) with the human host and it may be modified by subtle alterations in the B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) gene, an anti-apoptotic regulatory element. Therefore, we investigated whether there is an association between BCL2 polymorphisms and susceptibility to TB by analyzing 130 TB cases, 108 subjects with latent TB infection (LTBI), and 163 healthy controls (HC). Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidential intervals (95% CIs) for possible associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in BCL2 and the risk of tuberculosis. We found that the G allele of rs80030866 (OR=0.62, 95%CI:0.42-0.91, P=0.015), and also the G allele of rs9955190 (OR=0.58, 95%CI:0.38-0.88, P=0.011) were less frequent in the TB group compared with the LTBI group. In addition, individuals with rs2551402 CC genotype were more likely to have LTBI than those with AA genotype (OR=2.166, 95%CI:1.046-4.484, P=0.037). Our study suggests that BCL2 gene polymorphisms may be correlated with susceptibility to both TB and LTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan He
- Harbin Medical University, China; Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control, China
| | - Shengyuan Liu
- Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control, China
| | - Xujun Guo
- Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control, China
| | - Howard Eugene Takiff
- Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control, China; Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Venezuela
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59
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Zhang S, Liu Y, Zhou X, Ou M, Xiao G, Li F, Wang Z, Wang Z, Liu L, Zhang G. Sirtuin 7 Regulates Nitric Oxide Production and Apoptosis to Promote Mycobacterial Clearance in Macrophages. Front Immunol 2021; 12:779235. [PMID: 34925356 PMCID: PMC8678072 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.779235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The host immune system plays a pivotal role in the containment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, and host-directed therapy (HDT) is emerging as an effective strategy to treat tuberculosis (TB), especially drug-resistant TB. Previous studies revealed that expression of sirtuin 7 (SIRT7), a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent deacetylase, was downregulated in macrophages after Mycobacterial infection. Inhibition of SIRT7 with the pan-sirtuin family inhibitor nicotinamide (NAM), or by silencing SIRT7 expression, promoted intracellular growth of Mtb and restricted the generation of nitric oxide (NO). Addition of the exogenous NO donor SNAP abrogated the increased bacterial burden in NAM-treated or SIRT7-silenced macrophages. Furthermore, SIRT7-silenced macrophages displayed a lower frequency of early apoptotic cells after Mycobacterial infection, and this could be reversed by providing exogenous NO. Overall, this study clarified a SIRT7-mediated protective mechanism against Mycobacterial infection through regulation of NO production and apoptosis. SIRT7 therefore has potential to be exploited as a novel effective target for HDT of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yaya Liu
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhou
- School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Min Ou
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guohui Xiao
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fang Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhongyuan Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhaoqin Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lei Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guoliang Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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60
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Wu M, Liu Z, Zhang S. Down-regulation of hsa_circ_0045474 induces macrophage autophagy in tuberculosis via miR-582-5p/TNKS2 axis. Innate Immun 2021; 28:11-18. [PMID: 34861798 PMCID: PMC8841633 DOI: 10.1177/17534259211064285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage autophagy plays a major role in the control and elimination of invading Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, the function and mechanism of circRNA on macrophage autophagy in tuberculosis remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the role of circRNA underlying macrophage autophagy in tuberculosis. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the expression of hsa_circ_0045474, miR-582-5p and TNKS2. Autophagy was detected by LC3B immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. Dual-luciferase reporter assays were used to detect the relationship of miR-582-5p and hsa_circ_0045474 or TNKS2. Western blot was used to detect the expression of LC3-І and LC3-ІІ. The results showed that hsa_circ_0045474 was down-regulated in monocytes from patients with tuberculosis and induced autophagy in macrophages. hsa_circ_0045474 sponged miR-582-5p and negatively regulated miR-582-5p expression. Overexpression of miR-582-5p affected by hsa_circ_0045474 induced autophagy in macrophages. TNKS2 served as a target of miR-582-5p and down-regulation of TNKS2 induced autophagy in macrophages regulated by miR-582-5p. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that hsa_circ_0045474 down-regulation induced macrophage autophagy in tuberculosis via miR-582-5p/ TNKS2 axis, implying a novel strategy to treat the occurrence of active pulmonary tuberculosis caused by immune escape of M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wu
- Department of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, 89668Tongji University, China
| | - Zhibin Liu
- Department of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, 89668Tongji University, China
| | - Shaojun Zhang
- Department of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, 89668Tongji University, China
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61
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Setiawan HW, Yudhawati R, Syafaah I. Association between serum PGE 2 levels and degree of acid-fast bacilli positivity in sputum of pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2021; 71:103008. [PMID: 34840758 PMCID: PMC8606836 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.103008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycobacterium tuberculosis that infected apoptotic macrophages is triggered by PGE2. Apoptosis suppresses the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, which is shown in the results of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) in the sputum that becomes a marker of the number of bacteria. Objective Analyzing the association between serum PGE2 levels and the positivity of AFB in the sputum of tuberculosis patients. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out from August 2019–July 2020. Serum PGE2 levels and AFB levels in sputum were collected from participants. Data analysis used the Chi-square test and Spearman's correlation with p < 0.05. Results The average participants’ serum PGE2 levels were 446.37 ± 510.27 pg/ml, with a median value of 216.95 pg/ml. Most participants had normal serum PGE2 levels (62.9%). Most participants had a high positivity of AFB in sputum (58.1%). Analysis of the association between serum PGE2 levels and the degree of AFB positivity in sputum obtained r = −0.036 and p-value = 0.780. Conclusion There is a weak negative association between serum PGE2 levels and the degree of AFB positivity in sputum but not statistically significant. Serum PGE2 levels of tuberculosis patients tend to be normal even though acid-fast bacilli (AFB) values are high. Most of the new and recurrent cases of pulmonary tuberculosis patients had normal PGE2 levels. Serum PGE2 levels have a negative association with AFB value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herley Windo Setiawan
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga - Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga - Universitas Airlangga Teaching Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Resti Yudhawati
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga - Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Irmi Syafaah
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga - Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Nosik M, Ryzhov K, Rymanova I, Sobkin A, Kravtchenko A, Kuimova U, Pokrovsky V, Zverev V, Svitich O. Dynamics of Plasmatic Levels of Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines in HIV-Infected Individuals with M. tuberculosis Co-Infection. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112291. [PMID: 34835417 PMCID: PMC8624412 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) and HIV have profound effects on the immune system, which can lead to the activation of viral replication and negatively regulate the activation of T cells. Dysregulation in the production of cytokines necessary to fight HIV and M. tuberculosis may ultimately affect the results of the treatment and be important in the pathogenesis of HIV infection and TB. This work presents the results of a study of the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1RA) in drug-naïve patients with dual infection of HIV/TB at the late stages of HIV-infection, with newly diagnosed HIV and TB, and previously untreated HIV in the process of receiving antiretroviral (ART) and TB treatment vs. a cohort of patients with HIV monoinfection and TB monoinfection. The study revealed that during a double HIV/TB infection, both Th1 and Th2 immune responses are suppressed, and a prolonged dysregulation of the immune response and an increased severity of the disease in pulmonary/extrapulmonary tuberculosis is observed in HIV/TB co-infection. Moreover, it was revealed that a double HIV/TB infection is characterized by delayed and incomplete recovery of immune activity. High levels of IL-6 were detected in patients with HIV/TB co-infection before initiation of dual therapy (2.1-fold increase vs. HIV), which persisted even after 6 months of treatment (8.96-fold increase vs. HIV), unlike other cytokines. The persistent enhanced expression of IL-6 in patients with dual HIV/TB co-infection allows the consideration of it as a potential marker of early detection of M. tuberculosis infection in HIV-infected individuals. The results of multivariate regression analysis showed a statistical trend towards an increase in the incidence of IRIS in patients with high IL-1Ra levels (in the range of 1550–2500 pg/mL): OR = 4.3 (95%CI 3.7–14.12, p = 0.53), which also allows IL-1Ra to be considered as a potential predictive biomarker of the development of TB-IRIS and treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Nosik
- I.I. Mechnikov Institute of Vaccine and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia; (K.R.); (V.Z.); (O.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Konstantin Ryzhov
- I.I. Mechnikov Institute of Vaccine and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia; (K.R.); (V.Z.); (O.S.)
| | - Irina Rymanova
- G.A. Zaharyan Moscow Tuberculosis Clinic, Department for Treatment of TB Patients with HIV Infection, 125466 Moscow, Russia; (I.R.); (A.S.)
| | - Alexandr Sobkin
- G.A. Zaharyan Moscow Tuberculosis Clinic, Department for Treatment of TB Patients with HIV Infection, 125466 Moscow, Russia; (I.R.); (A.S.)
| | - Alexey Kravtchenko
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (U.K.); (V.P.)
| | - Ulyana Kuimova
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (U.K.); (V.P.)
| | - Vadim Pokrovsky
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (U.K.); (V.P.)
| | - Vitaly Zverev
- I.I. Mechnikov Institute of Vaccine and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia; (K.R.); (V.Z.); (O.S.)
| | - Oxana Svitich
- I.I. Mechnikov Institute of Vaccine and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia; (K.R.); (V.Z.); (O.S.)
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63
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Kolloli A, Kumar R, Singh P, Narang A, Kaplan G, Sigal A, Subbian S. Aggregation state of Mycobacterium tuberculosis impacts host immunity and augments pulmonary disease pathology. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1256. [PMID: 34732811 PMCID: PMC8566596 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02769-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro phagocytosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) aggregates (Mtb-AG), rather than similar numbers of single bacilli (Mtb-SC), induces host macrophage death and favors bacterial growth. Here, we examined whether aggregation contributes to enhanced Mtb pathogenicity in vivo in rabbit lungs. Rabbits were exposed to infectious aerosols containing mainly Mtb-AG or Mtb-SC. The lung bacterial load, systemic immune response, histology, and immune cell composition were investigated over time. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis, cellular and tissue-level assays, and immunofluorescent imaging were performed on lung tissue to define and compare immune activation and pathogenesis between Mtb-AG and Mtb-SC infection. Lung bacillary loads, disease scores, lesion size, and structure were significantly higher in Mtb-AG than Mtb-SC infected animals. Differences in immune cell distribution and activation were noted in the lungs of the two groups of infected animals. Consistently larger lung granulomas with large aggregates of Mtb, extensive necrotic foci, and elevated matrix metalloproteases expression were observed in Mtb-AG infected rabbits. Our findings suggest that bacillary aggregation increases Mtb fitness for improved growth and accelerates lung inflammation and infected host cell death, thereby exacerbating disease pathology in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsal Kolloli
- The Public Health Research Institute at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Ranjeet Kumar
- The Public Health Research Institute at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Pooja Singh
- The Public Health Research Institute at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
- Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL35294, USA
| | - Anshika Narang
- The Public Health Research Institute at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Gilla Kaplan
- University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
| | - Alex Sigal
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, 4013, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- The Public Health Research Institute at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
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64
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Sharebiani H, Hajimiri S, Abbasnia S, Soleimanpour S, Hashem Asnaashari AM, Valizadeh N, Derakhshan M, Pilpa R, Firouzeh A, Ghazvini K, Amel Jamehdar S, Rezaee SA. Game theory applications in host-microbe interactions toward disease manifestation: Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection as an example. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 24:1324-1335. [PMID: 35096290 PMCID: PMC8769512 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2021.55471.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Game theory describes the interactions between two players and the pay-off from winning, losing, or compromising. In the present study, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-host interactions were used as an example for the application of game theory to describe and predict the different outcomes of Mtb-infection and introducing target molecules for use in protection or therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS The gene expression for eight main markers (CCR1, CCR2, IDO, Tbet, TGFβ, iNOS, MMP3, MMP9) of host response and three Mtb virulence factors (Ag85B, CFP-10, ESAT-6) were assessed in broncho-alveolar lavage of TB+ and TB- patients. RESULTS The players' strategies in the "Nash equilibrium", showed that Ag85B is the main virulence factor for Mtb in active phase, and also the most immunogenic factor, if the host can respond by high expression of T-bet and iNOS toward a Th1 response. In this situation, Mtb can express high levels of ESAT-6 and CFP10 and change the game to the latency, in which host responses by medium expression of T-bet and iNOS and medium level of TGF-β and IDO. Consistently, the IDO expression was 134-times higher in TB+s than the TB-s,and the T-bet expression,~200-times higher in the TB-s than the TB+s. Furthermore, Mtb-Ag85B had a strong positive association with CCR2, T-bet and iNOS, but had a negative correlation with IDO. CONCLUSION Ag85B and maybe ESAT6 (without its suppressive C-terminal) should be considered for making subunit vaccines. And, preventing IDO formation in dendritic cells might be a novel target for immunotherapy of tuberculosis, to reduce the pressure of immune-suppression on Th1 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiva Sharebiani
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sara Hajimiri
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shadi Abbasnia
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saman Soleimanpour
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Narges Valizadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Derakhshan
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Rezvan Pilpa
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arezoo Firouzeh
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kiarash Ghazvini
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saeed Amel Jamehdar
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Corresponding author: Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee. Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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65
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Wang H, Hussain T, Yao J, Li J, Sabir N, Liao Y, Liang Z, Wang Y, Liu Y, Zhao D, Zhou X. Koumiss promotes Mycobacterium bovis infection by disturbing intestinal flora and inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21777. [PMID: 34403519 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002485rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis is the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis and also responsible for serious threat to public health. Koumiss is a fermented mare's milk product, used as traditional drink. Here, we explored the effect of koumiss on gut microbiota and the host immune response against M bovis infection. Therefore, mice were treated with koumiss and fresh mare milk for 14 days before M bovis infection and continue for 5 weeks after infection. The results showed a clear change in the intestinal flora of mice treated with koumiss, and the lungs of mice treated with koumiss showed severe edema, inflammatory infiltration, and pulmonary nodules in M bovis-infected mice. Notably, we found that the content of short-chain fatty acids was significantly lower in the koumiss-treated group compared with the control group. However, the expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis-related proteins in the lungs of koumiss-treated mice were significantly decreased. Collectively, these findings suggest that koumiss treatment disturb the intestinal flora of, which is associated with disease severity and the possible mechanism that induces lungs pathology. Our current findings can be exploited further to establish the "gut-lung" axis which might be a novel strategy for the control of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tariq Hussain
- College of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Jiao Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Naveed Sabir
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Poonch, Rawalakot, Pakistan
| | - Yi Liao
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary College, Southwest University for Nationalities, Cheng Du, China
| | - Zhengmin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanzhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiduo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Deming Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangmei Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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66
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Jiang F, Lou J, Zheng XM, Yang XY. LncRNA MIAT regulates autophagy and apoptosis of macrophage infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis through the miR-665/ULK1 signaling axis. Mol Immunol 2021; 139:42-49. [PMID: 34454184 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating lines of evidence have revealed the involvement of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the control and elimination of invading Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) by macrophage. In this study, we sought to elucidate the role of MIAT on autophagy and apoptosis of Mtb-infected macrophage and to reveal the molecular mechanism. We observed that the expression of MIAT was heightened while miR-665 level was declined in THP-1 cells with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) infection in a time-dependent manner. Functionally, disruption of MIAT effectively facilitated cell viability and restricted apoptosis ability concomitant with the downregulation of Bax and cleaved caspase-3 along with an accumulation of Bcl-2 in BCG-infected THP-1 cells. Concurrently, the interference of MIAT dramatically disinhibited macrophage autophagy as characterized by diminution of autophagy related markers LC3-II and Beclin-1 as well as increment of p62 in THP-1 cells following BCG infection. Concordantly, depletion of MIAT was found to noticeably aggrandize Mtb survival. Importantly, MIAT served as a ceRNA for sponging miR-665 and negatively regulated its expression. ULK1 was identified as an authentic target of miR-665 and modulated by MIAT. Mechanistically, the functional role of MIAT depletion in macrophage apoptosis and autophagy were tremendously abrogated by the depression of miR-665 and enrichment of ULK1. Overall, the preceding observations clearly illuminated that MIAT was elevated in human macrophage response to BCG infection, and functioned as a negative regulator in autophagy and antimicrobial effects by manipulating miR-665/ULK1 axis during Mtb infection, which may provide a promising target for developing an anti-bacterial against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Jiang
- Clinical Laboratory, Zhumadian Central Hospital, Zhumadian, Henan 463000, PR China.
| | - Jun Lou
- Clinical Laboratory, Zhumadian Central Hospital, Zhumadian, Henan 463000, PR China
| | - Xi-Ming Zheng
- Clinical Laboratory, Zhumadian Central Hospital, Zhumadian, Henan 463000, PR China
| | - Xi-Yong Yang
- Clinical Laboratory, Zhumadian Central Hospital, Zhumadian, Henan 463000, PR China
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67
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Singh A, Anang V, Verma C, Saraswati SSK, Rana AK, Bandyopadhyay U, Chadha A, Natarajan K. Bcl2 negatively regulates Protective Immune Responses During Mycobacterial Infection. Biomol Concepts 2021; 12:94-109. [PMID: 34304400 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2021-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that M. tb on its own as well as together with HIV inhibits macrophage apoptosis by upregulating the expression of Bcl2 and Inhibitor of Apoptosis (IAP). In addition, recent reports from our lab showed that stimulation of either macrophages or BMDCs results in the significant upregulation of Bcl2. In this report, we delineate the role of Bcl2 in mediating defense responses from dendritic cells (BMDCs) during mycobacterial infection. Inhibiting Bcl2 led to a significant decrease in intracellular bacterial burden in BMDCs. To further characterize the role of Bcl2 in modulating defense responses, we inhibited Bcl2 in BMDCs as well as human PBMCs to monitor their activation and functional status in response to mycobacterial infection and stimulation with M. tb antigen Rv3416. Inhibiting Bcl2 generated protective responses including increased expression of co-stimulatory molecules, oxidative burst, pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and autophagy. Finally, co-culturing human PBMCs and BMDCs with antigen-primed T cells increased their proliferation, activation and effector function. These results point towards a critical role for Bcl2 in regulating BMDCs defense responses to mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aayushi Singh
- Infectious Disease Immunology Lab, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Vandana Anang
- Infectious Disease Immunology Lab, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Chaitenya Verma
- Infectious Disease Immunology Lab, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | | | - Ankush Kumar Rana
- Infectious Disease Immunology Lab, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Upasana Bandyopadhyay
- Infectious Disease Immunology Lab, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Attinder Chadha
- Infectious Disease Immunology Lab, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Krishnamurthy Natarajan
- Infectious Disease Immunology Lab, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
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68
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Bouzeyen R, Chugh S, Gosain TP, Barbouche MR, Haoues M, Rao KVS, Essafi M, Singh R. Co-Administration of Anticancer Candidate MK-2206 Enhances the Efficacy of BCG Vaccine Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mice and Guinea Pigs. Front Immunol 2021; 12:645962. [PMID: 34122406 PMCID: PMC8190480 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.645962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The failure of M. bovis BCG to induce long-term protection has been endowed to its inability to escape the phagolysosome, leading to mild activation of CD8+ mediated T cell response. Induction of apoptosis in host cells plays an important role in potentiating dendritic cells-mediated priming of CD8+ T cells, a process defined as “cross-priming.” Moreover, IL-10 secretion by infected cells has been reported to hamper BCG-induced immunity against Tuberculosis (TB). Previously, we have reported that apoptosis of BCG-infected macrophages and inhibition of IL-10 secretion is FOXO3 dependent, a transcription factor negatively regulated by the pro-survival activated threonine kinase, Akt. We speculate that FOXO3-mediated induction of apoptosis and abrogation of IL-10 secretion along with M. bovis BCG immunization might enhance the protection imparted by BCG. Here, we have assessed whether co-administration of a known anti-cancer Akt inhibitor, MK-2206, enhances the protective efficacy of M. bovis BCG in mice model of infection. We observed that in vitro MK-2206 treatment resulted in FOXO3 activation, enhanced BCG-induced apoptosis of macrophages and inhibition of IL-10 secretion. Co-administration of M. bovis BCG along with MK-2206 also increased apoptosis of antigen-presenting cells in draining lymph nodes of immunized mice. Further, MK-2206 administration improved BCG-induced CD4+ and CD8+ effector T cells responses and its ability to induce both effector and central memory T cells. Finally, we show that co-administration of MK-2206 enhanced the protection imparted by M. bovis BCG against Mtb in aerosol infected mice and guinea pigs. Taken together, we provide evidence that MK-2206-mediated activation of FOXO3 potentiates BCG-induced immunity and imparts protection against Mtb through enhanced innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Bouzeyen
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LTCII, LR11 IPT02, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Saurabh Chugh
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | | | | | - Meriam Haoues
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LTCII, LR11 IPT02, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Kanury V S Rao
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Makram Essafi
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LTCII, LR11 IPT02, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ramandeep Singh
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
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69
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McKell MC, Crowther RR, Schmidt SM, Robillard MC, Cantrell R, Lehn MA, Janssen EM, Qualls JE. Promotion of Anti-Tuberculosis Macrophage Activity by L-Arginine in the Absence of Nitric Oxide. Front Immunol 2021; 12:653571. [PMID: 34054815 PMCID: PMC8160513 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.653571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are indispensable immune cells tasked at eliminating intracellular pathogens. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), one of the most virulent intracellular bacterial pathogens known to man, infects and resides within macrophages. While macrophages can be provoked by extracellular stimuli to inhibit and kill Mtb bacilli, these host defense mechanisms can be blocked by limiting nutritional metabolites, such as amino acids. The amino acid L-arginine has been well described to enhance immune function, especially in the context of driving macrophage nitric oxide (NO) production in mice. In this study, we aimed to establish the necessity of L-arginine on anti-Mtb macrophage function independent of NO. Utilizing an in vitro system, we identified that macrophages relied on NO for only half of their L-arginine-mediated host defenses and this L-arginine-mediated defense in the absence of NO was associated with enhanced macrophage numbers and viability. Additionally, we observed macrophage glycolysis to be driven by both L-arginine and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), and inhibition of glycolysis or mTOR reduced macrophage control of Mtb as well as macrophage number and viability in the presence of L-arginine. Our data underscore L-arginine as an essential nutrient for macrophage function, not only by fueling anti-mycobacterial NO production, but also as a central regulator of macrophage metabolism and additional host defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie C McKell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Rebecca R Crowther
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Stephanie M Schmidt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Michelle C Robillard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Rachel Cantrell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Maria A Lehn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Edith M Janssen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Joseph E Qualls
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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70
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Tweedie A, Nissan T. Hiding in Plain Sight: Formation and Function of Stress Granules During Microbial Infection of Mammalian Cells. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:647884. [PMID: 33996904 PMCID: PMC8116797 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.647884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress granule (SG) formation is a host cell response to stress-induced translational repression. SGs assemble with RNA-binding proteins and translationally silent mRNA. SGs have been demonstrated to be both inhibitory to viruses, as well as being subverted for viral roles. In contrast, the function of SGs during non-viral microbial infections remains largely unexplored. A handful of microbial infections have been shown to result in host SG assembly. Nevertheless, a large body of evidence suggests SG formation in hosts is a widespread response to microbial infection. Diverse stresses caused by microbes and their products can activate the integrated stress response in order to inhibit translation initiation through phosphorylation of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α). This translational response in other contexts results in SG assembly, suggesting that SG assembly can be a general phenomenon during microbial infection. This review explores evidence for host SG formation in response to bacterial, fungal, and protozoan infection and potential functions of SGs in the host and for adaptations of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair Tweedie
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Tracy Nissan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Meca AD, Ștefănescu S, Bogdan M, Turcu-Știolică A, Nițu FM, Matei M, Cioboată R, Bugă AM, Pisoschi CG. Crosstalk between vitamin D axis, inflammation and host immunity mechanisms: A prospective study. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:608. [PMID: 33936265 PMCID: PMC8082620 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a public health burden, after many years at attempts for its eradication. Vitamin D (VD) status has been suggested to be related to TB susceptibility because it has the ability to regulate multiple axes of the innate and adaptive host immune response. VD mediates cathelicidin (LL-37) synthesis, a cationic bactericidal peptide, through the expression of vitamin D receptor (VDR). Host innate defense mechanisms include autophagy and apoptosis of alveolar macrophages. The present study aimed to assess the relationship between VD status, inflammation and host defense mechanisms before and after two months of first-line anti-TB pharmacotherapy. The study included newly diagnosed individuals with pulmonary TB without co-morbidities (HIV infection, diabetes, cancer) and without VD supplementation or other therapies interfering with VD serum levels. We measured serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-(OH)-D), the major circulating form of vitamin D, VDR, LL-37, beclin-1 (an autophagy marker) and M30 (an apoptosis biomarker) before and after two months of anti-TB treatment. Individuals presented lower levels of 25-(OH)-D before receiving first-line anti-TB treatment (T0) in comparison with its plasmatic levels after two-months of therapy (T2). At T2, patients were divided in two subgroups according the results of sputum-culture conversion. After two-months of therapy, decreased values of LL-37, beclin-1 and M30 were observed in the culture-negative patients compared to the culture-positive patients. Control of anti-TB treatment outcome could be improved by appraisal of VD status and host defense mechanisms such as autophagy and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea-Daniela Meca
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Simona Ștefănescu
- Clinical Laboratory, Clinical Emergency County Hospital, 200642 Craiova, Romania
| | - Maria Bogdan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Adina Turcu-Știolică
- Department of Pharmacoeconomics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Floarea Mimi Nițu
- Department of Pneumology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Marius Matei
- Department of Histology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Ramona Cioboată
- Department of Pneumology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Ana Maria Bugă
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
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72
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Tamgue O, Chia JE, Brombacher F. Triptolide Modulates the Expression of Inflammation-Associated lncRNA-PACER and lincRNA-p21 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Infected Monocyte-Derived Macrophages. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:618462. [PMID: 33912039 PMCID: PMC8071990 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.618462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Triptolide is a diterpene triepoxide, which performs its biological activities via mechanisms including induction of apoptosis, targeting of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and reshaping of the epigenetic landscape of target cells. However, the targeting of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) by triptolide has not yet been investigated, despite their emerging roles as key epigenetic regulators of inflammation and immune cell function during Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Hence, we investigated whether triptolide targets inflammation-associated lncRNA-PACER and lincRNA-p21 and how this targeting associates with Mtb killing within monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs).Using RT-qPCR, we found that triptolide induced the expression of lincRNA-p21 but inhibited the expression of lncRNA-PACER in resting MDMs in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, Mtb infection induced the expression of lincRNA-p21 and lncRNA-PACER, and exposure to triptolide before or after Mtb infection led to further increase of Mtb-induced expression of these lncRNAs in MDMs. We further found that contrary to lncRNA-PACER, triptolide time- and dose-dependently upregulated Ptgs-2, which is a proximal gene regulated by lncRNA-PACER. Also, low-concentration triptolide inhibited the expression of cytokine IL-6, a known target of lincRNA-p21. Mtb infection induced the expression of IL-6 and Ptgs-2, and triptolide treatment further increased IL-6 but decreased Ptgs-2 expression in Mtb-infected MDMs. The inverse relation between the expression of these lncRNAs and their target genes is concordant with the conception that these lncRNAs mediate, at least partially, the cytotoxic and/or anti-inflammatory activities of triptolide in both resting and activated MDMs. Using the CFU count method, we found that triptolide decreased the intracellular growth of Mtb HN878. The alamarBlue assay showed that this decreased Mtb HN878 growth was not as a result of direct targeting of Mtb HN878 by triptolide, but rather evoking MDMs’ intracellular killing mechanisms which we speculate could include triptolide-induced enhancement of MDMs’ effector killing functions mediated by lncRNA-PACER and lincRNA-p21. Altogether, these results provide proof of the modulation of lncRNA-PACER and lincRNA-p21 expression by triptolide, and a possible link between these lncRNAs, the enhancement of MDMs’ effector killing functions and the intracellular Mtb-killing activities of triptolide. These findings prompt for further investigation of the precise contribution of these lncRNAs to triptolide-induced activities in MDMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ousman Tamgue
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon.,International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Julius Ebua Chia
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Frank Brombacher
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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73
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TLRs in Mycobacterial Pathogenesis: Black and White or Shades of Gray. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:2183-2193. [PMID: 33844035 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02488-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play critical role in the innate recognition of pathogens besides orchestrating innate and adaptive immune responses. These receptors exhibit exquisite specificity for different pathogens or their products and, through a complex network of signalling, generate appropriate immune responses. TLRs induce both pro- and anti-inflammatory signals depending on interactions with the adapter molecules thereby impacting the outcome of infection. Hence, TLR signalling ought to be stringently regulated to avoid harmful effects on the host. Mycobacteria express antigens which are sensed by TLRs leading to activation of various signalling molecules important for initiating the death of infected cells and containment of pathogens. Conversely, it also utilizes TLRs for immune evasion and persistence. Due to the enormous diversity in the repertoire of virulence traits expressed by mycobacteria, genetic variations in TLRs often impair the host's ability to respond to mycobacterial-stress, affecting health and disease manifestations. Thus, understanding TLR signalling is of great importance for insights into host-mycobacterial interactions and designing effective measures for controlling the spread and persistence of the bacterium.
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74
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Rankine-Wilson LI, Shapira T, Sao Emani C, Av-Gay Y. From infection niche to therapeutic target: the intracellular lifestyle of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2021; 167:001041. [PMID: 33826491 PMCID: PMC8289223 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is an obligate human pathogen killing millions of people annually. Treatment for tuberculosis is lengthy and complicated, involving multiple drugs and often resulting in serious side effects and non-compliance. Mtb has developed numerous complex mechanisms enabling it to not only survive but replicate inside professional phagocytes. These mechanisms include, among others, overcoming the phagosome maturation process, inhibiting the acidification of the phagosome and inhibiting apoptosis. Within the past decade, technologies have been developed that enable a more accurate understanding of Mtb physiology within its intracellular niche, paving the way for more clinically relevant drug-development programmes. Here we review the molecular biology of Mtb pathogenesis offering a unique perspective on the use and development of therapies that target Mtb during its intracellular life stage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tirosh Shapira
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Carine Sao Emani
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Yossef Av-Gay
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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75
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Sun YF, Pi J, Xu JF. Emerging Role of Exosomes in Tuberculosis: From Immunity Regulations to Vaccine and Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:628973. [PMID: 33868247 PMCID: PMC8047325 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.628973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are cell-derived nanovesicles carrying protein, lipid, and nucleic acid for secreting cells, and act as significant signal transport vectors for cell-cell communication and immune modulation. Immune-cell-derived exosomes have been found to contain molecules involved in immunological pathways, such as MHCII, cytokines, and pathogenic antigens. Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), remains one of the most fatal infectious diseases. The pathogen for tuberculosis escapes the immune defense and continues to replicate despite rigorous and complicate host cell mechanisms. The infected-cell-derived exosomes under this circumstance are found to trigger different immune responses, such as inflammation, antigen presentation, and activate subsequent pathways, highlighting the critical role of exosomes in anti-MTB immune response. Additionally, as a novel kind of delivery system, exosomes show potential in developing new vaccination and treatment of tuberculosis. We here summarize recent research progress regarding exosomes in the immune environment during MTB infection, and further discuss the potential of exosomes as delivery system for novel anti-MTB vaccines and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Fu Sun
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Jiang Pi
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Jun-Fa Xu
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
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76
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Rens C, Chao JD, Sexton DL, Tocheva EI, Av-Gay Y. Roles for phthiocerol dimycocerosate lipids in Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2021; 167. [PMID: 33629944 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The success of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a pathogen is well established: tuberculosis is the leading cause of death by a single infectious agent worldwide. The threat of multi- and extensively drug-resistant bacteria has renewed global concerns about this pathogen and understanding its virulence strategies will be essential in the fight against tuberculosis. The current review will focus on phthiocerol dimycocerosates (PDIMs), a long-known and well-studied group of complex lipids found in the M. tuberculosis cell envelope. Numerous studies show a role for PDIMs in several key steps of M. tuberculosis pathogenesis, with recent studies highlighting its involvement in bacterial virulence, in association with the ESX-1 secretion system. Yet, the mechanisms by which PDIMs help M. tuberculosis to control macrophage phagocytosis, inhibit phagosome acidification and modulate host innate immunity, remain to be fully elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Rens
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Joseph D Chao
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Danielle L Sexton
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Elitza I Tocheva
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Yossef Av-Gay
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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77
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Antituberculosis Drugs (Rifampicin and Isoniazid) Induce Liver Injury by Regulating NLRP3 Inflammasomes. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:8086253. [PMID: 33688304 PMCID: PMC7914095 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8086253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients being treated for pulmonary tuberculosis often suffer liver injury due to the effects of anti-TB drugs, and the underlying mechanisms for those injuries need to be clarified. In this study, rats and hepatic cells were administrated isoniazid (INH) and rifampin (RIF) and then treated with NLRP3-inflammasome inhibitors (INF39 and CP-456773) or NLRP3 siRNA. Histopathological changes that occurred in liver tissue were examined by H&E staining. Additionally, the levels IL-33, IL-18, IL-1β, NLRP3, ASC, and cleaved-caspase 1 expression in the liver tissues were also determined. NAT2 and CYP2E1 expression were identified by QRT-PCR analysis. Finally, in vitro assays were performed to examine the effects of siRNA targeting NLRP3. Treatment with the antituberculosis drugs caused significant liver injuries, induced inflammatory responses and oxidative stress (OS), activated NLRP3 inflammasomes, reduced the activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes, and altered the antioxidant defense system in rats and hepatic cells. The NLRP3 inflammasome was required for INH- and RIF-induced liver injuries that were produced by inflammatory responses, OS, the antioxidant defense system, and drug-metabolizing enzymes. This study indicated that the NLRP3 inflammasome is involved in antituberculosis drug-induced liver injuries (ATLIs) and suggests NLRP3 as a potential target for attenuating the inflammation response in ATLIs.
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78
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Luo HL, Pi J, Zhang JA, Yang EZ, Xu H, Luo H, Shen L, Peng Y, Liu GB, Song CM, Li KY, Wu XJ, Zheng BY, Shen HB, Chen ZW, Xu JF. Circular RNA TRAPPC6B inhibits intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth while inducing autophagy in macrophages by targeting microRNA-874-3p. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1254. [PMID: 33708385 PMCID: PMC7890665 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms regulate antimicrobial immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Methods The present study assessed circular RNA TRAPPC6B (circTRAPPC6B) for antimicrobial immune functions and defined mechanisms wherein circTRAPPC6B regulates Mtb growth, autophagy and microRNA in macrophages. Results The Mtb infection of monocytes/macrophages resulted in a significantly decreased level of circTRAPPC6B that inhibited intracellular Mtb growth in macrophages. Conversely, circTRAPPC6B expression enhanced autophagy or autophagy-associated protein LC3-II production in Mtb-infected macrophages. circTRAPPC6B-enhanced autophagy aggregation or sequestration was also observed in fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) analysis and confocal imaging. Mechanistically, circTRAPPC6B targets an inhibiting element miR-874-3p, as shown by bioinformatics, dual-luciferase reporter gene analysis and pull-down assay, respectively. Notably, miR-874-3p prohibited autophagy via suppressing autophagy protein ATG16L1 by binding to its 3'-untranslated region (UTR) in Mtb-infected macrophages and thus promoting intracellular Mtb growth. Concurrently, circTRAPPC6B enhanced autophagy in Mtb-infected macrophages by blocking the ability of miR-874-3p to inhibit ATG16L1. Thus, circTRAPPC6B antagonises the ability of miR-874-3p to suppress ATG16L1 expression and activate and enhance autophagy sequestration to restrict Mtb growth in macrophages. Conclusion The current findings suggested that both circTRAPPC6B and miR-874-3p mechanisms can be explored as potential therapeutics against Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hou-Long Luo
- Department of Clinical Immunology Institute of Laboratory Medicine Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics Guangdong Medical University Dongguan China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology Center for Primate Biomedical Research University of Illinois College of Medicine Chicago IL USA
| | - Jiang Pi
- Department of Clinical Immunology Institute of Laboratory Medicine Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics Guangdong Medical University Dongguan China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology Center for Primate Biomedical Research University of Illinois College of Medicine Chicago IL USA
| | - Jun-Ai Zhang
- Department of Clinical Immunology Institute of Laboratory Medicine Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics Guangdong Medical University Dongguan China
| | - En-Zhuo Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Center for Primate Biomedical Research University of Illinois College of Medicine Chicago IL USA
| | - Huan Xu
- Department of Clinical Immunology Institute of Laboratory Medicine Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics Guangdong Medical University Dongguan China
| | - Hong Luo
- Department of Clinical Immunology Institute of Laboratory Medicine Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics Guangdong Medical University Dongguan China
| | - Ling Shen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Center for Primate Biomedical Research University of Illinois College of Medicine Chicago IL USA
| | - Ying Peng
- Department of Clinical Immunology Institute of Laboratory Medicine Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics Guangdong Medical University Dongguan China
| | - Gan-Bin Liu
- Department of Respiration Dongguan 6th Hospital Dongguan China
| | - Cai-Mei Song
- Department of Clinical Immunology Institute of Laboratory Medicine Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics Guangdong Medical University Dongguan China
| | - Ke-Yue Li
- Department of Clinical Immunology Institute of Laboratory Medicine Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics Guangdong Medical University Dongguan China
| | - Xian-Jin Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital Huizhou China
| | - Bi-Ying Zheng
- Department of Clinical Immunology Institute of Laboratory Medicine Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics Guangdong Medical University Dongguan China
| | - Hong-Bo Shen
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Tongji University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Zheng W Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Center for Primate Biomedical Research University of Illinois College of Medicine Chicago IL USA
| | - Jun-Fa Xu
- Department of Clinical Immunology Institute of Laboratory Medicine Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics Guangdong Medical University Dongguan China
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79
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Crowther RR, Qualls JE. Metabolic Regulation of Immune Responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A Spotlight on L-Arginine and L-Tryptophan Metabolism. Front Immunol 2021; 11:628432. [PMID: 33633745 PMCID: PMC7900187 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.628432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is a leading cause of death worldwide. Despite decades of research, there is still much to be uncovered regarding the immune response to Mtb infection. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on anti-Mtb immunity, with a spotlight on immune cell amino acid metabolism. Specifically, we discuss L-arginine and L-tryptophan, focusing on their requirements, regulatory roles, and potential use as adjunctive therapy in TB patients. By continuing to uncover the immune cell contribution during Mtb infection and how amino acid utilization regulates their functions, it is anticipated that novel host-directed therapies may be developed and/or refined, helping to eradicate TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R Crowther
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Joseph E Qualls
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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80
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Maphasa RE, Meyer M, Dube A. The Macrophage Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Opportunities for Autophagy Inducing Nanomedicines for Tuberculosis Therapy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:618414. [PMID: 33628745 PMCID: PMC7897680 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.618414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The major causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), i.e., Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), has developed mechanisms to evade host defense responses and persist within host cells for prolonged periods of time. Mtb is also increasingly resistant to existing anti-TB drugs. There is therefore an urgent need to develop new therapeutics for TB and host directed therapies (HDTs) hold potential as effective therapeutics for TB. There is growing interest in the induction of autophagy in Mtb host cells using autophagy inducing compounds (AICs). Nanoparticles (NPs) can enhance the effect of AICs, thus improving stability, enabling cell targeting and providing opportunities for multimodal therapy. In this review, we focus on the macrophage responses to Mtb infection, in particular, the mechanistic aspects of autophagy and the evasion of autophagy by intracellular Mtb. Due to the overlap between the onset of autophagy and apoptosis; we also focus on the relationship between apoptosis and autophagy. We will also review known AICs in the context of Mtb infection. Finally, we discuss the applications of NPs in inducing autophagy with the intention of sharing insights to encourage further research and development of nanomedicine HDTs for TB therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Retsepile E Maphasa
- Infectious Disease Nanomedicine Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mervin Meyer
- DST/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Biolabels Node, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Admire Dube
- Infectious Disease Nanomedicine Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
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81
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv1515c antigen enhances survival of M. smegmatis within macrophages by disrupting the host defence. Microb Pathog 2021; 153:104778. [PMID: 33548483 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection is the major cause of tuberculosis. Mtb regions of difference (RD) genes are vital for survival of the pathogen within hosts and for the attenuation of the bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine. However, the function of most RD proteins largely remains unexplored. In the present study, we focused on Rv1515c, an RD6 member from M. tuberculosis, and characterised it as a cell surface-associated protein that functions in disrupting the cytokine profile and promoting endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis. Rv1515c expression in M. smegmatis, a nonpathogenic species, resulted in enhanced resistance of the bacterium to various in vitro stressors (such as low pH, sodium dodecyl sulfate, oxidative pressure, and nitrogen intermediate) and its cellular survival within macrophages. Our study is the first to identify the role of Rv1515c in the physiology and pathogenesis of mycobacterium.
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82
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Palma C, La Rocca C, Gigantino V, Aquino G, Piccaro G, Di Silvestre D, Brambilla F, Rossi R, Bonacina F, Lepore MT, Audano M, Mitro N, Botti G, Bruzzaniti S, Fusco C, Procaccini C, De Rosa V, Galgani M, Alviggi C, Puca A, Grassi F, Rezzonico-Jost T, Norata GD, Mauri P, Netea MG, de Candia P, Matarese G. Caloric Restriction Promotes Immunometabolic Reprogramming Leading to Protection from Tuberculosis. Cell Metab 2021; 33:300-318.e12. [PMID: 33421383 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There is a strong relationship between metabolic state and susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection, with energy metabolism setting the basis for an exaggerated immuno-inflammatory response, which concurs with MTB pathogenesis. Herein, we show that controlled caloric restriction (CR), not leading to malnutrition, protects susceptible DBA/2 mice against pulmonary MTB infection by reducing bacterial load, lung immunopathology, and generation of foam cells, an MTB reservoir in lung granulomas. Mechanistically, CR induced a metabolic shift toward glycolysis, and decreased both fatty acid oxidation and mTOR activity associated with induction of autophagy in immune cells. An integrated multi-omics approach revealed a specific CR-induced metabolomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic signature leading to reduced lung damage and protective remodeling of lung interstitial tightness able to limit MTB spreading. Our data propose CR as a feasible immunometabolic manipulation to control MTB infection, and this approach offers an unexpected strategy to boost immunity against MTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Palma
- Dipartimento Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy.
| | - Claudia La Rocca
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Gigantino
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione G. Pascale, IRCCS, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Aquino
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione G. Pascale, IRCCS, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Piccaro
- Dipartimento Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Dario Di Silvestre
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, Institute for Biomedical Technologies, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ITB-CNR), 20090 Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Brambilla
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, Institute for Biomedical Technologies, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ITB-CNR), 20090 Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Rossana Rossi
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, Institute for Biomedical Technologies, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ITB-CNR), 20090 Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Bonacina
- Department of Excellence in Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Lepore
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Matteo Audano
- Department of Excellence in Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Nico Mitro
- Department of Excellence in Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Gerardo Botti
- Scientific Directorate, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione G. Pascale, IRCCS, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Bruzzaniti
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), 80131 Napoli, Italy; Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Clorinda Fusco
- Treg Cell Lab, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudio Procaccini
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), 80131 Napoli, Italy; Unità di Neuroimmunologia, IRCCS-Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Roma, Italy
| | - Veronica De Rosa
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), 80131 Napoli, Italy; Unità di Neuroimmunologia, IRCCS-Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Roma, Italy
| | - Mario Galgani
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), 80131 Napoli, Italy; Treg Cell Lab, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Carlo Alviggi
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), 80131 Napoli, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science, and Odontostomatology, University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Annibale Puca
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi-Salerno, Italy; IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Grassi
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Rezzonico-Jost
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Danilo Norata
- Department of Excellence in Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, Società Italiana Studio Aterosclerosi, Bassini Hospital, 20092 Cinisello Balsamo, Milano, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Mauri
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, Institute for Biomedical Technologies, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ITB-CNR), 20090 Segrate, Milano, Italy; Istituto di Scienze della Vita, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases and Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department for Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), 80131 Napoli, Italy; Treg Cell Lab, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy.
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83
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Niu H, Yang T, Wang J, Wang R, Cai Y. Immunomodulatory Effect of Colistin and its Protective Role in Rats with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus-induced Pneumonia. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:602054. [PMID: 33551807 PMCID: PMC7854386 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.602054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Colistin is the last resort of antimicrobials against multi-drug resistant Gram-negative pathogens. Previous studies in Caenorhabditis elegans and macrophages of rats have suggested that colistin possesses the immunomodulatory properties by acting p38/MAPK pathway. Here, we aimed to confirm the immunomodulatory role of colistin in animal models. Methods: Rat model of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-induced pneumonia was established. Plasma concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines, quantitative bacteriology, histology and immunohistochemistry of lungs were assessed to compare the immunomodulatory properties of colistin pre-administration. Results: The numbers of white blood cells and granulocytes were significantly increased in the 9 mg/kg colistin pre-administration group at 72 h after infection. Levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in plasma after colistin pre-administration were lower compared with the infected group without treatment. Colistin pre-treatment resulted in lower bacterial counts, a dramatic decrease of cytokines and improved histopathological injury in infected lung tissues compared with the untreated animals. However, p38/MAPK inhibitor SB203580 did not fully block the above-mentioned effects caused by colistin. Conclusion: Pre-administration of colistin could attenuate an excessive inflammatory reaction and protect the lungs from MRSA-associated damages. However, these effects could not be reversed by blocking the p38/MAPK pathway alone. Collectively, the mechanism underlying the immunoregulatory effects of colistin in mammals needs to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Niu
- Department of Pharmacy, Center of Medicine Clinical Research, Medical Supplies Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tianli Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Center of Medicine Clinical Research, Medical Supplies Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Center of Medicine Clinical Research, Medical Supplies Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Center of Medicine Clinical Research, Medical Supplies Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, Center of Medicine Clinical Research, Medical Supplies Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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84
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Rodríguez-Fernández P, Gómez AC, Gibert I, Prat-Aymerich C, Domínguez J. Effects of cigarette smoke on the administration of isoniazid and rifampicin to macrophages infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Exp Lung Res 2020; 47:87-97. [PMID: 33305652 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2020.1854371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking is a cause behind many diseases, including tuberculosis, and it is a risk factor for tuberculosis infection and mortality. Moreover, smoking is associated with a poor tuberculosis treatment outcome. OBJECTIVES In this study, we focus on the effects of cigarette smoke on an infected cell culture treated with anti-tuberculosis drugs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cytotoxicity on THP-1, J774A.1 and MH-S cell lines and growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis exposed to a reference or a commercial cigarette was evaluated. THP-1 cell line was exposed to cigarette smoke, infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and treated with anti-tuberculosis drugs. Apoptosis and death cell were also tested on M. bovis BCG infected cells. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of anti-tuberculosis drugs were analyzed. RESULTS All cells lines showed viability values higher than 80% when exposed to cigarette smoke extract. However, THP-1 cell line infected with M. bovis BCG and exposed to Marlboro cigarette smoke showed up to a 54% reduction of apoptotic cells than cells unexposed to smoke. M. tuberculosis exposed to Marlboro cigarette smoke for 11 days had an optical density 16% lower than unexposed bacteria. When cells were infected with M. tuberculosis, the intracellular recovery of CFUs showed up to a 0.66 log reduction in cells exposed to cigarette smoke extract because of a potential impairment in the phagocytosis. Macrophages treated with drugs showed up to a 2.55 log reduction in the intracellular load burden compared with non-treated ones. Despite poor treatment outcome on TB smoker patients, minimal inhibitory concentration of rifampicin increased only 2-fold in M. tuberculosis exposed to cigarette smoke. CONCLUSION Smoking interferes with tuberculosis treatment impairing the immunity of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Rodríguez-Fernández
- Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.,CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.,Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andromeda-Celeste Gómez
- Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.,CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.,Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isidre Gibert
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Prat-Aymerich
- Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.,CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Domínguez
- Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.,CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
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85
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Mehta P. MicroRNA research: The new dawn of Tuberculosis. Indian J Tuberc 2020; 68:321-329. [PMID: 34099196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is global, one of the most fatal communicable diseases and leading cause of worldwide mortality. One-third of the global population is latently affected by Mtb (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) due to its ability to circumvent the host's immune response for its own survival. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs which function at the post-transcriptional level and are critical in fine-tuning immune responses regulating the repertoire of genes expressed in immune cells. Recent studies have established their crucial role against TB. Furthermore, the differential expression pattern of miRNAs has revealed the potential role of miRNAs as biomarkers which could be utilized to differentiate between healthy controls and active TB patients or between active and latent TB. The recent advancements made in the field of miRNA regulation of the host responses against TB, as well as the potential of miRNAs as biomarkers for TB diagnosis are discussed here in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Mehta
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110 007, India.
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86
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Ivanyi J. Tuberculosis vaccination needs to avoid 'decoy' immune reactions. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2020; 126:102021. [PMID: 33254012 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2020.102021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Current search for a new effective vaccine against tuberculosis involves selected antigens, vectors and adjuvants. These are being evaluated usually by their booster inoculation following priming with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin. The purpose of this article is to point out, that despite being attenuated of virulence, priming with BCG may still involve immune mechanisms, which are not favourable for protection against active disease. It is postulated, that the responsible 'decoy' constituents selected during the evolution of pathogenic tubercle bacilli may be involved in the evasion from bactericidal host resistance and stimulate immune responses of a cytokine phenotype, which lead to the transition from latent closed granulomas to reactivation with infectious lung cavities. The decoy mechanisms appear as favourable for most infected subjects but leading in a minority of cases to pathology which can effectively transmit the infection. It is proposed that construction and development of new vaccine candidates could benefit from avoiding decoy-type immune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Ivanyi
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Guy's Campus of Kings College London, SE1, 1UL, United kingdom.
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87
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The role of non-coding RNA on macrophage modification in tuberculosis infection. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104592. [PMID: 33098931 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), a serious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains the world's top infectious killer. It is well-established that TB can circumvent the host's immune response for long-term survival. Macrophages serve as the major host cells for TB growth and persistence and their altered functions are critical for the response of the host defense against TB exposure (elimination, latency, reactivation, and bacillary dissemination). Noncoding RNAs are crucial posttranscriptional regulators of macrophage discrimination. Therefore, this review highlights the regulatory mechanism underlying the relationship between noncoding RNAs and macrophages in TB infection, which may facilitate the identification of potential therapeutic targets and effective diagnosis biomarkers for TB disease.
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88
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Kim JK, Silwal P, Jo EK. Host-Pathogen Dialogues in Autophagy, Apoptosis, and Necrosis during Mycobacterial Infection. Immune Netw 2020; 20:e37. [PMID: 33163245 PMCID: PMC7609165 DOI: 10.4110/in.2020.20.e37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is an etiologic pathogen of human tuberculosis (TB), a serious infectious disease with high morbidity and mortality. In addition, the threat of drug resistance in anti-TB therapy is of global concern. Despite this, it remains urgent to research for understanding the molecular nature of dynamic interactions between host and pathogens during TB infection. While Mtb evasion from phagolysosomal acidification is a well-known virulence mechanism, the molecular events to promote intracellular parasitism remains elusive. To combat intracellular Mtb infection, several defensive processes, including autophagy and apoptosis, are activated. In addition, Mtb-ingested phagocytes trigger inflammation, and undergo necrotic cell death, potentially harmful responses in case of uncontrolled pathological condition. In this review, we focus on Mtb evasion from phagosomal acidification, and Mtb interaction with host autophagy, apoptosis, and necrosis. Elucidation of the molecular dialogue will shed light on Mtb pathogenesis, host defense, and development of new paradigms of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Kyung Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Prashanta Silwal
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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89
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Mohareer K, Medikonda J, Vadankula GR, Banerjee S. Mycobacterial Control of Host Mitochondria: Bioenergetic and Metabolic Changes Shaping Cell Fate and Infection Outcome. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:457. [PMID: 33102245 PMCID: PMC7554303 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria, are undoubtedly critical organelle of a eukaryotic cell, which provide energy and offer a platform for most of the cellular signaling pathways that decide cell fate. The role of mitochondria in immune-metabolism is now emerging as a crucial process governing several pathological states, including infection, cancer, and diabetes. Mitochondria have therefore been a vulnerable target for several bacterial and viral pathogens to control host machinery for their survival, replication, and dissemination. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a highly successful human pathogen, persists inside alveolar macrophages at the primary infection site, applying several strategies to circumvent macrophage defenses, including control of host mitochondria. The infection perse and specific mycobacterial factors that enter the host mitochondrial milieu perturb mitochondrial dynamics and function by disturbing mitochondrial membrane potential, shifting bioenergetics parameters such as ATP and ROS, orienting the host cell fate and thereby infection outcome. In the present review, we attempt to integrate the available information and emerging dogmas to get a holistic view of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection vis-a-vis mycobacterial factors that target host mitochondria and changes therein in terms of morphology, dynamics, proteomic, and bioenergetic alterations that lead to a differential cell fate and immune response determining the disease outcome. We also discuss critical host factors and processes that are overturned by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, such as cAMP-mediated signaling, redox homeostasis, and lipid droplet formation. Further, we also present alternate dogmas as well as the gaps and limitations in understanding some of the present research areas, which can be further explored by understanding some critical processes during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and the reasons thereof. Toward the end, we propose to have a set of guidelines for pursuing investigations to maintain uniformity in terms of early and late phase, MOI of infection, infection duration and incubation periods, the strain of mycobacteria, passage numbers, and so on, which all work as probable variables toward different readouts. Such a setup would, therefore, help in the smooth integration of information across laboratories toward a better understanding of the disease and possibilities of host-directed therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnaveni Mohareer
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Jayashankar Medikonda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Govinda Raju Vadankula
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sharmistha Banerjee
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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90
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Mourenza Á, Gil JA, Mateos LM, Letek M. Novel Treatments against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Based on Drug Repurposing. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E550. [PMID: 32872158 PMCID: PMC7557778 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9090550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is the leading cause of death, worldwide, due to a bacterial pathogen. This respiratory disease is caused by the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis and produces 1.5 million deaths every year. The incidence of tuberculosis has decreased during the last decade, but the emergence of MultiDrug-Resistant (MDR-TB) and Extensively Drug-Resistant (XDR-TB) strains of M. tuberculosis is generating a new health alarm. Therefore, the development of novel therapies based on repurposed drugs against MDR-TB and XDR-TB have recently gathered significant interest. Recent evidence, focused on the role of host molecular factors on M. tuberculosis intracellular survival, allowed the identification of new host-directed therapies. Interestingly, the mechanism of action of many of these therapies is linked to the activation of autophagy (e.g., nitazoxanide or imatinib) and other well-known molecular pathways such as apoptosis (e.g., cisplatin and calycopterin). Here, we review the latest developments on the identification of novel antimicrobials against tuberculosis (including avermectins, eltrombopag, or fluvastatin), new host-targeting therapies (e.g., corticoids, fosfamatinib or carfilzomib) and the host molecular factors required for a mycobacterial infection that could be promising targets for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Mourenza
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; (Á.M.); (J.A.G.)
| | - José A. Gil
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; (Á.M.); (J.A.G.)
- Instituto de Biología Molecular, Genómica y Proteómica (INBIOMIC), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Luis M. Mateos
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; (Á.M.); (J.A.G.)
- Instituto de Biología Molecular, Genómica y Proteómica (INBIOMIC), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Michal Letek
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; (Á.M.); (J.A.G.)
- Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero y Sanidad Animal (INDEGSAL), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
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91
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Pehote G, Vij N. Autophagy Augmentation to Alleviate Immune Response Dysfunction, and Resolve Respiratory and COVID-19 Exacerbations. Cells 2020; 9:cells9091952. [PMID: 32847034 PMCID: PMC7565665 DOI: 10.3390/cells9091952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The preservation of cellular homeostasis requires the synthesis of new proteins (proteostasis) and organelles, and the effective removal of misfolded or impaired proteins and cellular debris. This cellular homeostasis involves two key proteostasis mechanisms, the ubiquitin proteasome system and the autophagy–lysosome pathway. These catabolic pathways have been known to be involved in respiratory exacerbations and the pathogenesis of various lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis (CF), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), acute lung injury (ALI), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Briefly, proteostasis and autophagy processes are known to decline over time with age, cigarette or biomass smoke exposure, and/or influenced by underlying genetic factors, resulting in the accumulation of misfolded proteins and cellular debris, elevating apoptosis and cellular senescence, and initiating the pathogenesis of acute or chronic lung disease. Moreover, autophagic dysfunction results in an impaired microbial clearance, post-bacterial and/or viral infection(s) which contribute to the initiation of acute and recurrent respiratory exacerbations as well as the progression of chronic obstructive and restrictive lung diseases. In addition, the autophagic dysfunction-mediated cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) immune response impairment further exacerbates the lung disease. Recent studies demonstrate the therapeutic potential of novel autophagy augmentation strategies, in alleviating the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive or restrictive lung diseases and exacerbations such as those commonly seen in COPD, CF, ALI/ARDS and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Pehote
- Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA;
| | - Neeraj Vij
- Department of Pediatrics and Pulmonary Medicine, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- PRECISION THERANOSTICS INC, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
- VIJ BIOTECH, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +1-240-623-0757
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92
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Epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis in Anhui Province, Eastern China from 2013 to 2018. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237311. [PMID: 32760160 PMCID: PMC7410308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is a severe infectious respiratory disease, the burden of which remains high in China. To provide scientific evidence for developing more targeted prevention and control strategies, this study aimed to determine the incidence trends and explore the epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary TB in Anhui Province, Eastern China between 2013 and 2018. METHODS The retrospective study analyzed information regarding pulmonary TB cases reported by the National Infectious Disease Reporting System and census data collected from the Anhui Provincial Bureau of Statistics. RESULTS Overall, 211,892 cases of TB patients were reported in Anhui Province, China between 2013 and 2018, with an average annual reported incidence rate of 57.7 per 100,000 persons. A significant decrease in the incidence rate of pulmonary TB (p < 0.001) was observed during the study period. Men had a higher incidence rate of pulmonary TB than women (p < 0.001). The highest annual average reported incidence rate was 204.2 per 100,000 persons in those aged 70-74 years. The number of farmers with pulmonary TB, i.e., 155,415, accounted for 73.4% of all cases. Moreover, the peak period of reported cases was from January to March. Four cities along the Yangtze River-Anqing, Tongling, Chizhou, and Wuhu-reported significantly higher incidence rates of pulmonary TB than other cities (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS From 2013 to 2018, there was a significant decline in the incidence rate of pulmonary TB in Anhui Province, with peaks occurring from January to March. Prevention and control strategies targeting men, people aged 70-74 years, farmers, and the four cities along the Yangtze River should be strengthened.
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93
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Bhaskar A, Kumar S, Khan MZ, Singh A, Dwivedi VP, Nandicoori VK. Host sirtuin 2 as an immunotherapeutic target against tuberculosis. eLife 2020; 9:55415. [PMID: 32697192 PMCID: PMC7398663 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) employs plethora of mechanisms to hijack the host defence machinery for its successful survival, proliferation and persistence. Here, we show that Mtb upregulates one of the key epigenetic modulators, NAD+ dependent histone deacetylase Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2), which upon infection translocate to the nucleus and deacetylates histone H3K18, thus modulating the host transcriptome leading to enhanced macrophage activation. Furthermore, in Mtb specific T cells, SIRT2 deacetylates NFκB-p65 at K310 to modulate T helper cell differentiation. Pharmacological inhibition of SIRT2 restricts the intracellular growth of both drug-sensitive and resistant strains of Mtb and enhances the efficacy of front line anti-TB drug Isoniazid in the murine model of infection. SIRT2 inhibitor-treated mice display reduced bacillary load, decreased disease pathology and increased Mtb-specific protective immune responses. Overall, this study provides a link between Mtb infection, epigenetics and host immune response, which can be exploited to achieve therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashima Bhaskar
- Signal Transduction Laboratory 1, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Immunobiology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Mehak Zahoor Khan
- Signal Transduction Laboratory 1, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Ved Prakash Dwivedi
- Immunobiology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Nandicoori
- Signal Transduction Laboratory 1, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
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Sharma A, Vaghasiya K, Ray E, Gupta P, Gupta UD, Singh AK, Verma RK. Targeted Pulmonary Delivery of the Green Tea Polyphenol Epigallocatechin Gallate Controls the Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Enhancing the Autophagy and Suppressing Bacterial Burden. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:4126-4140. [PMID: 33463343 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Growing rates of tuberculosis (TB) superbugs are alarming, which has hampered the progress made to-date to control this infectious disease, and new drug candidates are few. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a major polyphenolic compound from green tea extract, shows powerful efficacy against TB bacteria in in vitro studies. However, the therapeutic efficacy of the molecule is limited due to poor pharmacokinetics and low bioavailability following oral administration. Aiming to improve the treatment outcomes of EGCG therapy, we investigated whether encapsulation and pulmonary delivery of the molecule would allow the direct targeting of the site of infection without compromising the activity. Microencapsulation of EGCG was realized by scalable spray-freeze-drying (SFD) technology, forming free-flowing micrometer-sized microspheres (epigallocatechin-3-gallate-loaded trehalose microspheres, EGCG-t-MS) of trehalose sugar. These porous microspheres exhibited appropriate aerodynamic parameters and high encapsulation efficiencies. In vitro studies demonstrated that EGCG-t-MS exhibited dose- and time-dependent killing of TB bacteria inside mouse macrophages by cellular mechanisms of lysosome acidification and autophagy induction. In a preclinical study on TB-infected Balb/c mice model (4 weeks of infection), we demonstrate that the microencapsulated EGCG, administered 5 days/week for 6 weeks by pulmonary delivery, showed exceptional efficacy compared to oral treatment of free drug. This treatment approach exhibited therapeutic outcomes by resolution of inflammation in the infected lungs and significant reduction (P < 0.05) in bacterial burden (up to ∼2.54 Log10 CFU) compared to untreated control and orally treated mice groups. No pathological granulomas, lesions, and inflammation were observed in the histopathological investigation, compared to untreated controls. The encouraging results of the study may pave the avenues for future use of EGCG in TB therapeutics by targeted pulmonary delivery and lead to its translational success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Sharma
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Phase-10, Sector-64, Mohali, Punjab-160062, India
| | - Kalpesh Vaghasiya
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Phase-10, Sector-64, Mohali, Punjab-160062, India
| | - Eupa Ray
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Phase-10, Sector-64, Mohali, Punjab-160062, India
| | - Pushpa Gupta
- National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Tajganj, Agra-282001, India
| | - Umesh Datta Gupta
- National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Tajganj, Agra-282001, India
| | - Amit Kumar Singh
- National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Tajganj, Agra-282001, India
| | - Rahul Kumar Verma
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Phase-10, Sector-64, Mohali, Punjab-160062, India
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95
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Ferluga J, Yasmin H, Al-Ahdal MN, Bhakta S, Kishore U. Natural and trained innate immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Immunobiology 2020; 225:151951. [PMID: 32423788 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.151951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, remains a major global health emergency. It is estimated that one third of global population are affected, predominantly with latent granuloma form of the disease. Mtb co-evolved with humans, for its obligatory intra-macrophage phagosome habitat and slow replication, balanced against unique mycobacterial innate immunity, which appears to be highly complex. TB is transmitted via cough aerosol Mtb inhalation. Bovine TB attenuated Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) live vaccine has been in practice for protection of young children from severe disseminated Mtb infection, but not sufficiently for their lungs, as obtained by trials in TB endemic community. To augment BCG vaccine-driven innate and adaptive immunity for neonates and better protection against adult pulmonary TB, a number of BCG pre-vaccination based, subset vaccine candidates have been tested via animal preclinical, followed by safe clinical trials. BCG also enhances innate macrophage trained immunity and memory, through primordial intracellular Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 7 and 9, which recognise distinct mycobacterial molecular pattern signature. This signature is transmitted by TLR signalling via nuclear factor-κB, for activating innate immune transcription and expression of gene profiling in a mycobacterial signature-specific manner. These are epigenetically imprinted in reprogramming of distinct chromatin areas for innate immune memory, to be recalled following lung reinfection. Unique TB innate immunity and its trained memory are considered independent from adaptive immune B and T cells. On the other hand, adaptive immunity is crucial in Mtb containment in granulomatous latency, supported by innate immune cell infiltration. In nearly 5-10 % of susceptible people, latent TB may be activated due to immune evasion by Mtb from intracellular phagosome within macrophage, perpetrating TB. However, BCG and new recombinant BCG vaccines have the capacity, as indicated in pre- and clinical trials, to overcome such Mtb evasion. Various strategies include pro-inflammatory-bactericidal type 1 polarisation (M1) phenotype of the infected macrophage, involving thrombospondin-TLR pathway. Saprophytic M. smegmatis-based recombinant vaccines are also promising candidates against TB. BCG vaccination of neonates/infants in TB endemic countries also reduced their pneumonia caused by various microbes independent of TB immunity. Here, we discuss host immune response against Mtb, its immune evasion strategies, and the important role innate immunity plays in the development of protection against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janez Ferluga
- Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Hadida Yasmin
- Immunology and Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India
| | - Mohammed N Al-Ahdal
- Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sanjib Bhakta
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom
| | - Uday Kishore
- Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom.
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96
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Abstract
Since current strategies for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) have low efficacy and highly negative side effects, research on new treatments including novel drugs is essential for curing drug-resistant tuberculosis. Host-directed therapy (HDT) has become a promising idea to modulate host cell responses to enhance protective immunity against pathogens. Bazedoxifene (BZA), which belongs to a new generation of SERMs, shows the ability to inhibit the growth of M. tuberculosis in macrophages and is associated with autophagy. Our findings reveal a previously unrecognized antibacterial function of BZA. We propose that the mechanism of SERMs action in macrophages may provide a new potential measure for host-directed therapies against TB. Tuberculosis (TB) is still the leading killer caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. There is a clear need for new treatment strategy against TB. It has been reported that tamoxifen, known as a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), exhibits antimycobacterial activity and inhibits M. tuberculosis growth in macrophages. However, it remains unknown whether such antimicrobial activity is a general property of all SERMs and how it works. In this study, we identified that bazedoxifene (BZA), a newer SERM, inhibits intracellular M. tuberculosis growth in macrophages. BZA treatment increases autophagosome formation and LC3B-II protein expression in M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages. We further demonstrated that the enhancement of autophagy by BZA is dependent on increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and associated with phosphorylation of Akt/mTOR signaling. In summary, our data reveal a previously unappreciated antimicrobial function of BZA and suggest that future investigation focusing on the mechanism of action of SERMs in macrophages may lead to new host-directed therapies against TB. IMPORTANCE Since current strategies for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) have low efficacy and highly negative side effects, research on new treatments including novel drugs is essential for curing drug-resistant tuberculosis. Host-directed therapy (HDT) has become a promising idea to modulate host cell responses to enhance protective immunity against pathogens. Bazedoxifene (BZA), which belongs to a new generation of SERMs, shows the ability to inhibit the growth of M. tuberculosis in macrophages and is associated with autophagy. Our findings reveal a previously unrecognized antibacterial function of BZA. We propose that the mechanism of SERMs action in macrophages may provide a new potential measure for host-directed therapies against TB.
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97
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The Role of Autophagy and Autophagy Receptor NDP52 in Microbial Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062008. [PMID: 32187990 PMCID: PMC7139735 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a general protective mechanism for maintaining homeostasis in eukaryotic cells, regulating cellular metabolism, and promoting cell survival by degrading and recycling cellular components under stress conditions. The degradation pathway that is mediated by autophagy receptors is called selective autophagy, also named as xenophagy. Autophagy receptor NDP52 acts as a ‘bridge’ between autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and it also plays an important role in the process of selective autophagy. Pathogenic microbial infections cause various diseases in both humans and animals, posing a great threat to public health. Increasing evidence has revealed that autophagy and autophagy receptors are involved in the life cycle of pathogenic microbial infections. The interaction between autophagy receptor and pathogenic microorganism not only affects the replication of these microorganisms in the host cell, but it also affects the host’s immune system. This review aims to discuss the effects of autophagy on pathogenic microbial infection and replication, and summarizes the mechanisms by which autophagy receptors interact with microorganisms. While considering the role of autophagy receptors in microbial infection, NDP52 might be a potential target for developing effective therapies to treat pathogenic microbial infections.
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98
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LRRK2 regulation of immune-pathways and inflammatory disease. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 47:1581-1595. [PMID: 31769472 PMCID: PMC6925522 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich-repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are associated with familial and sporadic cases of Parkinson's disease but are also found in immune-related disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease, tuberculosis and leprosy. LRRK2 is highly expressed in immune cells and has been functionally linked to pathways pertinent to immune cell function, such as cytokine release, autophagy and phagocytosis. Here, we examine the current understanding of the role of LRRK2 kinase activity in pathway regulation in immune cells, drawing upon data from multiple diseases associated with LRRK2 to highlight the pleiotropic effects of LRRK2 in different cell types. We discuss the role of the bona fide LRRK2 substrate, Rab GTPases, in LRRK2 pathway regulation as well as downstream events in the autophagy and inflammatory pathways.
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99
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Pi J, Shen L, Yang E, Shen H, Huang D, Wang R, Hu C, Jin H, Cai H, Cai J, Zeng G, Chen ZW. Macrophage‐Targeted Isoniazid–Selenium Nanoparticles Promote Antimicrobial Immunity and Synergize Bactericidal Destruction of Tuberculosis Bacilli. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201912122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Pi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Center for Primate Biomedical Research University of Illinois College of Medicine Chicago IL 60612 USA
- Department of Microbiology Zhongshan School of Medicine Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou Guangdong 510080 China
| | - Ling Shen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Center for Primate Biomedical Research University of Illinois College of Medicine Chicago IL 60612 USA
| | - Enzhuo Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Center for Primate Biomedical Research University of Illinois College of Medicine Chicago IL 60612 USA
| | - Hongbo Shen
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Tongji University School of Medicine Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Dan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Center for Primate Biomedical Research University of Illinois College of Medicine Chicago IL 60612 USA
| | - Richard Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Center for Primate Biomedical Research University of Illinois College of Medicine Chicago IL 60612 USA
| | - Chunmiao Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Center for Primate Biomedical Research University of Illinois College of Medicine Chicago IL 60612 USA
| | - Hua Jin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Center for Primate Biomedical Research University of Illinois College of Medicine Chicago IL 60612 USA
| | - Huaihong Cai
- Department of Chemistry Jinan University Guangzhou Guangdong 510632 China
| | - Jiye Cai
- Department of Chemistry Jinan University Guangzhou Guangdong 510632 China
| | - Gucheng Zeng
- Department of Microbiology Zhongshan School of Medicine Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou Guangdong 510080 China
| | - Zheng W. Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Center for Primate Biomedical Research University of Illinois College of Medicine Chicago IL 60612 USA
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100
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Osei Sekyere J, Maningi NE, Fourie PB. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, antimicrobials, immunity, and lung-gut microbiota crosstalk: current updates and emerging advances. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1467:21-47. [PMID: 31989644 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Increasingly, gut microbiota distortions are being implicated in the pathogenesis of several infectious and noninfectious diseases. Specifically, in the absence of an eubiotic microbiota, mice are more prone to colonization and infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). In this qualitative analysis, the following were observed: (1) antimicrobials cause long-term gut microbiota perturbations; (2) Mtb causes limited and transient disturbances to the lung-gut microbiota; (3) pathogens (e.g., Helicobacter hepaticus) affect microbiota integrity and reduce resistance to Mtb; (4) dysbiosis depletes bacterial species regulating proper immune functioning, reducing resistance to Mtb; (5) dysregulated immune cells fail to express important pathogen-recognition receptors (e.g., macrophage-inducible C-type lectin; MINCLE) and Mtb-killing cytokines (e.g., IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17), with hampered phagocytic capability; (6) autophagy is central to the immune system's clearance of Mtb, control of inflammation, and immunity-microbiome balance; (7) microbiota-produced short-chain fatty acids, which are reduced by dysbiosis, affect immune cells and increase Mtb proliferation; (8) commensal species (e.g., Lactobacillus plantarum) and microbiota metabolites (e.g., indole propionic acid) reduce tuberculosis progression; and (9) fecal transplants mostly restored eubiosis, increased immune resistance to Mtb, restricted dissemination of Mtb, and reduced tuberculosis-associated organ pathologies. Overuse of antimicrobials, as shown in mice, is a risk factor for reactivating latent or treated tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Osei Sekyere
- Molecular Mycobacteriology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nontuthuko E Maningi
- Molecular Mycobacteriology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Petrus B Fourie
- Molecular Mycobacteriology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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