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Barron SL, Saez J, Owens RM. In Vitro Models for Studying Respiratory Host-Pathogen Interactions. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2000624. [PMID: 33943040 PMCID: PMC8212094 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory diseases and lower respiratory tract infections are among the leading cause of death worldwide and, especially given the recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 pandemic, are of high and prevalent socio-economic importance. In vitro models, which accurately represent the lung microenvironment, are of increasing significance given the ethical concerns around animal work and the lack of translation to human disease, as well as the lengthy time to market and the attrition rates associated with clinical trials. This review gives an overview of the biological and immunological components involved in regulating the respiratory epithelium system in health, disease, and infection. The evolution from 2D to 3D cell biology and to more advanced technological integrated models for studying respiratory host-pathogen interactions are reviewed and provide a reference point for understanding the in vitro modeling requirements. Finally, the current limitations and future perspectives for advancing this field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Barron
- Bioassay Impurities and QualityBiopharmaceuticals DevelopmentR&DAstraZenecaCambridgeCB21 6GPUK
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyPhilippa Fawcett DriveCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Janire Saez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyPhilippa Fawcett DriveCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Róisín M. Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyPhilippa Fawcett DriveCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
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52
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Planté-Bordeneuve T, Pilette C, Froidure A. The Epithelial-Immune Crosstalk in Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:631235. [PMID: 34093523 PMCID: PMC8170303 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.631235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between the lung epithelium and the immune system involve a tight regulation to prevent inappropriate reactions and have been connected to several pulmonary diseases. Although the distal lung epithelium and local immunity have been implicated in the pathogenesis and disease course of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), consequences of their abnormal interplay remain less well known. Recent data suggests a two-way process, as illustrated by the influence of epithelial-derived periplakin on the immune landscape or the effect of macrophage-derived IL-17B on epithelial cells. Additionally, damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), released by damaged or dying (epithelial) cells, are augmented in IPF. Next to “sterile inflammation”, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are increased in IPF and have been linked with lung fibrosis, while outer membrane vesicles from bacteria are able to influence epithelial-macrophage crosstalk. Finally, the advent of high-throughput technologies such as microbiome-sequencing has allowed for the identification of a disease-specific microbial environment. In this review, we propose to discuss how the interplays between the altered distal airway and alveolar epithelium, the lung microbiome and immune cells may shape a pro-fibrotic environment. More specifically, it will highlight DAMPs-PAMPs pathways and the specificities of the IPF lung microbiome while discussing recent elements suggesting abnormal mucosal immunity in pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Planté-Bordeneuve
- Pôle de pneumologie, O.R.L. et dermatologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Charles Pilette
- Pôle de pneumologie, O.R.L. et dermatologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium.,Service de pneumologie, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Antoine Froidure
- Pôle de pneumologie, O.R.L. et dermatologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium.,Service de pneumologie, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Bruxelles, Belgium
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53
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McKelvey MC, Brown R, Ryan S, Mall MA, Weldon S, Taggart CC. Proteases, Mucus, and Mucosal Immunity in Chronic Lung Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5018. [PMID: 34065111 PMCID: PMC8125985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22095018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated protease activity has long been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic lung diseases and especially in conditions that display mucus obstruction, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, and non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. However, our appreciation of the roles of proteases in various aspects of such diseases continues to grow. Patients with muco-obstructive lung disease experience progressive spirals of inflammation, mucostasis, airway infection and lung function decline. Some therapies exist for the treatment of these symptoms, but they are unable to halt disease progression and patients may benefit from novel adjunct therapies. In this review, we highlight how proteases act as multifunctional enzymes that are vital for normal airway homeostasis but, when their activity becomes immoderate, also directly contribute to airway dysfunction, and impair the processes that could resolve disease. We focus on how proteases regulate the state of mucus at the airway surface, impair mucociliary clearance and ultimately, promote mucostasis. We discuss how, in parallel, proteases are able to promote an inflammatory environment in the airways by mediating proinflammatory signalling, compromising host defence mechanisms and perpetuating their own proteolytic activity causing structural lung damage. Finally, we discuss some possible reasons for the clinical inefficacy of protease inhibitors to date and propose that, especially in a combination therapy approach, proteases represent attractive therapeutic targets for muco-obstructive lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. McKelvey
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (M.C.M.); (R.B.); (S.R.); (S.W.)
| | - Ryan Brown
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (M.C.M.); (R.B.); (S.R.); (S.W.)
| | - Sinéad Ryan
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (M.C.M.); (R.B.); (S.R.); (S.W.)
| | - Marcus A. Mall
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178 Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Sinéad Weldon
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (M.C.M.); (R.B.); (S.R.); (S.W.)
| | - Clifford C. Taggart
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (M.C.M.); (R.B.); (S.R.); (S.W.)
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54
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Li J, Qi Z, Li D, Huang X, Qi B, Feng J, Qu J, Wang X. Alveolar epithelial glycocalyx shedding aggravates the epithelial barrier and disrupts epithelial tight junctions in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 133:111026. [PMID: 33378942 PMCID: PMC7685063 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The main pathophysiological mechanism of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) invovles the increase in alveolar barrier permeability that is primarily caused by epithelial glycocalyx and tight junction (TJ) protein destruction. This study was performed to explore the effects of the alveolar epithelial glycocalyx on the epithelial barrier, specifically on TJ proteins, in ARDS. We used C57BL/6 mice and human lung epithelial cell models of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ARDS. Changes in alveolar permeability were evaluated via pulmonary histopathology analysis and by measuring the wet/dry weight ratio of the lungs. Degradation of heparan sulfate (HS), an important component of the epithelial glycocalyx, and alterations in levels of the epithelial TJ proteins (occludin, zonula occludens 1, and claudin 4) were assessed via ELISA, immunofluorescence analysis, and western blotting analysis. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the mRNA of the TJ protein. Changes in glycocalyx and TJ ultrastructures in alveolar epithelial cells were evaluated through electron microscopy. In vivo and in vitro, LPS increased the alveolar permeability and led to HS degradation and TJ damage. After LPS stimulation, the expression of the HS-degrading enzyme heparanase (HPA) in the alveolar epithelial cells was increased. The HPA inhibitor N-desulfated/re-N-acetylated heparin alleviated LPS-induced HS degradation and reduced TJ damage. In vitro, recombinant HPA reduced the expression of the TJ protein zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and inhibited its mRNA expression in the alveolar epithelial cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate that shedding of the alveolar epithelial glycocalyx aggravates the epithelial barrier and damages epithelial TJ proteins in ARDS, with the underlying mechanism involving the effect of HPA on ZO-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China; Deparetment of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, Shandong, 264100, China
| | - Zhijiang Qi
- Deparetment of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, Shandong, 264100, China
| | - Dongxiao Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, 256603, China
| | - Xiao Huang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, 256603, China
| | - Boyang Qi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, 256603, China
| | - Jiali Feng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, 256603, China
| | - Jianyu Qu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, 256603, China
| | - Xiaozhi Wang
- School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, 256603, China.
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55
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Abstract
The community of cells lining our airways plays a collaborative role in the preservation of immune homeostasis in the lung and provides protection from the pathogens and pollutants in the air we breathe. In addition to its structural attributes that provide effective mucociliary clearance of the lower airspace, the airway epithelium is an immunologically active barrier surface that senses changes in the airway environment and interacts with resident and recruited immune cells. Single-cell RNA-sequencing is illuminating the cellular heterogeneity that exists in the airway wall and has identified novel cell populations with unique molecular signatures, trajectories of differentiation and diverse functions in health and disease. In this Review, we discuss how our view of the airway epithelial landscape has evolved with the advent of transcriptomic approaches to cellular phenotyping, with a focus on epithelial interactions with the local neuronal and immune systems.
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56
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Vu CA, DeRonde KJ, Vega AD, Maxam M, Holt G, Natori Y, Zamora JG, Salazar V, Boatwright R, Morris SR, de Lima Corvino D, Betances AF, Colucci L, Keegan J, Lopez A, Rezk AH, Rodriguez Y, Moraru GM, Doblecki S, De La Zerda DJ, Abbo LM. Effects of Tocilizumab in COVID-19 patients: a cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:964. [PMID: 33353546 PMCID: PMC7755065 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05701-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the lack of proven therapies, we evaluated the effects of early administration of tocilizumab for COVID-19. By inhibition of the IL-6 receptor, tocilizumab may help to mitigate the hyperinflammatory response associated with progressive respiratory failure from SARS-CoV-2. METHODS A retrospective, observational study was conducted on hospitalized adults who received intravenous tocilizumab for COVID-19 between March 23, 2020 and April 10, 2020. RESULTS Most patients were male (66.7%), Hispanic (63.3%) or Black (23.3%), with a median age of 54 years. Tocilizumab was administered at a median of 8 days (range 1-21) after initial symptoms and 2 days (range 0-12) after hospital admission. Within 30 days from receiving tocilizumab, 36 patients (60.0%) demonstrated clinical improvement, 9 (15.0%) died, 33 (55.0%) were discharged alive, and 18 (30.0%) remained hospitalized. Successful extubation occurred in 13 out of 29 patients (44.8%). Infectious complications occurred in 16 patients (26.7%) at a median of 10.5 days. After tocilizumab was administered, there was a slight increase in PaO2/FiO2 and an initial reduction in CRP, but this effect was not sustained beyond day 10. CONCLUSIONS Majority of patients demonstrated clinical improvement and were successfully discharged alive from the hospital after receiving tocilizumab. We observed a rebound effect with CRP, which may suggest the need for higher or subsequent doses to adequately manage cytokine storm. Based on our findings, we believe that tocilizumab may have a role in the early treatment of COVID-19, however larger randomized controlled studies are needed to confirm this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Vu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jackson Health System, Miami, FL, USA.
- Jackson Memorial Hospital, Pharmacy Services, B069, 1611 NW 12th Ave, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | | | - Ana D Vega
- Department of Pharmacy, Jackson Health System, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Meshell Maxam
- Department of Pharmacy, Jackson Health System, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Gregory Holt
- Division of Pulmonary Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Yoichiro Natori
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jose Gonzales Zamora
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Stephen R Morris
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Daniela de Lima Corvino
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Anmary Fernandez Betances
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Leah Colucci
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - James Keegan
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Andy Lopez
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Gabriela M Moraru
- Department of Pediatrics, Jackson Health System/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Susanne Doblecki
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - David J De La Zerda
- Division of Pulmonary Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Lilian M Abbo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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57
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Rayner RE, Makena P, Prasad GL, Cormet-Boyaka E. Cigarette smoke preparations, not electronic nicotine delivery system preparations, induce features of lung disease in a 3D lung repeat-dose model. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 320:L276-L287. [PMID: 33207918 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00452.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for several lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease, and lung cancer. The potential health effects of chronic use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) is unclear. This study utilized fully differentiated primary normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cultures in a repeat-dose exposure to evaluate and compare the effect of combustible cigarette and ENDS preparations. We show that 1-h daily exposure of NHBE cultures over a 10-day period to combustible cigarette whole smoke-conditioned media (WS-CM) increased expression of oxidative stress markers, cell proliferation, airway remodeling, and cellular transformation markers and decreased mucociliary function including ion channel function and airway surface liquid. Conversely, aerosol conditioned media (ACM) from ENDS with similar nicotine concentration (equivalent-nicotine units) as WS-CM and nicotine alone had no effect on those parameters. In conclusion, primary NHBE cultures in a repeat-dose exposure system represent a good model to assess the features of lung disease. This study also reveals that cigarette and ENDS preparations differentially elicit several key endpoints, some of which are potential biomarkers for lung cancer or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael E Rayner
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - G L Prasad
- RAI Services Company, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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58
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Gan JM, Kho J, Akhunbay-Fudge M, Choo HM, Wright M, Batt F, Mandal AKJ, Chauhan R, Missouris CG. Atypical presentation of COVID-19 in hospitalised older adults. Ir J Med Sci 2020; 190:469-474. [PMID: 32959219 PMCID: PMC7505490 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-020-02372-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background It is increasingly recognised that older patients may not present with typical symptoms of COVID-19. Aims This study aims to evaluate the incidence, characteristics and clinical outcome of older adults with atypical presentations of COVID-19. Methods A retrospective analysis of adults ≥ 65 years with confirmed COVID-19 admitted to our institution between 1 March and 24 April 2020 was performed. Patients were categorised into typical or atypical groups based on primary presenting complaint in the community. Results One hundred twenty-two patients (mean age 81 ± 8 years; 62 male) were included. Seventy-three (60%) were categorised into the typical group and 49 (40%) into the atypical group. In the atypical group, common presenting complaints were fall in 18 (36%), reduced mobility or generalised weakness in 18 (36%) and delirium in 11 (22%). Further assessment by paramedics and on admission found 32 (65%) to have typical features of COVID-19, fever being the most common, and 22 (44%) were hypoxic. This subset had worse outcomes than those in the typical group with a mortality rate of 50% versus 38%, respectively, although this was not statistically significant (P = 0.27). No significant difference in mortality or length of hospital stay between the groups was demonstrated. Conclusion Older patients with atypical presentation of COVID-19 in the community are equally susceptible to poor outcomes. Early detection may improve outcomes and limit community transmission. Primary care practitioners should be vigilant and consider prompt onward referral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Ming Gan
- Department of Medicine, Wexham Park Hospital, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, Wexham Street, Slough, UK
| | - Jason Kho
- Department of Medicine, Wexham Park Hospital, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, Wexham Street, Slough, UK
| | - Michelle Akhunbay-Fudge
- Department of Medicine, Wexham Park Hospital, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, Wexham Street, Slough, UK
| | - Hwei Ming Choo
- Department of Medicine, Wexham Park Hospital, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, Wexham Street, Slough, UK
| | - Melanie Wright
- Department of Medicine, Wexham Park Hospital, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, Wexham Street, Slough, UK
| | - Farzana Batt
- Department of Medicine, Wexham Park Hospital, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, Wexham Street, Slough, UK
| | - Amit K J Mandal
- Department of Medicine, Wexham Park Hospital, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, Wexham Street, Slough, UK.
| | - Rahul Chauhan
- Department of Medicine, Wexham Park Hospital, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, Wexham Street, Slough, UK
| | - Constantinos G Missouris
- Department of Medicine, Wexham Park Hospital, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, Wexham Street, Slough, UK.,University of Cyprus Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus
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59
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Joelsson JP, Kricker JA, Arason AJ, Sigurdsson S, Valdimarsdottir B, Gardarsson FR, Page CP, Lehmann F, Gudjonsson T, Ingthorsson S. Azithromycin ameliorates sulfur dioxide-induced airway epithelial damage and inflammatory responses. Respir Res 2020; 21:233. [PMID: 32912304 PMCID: PMC7488110 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-01489-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The airway epithelium (AE) forms the first line of defence against harmful particles and pathogens. Barrier failure of the airway epithelium contributes to exacerbations of a range of lung diseases that are commonly treated with Azithromycin (AZM). In addition to its anti-bacterial function, AZM has immunomodulatory effects which are proposed to contribute to its clinical effectiveness. In vitro studies have shown the AE barrier-enhancing effects of AZM. The aim of this study was to analyze whether AE damage caused by inhalation of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in a murine model could be reduced by pre-treatment with AZM. Methods The leakiness of the AE barrier was evaluated after SO2 exposure by measuring levels of human serum albumin (HSA) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Protein composition in BALF was also assessed and lung tissues were evaluated across treatments using histology and gene expression analysis. Results AZM pre-treatment (2 mg/kg p.o. 5 times/week for 2 weeks) resulted in reduced glutathione-S-transferases in BALF of SO2 injured mice compared to control (without AZM treatment). AZM treated mice had increased intracellular vacuolization including lamellar bodies and a reduction in epithelial shedding after injury in addition to a dampened SO2-induced inflammatory response. Conclusions Using a mouse model of AE barrier dysfunction we provide evidence for the protective effects of AZM in vivo, possibly through stabilizing the intracellular microenvironment and reducing inflammatory responses. Our data provide insight into the mechanisms contributing to the efficacy of AZM in the treatment of airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Petur Joelsson
- Stem Cell Research Unit, BioMedical Center, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.,EpiEndo Pharmaceuticals, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Jennifer A Kricker
- Stem Cell Research Unit, BioMedical Center, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.,EpiEndo Pharmaceuticals, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Ari J Arason
- Stem Cell Research Unit, BioMedical Center, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.,EpiEndo Pharmaceuticals, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Department of Laboratory Hematology, Landspitali-University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - Bryndis Valdimarsdottir
- Stem Cell Research Unit, BioMedical Center, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.,EpiEndo Pharmaceuticals, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - Clive P Page
- EpiEndo Pharmaceuticals, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Thorarinn Gudjonsson
- Stem Cell Research Unit, BioMedical Center, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.,EpiEndo Pharmaceuticals, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Department of Laboratory Hematology, Landspitali-University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Saevar Ingthorsson
- Stem Cell Research Unit, BioMedical Center, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland. .,EpiEndo Pharmaceuticals, Reykjavík, Iceland. .,Faculty of Nursing, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.
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60
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Khiali S, Khani E, Entezari‐Maleki T. A Comprehensive Review of Tocilizumab in COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 60:1131-1146. [PMID: 32557541 PMCID: PMC7323169 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the world is facing the pandemic of a novel strain of beta-coronavirus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the most devastating complication of SARS-CoV-2. It was indicated that cytokine-release syndrome and dominantly interleukin (IL)-6 play a central role in the pathophysiology of ARDS related to the novel 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Despite the global emergency of the disease, at this time, there are no proven therapies for the management of the disease. Tocilizumab is a potential recombinant monoclonal antibody against IL-6 and currently is under investigation for the management of ARDS in patients with COVID-19. Given these points, we reviewed the current evidence regarding the potential therapeutic role of tocilizumab and its important clinical issues in the treatment of ARDS related to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Khiali
- Department of Clinical PharmacyFaculty of PharmacyTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Elnaz Khani
- Department of Clinical PharmacyFaculty of PharmacyTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Taher Entezari‐Maleki
- Department of Clinical PharmacyFaculty of PharmacyTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Cardiovascular Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
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61
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Hartmann C, Schwietzer YA, Otani T, Furuse M, Ebnet K. Physiological functions of junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs) in tight junctions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183299. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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62
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Kaur S, Bansal R, Kollimuttathuillam S, Gowda AM, Singh B, Mehta D, Maroules M. The looming storm: Blood and cytokines in COVID-19. Blood Rev 2020; 46:100743. [PMID: 32829962 PMCID: PMC7431319 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2020.100743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel coronavirus termed as COVID-19 by WHO has been the causative agent of an unprecedented pandemic in the history of humanity. The global burden of mortality and morbidity associated with this pandemic continues to increase with each passing day as it is progressively leading to multiorgan dysfunction. In most cases, the cause of death has been attributed to respiratory failure, sepsis, cardiac failure, kidney injury, or coagulopathy. As more knowledge is being unfolded, an in-depth understanding of various systemic manifestations and complications of SARS-CoV2 is vital for optimum management of these patients. This novel virus is known to spread faster than its two ancestors, the SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), demonstrating a case fatality ranging from 5 to 8% [1]. Hematological abnormalities such as lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, elevated D-Dimer, elevated fibrinogen, elevated fibrinogen degradation products as well as cytokines such as IL-6 are emerging as important prognostic marker for worse outcome of COVID-19. Among various systemic manifestations, hematological complications such as venous thrombosis causing pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis, and arterial thrombosis causing myocardial infarction, strokes or limb ischemia are being noted to be directly linked to high mortality from COVID-19. An attempt to understand the pathophysiology of various hematological abnormalities including cytokine storm, hypercoagulable state and some rare presentations of this disease hence becomes imperative. Through this review, we aim to provide an up-to-date summary of current evidence-based literature of hematological manifestations, their consequences and management including role of anticoagulation and drugs targeting cytokine storm in patients with SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supreet Kaur
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, St. Joseph University Medical Center, 703 Main Street, Paterson, NJ 07503, USA.
| | - Rashika Bansal
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease (NIDDK) National Institutes of Health, 6555 Rock Spring Dr, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Sudarsan Kollimuttathuillam
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, St. Joseph University Medical Center, 703 Main Street, Paterson, NJ 07503, USA
| | - Anusha Manje Gowda
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, St. Joseph University Medical Center, 703 Main Street, Paterson, NJ 07503, USA
| | - Balraj Singh
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, St. Joseph University Medical Center, 703 Main Street, Paterson, NJ 07503, USA
| | - Dhruv Mehta
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatobiliary disease, Westchester Medical Center at New York Medical College, 100 Woods Road, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Michael Maroules
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, St. Joseph University Medical Center, 703 Main Street, Paterson, NJ 07503, USA.
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Yiğenoğlu TN, Ulas T, Dal MS, Korkmaz S, Erkurt MA, Altuntaş F. Extracorporeal blood purification treatment options for COVID-19: The role of immunoadsorption. Transfus Apher Sci 2020; 59:102855. [PMID: 32636114 PMCID: PMC7316033 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2020.102855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The activation of the innate and adaptive immune systems by SARS-CoV-2 causes the release of several inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6. The inflammatory hypercytokinemia causes immunopathological changes in the lungs including vascular leakage, and alveolar edema. As a result of these changes in the lungs, hypoxia and acute respiratory distress syndrome occur in patients with COVID-19. Even though there are clinical trials on the development of therapeutics and vaccines, there are currently no licensed vaccines or therapeutics for COVID-19. Pharmacological approaches have shown poor results in sepsis-like syndromes caused by the hypercytokinemia. Suppressing the cytokine storm is an important way to prevent the organ damage in patients with COVID-19. Extracorporeal blood purification could be proposed as an adjunctive therapy for sepsis, aiming to control the associated dysregulation of the immune system, which is known to protect organ functions. Several extracorporeal blood purification therapies are now available, and most of them target endotoxins and/or the cytokines and aim improving the immune response. For this purpose, plasmapheresis and immunoadsorption may be an important adjunctive treatment option to manage the complications caused by cytokine storm in critically ill patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuğçe Nur Yiğenoğlu
- University of Health Sciences, Ankara Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Department of Hematology & Apheresis Unit, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Turgay Ulas
- Near East University, School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Mehmet Sinan Dal
- University of Health Sciences, Ankara Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Department of Hematology & Apheresis Unit, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serdal Korkmaz
- University of Health Sciences, Kayseri Training and Research Hospital, Department of Hematology & Apheresis Unit, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ali Erkurt
- Inönü University, School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Apheresis Unit, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Fevzi Altuntaş
- University of Health Sciences, Ankara Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Department of Hematology & Apheresis Unit, Ankara, Turkey,Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Ankara, Turkey,Corresponding author at: Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Medical Faculty, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Bilkent-Cankaya, 06800, Ankara, Turkey.
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Wallace TC. Combating COVID-19 and Building Immune Resilience: A Potential Role for Magnesium Nutrition? J Am Coll Nutr 2020; 39:685-693. [PMID: 32649272 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2020.1785971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background: In December 2019, the viral pandemic of respiratory illness caused by COVID-19 began sweeping its way across the globe. Several aspects of this infectious disease mimic metabolic events shown to occur during latent subclinical magnesium deficiency. Hypomagnesemia is a relatively common clinical occurrence that often goes unrecognized since magnesium levels are rarely monitored in the clinical setting. Magnesium is the second most abundant intracellular cation after potassium. It is involved in >600 enzymatic reactions in the body, including those contributing to the exaggerated immune and inflammatory responses exhibited by COVID-19 patients.Methods: A summary of experimental findings and knowledge of the biochemical role magnesium may play in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 is presented in this perspective. The National Academy of Medicine's Standards for Systematic Reviews were independently employed to identify clinical and prospective cohort studies assessing the relationship of magnesium with interleukin-6, a prominent drug target for treating COVID-19.Results: Clinical recommendations are given for prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Constant monitoring of ionized magnesium status with subsequent repletion, when appropriate, may be an effective strategy to influence disease contraction and progression. The peer-reviewed literature supports that several aspects of magnesium nutrition warrant clinical consideration. Mechanisms include its "calcium-channel blocking" effects that lead to downstream suppression of nuclear factor-Kβ, interleukin-6, c-reactive protein, and other related endocrine disrupters; its role in regulating renal potassium loss; and its ability to activate and enhance the functionality of vitamin D, among others.Conclusion: As the world awaits an effective vaccine, nutrition plays an important and safe role in helping mitigate patient morbidity and mortality. Our group is working with the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics to collect patient-level data from intensive care units across the United States to better understand nutrition care practices that lead to better outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor C Wallace
- Think Healthy Group, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA.,Center for Magnesium Education & Research, Pahoa, Hawaii, USA
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Immunopathology of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Immune Cells and Mediators, Prognostic Factors, and Immune-Therapeutic Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134782. [PMID: 32640747 PMCID: PMC7370171 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The present is a comprehensive review of the immunopathology of Covid-19. The immune reaction to SARS-CoV-2 infection is characterized by differentiation and proliferation of a variety of immune cells with immune mediator production and release, and activation of other pathogen resistance mechanisms. We fully address the humoral and cellular immune changes induced by the virus, with particular emphasis on the role of the “cytokine storm” in the evolution of the disease. Moreover, we also propose some immune alterations (i.e., inflammatory parameters, cytokines, leukocytes and lymphocyte subpopulations) as prognostic markers of the disease. Furthermore, we discuss how immune modifying drugs, such as tocilizumab, chloroquine, glucocorticoids and immunoglobulins, and blood purification therapy, can constitute a fundamental moment in the therapy of the infection. Finally, we made a critical analysis of a number of substances, not yet utilized, but potentially useful in SARS-CoV-2 patients, such as IFN lambda, TNF blockers, ulinastatin, siponimod, tacrolimus, mesenchymal stem cells, inhibitors of mononuclear macrophage recruitment, IL-1 family antagonists, JAK-2 or STAT-3 inhibitors.
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Molinari G, Molinari L, Nervo E. Environmental and Endogenous Acids Can Trigger Allergic-Type Airway Reactions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E4688. [PMID: 32610702 PMCID: PMC7370125 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17134688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory allergic and nonallergic respiratory disorders are spreading worldwide and often coexist. The root cause is not clear. This review demonstrates that, from a biochemical point of view, it is ascribable to protons (H+) released into cells by exogenous and endogenous acids. The hypothesis of acids as the common cause stems from two considerations: (a) it has long been known that exogenous acids present in air pollutants can induce the irritation of epithelial surfaces, particularly the airways, inflammation, and bronchospasm; (b) according to recent articles, endogenous acids, generated in cells by phospholipases, play a key role in the biochemical mechanisms of initiation and progression of allergic-type reactions. Therefore, the intracellular acidification and consequent Ca2+ increase, induced by protons generated by either acid pollutants or endogenous phospholipases, may constitute the basic mechanism of the multimorbidity of these disorders, and environmental acidity may contribute to their spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Molinari
- Studio Tecnico Ing. Laura Molinari, Environmental Health and Safety Via Quarto Ponte 17, 37138 Verona, Italy;
| | - Laura Molinari
- Studio Tecnico Ing. Laura Molinari, Environmental Health and Safety Via Quarto Ponte 17, 37138 Verona, Italy;
| | - Elsa Nervo
- Elsa Nervo, Società Chimica Italiana, 00198 Rome, Italy;
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DosSantos MF, Devalle S, Aran V, Capra D, Roque NR, Coelho-Aguiar JDM, Spohr TCLDSE, Subilhaga JG, Pereira CM, D'Andrea Meira I, Niemeyer Soares Filho P, Moura-Neto V. Neuromechanisms of SARS-CoV-2: A Review. Front Neuroanat 2020; 14:37. [PMID: 32612515 PMCID: PMC7308495 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested the neuroinvasive potential of severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Notably, neuroinvasiveness might be involved in the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Some studies have demonstrated that synapse-connected routes may enable coronaviruses to access the central nervous system (CNS). However, evidence related to the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the CNS, its direct impact on the CNS, and the contribution to symptoms suffered, remain sparse. Here, we review the current literature that indicates that SARS-CoV-2 can invade the nervous system. We also describe the neural circuits that are potentially affected by the virus and their possible role in the progress of COVID-19. In addition, we propose several strategies to understand, diagnose, and treat the neurological symptoms of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos F. DosSantos
- Laboratório de Morfogênese Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina (Radiologia), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociência Translacional, Instituto Nacional de Neurociência Translacional (INNT-UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sylvie Devalle
- Laboratório de Biomedicina do Cérebro, Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Veronica Aran
- Laboratório de Biomedicina do Cérebro, Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniela Capra
- Laboratório de Morfogênese Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociência Translacional, Instituto Nacional de Neurociência Translacional (INNT-UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biomedicina do Cérebro, Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Natália Roberta Roque
- Laboratório de Biomedicina do Cérebro, Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana de Mattos Coelho-Aguiar
- Laboratório de Morfogênese Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tânia Cristina Leite de Sampaio e Spohr
- Laboratório de Biomedicina do Cérebro, Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Anatomia Patológica, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Janice Gonçalves Subilhaga
- Setor de Pneumologia, Serviço de Clínica Médica, Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Maria Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biomedicina Translacional e Odontologia Clínica e Experimental, Universidade do Grande Rio (Unigranrio), Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Isabella D'Andrea Meira
- Departamento de Neurologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Programa de Epilepsia do Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Vivaldo Moura-Neto
- Laboratório de Morfogênese Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociência Translacional, Instituto Nacional de Neurociência Translacional (INNT-UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biomedicina do Cérebro, Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Anatomia Patológica, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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FitzGerald ES, Luz NF, Jamieson AM. Competitive Cell Death Interactions in Pulmonary Infection: Host Modulation Versus Pathogen Manipulation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:814. [PMID: 32508813 PMCID: PMC7248393 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of pulmonary infection, both hosts and pathogens have evolved a multitude of mechanisms to regulate the process of host cell death. The host aims to rapidly induce an inflammatory response at the site of infection, promote pathogen clearance, quickly resolve inflammation, and return to tissue homeostasis. The appropriate modulation of cell death in respiratory epithelial cells and pulmonary immune cells is central in the execution of all these processes. Cell death can be either inflammatory or anti-inflammatory depending on regulated cell death (RCD) modality triggered and the infection context. In addition, diverse bacterial pathogens have evolved many means to manipulate host cell death to increase bacterial survival and spread. The multitude of ways that hosts and bacteria engage in a molecular tug of war to modulate cell death dynamics during infection emphasizes its relevance in host responses and pathogen virulence at the host pathogen interface. This narrative review outlines several current lines of research characterizing bacterial pathogen manipulation of host cell death pathways in the lung. We postulate that understanding these interactions and the dynamics of intracellular and extracellular bacteria RCD manipulation, may lead to novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of intractable respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amanda M. Jamieson
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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Carbon Monoxide-Releasing Molecule-3 Suppresses Tumor Necrosis Factor- α- and Interleukin-1 β-Induced Expression of Junctional Molecules on Human Gingival Fibroblasts via the Heme Oxygenase-1 Pathway. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:6302391. [PMID: 32410860 PMCID: PMC7204158 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6302391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human gingival fibroblast barrier dysfunction caused by inflammation contributes to gingivitis and can lead to inflammatory periodontal disease. The disease features include upregulated epithelial permeability, increased inflammatory mediators, and downregulated junctional complex molecules. Carbon monoxide- (CO-) releasing molecule-3 (CORM-3) is a water-soluble compound that has demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects in in vitro and in vivo studies. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of CORM-3 on the expression of tight and adherens junction molecules on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) stimulated with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). HGFs were cultured from the explants of normal human gingival tissues, which were stimulated in the presence or absence of CORM-3. Epithelial barrier function was evaluated by paracellular permeability and junctional complex molecule expression analyses. The protein and mRNA expression levels of adherens junction molecules (VE-cadherin and β-catenin) and tight junction molecules (zona occludens-1, ZO-1) were studied using western blot analysis and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The mRNA and protein expression levels of these cytokines were also analyzed in HGFs transiently transfected with HO-1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) in response to TNF-α and IL-1β stimulation. CORM-3 reduced permeability and enhanced the expression of junctional complex molecules (ZO-1, VE-cadherin, and β-catenin) in TNF-α- and IL-1β-induced HGFs. However, these effects of CORM-3 were attenuated when HO-1 siRNA was transiently transfected in HGFs. These findings indicate that CORM-3 exerts anti-inflammatory effects on TNF-α- and IL-1β-stimulated HGFs via the HO-1 pathway, which suggests the promising potential of CORM-3 in the treatment of inflammatory periodontal disease.
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Tim‑3 regulates the ability of macrophages to counter lipopolysaccharide‑induced pulmonary epithelial barrier dysfunction via the PI3K/Akt pathway in epithelial cells. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:534-542. [PMID: 32377751 PMCID: PMC7248473 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary epithelial barrier dysfunction is a critical pathological component of lung injury, caused primarily by impaired epithelial cell migration. Moreover, macrophage-epithelial interactions in pulmonary alveoli may either protect or damage epithelial barrier function. To investigate the effects of different macrophage subtypes, M1 and M2, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced epithelial barrier dysfunction, M1 and M2 macrophages were used to treat LPS-injured musculus lung epithelial cells (MLE-12). Barrier function was evaluated by monitoring cell monolayer permeability, T-cell immunoglobulin mucin 3 (Tim-3) small interfering RNA and anti-mouse Tim-3 antibody were used to knockdown or block endogenous Tim-3, to verify the role of the Tim-3 in macrophage-mediated barrier protection in LPS-injured MLE-12 cells. LY294002 was used to inhibit the activity of PI3K to verify the role of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in the restoration of epithelial cell. The present results revealed that co-culture of LPS-treated epithelial MLE-12 cells with M1 macrophages decreased cell migration and promoted permeability, whereas co-culture with M2 macrophages caused the opposite effects. It was determined that blocking T-cell immunoglobulin mucin 3 (Tim-3) signaling in macrophages and PI3K/Akt signaling in epithelial cells eliminated the barrier protection supplied by M2 macrophages. Tim-3, which maintains macrophage M2 polarization, is a key component of the macrophage-mediated barrier-repair process, while M2 macrophages regulate PI3K/Akt signaling in epithelial cells, which in turn enhances pulmonary epithelial barrier function by restoring cell migration.
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Zou J, Li Y, Yu J, Dong L, Husain AN, Shen L, Weber CR. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is associated with tight junction protein alterations. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Zhang C, Wu Z, Li JW, Zhao H, Wang GQ. Cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19: interleukin-6 receptor antagonist tocilizumab may be the key to reduce mortality. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 55:105954. [PMID: 32234467 PMCID: PMC7118634 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1182] [Impact Index Per Article: 295.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since December 2019, a viral pneumonia, named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), from Wuhan, China, has swept the world. Although the case fatality rate is not high, the number of people infected is large and there is still a large number of patients dying. With the collation and publication of more and more clinical data, a large number of data suggest that there are mild or severe cytokine storms in severe patients, which is an important cause of death. Therefore, treatment of the cytokine storm has become an important part of rescuing severe COVID-19 patients. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays an important role in cytokine release syndrome. If it is possible to block the signal transduction pathway of IL-6, it is expected to become a new method for the treatment of severe COVID-19 patients. Tocilizumab is an IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) blocker that can effectively block the IL-6 signal transduction pathway and thus is likely to become an effective drug for patients with severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Center for Liver Disease, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8 Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Center for Liver Disease, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8 Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Wen Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Center for Liver Disease, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8 Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Center for Liver Disease, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8 Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China; The Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Gui-Qiang Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Center for Liver Disease, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8 Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China; The Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Hiranuma H, Gon Y, Maruoka S, Kozu Y, Yamada S, Fukuda A, Kurosawa Y, Tetsuo S, Nakagawa Y, Mizumura K. DsRNA induction of microRNA-155 disrupt tight junction barrier by modulating claudins. Asia Pac Allergy 2020; 10:e20. [PMID: 32411585 PMCID: PMC7203438 DOI: 10.5415/apallergy.2020.10.e20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The impaired barrier function of the airway epithelium due to RNA virus infection is closely related to the development and exacerbation of allergic airway inflammation. Objective In this study, we investigated the roles of microRNAs on the mechanisms of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-induced epithelial barrier dysfunction. Methods 16HBE14o- human bronchial epithelial cells were grown to confluence on Transwell inserts and exposed to poly-I:C. We studied epithelial barrier function by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance and paracellular flux of fluorescent markers and structure of tight junctions by immunofluorescence microscopy. Results Poly-I:C treated 16HBE14o- cells increased paracellular permeability. Knockdown of Toll-like receptor 3 and TRIF abrogated these effects. The expression of microRNA-155 (miR-155) was increased by poly-I:C in dose-dependent manner. Transfection of mir155 mimics into 16HBE14o- cells increased permeability and inhibited tight junction formation. Transfection of miR-155 inhibitor suppressed poly-I:C-induced barrier disruption. Poly-I:C treatment significantly decreased the expression of claudin members—claudin-1, -3, -4, -5, -9, -11, -16, -18 and -19. Transfection of miR-155 mimics showed similar changing expression pattern of claudin members with those of poly-I:C treatment. Conclusion These results suggest that RNA virus infection can impair the epithelial barrier disruption mechanism by down-regulation of claudin members through the induction of miR-155.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisato Hiranuma
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Gon
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuichiro Maruoka
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kozu
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiho Yamada
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asami Fukuda
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kurosawa
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shimizu Tetsuo
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Nakagawa
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Mizumura
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Di Cristo L, Grimaldi B, Catelani T, Vázquez E, Pompa PP, Sabella S. Repeated exposure to aerosolized graphene oxide mediates autophagy inhibition and inflammation in a three-dimensional human airway model. Mater Today Bio 2020; 6:100050. [PMID: 32322818 PMCID: PMC7171197 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2020.100050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hazard evaluation of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) using real-world exposure scenario could provide better interpretation of toxicity end points for their use in the assessment of human safety and for their implications in many fields such as toxicology, nanomedicine, and so forth. However, most of the current studies, both in vivo and in vitro, do not reflect realistic conditions of human exposure to ENMs, due to the high doses implemented. Moreover, the use of cellular models cultured under submerged conditions limits their physiological relevance for lung exposure, where cells are primarily cultured at the air-liquid interface. Addressing such issues is even more challenging for emergent nanomaterials, such as graphene oxide (GO), for which little or no information on exposure is available. In this work, we studied the impact of repeated exposure of GO on a three-dimensional (3D) reconstruct of human bronchial tissue, using a nebulizer system focusing on short-term effects. The selected doses (reaching a maximum of ca. 20 μg/cm2 for a period of 4 weeks of exposure) were extrapolated from alveolar mass deposition values of a broader class of carbon-based nanomaterials, reflecting a full working lifetime of human exposure. Experimental results did not show strong toxic effects of GO in terms of viability and integrity of the lung tissue. However, since 2 weeks of treatment, repeated GO exposure elicited a proinflammatory response, moderate barrier impairment, and autophagosome accumulation, a process resulting from blockade of autophagy flux. Interestingly, the 3D airway model could recover such an effect by restoring autophagy flux at longer exposure (30 days). These findings indicate that prolonged exposure to GO produces a time window (during the 30 days of treatment set for this study) for which GO-mediated autophagy inhibition along with inflammation may potentially increase the susceptibility of exposed humans to pulmonary infections and/or lung diseases. This study also highlights the importance of using physiologically relevant in vitro models and doses derived from real-world exposure to obtain focused data for the assessment of human safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Di Cristo
- Drug Discovery and Development Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova, 16136, Italy
| | - B Grimaldi
- Drug Discovery and Development Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova, 16136, Italy
| | - T Catelani
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - E Vázquez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas-IRICA, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, 13071, Spain
| | - P P Pompa
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - S Sabella
- Drug Discovery and Development Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova, 16136, Italy
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75
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The IL1β-HER2-CLDN18/CLDN4 axis mediates lung barrier damage in ARDS. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:3249-3265. [PMID: 32065780 PMCID: PMC7066891 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The high mortality rate associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a major challenge for intensive care units. In the present study, we applied bioinformatics and animal models to identify core genes and potential corresponding pathways in ARDS. Results: Using bioinformatics analysis, IL-1β was identified as the core gene of ARDS. Cell experiments showed that up-regulation of IL-1β downregulates claudin18 to promote lung barrier function damage by regulating the IL-1β-HER2/HER3 axis, further promoting the development of ARDS. This was validated in the animal models. Conclusion: IL-1β promotes the development of ARDS by regulating the IL-1β-HER2/HER3 axis. These findings deepen the understanding of the pathological mechanisms of ARDS. Methods: Transcription data sets related to ARDS were subjected to differential expression gene analysis, functional enrichment analysis, and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and, so as to identify core genes in ARDS. Cell experiments were used to further explore the effects of core genes on lung barrier function damage. Animal models were applied to validate the effects of core gene in mediating biological signal pathways in ARDS.
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76
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Sharma L, Feng J, Britto CJ, Dela Cruz CS. Mechanisms of Epithelial Immunity Evasion by Respiratory Bacterial Pathogens. Front Immunol 2020. [PMID: 32117248 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00091/bibtex] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lung infections are major healthcare challenges killing millions of people worldwide and resulting in a huge economic burden. Both basic and clinical research have elucidated host mechanisms that contribute to the bacterial clearance where an indispensable role of immune cells has been established. However, the role of respiratory epithelial cells in bacterial clearance has garnered limited attention due to their weak inflammatory or phagocytic ability compared to immune cells such as macrophages and neutrophils. These studies often underappreciate the fact that epithelial cells are the most abundant cells in the lung, not only serving as building blocks but also providing immune protection throughout the lung. Epithelial cells function either independently to eradicate the pathogen or communicate with immune cells to orchestrate pathogen clearance. The epithelial cells have multiple mechanisms that include mucus production, antimicrobial peptide production, muco-ciliary clearance, and phagocytosis, all of which contribute to their direct antibacterial function. Secretion of cytokines to recruit immune cells and potentiate their antimicrobial activities is a pathway by which the epithelium contributes to bacterial clearance. Successful pathogens outsmart epithelial resistance and find a way to replicate in sufficient numbers to establish infections in the airway or lung epithelial surfaces. In this mini-review, we discuss evidences that establish important roles for epithelial host defense against invading respiratory bacterial pathogens and demonstrate how pathogens outsmart these epithelial immune mechanisms to successfully establish infection. Finally, we discuss briefly how to boost epithelial immunity to improve outcomes in bacterial lung infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh Sharma
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jingjing Feng
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Clemente J Britto
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Charles S Dela Cruz
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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77
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Sharma L, Feng J, Britto CJ, Dela Cruz CS. Mechanisms of Epithelial Immunity Evasion by Respiratory Bacterial Pathogens. Front Immunol 2020; 11:91. [PMID: 32117248 PMCID: PMC7027138 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lung infections are major healthcare challenges killing millions of people worldwide and resulting in a huge economic burden. Both basic and clinical research have elucidated host mechanisms that contribute to the bacterial clearance where an indispensable role of immune cells has been established. However, the role of respiratory epithelial cells in bacterial clearance has garnered limited attention due to their weak inflammatory or phagocytic ability compared to immune cells such as macrophages and neutrophils. These studies often underappreciate the fact that epithelial cells are the most abundant cells in the lung, not only serving as building blocks but also providing immune protection throughout the lung. Epithelial cells function either independently to eradicate the pathogen or communicate with immune cells to orchestrate pathogen clearance. The epithelial cells have multiple mechanisms that include mucus production, antimicrobial peptide production, muco-ciliary clearance, and phagocytosis, all of which contribute to their direct antibacterial function. Secretion of cytokines to recruit immune cells and potentiate their antimicrobial activities is a pathway by which the epithelium contributes to bacterial clearance. Successful pathogens outsmart epithelial resistance and find a way to replicate in sufficient numbers to establish infections in the airway or lung epithelial surfaces. In this mini-review, we discuss evidences that establish important roles for epithelial host defense against invading respiratory bacterial pathogens and demonstrate how pathogens outsmart these epithelial immune mechanisms to successfully establish infection. Finally, we discuss briefly how to boost epithelial immunity to improve outcomes in bacterial lung infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh Sharma
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jingjing Feng
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Clemente J Britto
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Charles S Dela Cruz
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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78
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The role of endothelial cells in cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2019; 18:752-761. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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79
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He Y, Liang Y, Han R, Lu WL, Mak JCW, Zheng Y. Rational particle design to overcome pulmonary barriers for obstructive lung diseases therapy. J Control Release 2019; 314:48-61. [PMID: 31644935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary delivery of active drugs has been applied for the treatment of obstructive lung diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cystic fibrosis, for several decades and has achieved progress in symptom management by bronchodilator inhalation. However, substantial progress in anti-inflammation, prevention of airway remodeling and disease progression is limited, since the majority of the formulation strategies focus only on particle deposition, which is insufficient for pulmonary delivery of the drugs. The lack of knowledge on lung absorption barriers in obstructive lung diseases and on pathogenesis impedes the development of functional formulations by rational design. In this review, we describe the physiological structure and biological functions of the barriers in various regions of the lung, review the pathogenesis and functional changes of barriers in obstructive lung diseases, and examine the interaction of these barriers with particles to influence drug delivery efficiency. Subsequently, we review rational particle design for overcoming lung barriers based on excipients selection, particle size and surface properties, release properties and targeting ability. Additionally, useful particle fabrication strategies and commonly used drug carriers for pulmonary delivery in obstructive lung diseases are proposed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan He
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau
| | - Yingmin Liang
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Run Han
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau
| | - Wan-Liang Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug System, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Judith Choi Wo Mak
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Ying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau.
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80
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Wang D, Zhao J, Li S, Wei J, Nan L, Mallampalli RK, Weathington NM, Ma H, Zhao Y. Phosphorylated E2F1 is stabilized by nuclear USP11 to drive Peg10 gene expression and activate lung epithelial cells. J Mol Cell Biol 2019; 10:60-73. [PMID: 28992046 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjx034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation affects ubiquitination, stability, and activity of transcriptional factors, thus regulating various cellular functions. E2F transcriptional factor 1 (E2F1) regulates paternally expressed imprinted gene 10 (Peg10) expression, thereby promoting cell proliferation. However, the effect of E2F1 stability on Peg10 expression and the molecular regulation of E2F1 stability by its phosphorylation have not been well demonstrated. Here, we describe a new pathway in which phosphorylation of E2F1 by GSK3β increases E2F1 association with the deubiquitinating enzyme, ubiquitin-specific protease 11 (USP11), which removes K63-linked ubiquitin chains thereby preventing E2F1 degradation in the nuclei. Downregulation of USP11 increases E2F1 ubiquitination and reduces E2F1 stability and protein levels, thereby decreasing Peg10 mRNA levels. Physiologically, USP11 depletion suppresses cell proliferation and wound healing in lung epithelial cells, and these effects are reversed by E2F1 and PEG10 overexpression. Thus, our study reveals a new molecular model that phosphorylation promotes substrate stability through increasing its association with a deubiquitinating enzyme. The data suggest that GSK3β and USP11 act in concert to modulate E2F1 abundance and PEG10 expression in lung epithelial cells to affect cell wound healing. This study provides new therapeutic targets to lessen lung injury by improving lung epithelial cell repair and remodeling after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Department of Anesthesia, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.,Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jianxin Wei
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Ling Nan
- Department of Anesthesia, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Rama K Mallampalli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.,Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence and Vascular Medical Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Nathaniel M Weathington
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.,Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence and Vascular Medical Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Haichun Ma
- Department of Anesthesia, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yutong Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.,Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence and Vascular Medical Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
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81
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Zahedi A, Phandthong R, Chaili A, Leung S, Omaiye E, Talbot P. Mitochondrial Stress Response in Neural Stem Cells Exposed to Electronic Cigarettes. iScience 2019; 16:250-269. [PMID: 31200115 PMCID: PMC6562374 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells provide a sensitive model to study exposure to toxicants, such as cigarette smoke. Electronic cigarettes (ECs) are popular nicotine delivery devices, often targeted to youth and pregnant mothers. However, little is known about how chemicals in ECs might affect neural stem cells, and in particular their mitochondria, organelles that maintain cell functionality and health. Here we show that the mechanism underlying EC-induced stem cell toxicity is stress-induced mitochondrial hyperfusion (SIMH), a transient survival response accompanied by increased mitochondrial oxidative stress. We identify SIMH as a survival response to nicotine, now widely available in EC refill fluids and in pure form for do-it-yourself EC products. These observed mitochondrial alterations combined with autophagy dysfunction to clear damaged mitochondria could lead to faulty stem cell populations, accelerate cellular aging, and lead to acquired mitochondriopathies. Any nicotine-containing product may likewise stress stem cells with long-term repercussions for users and passively exposed individuals. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atena Zahedi
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Riverside CA 92521, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside CA 92521, USA; UCR Stem Cell Center and Core, University of California, Riverside CA 92521, USA
| | - Rattapol Phandthong
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside CA 92521, USA; UCR Stem Cell Center and Core, University of California, Riverside CA 92521, USA
| | - Angela Chaili
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside CA 92521, USA
| | - Sara Leung
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside CA 92521, USA
| | - Esther Omaiye
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside CA 92521, USA; UCR Stem Cell Center and Core, University of California, Riverside CA 92521, USA
| | - Prue Talbot
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Riverside CA 92521, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside CA 92521, USA; UCR Stem Cell Center and Core, University of California, Riverside CA 92521, USA.
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82
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Rayner RE, Makena P, Prasad GL, Cormet-Boyaka E. Cigarette and ENDS preparations differentially regulate ion channels and mucociliary clearance in primary normal human bronchial 3D cultures. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 317:L295-L302. [PMID: 31166129 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00096.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is known to disrupt the normal mucociliary function of the lungs, whereas the effect of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) is not completely understood. This study aimed to compare the effects of acute exposure of primary normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) 3D cultures at air-liquid interface to combustible cigarette and ENDS preparations on mucociliary function, including ion channel function, ciliary beat frequency (CBF), and airway surface liquid (ASL) height. Differentiated NHBE cultures were exposed to whole smoke-conditioned media (WS-CM) or total particulate matter (TPM) prepared from 3R4F reference cigarettes, whole aerosol-conditioned media (ACM) or e-TPM generated from a marketed ENDS product, or nicotine alone. We found that a dose of 7 μg/mL equi-nicotine units of cigarette TPM and WS-CM significantly decreased cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) function, which regulates fluid homeostasis in the lung. Conversely, higher (56 µg/mL) equi-nicotine units of ENDS preparations or nicotine alone had no effect on CFTR and ENaC function. Despite a significant decrease in ion channel function, cigarette smoke preparations did not alter CBF and ASL. Similarly, ENDS preparations and nicotine alone had no effect on ASL and CBF. This study demonstrates that acute exposures of cigarette smoke preparations exert a notable inhibitory effect on CFTR and ENaC function compared with ENDS preparations. In summary, the functional assays described herein are potentially useful for tobacco product evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael E Rayner
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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83
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Non-lytic clearance of influenza B virus from infected cells preserves epithelial barrier function. Nat Commun 2019; 10:779. [PMID: 30770807 PMCID: PMC6377627 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08617-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza B virus (IBV) is an acute, respiratory RNA virus that has been assumed to induce the eventual death of all infected cells. We and others have shown however, that infection with apparently cytopathic viruses does not necessarily lead to cell death; some cells can intrinsically clear the virus and persist in the host long-term. To determine if any cells can survive direct IBV infection, we here generate a recombinant IBV capable of activating a host-cell reporter to permanently label all infected cells. Using this system, we demonstrate that IBV infection leads to the formation of a survivor cell population in the proximal airways that are ciliated-like, but transcriptionally and phenotypically distinct from both actively infected and bystander ciliated cells. We also show that survivor cells are critical to maintain respiratory barrier function. These results highlight a host response pathway that preserves the epithelium to limit the severity of IBV disease. Infection of a cell with influenza B virus (IBV) often results in cell death and the role of surviving cells in pathogenesis is unclear. Here, Dumm et al. generate a recombinant IBV that activates a host-cell reporter to permanently label infected cells, and show that surviving cells are important to preserve epithelial barrier function.
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84
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Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) drives EMT in patients with COPD: implications for disease pathogenesis and novel therapies. J Transl Med 2019; 99:150-157. [PMID: 30451982 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-018-0146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive and devastating chronic lung condition that has a significant global burden, both medically and financially. Currently there are no medications that can alter the course of disease. At best, the drugs in clinical practice provide symptomatic relief to suffering patients by alleviating acute exacerbations. Most of current clinical research activities are in late severe disease with lesser attention given to early disease manifestations. There is as yet, a lack of understanding of the underlying mechanisms of disease progression and the molecular switches that are involved in their manifestation. Small airway fibrosis and obliteration are known to cause fixed airflow obstruction in COPD, and the consequential damage to the lung has an early onset. So far, there is little evidence of the mechanisms that underlie this aspect of pathology. However, emerging research confirms that airway epithelial reprogramming or epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key mechanism that drives fibrotic remodelling changes in smokers and patients with COPD. A recent study by Lai et al. further highlights the importance of EMT in smoking-related COPD pathology. The authors identify HB-EGF, an EGFR ligand, as a key driver of EMT and a potential new therapeutic target for the amelioration of EMT and airway remodelling. There are also wider implications in lung cancer prophylaxis, which is another major comorbidity associated with COPD. We consider that improved molecular understanding of the intricate pathways associated with epithelial cell plasticity in smokers and patients with COPD will have major therapeutic implications.
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85
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Montesanto S, Smithers NP, Bucchieri F, Brucato V, La Carrubba V, Davies DE, Conforti F. Establishment of a pulmonary epithelial barrier on biodegradable poly-L-lactic-acid membranes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210830. [PMID: 30653572 PMCID: PMC6336298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of biocompatible and functional scaffolds for tissue engineering is a major challenge, especially for development of polarised epithelia that are critical structures in tissue homeostasis. Different in vitro models of the lung epithelial barrier have been characterized using non-degradable polyethylene terephthalate membranes which limits their uses for tissue engineering. Although poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) membranes are biodegradable, those prepared via conventional Diffusion Induced Phase Separation (DIPS) lack open-porous geometry and show limited permeability compromising their use for epithelial barrier studies. Here we used PLLA membranes prepared via a modification of the standard DIPS protocol to control the membrane surface morphology and permeability. These were bonded to cell culture inserts for use in barrier function studies. Pulmonary epithelial cells (H441) readily attached to the PLLA membranes and formed a confluent cell layer within two days. This was accompanied by a significant increase in trans-epithelial electrical resistance and correlated with the formation of tight junctions and vectorial cytokine secretion in response to TNFα. Our data suggest that a structurally polarized and functional epithelial barrier can be established on PLLA membranes produced via a non-standard DIPS protocol. Therefore, PLLA membranes have potential utility in lung tissue engineering applications requiring bio-absorbable membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Montesanto
- The Brooke Laboratory, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Aerospace, Materials Engineering (DICAM), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Natalie P. Smithers
- The Brooke Laboratory, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Fabio Bucchieri
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences (BIONEC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valerio Brucato
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Aerospace, Materials Engineering (DICAM), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Interuniversitary Consortium for Material Science and Technology (INSTM) – Research Unit of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo La Carrubba
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Aerospace, Materials Engineering (DICAM), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Interuniversitary Consortium for Material Science and Technology (INSTM) – Research Unit of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Donna E. Davies
- The Brooke Laboratory, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Franco Conforti
- The Brooke Laboratory, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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86
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Particulate matter containing environmentally persistent free radicals induces AhR-dependent cytokine and reactive oxygen species production in human bronchial epithelial cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205412. [PMID: 30308017 PMCID: PMC6181347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is emitted during the combustion of fuels and wastes. PM exposure exacerbates pulmonary diseases, and the mechanism may involve oxidative stress. At lower combustion temperatures such as occurs in the cool zone of a flame, aromatic compounds chemisorb to the surface of metal-oxide-containing PM, resulting in the formation of surface-stabilized environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFR). Prior studies showed that PM-containing EPFR redox cycle to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), and after inhalation, EPFR induce pulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress. Our objective was to elucidate mechanisms linking EPFR-induced oxidant injury with increased cytokine production by pulmonary epithelial cells. We thus treated human bronchial epithelial cells with EPFR at sub-toxic doses and measured ROS and cytokine production. To assess aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activity, cells were transfected with a luciferase reporter for xenobiotic response element activation. To test whether cytokine production was dependent upon AhR activation or oxidative stress, some cells were co-treated with an antioxidant or an AhR antagonist. EPFR increased IL-6 release in an ROS and AhR- and oxidant-dependent manner. Moreover, EPFR induced an AhR activation that was dependent upon oxidant production, since antioxidant co-treatment blocked AhR activation. On the other hand, EPFR treatment increased a cellular ROS production that was at least partially attenuated by AhR knockdown using siRNA. While AhR activation was correlated with an increased expression of oxidant-producing enzymes like cytochrome P450 CYP1A1, it is possible that AhR activation is both a cause and effect of EPFR-induced ROS. Finally, lipid oxidation products also induced AhR activation. ROS-dependent AhR activation may be a mechanism for altered epithelial cell responses after EPFR exposure, potentially via formation of bioactive lipid or protein oxidation products.
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87
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Vermette D, Hu P, Canarie MF, Funaro M, Glover J, Pierce RW. Tight junction structure, function, and assessment in the critically ill: a systematic review. Intensive Care Med Exp 2018; 6:37. [PMID: 30259344 PMCID: PMC6158145 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-018-0203-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial and endothelial barrier integrity, essential for homeostasis, is maintained by cellular boarder structures known as tight junctions (TJs). In critical illness, TJs may become disrupted, resulting in barrier dysfunction manifesting as capillary leak, pulmonary edema, gut bacterial translocation, and multiple organ failure. We aim to provide a clinically focused overview of TJ structure and function and systematically review and analyze all studies assessing markers of endothelial and epithelial TJ breakdown correlated with clinical outcomes in critically ill humans. METHODS We systematically searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PubMed. Additional articles were identified by targeted searches. We included studies that looked at the relationship between biomarkers of endothelial or epithelial TJ structure or function and critical illness. Results were qualitatively analyzed due to sample size and heterogeneity. RESULTS A total of 5297 abstracts met search criteria, of which 150 articles met requirements for full text review. Of these, 30 studies met inclusion criteria. Fifteen of the 30 reports investigated proteins of endothelial tight junctions and 15 investigated epithelial TJ markers, exclusively in the gastrointestinal epithelium. No studies investigated TJ-derived proteins in primary cardiac or pulmonary pathology. CONCLUSIONS TJ integrity is essential for homeostasis. We identified multiple studies that indicate TJs are disrupted by critical illness. These studies highlight the significance of barrier disruption across many critical disease states and correlate TJ-associated markers to clinically relevant outcomes. Further study on the role of multiple tissue-specific claudins, particularly in the setting of respiratory or cardiac failure, may lead to diagnostic and therapeutic advances. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION This systematic review is registered in the PROSPERO database: CRD42017074546 .
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Affiliation(s)
- David Vermette
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208064, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
| | - Pamela Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208064, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
| | - Michael F Canarie
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208064, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
| | - Melissa Funaro
- Cushing/Whitney Medical Library, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208064, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
| | - Janis Glover
- Cushing/Whitney Medical Library, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208064, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
| | - Richard W Pierce
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208064, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
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88
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Burta O, Iacobescu C, Mateescu RB, Nicolaie T, Tiuca N, Pop CS. Efficacy and safety of APT036 versus simethicone in the treatment of functional bloating: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, parallel group, clinical study. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 3:72. [PMID: 30511026 DOI: 10.21037/tgh.2018.09.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bloating is a common symptom reported by around 16% to 31% of the general population. Functional bloating is diagnosed in patients with recurrent symptoms of bloating who do not meet the diagnostic criteria of irritable bowel syndrome or other functional gastrointestinal disorders. Methods This double-blind, multicentre, randomised study compared the safety and efficacy of APT036 (xyloglucan plus tyndallized Lactobacillus reuteri and Bifidobacterium brevis; Aprotecol®) and simethicone in treating functional bloating in adults. APT036 or simethicone were administered orally (3 times/day) for 20 consecutive days, with evaluations at baseline, and on Days 2, 10, 20 (end of treatment) and 30 (follow-up visit). The main outcome measure was safety. Efficacy was assessed at each visit by patient-reported symptom severity (Likert scale) and abdominal girth measurement. A hydrogen breath test was performed at baseline and Day 20. Results Both APT036 (n=54) and simethicone (n=54) were well tolerated by study subjects; no adverse effects were reported with either treatment. Compared with simethicone, APT036 significantly reduced abdominal distension (P=0.008) and flatulence (P=0.010) from baseline to Day 30. The baseline hydrogen breath test confirmed the presence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) in all subjects. At Day 20, mean hydrogen gas elevation was below the threshold for a diagnosis of SIBO (<12 ppm above basal on glucose administration) in both study arms. Conclusions Both APT036 and simethicone had good safety profiles but APT036 was superior to simethicone in relieving symptoms of functional bloating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovidiu Burta
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pathophysiology, Bihor County Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Oradea University, Oradea, Romania
| | - Claudia Iacobescu
- Gastroenterology Clinic, St. John Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Radu Bogdan Mateescu
- Gastroenterology Department, Colentina Clinical Hospital, University Emergency Hospital, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Tudor Nicolaie
- Gastroenterology Department, Elias Emergency Hospital, University Emergency Hospital, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Nicoleta Tiuca
- Gastroenterology Department, Emergency University Hospital, University Emergency Hospital, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Corina Silvia Pop
- Internal Medicine & Gastroenterology Department, University Emergency Hospital, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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89
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Webster MJ, Tarran R. Slippery When Wet: Airway Surface Liquid Homeostasis and Mucus Hydration. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2018; 81:293-335. [PMID: 30243435 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability to regulate cell volume is crucial for normal physiology; equally the regulation of extracellular fluid homeostasis is of great importance. Alteration of normal extracellular fluid homeostasis contributes to the development of several diseases including cystic fibrosis. With regard to the airway surface liquid (ASL), which lies apically on top of airway epithelia, ion content, pH, mucin and protein abundance must be tightly regulated. Furthermore, airway epithelia must be able to switch from an absorptive to a secretory state as required. A heterogeneous population of airway epithelial cells regulate ASL solute and solvent composition, and directly secrete large mucin molecules, antimicrobials, proteases and soluble mediators into the airway lumen. This review focuses on how epithelial ion transport influences ASL hydration and ASL pH, with a specific focus on the roles of anion and cation channels and exchangers. The role of ions and pH in mucin expansion is also addressed. With regard to fluid volume regulation, we discuss the roles of nucleotides, adenosine and the short palate lung and nasal epithelial clone 1 (SPLUNC1) as soluble ASL mediators. Together, these mechanisms directly influence ciliary beating and in turn mucociliary clearance to maintain sterility and to detoxify the airways. Whilst all of these components are regulated in normal airways, defective ion transport and/or mucin secretion proves detrimental to lung homeostasis as such we address how defective ion and fluid transport, and a loss of homeostatic mechanisms, contributes to the development of pathophysiologies associated with cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan J Webster
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Robert Tarran
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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90
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Caruso M, Li Volti G, Furneri PM, Fuochi V, Emma R, Polosa R. Commentary: Inflammatory and Oxidative Responses Induced by Exposure to Commonly Used e-Cigarette Flavoring Chemicals and Flavored e-Liquids without Nicotine. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1240. [PMID: 30271350 PMCID: PMC6147174 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Caruso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- *Correspondence: Massimo Caruso
| | - Giovanni Li Volti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Pio Maria Furneri
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Virginia Fuochi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosalia Emma
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Riccardo Polosa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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91
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Zahedi A, Phandthong R, Chaili A, Remark G, Talbot P. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of A549 lung cancer cells exposed to electronic cigarettes. Lung Cancer 2018; 122:224-233. [PMID: 30032837 PMCID: PMC6397801 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is the initial step enabling the metastasis of cancer cells, which often leads to death. Although smoking is a major risk factor for lung cancer, there is still widespread use of conventional cigarettes. Recently, the tobacco industry has been transformed by the introduction of electronic cigarettes (ECs), which have lower levels of carcinogens and may provide a safer alternative. Here, we investigate the ability of EC liquids and aerosols to induce an EMT in A549 lung cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human adenocarcinoma alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549) were exposed to EC liquids and aerosols from a popular product for 3-8 days. Live cell imaging, EMT biomarker analysis, and machine learning/image processing algorithms were used to characterize changes associated with EMT. RESULTS Long-term exposure of A549 cells to menthol or tobacco-flavored EC liquids or aerosols induced an EMT that was characterized by acquisition of a fibroblast-like morphology, loss of cell-to-cell junctions, internalization of E-cadherin, increased motility, and upregulation of other EMT markers. The EMT was concurrent with plasma membrane to nuclear translocation of active β-catenin. CONCLUSION This is the first known study to show an EMT of lung cancer cells during exposure to EC products. Because an EMT is an initial step leading to metastasis, an intractable problem that often leads to patient death, this critical finding has significant implications for former or heavy cigarette smokers who are using EC and may be at risk for lung cancer or who may already have a lung tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atena Zahedi
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Rattapol Phandthong
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Angela Chaili
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Guadalupe Remark
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Prue Talbot
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA.
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92
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Crane MJ, Lee KM, FitzGerald ES, Jamieson AM. Surviving Deadly Lung Infections: Innate Host Tolerance Mechanisms in the Pulmonary System. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1421. [PMID: 29988424 PMCID: PMC6024012 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Much research on infectious diseases focuses on clearing the pathogen through the use of antimicrobial drugs, the immune response, or a combination of both. Rapid clearance of pathogens allows for a quick return to a healthy state and increased survival. Pathogen-targeted approaches to combating infection have inherent limitations, including their pathogen-specific nature, the potential for antimicrobial resistance, and poor vaccine efficacy, among others. Another way to survive an infection is to tolerate the alterations to homeostasis that occur during a disease state through a process called host tolerance or resilience, which is independent from pathogen burden. Alterations in homeostasis during infection are numerous and include tissue damage, increased inflammation, metabolic changes, temperature changes, and changes in respiration. Given its importance and sensitivity, the lung is a good system for understanding host tolerance to infectious disease. Pneumonia is the leading cause of death for children under five worldwide. One reason for this is because when the pulmonary system is altered dramatically it greatly impacts the overall health and survival of a patient. Targeting host pathways involved in maintenance of pulmonary host tolerance during infection could provide an alternative therapeutic avenue that may be broadly applicable across a variety of pathologies. In this review, we will summarize recent findings on tolerance to host lung infection. We will focus on the involvement of innate immune responses in tolerance and how an initial viral lung infection may alter tolerance mechanisms in leukocytic, epithelial, and endothelial compartments to a subsequent bacterial infection. By understanding tolerance mechanisms in the lung we can better address treatment options for deadly pulmonary infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amanda M. Jamieson
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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93
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Maertzdorf J, Tönnies M, Lozza L, Schommer-Leitner S, Mollenkopf H, Bauer TT, Kaufmann SHE. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Invasion of the Human Lung: First Contact. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1346. [PMID: 29977236 PMCID: PMC6022014 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) invasion of the human lung play a decisive role in the outcome of infection, leading to either rapid clearance of the pathogen or stable infection. Despite their critical impact on health and disease, these early host-pathogen interactions at the primary site of infection are still poorly understood. In vitro studies cannot fully reflect the complexity of the lung architecture and its impact on host-pathogen interactions, while animal models have their own limitations. In this study, we have investigated the initial responses in human lung tissue explants to Mtb infection, focusing primarily on gene expression patterns in different tissue-resident cell types. As first cell types confronted with pathogens invading the lung, alveolar macrophages, and epithelial cells displayed rapid proinflammatory chemokine and cytokine responses to Mtb infection. Other tissue-resident innate cells like gamma/delta T cells, mucosal associated invariant T cells, and natural killer cells showed partially similar but weaker responses, with a high degree of variability across different donors. Finally, we investigated the responses of tissue-resident innate lymphoid cells to the inflammatory milieu induced by Mtb infection. Our infection model provides a unique approach toward host-pathogen interactions at the natural port of Mtb entry and site of its implantation, i.e., the human lung. Our data provide a first detailed insight into the early responses of different relevant pulmonary cells in the alveolar microenvironment to contact with Mtb. These results can form the basis for the identification of host markers that orchestrate early host defense and provide resistance or susceptibility to stable Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mario Tönnies
- Lungenklinik Heckeshorn, HELIOS Klinikum Emil von Behring, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Lozza
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Torsten T Bauer
- Lungenklinik Heckeshorn, HELIOS Klinikum Emil von Behring, Berlin, Germany
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94
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Sim TY, Harith HH, Tham CL, Md Hashim NF, Shaari K, Sulaiman MR, Israf DA. The Protective Effects of a Synthetic Geranyl Acetophenone in a Cellular Model of TNF-α-Induced Pulmonary Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061355. [PMID: 29874809 PMCID: PMC6100020 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar epithelial barrier dysfunction contributes to lung edema and can lead to acute lung injury (ALI). The features include increased epithelial permeability, upregulation of inflammatory mediators and downregulation of junctional complex molecules; these changes are often induced by inflammation. tHGA is an acetophenone analogue with therapeutic potential in asthma. Its therapeutic potential in ALI is presently unknown. Herein, the effects of tHGA on epithelial barrier dysfunction were determined in TNF-α-induced human alveolar epithelial cells. The anti-inflammatory properties of tHGA were assessed by monocyte adhesion assay and analysis of MCP-1 and ICAM-1 expression. The epithelial barrier function was assessed by paracellular permeability and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) assays, and analysis of junctional complex molecules expression. To elucidate the mechanism of action, the effects of tHGA on the NF-κB and MAPK pathways were determined. Gene and protein expression were analyzed by RT-PCR and Western blotting or ELISA, respectively. tHGA suppressed leukocyte adhesion to TNF-α-induced epithelium and reduced MCP-1 and ICAM-1 gene expression and secretion. tHGA also increased TEER readings, reduced epithelial permeability and enhanced expression of junctional complex molecules (zona occludens-1, occludin and E-cadherin) in TNF-α-induced cells. Correspondingly, the NF-κB, ERK and p38 MAPK pathways were also inhibited by tHGA. These findings suggest that tHGA is able to preserve alveolar epithelial barrier function in response to acute inflammation, via its anti-inflammatory activity and stabilization of epithelial barrier integrity, mediated by NF-κB, ERK and p38 MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tee Yee Sim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Hanis Hazeera Harith
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Chau Ling Tham
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Nur Fariesha Md Hashim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Khozirah Shaari
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Roslan Sulaiman
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Daud Ahmad Israf
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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95
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Yuan X, Wang J, Li Y, He X, Niu B, Wu D, Lan N, Wang X, Zhang Y, Dai X, Wang X, Liu Z, Li G. Allergy immunotherapy restores airway epithelial barrier dysfunction through suppressing IL-25 -induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in asthma. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7950. [PMID: 29784924 PMCID: PMC5962552 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26221-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Constant exposure to allergen triggers destructive type 2 cell-mediated inflammation. The effect of allergen specific immunotherapy (SIT) in maintaining airway epithelial barrier function in asthma remains unknown. In the current study, we showed that SIT maintained airway epithelial homeostasis in mice exposed to dermatophagoides farinae (Der f), which induced increased expression of IL-25, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and airway epithelial apoptosis. Meanwhile, SIT treatment ameliorated airway inflammatory infiltration and hyper-responsiveness in allergic mice. SIT treatment restored the airway epithelial integrity, attenuated Der f -induced airway epithelial ER stress and epithelial apoptosis. We also found that 4-PBA, an inhibitor of ER stress, suppressed airway epithelial ER stress and apoptosis in vitro. The pathological changes were partially induced by IL-25-induced ER stress, epithelial tight junction damage, and cell apoptosis in airways following allergen exposure. Furthermore, IL-25 induced ER stress in airway epithelial cells in vitro. The IL-25-induced airway epithelial apoptosis dependent on PERK activity was inhibited by 4-PBA. Taken together, we demonstrate that SIT is effective in allergic asthma and dependent on its depressive effect on the expression of IL-25, epithelial integrity damage, and epithelial ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiefang Yuan
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Junyi Wang
- Department of Respiratory Disease, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Yin Li
- The First Clinic College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Xiang He
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Bin Niu
- Respiratory Disease Departments, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Dehong Wu
- Department of Respiratory Disease, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Nan Lan
- Respiratory Disease Departments, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Xi Dai
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Guoping Li
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China. .,Department of Respiratory Disease, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China.
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96
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Hu Y, Song J, Liu L, Zhang Y, Wang L, Li Q. microRNA-4516 Contributes to Different Functions of Epithelial Permeability Barrier by Targeting Poliovirus Receptor Related Protein 1 in Enterovirus 71 and Coxsackievirus A16 Infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:110. [PMID: 29686973 PMCID: PMC5900049 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) remain the predominant etiological agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). The clinical manifestations caused by the two viruses are obviously different. CV-A16 usually triggers a repeated infection, and airway epithelial integrity is often the potential causative factor of respiratory repeated infections. Our previous studies have demonstrated that there were some differentially expressed miRNAs involved in the regulation of adhesion function of epithelial barrier in EV-A71 and CV-A16 infections. In this study, we compared the differences between EV-A71 and CV-A16 infections on the airway epithelial barrier function in human bronchial epithelial (16HBE) cells and further screened the key miRNA which leaded to the formation of these differences. Our results showed that more rapid proliferation, more serious destruction of 16HBE cells permeability, more apoptosis and disruption of intercellular adhesion-associated molecules were found in CV-A16 infection as compared to EV-A71 infection. Furthermore, we also identified that microRNA-4516 (miR-4516), which presented down-regulation in EV-A71 infection and up-regulation in CV-A16 infection was an important regulator of intercellular junctions by targeting Poliovirus receptor related protein 1(PVRL1). The expressions of PVRL1, claudin4, ZO-1 and E-cadherin in CV-A16-infected cells were significantly less than those in EV-A71-infected cells, while the expressions of these proteins were subverted when pre-treated with miR-4516-overexpression plasmid in EV-A71 infected and miR-4516-knockdown plasmid in CV-A16 infected 16HBE cells. Thus, these data suggested that the opposite expression of miR-4516 in EV-A71 and CV-A16 infections might be the initial steps leading to different epithelial impairments of 16HBE cells by destroying intercellular adhesion, which finally resulted in different outcomes of EV-A71 and CV-A16 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Hu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Jie Song
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Longding Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Lichun Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Qihan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
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97
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An YF, Geng XR, Mo LH, Liu JQ, Yang LT, Zhang XW, Liu ZG, Zhao CQ, Yang PC. The 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol (PNMC) compromises airway epithelial barrier function. Toxicology 2018; 395:9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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98
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Hamacher J, Hadizamani Y, Borgmann M, Mohaupt M, Männel DN, Moehrlen U, Lucas R, Stammberger U. Cytokine-Ion Channel Interactions in Pulmonary Inflammation. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1644. [PMID: 29354115 PMCID: PMC5758508 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The lungs conceptually represent a sponge that is interposed in series in the bodies’ systemic circulation to take up oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide. As such, it matches the huge surface areas of the alveolar epithelium to the pulmonary blood capillaries. The lung’s constant exposure to the exterior necessitates a competent immune system, as evidenced by the association of clinical immunodeficiencies with pulmonary infections. From the in utero to the postnatal and adult situation, there is an inherent vital need to manage alveolar fluid reabsorption, be it postnatally, or in case of hydrostatic or permeability edema. Whereas a wealth of literature exists on the physiological basis of fluid and solute reabsorption by ion channels and water pores, only sparse knowledge is available so far on pathological situations, such as in microbial infection, acute lung injury or acute respiratory distress syndrome, and in the pulmonary reimplantation response in transplanted lungs. The aim of this review is to discuss alveolar liquid clearance in a selection of lung injury models, thereby especially focusing on cytokines and mediators that modulate ion channels. Inflammation is characterized by complex and probably time-dependent co-signaling, interactions between the involved cell types, as well as by cell demise and barrier dysfunction, which may not uniquely determine a clinical picture. This review, therefore, aims to give integrative thoughts and wants to foster the unraveling of unmet needs in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürg Hamacher
- Internal Medicine and Pneumology, Lindenhofspital, Bern, Switzerland.,Internal Medicine V - Pneumology, Allergology, Respiratory and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Lungen- und Atmungsstiftung Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yalda Hadizamani
- Internal Medicine and Pneumology, Lindenhofspital, Bern, Switzerland.,Lungen- und Atmungsstiftung Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michèle Borgmann
- Internal Medicine and Pneumology, Lindenhofspital, Bern, Switzerland.,Lungen- und Atmungsstiftung Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Markus Mohaupt
- Internal Medicine, Sonnenhofspital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Ueli Moehrlen
- Paediatric Visceral Surgery, Universitäts-Kinderspital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rudolf Lucas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Uz Stammberger
- Lungen- und Atmungsstiftung Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Translational Clinical Oncology, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
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99
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Leiva-Juárez MM, Kolls JK, Evans SE. Lung epithelial cells: therapeutically inducible effectors of antimicrobial defense. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:21-34. [PMID: 28812547 PMCID: PMC5738267 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lung epithelial cells are increasingly recognized to be active effectors of microbial defense, contributing to both innate and adaptive immune function in the lower respiratory tract. As immune sentinels, lung epithelial cells detect diverse pathogens through an ample repertoire of membrane-bound, endosomal, and cytosolic pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). The highly plastic epithelial barrier responds to detected threats via modulation of paracellular flux, intercellular communications, mucin production, and periciliary fluid composition. Epithelial PRR stimulation also induces production of cytokines that recruit and sculpt leukocyte-mediated responses, and promotes epithelial generation of antimicrobial effector molecules that are directly microbicidal. The epithelium can alternately enhance tolerance to pathogens, preventing tissue damage through PRR-induced inhibitory signals, opsonization of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, and attenuation of injurious leukocyte responses. The inducibility of these protective responses has prompted attempts to therapeutically harness epithelial defense mechanisms to protect against pneumonias. Recent reports describe successful strategies for manipulation of epithelial defenses to protect against a wide range of respiratory pathogens. The lung epithelium is capable of both significant antimicrobial responses that reduce pathogen burdens and tolerance mechanisms that attenuate immunopathology. This manuscript reviews inducible lung epithelial defense mechanisms that offer opportunities for therapeutic manipulation to protect vulnerable populations against pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel M. Leiva-Juárez
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jay K. Kolls
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Scott E. Evans
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
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Gon Y, Hashimoto S. Role of airway epithelial barrier dysfunction in pathogenesis of asthma. Allergol Int 2018; 67:12-17. [PMID: 28941636 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchial asthma is characterized by persistent cough, increased sputum, and repeated wheezing. The pathophysiology underlying these symptoms is the hyper-responsiveness of the airway along with chronic airway inflammation. Repeated injury, repair, and regeneration of the airway epithelium following exposure to environmental factors and inflammation results in histological changes and functional abnormalities in the airway mucosal epithelium; such changes are believed to have a significant association with the pathophysiology of asthma. Damage to the barrier functions of the airway epithelium enhances mucosal permeability of foreign substances in the airway epithelium of patients with asthma. Thus, epithelial barrier fragility is closely involved in releasing epithelial cytokines (e.g., TSLP, IL-25, and IL-33) because of the activation of airway epithelial cells, dendritic cells, and innate group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2). Functional abnormalities of the airway epithelial cells along with the activation of dendritic cells, Th2 cells, and ILC2 form a single immunopathological unit that is considered to cause allergic airway inflammation. Here we use the latest published literature to discuss the potential pathological mechanisms regarding the onset and progressive severity of asthma with regard to the disruption of the airway epithelial function.
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