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Schanz M, Schaaf L, Dippon J, Biegger D, Fritz P, Alscher MD, Kimmel M. Renal effects of metallothionein induction by zinc in vitro and in vivo. BMC Nephrol 2017; 18:91. [PMID: 28302075 PMCID: PMC5353879 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-017-0503-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metallothionein (MTT) is an endogenous antioxidant that can be induced by both zinc (Zn) and ischemia. In kidneys, increased MTT expression exerts a putative protective role in diabetes and hypoxia. Our goal was to further investigate the behavior of MTT under the influence of Zn and hypoxia in vitro and in vivo. METHODS MTT expression was measured in vitro in cell cultures of proximal tubular cells (LCC-PK1) by immune-histochemistry and real-time PCR after incubation with increasing concentrations of Zn under hypoxic and non-hypoxic conditions. In addition, in vivo studies were carried out in 54 patients to study MTT induction through Zn. This is a sub-study of a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial on prevention of contrast-media-induced nephropathy using Placebo, Zn and N-Acetylcysteine. Blood samples were obtained before and after 2 days p.o. treatment with or without Zn (60 mg). ELISA-based MTT level measurements were done to evaluate the effects of Zn administration. For in vivo analysis, we considered the ratio of MTT to baseline MTT (MTT1/MTT0) and the ratio of eGFR (eGFR1/eGFR0), correspondingly. RESULTS In vitro quantitative immuno-histochemical analysis (IHC) and real-time PCR showed that at increasing levels of Zn (5, 10, and 15 μg/ml) led to a progressive increase of MTTs: Median (IQR) expression of IHC also increased progressively from 0.10 (0.09-0.12), 0.15 (0.12-0.18), 0.25 (0.25-0.27), 0.59 (0.48-0.70) (p < 0.0001). Median (IQR) expression of PCR: 0.59 (0.51-1.72), 1.62 (1.38-4.70), 3.58 (3.06-10.42) and 10.81 (9.24-31.47) (p < 0.0001). In contrast, hypoxia did not change MTT-levels in vitro (p > 0.05). In vivo no significant differences (p = 0.96) occurred in MTT-levels after 2 days of Zn administration compared with no Zn intake. Nevertheless, there was a significant correlation between MTT (MTT1/MTT0) and eGFR (eGFR1/eGFR0) in case of Zn administration (rho = -0.49; 95%-CI: -0.78 to -0.03; p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS We found that Zn did induce MTTs in vitro, whereas hypoxia had no significant impact. In contrast, no significant increase of MTTs was detected after in vivo administration of Zn. However, there was a significant negative correlation between MTT and eGFR in vivo in case of Zn administration, this could indicate a protective role of MTTs in a setting of reduced kidney function, which is possibly influenced by Zn. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00399256 . Retrospectively registered 11/13/2006.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Schanz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine and Nephrology, Robert-Bosch Hospital Stuttgart, Auerbachstraße 110, 70376, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lea Schaaf
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Juergen Dippon
- Department of Mathematics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dagmar Biegger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine and Nephrology, Robert-Bosch Hospital Stuttgart, Auerbachstraße 110, 70376, Stuttgart, Germany.,Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Fritz
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mark Dominik Alscher
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine and Nephrology, Robert-Bosch Hospital Stuttgart, Auerbachstraße 110, 70376, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Martin Kimmel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine and Nephrology, Robert-Bosch Hospital Stuttgart, Auerbachstraße 110, 70376, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Jarosz M, Olbert M, Wyszogrodzka G, Młyniec K, Librowski T. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of zinc. Zinc-dependent NF-κB signaling. Inflammopharmacology 2017; 25:11-24. [PMID: 28083748 PMCID: PMC5306179 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-017-0309-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is a nutritionally fundamental trace element, essential to the structure and function of numerous macromolecules, including enzymes regulating cellular processes and cellular signaling pathways. The mineral modulates immune response and exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Zinc retards oxidative processes on a long-term basis by inducing the expression of metallothioneins. These metal-binding cysteine-rich proteins are responsible for maintaining zinc-related cell homeostasis and act as potent electrophilic scavengers and cytoprotective agents. Furthermore, zinc increases the activation of antioxidant proteins and enzymes, such as glutathione and catalase. On the other hand, zinc exerts its antioxidant effect via two acute mechanisms, one of which is the stabilization of protein sulfhydryls against oxidation. The second mechanism consists in antagonizing transition metal-catalyzed reactions. Zinc can exchange redox active metals, such as copper and iron, in certain binding sites and attenuate cellular site-specific oxidative injury. Studies have demonstrated that physiological reconstitution of zinc restrains immune activation, whereas zinc deficiency, in the setting of severe infection, provokes a systemic increase in NF-κB activation. In vitro studies have shown that zinc decreases NF-κB activation and its target genes, such as TNF-α and IL-1β, and increases the gene expression of A20 and PPAR-α, the two zinc finger proteins with anti-inflammatory properties. Alternative NF-κB inhibitory mechanism is initiated by the inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, whereas another presumed mechanism consists in inhibition of IκB kinase in response to infection by zinc ions that have been imported into cells by ZIP8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Jarosz
- Department of Radioligands, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Olbert
- Department of Radioligands, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Gabriela Wyszogrodzka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Młyniec
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Librowski
- Department of Radioligands, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Krakow, Poland
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Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of low molecular-weight and cysteine-rich metalloproteins that regulate metal metabolism and protect cells from oxygen free radicals. Recent studies suggested that MTs have some anti-inflammatory effects. However, the role of MTs in post-burn inflammation remains unclear. This study is designed to investigate the role of MTs in post-burn inflammation in a mouse burn model. MT-I/II null (-/-) and C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice were randomly divided into sham burn, burn, Zn treated, and Zn-MT-2 treated groups. The inflammatory cytokines levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was determined by spectrophotometry. In in vitro study, exogenous MT-2 was added to macrophages that were stimulated with burn serum in the presence or absence of a p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580. The IL-6 and TNF-α messenger RNA (mRNA) expression were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The levels of p38 expression were determined by Western blot. Burn induced increased inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factors-α, and macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 production in burn wound and serum. The MPO activities in the lung and heart were also increased after burn. These effects were significantly more prominent in MT (-/-) mice than in WT mice. Furthermore, these effects were inhibited by administration of exogenous MT-2 to both WT and MT (-/-) mice. Exogenous MT-2 inhibited the p38 expression and abrogated the increase of IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA expression from macrophages that were stimulated with burn serum. The effect of MT-2 was not further strengthened in the presence of SB203580. MTs may have a protective role against post-burn inflammation and inflammatory organ damage, at least partly through inhibiting the p38 MAPK signaling.
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Cong W, Niu C, Lv L, Ni M, Ruan D, Chi L, Wang Y, Yu Q, Zhan K, Xuan Y, Wang Y, Tan Y, Wei T, Cai L, Jin L. Metallothionein Prevents Age-Associated Cardiomyopathy via Inhibiting NF-κB Pathway Activation and Associated Nitrative Damage to 2-OGD. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 25:936-952. [PMID: 27477335 PMCID: PMC5144888 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Cardiac-specific metallothionein (MT) overexpression extends lifespan, but the mechanism underlying the effect of MT protection against age-associated cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remains elusive. To elucidate this, male wild-type and two lines of MT-transgenic (MT-TG) mice, MM and MT-1 (cardiac-specific overexpressing MT about 10- and 80-fold, respectively) at three representative ages (2-3, 9-10, and 18-20 months), were utilized. A stable human MT2A overexpressing cardiomyocytes (H9c2MT7) was also introduced. RESULTS Histomorphology and echocardiographic analysis revealed that age-associated cardiac hypertrophy, remodeling, and dysfunction were ameliorated in MT-TG mice. Also, aging-accompanied NF-κB activation, characterized by increased nuclear p65 translocation, elevated DNA-binding activity, and upregulation of inflammatory cytokines, was largely attenuated by MT overexpression. Treatment of H9c2 cardiomyocytes with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which mimicked an inflammatory environment, significantly increased NF-κB activity, and some age-related phenotypes appeared. The NF-κB activation was further proved to be pivotal for both age-associated and TNF-α-induced nitrative damage to cardiac 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (2-OGD) by virtue of NF-κB p65 gene silencing. MT inhibited NF-κB activation and associated nitrative damage to cardiac 2-OGD in both old MT-TG hearts and TNF-α-treated H9c2MT7 cardiomyocytes; these protective effects were abolished in H9c2MT7 cardiomyocytes by MT-specific gene silencing. Innovation and Conclusion: Together, these findings indicate that the protective effects of MT against age-associated CVD can be attributed mainly to its role in NF-κB inhibition and resultant alleviation of nitrative damage to 2-OGD. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 936-952.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Cong
- 1 School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Chao Niu
- 1 School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Lingchun Lv
- 2 The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Lishui, P.R. China
| | - Maowei Ni
- 3 Zhejiang Cancer Hospital , Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Dandan Ruan
- 4 The Health Examination Center , the 117th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Lisha Chi
- 1 School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- 5 Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neuroscience, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qing Yu
- 1 School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Kungao Zhan
- 6 The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yuanhu Xuan
- 1 School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yuehui Wang
- 7 The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Yi Tan
- 1 School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, P.R. China .,8 Department of Pediatrics, Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Tiemin Wei
- 2 The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Lishui, P.R. China
| | - Lu Cai
- 7 The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun, P.R. China .,8 Department of Pediatrics, Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Litai Jin
- 1 School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, P.R. China
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Babaei J, Jalali A, Galehdari H, Saki A. MT1A (A>G), MT1A (C>G), MT1M (A>C) and MT4 (G>A) single nucleotide polymorphism allele frequencies in Iranian populations. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2016.1207487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Javad Babaei
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Toxicology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Amir Jalali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Toxicology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hamid Galehdari
- Department of Genetics, School of Sciences, Shaheed Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Amal Saki
- Department of Statistics, School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Ahvaz, Iran
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Metallothioneins 1 and 2 Modulate Inflammation and Support Remodeling in Ischemic Cardiomyopathy in Mice. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:7174127. [PMID: 27403038 PMCID: PMC4923606 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7174127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims. Repetitive brief ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) is associated with left ventricular dysfunction during development of ischemic cardiomyopathy. We investigated the role of zinc-donor proteins metallothionein MT1 and MT2 in a closed-chest murine model of I/R. Methods. Daily 15-minute LAD-occlusion was performed for 1, 3, and 7 days in SV129 (WT)- and MT1/2 knockout (MT(-/-))-mice (n = 8-10/group). Hearts were examined with M-mode echocardiography and processed for histological and mRNA studies. Results. Expression of MT1/2 mRNA was transiently induced during repetitive I/R in WT-mice, accompanied by a transient inflammation, leading to interstitial fibrosis with left ventricular dysfunction without infarction. In contrast, MT(-/-)-hearts presented with enhanced apoptosis and small infarctions leading to impaired global and regional pump function. Molecular analysis revealed maladaptation of myosin heavy chain isoforms and antioxidative enzymes in MT1/2(-/-)-hearts. Despite their postponed chemokine induction we found a higher total neutrophil density and macrophage infiltration in small infarctions in MT(-/-)-hearts. Subsequently, higher expression of osteopontin 1 and tenascin C was associated with increased myofibroblast density resulting in predominately nonreversible fibrosis and adverse remodeling in MT1/2(-/-)-hearts. Conclusion. Cardioprotective effects of MT1/2 seem to be exerted via modulation of contractile elements, antioxidative enzymes, inflammatory response, and myocardial remodeling.
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Duan Q, Wang T, Zhang N, Perera V, Liang X, Abeysekera IR, Yao X. Propylthiouracil, Perchlorate, and Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Modulate High Concentrations of Iodide Instigated Mitochondrial Superoxide Production in the Thyroids of Metallothionein I/II Knockout Mice. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2016; 31:174-84. [PMID: 26754589 PMCID: PMC4803556 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2016.31.1.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased oxidative stress has been suggested as one of the underlying mechanisms in iodide excess-induced thyroid disease. Metallothioneins (MTs) are regarded as scavengers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in oxidative stress. Our aim is to investigate the effects of propylthiouracil (PTU), a thyroid peroxidase inhibitor, perchlorate (KClO₄), a competitive inhibitor of iodide transport, and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) on mitochondrial superoxide production instigated by high concentrations of iodide in the thyroids of MT-I/II knockout (MT-I/II KO) mice. METHODS Eight-week-old 129S7/SvEvBrd-Mt1(tm1Bri) Mt2(tm1Bri)/J (MT-I/II KO) mice and background-matched wild type (WT) mice were used. RESULTS By using a mitochondrial superoxide indicator (MitoSOX Red), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay, we demonstrated that the decreased relative viability and increased LDH release and mitochondrial superoxide production induced by potassium iodide (100 μM) can be relieved by 300 μM PTU, 30 μM KClO₄, or 10 U/L TSH in the thyroid cell suspensions of both MT-I/II KO and WT mice (P<0.05). Compared to the WT mice, a significant decrease in the relative viability along with a significant increase in LDH release and mitochondrial superoxide production were detected in MT-I/II KO mice(P<0.05). CONCLUSION We concluded that PTU, KClO₄, or TSH relieved the mitochondrial oxidative stress induced by high concentrations of iodide in the thyroids of both MT-I/II KO and WT mice. MT-I/II showed antioxidant effects against high concentrations of iodide-induced mitochondrial superoxide production in the thyroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Duan
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Vern Perera
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xue Liang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Iruni Roshanie Abeysekera
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaomei Yao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
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Luo K, Long H, Xu B, Luo Y. Metallothionein ameliorates burn sepsis partly via activation of Akt signaling pathway in mice: a randomized animal study. World J Emerg Surg 2015; 10:53. [PMID: 26550025 PMCID: PMC4636064 DOI: 10.1186/s13017-015-0044-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of cysteine-rich and low molecular-weight proteins that can regulate metal metabolism and act as antioxidants. Recent studies showed that MTs played a protective role in excessive inflammation and sepsis. However, the role of MTs in burn sepsis remains unclear. This study is designed to investigate the role of MTs in burn sepsis in an experimental mouse model. Methods MT-I/II knockout (−/−) mice on a C57BL/6 background and their wild-type (WT) littermates were randomly divided into sham burn, burn, burn sepsis, Zn treated and Zn-MT-2 treated groups. Levels of inflammatory cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was detected by spectrophotometry. In in vitro study, exogenous MT was added to macrophages that stimulated with serum from burn sepsis mice with or without Akt inhibitor LY294002. The IL-1 β and IL-6 mRNA expression were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The levels of Akt expression were determined by western blot. Results Burn sepsis induced significantly elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines in serum and increased inflammatory infiltration in the liver and lung. These effects were more prominent in MT (−/−) mice than in WT mice. Furthermore, exogenous MT-2 inhibited these elevated inflammatory response in both WT and MT (−/−) mice. MT-2 up-regulated Akt phosphorylation and abrogated the increase of IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA expression from macrophages that stimulated with burn sepsis serum. These effects of MT-2 were abolished in the presence of LY294002. Conclusion MT-2 ameliorates burn sepsis by attenuating inflammatory response and diminishing inflammatory organ damage, which is at least partly mediated by activation of Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqin Luo
- Department of Emergency, SunYat-Sen memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 yan-jiangxi Road, Guangzhou, 510120 China
| | - Huibao Long
- Department of Emergency, SunYat-Sen memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 yan-jiangxi Road, Guangzhou, 510120 China
| | - Bincan Xu
- Department of Emergency, SunYat-Sen memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 yan-jiangxi Road, Guangzhou, 510120 China
| | - Yanling Luo
- Department of Emergency, SunYat-Sen memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 yan-jiangxi Road, Guangzhou, 510120 China
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Emeny RT, Kasten-Jolly J, Mondal T, Lynes MA, Lawrence DA. Metallothionein differentially affects the host response to Listeria infection both with and without an additional stress from cold-restraint. Cell Stress Chaperones 2015; 20:1013-22. [PMID: 26267326 PMCID: PMC4595426 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-015-0630-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute stress alters anti-bacterial defenses, but the neuroimmunological mechanisms underlying this association are not yet well understood. Metallothionein (MT), a cysteine-rich protein, is a stress response protein that is induced by a variety of chemical, biological, and psychological stressors, and MT has been shown to influence immune activities. We investigated MT's role in the management of anti-bacterial responses that occur during stress, using a C57BL/6 (B6) strain that has targeted disruptions of the Mt1 and Mt2 genes (B6-MTKO), and a B6 strain that has additional copies of Mt (B6-MTTGN). The well-characterized listeriosis model was used to examine immune mechanisms that are altered by a 1-h stress treatment (cold-restraint, CR) administered just prior to bacterial infection. Intriguingly, MT gene doses both greater and lower than that of wild-type (WT) B6 mice were associated with improved host defenses against Listeria monocytogenes (LM). This augmented protection was diminished by CR stress in the MTKO mice, but transgenic mice with additional MT copies had no CR stress-induced increase in their listerial burden. During the transition from innate to adaptive immunity, on day 3 after infection, oxidative burst and apoptosis were assessed by flow cytometric methods, and cytokine transcription was measured by real-time quantitative PCR. MT gene expression and CR-stress affected the expression of IL-6 and TNFα. Additionally, these genetic and environmental modulations altered the generation of ROS responses as well as the number of apoptotic cells in livers and spleens. Although the level of MT altered the listerial response, MT expression was equally elevated by listerial infection with or without CR stress. These results indicate the ability of MT to regulate immune response mechanisms and demonstrate that increased amounts of MT can eliminate the immunosuppression induced by CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca T Emeny
- Laboratory of Immunology, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 150 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY, 12201, USA
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, GmbH, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jane Kasten-Jolly
- Laboratory of Immunology, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 150 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY, 12201, USA
| | - Tapan Mondal
- Laboratory of Immunology, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 150 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY, 12201, USA
| | - Michael A Lynes
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - David A Lawrence
- Laboratory of Immunology, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 150 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY, 12201, USA.
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Adi N, Perriotte-Olson C, Desouza C, Ramalingam R, Saraswathi V. Hematopoietic cyclooxygenase-2 deficiency increases adipose tissue inflammation and adiposity in obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:2037-45. [PMID: 26316178 PMCID: PMC6368065 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adipose tissue (AT) macrophages mediate AT inflammation in obesity, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a major inflammatory gene. It was hypothesized that deletion of hematopoietic COX-2 will inhibit AT inflammation in obesity. METHODS Lethally irradiated wild-type (WT) mice were injected with bone marrow (BM) cells collected from WT or COX-2 knock-out (COX-2-/-) donor mice and fed a high-fat diet for 16 weeks. RESULTS The mice that received BM cells from COX-2-/- mice (BM-COX-2-/-) gained increased body weight, fat mass, and visceral AT (VAT) mass. These mice exhibited reduced inflammatory markers in the VAT stromal vascular cells (SVC). However, the inflammatory markers were increased in adipocyte fraction and/or whole VAT. The activation of ERK1/2 MAPK, a pro-inflammatory signaling pathway, was increased in BM-COX-2-/- mice. The molecular markers of adipogenesis were increased in the VAT or adipocyte fraction. Wnt signaling markers which inhibit adipogenesis, including Wnt3A and DVL3, were reduced, and Wnt5a/b which promotes inflammation was increased in the VAT and/or adipocytes. Finally, an increase in hepatic triglyceride levels in BM-COX-2-/- mice was noted. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that COX-2 deletion in hematopoietic cells reduces SVC inflammation but increases VAT inflammation and promotes adiposity likely via altered Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Adi
- Department of Internal Medicine/Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Nebraska Medical Center
- VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Curtis Perriotte-Olson
- Department of Internal Medicine/Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Nebraska Medical Center
- VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Cyrus Desouza
- Department of Internal Medicine/Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Nebraska Medical Center
- VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Ramesh Ramalingam
- Department of Internal Medicine/Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Nebraska Medical Center
- VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Viswanathan Saraswathi
- Department of Internal Medicine/Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Nebraska Medical Center
- VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Address correspondence to: Viswanathan Saraswathi, Research Services, VA Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE. Ph: 402-995-3033; Fax: 402-449-0604;
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Raudenska M, Sztalmachova M, Gumulec J, Fojtu M, Polanska H, Balvan J, Feith M, Binkova H, Horakova Z, Kostrica R, Kizek R, Masarik M. Prognostic significance of the tumour-adjacent tissue in head and neck cancers. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:9929-39. [PMID: 26168959 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3755-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Even with significant advances in operative skills and adjuvant therapies, the overall survival of patients suffering with head and neck squamous cancers (HNSCC) is unsatisfactory. Accordingly, no clinically useful prognostic biomarkers have been found yet for HNSCC. Many studies analysed the expression of potential markers in tumour tissues compared to adjacent tissues. Nevertheless, due to the sharing of the same microenvironment, adjacent tissues show molecular similarity to tumour tissues. Thus, gene expression patterns of 94 HNSCC tumorous tissues were compared with 31 adjacent tissues and with 10 tonsillectomy specimens of non-cancer individuals. The genes analysed at RNA level using quantitative RT-PCR and correlated with clinico-pathological conditions were as follows: EGF, EGFR, MKI67, BCL2, BAX, FOS, JUN, TP53, VEGF, FLT1, MMP2, MMP9, MT1A and MT2A. The elevated MT2A, BAX, EGF and JUN expression was associated with the influence of tumour cells on the rearrangement of healthy tissues, as well as a significant shift in the BAX/BCL2 ratio. Our investigation also indicated that adjacent tissues play an important role in cancerogenesis by releasing several tumour-supporting factors such as EGF. A gradual increase in the metallothionein expression, from the lowest one in tonsillectomy samples to the highest ones in tumour samples, suggests that MT expression might be tissue reaction to the presence of tumour cells. The results of this study confirmed the significance of metallothionein in tumori-genesis and gave evidences for its use as a potential HNSCC biomarker. Furthermore, this study highlighted the importance of histologically normal tumour-adjacent tissue in prediction of HNSCC progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Raudenska
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Sztalmachova
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromir Gumulec
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Fojtu
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Polanska
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Balvan
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Feith
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Binkova
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, St. Anne's Faculty Hospital, Pekarska 53, CZ-656 91, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Horakova
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, St. Anne's Faculty Hospital, Pekarska 53, CZ-656 91, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rom Kostrica
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, St. Anne's Faculty Hospital, Pekarska 53, CZ-656 91, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rene Kizek
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Masarik
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Sridharan S, Allen AL, Kidney B, Al-Dissi AN. Metallothionein Expression in Dogs With Chronic Hepatitis and Its Correlation With Hepatic Fibrosis, Inflammation, and Ki-67 Expression. Vet Pathol 2015; 52:1127-33. [PMID: 26077783 DOI: 10.1177/0300985815588607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The chronic form of primary hepatitis occurs commonly in dogs, and the etiology is rarely found. Metallothionein (MT) is a heavy metal-binding protein found in many organs, including the liver. MT was recently shown to enhance liver regeneration and decrease hepatic fibrosis in human beings. This study examined the expression of MT in 24 cases of chronic hepatitis in dogs using immunohistochemistry. To understand the role of MT as a determinant of hepatic inflammation, fibrosis, bile duct proliferation, and regeneration, we correlated its expression with histologic lesions of chronic hepatitis, such as hepatic inflammation, fibrosis, and bile duct proliferation, as well as hepatocellular growth fraction as measured by Ki67 immunolabeling. Hepatocellular growth fraction was used as a measure of hepatic regeneration. Regression analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between MT labeling intensity and growth fraction (r(2) = 0.29, P < .05). The percentage of MT-positive cells and the overall MT expression were both positively correlated with growth fraction (r(2) = 0.25 and 0.26, respectively; P < .05). A negative correlation was found between the overall MT labeling and fibrosis (r(2) = 0.18, P < .05). A similar trend of negative correlation was also found between the percentage of MT-positive cells and fibrosis, but the P value was not statistically significant (r(2) = 0.14, P = .0684). These findings suggest a protective role of MT in dogs affected by chronic hepatitis, similar to its role in human beings. These dogs may respond to treatment modules focusing on enhancing the expression of MT.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sridharan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - A L Allen
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - B Kidney
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - A N Al-Dissi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Nixon SE, González-Peña D, Lawson MA, McCusker RH, Hernandez AG, O’Connor JC, Dantzer R, Kelley KW, Rodriguez-Zas SL. Analytical workflow profiling gene expression in murine macrophages. J Bioinform Comput Biol 2015; 13:1550010. [PMID: 25708305 PMCID: PMC4539142 DOI: 10.1142/s0219720015500109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive and simultaneous analysis of all genes in a biological sample is a capability of RNA-Seq technology. Analysis of the entire transcriptome benefits from summarization of genes at the functional level. As a cellular response of interest not previously explored with RNA-Seq, peritoneal macrophages from mice under two conditions (control and immunologically challenged) were analyzed for gene expression differences. Quantification of individual transcripts modeled RNA-Seq read distribution and uncertainty (using a Beta Negative Binomial distribution), then tested for differential transcript expression (False Discovery Rate-adjusted p-value < 0.05). Enrichment of functional categories utilized the list of differentially expressed genes. A total of 2079 differentially expressed transcripts representing 1884 genes were detected. Enrichment of 92 categories from Gene Ontology Biological Processes and Molecular Functions, and KEGG pathways were grouped into 6 clusters. Clusters included defense and inflammatory response (Enrichment Score = 11.24) and ribosomal activity (Enrichment Score = 17.89). Our work provides a context to the fine detail of individual gene expression differences in murine peritoneal macrophages during immunological challenge with high throughput RNA-Seq.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E. Nixon
- Illinois Informatics Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Dianelys González-Peña
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Marcus A. Lawson
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Robert H. McCusker
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Alvaro G. Hernandez
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jason C. O’Connor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Robert Dantzer
- Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Keith W. Kelley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Sandra L. Rodriguez-Zas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Statistics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Heinze DM, Carmical JR, Aronson JF, Alarcon-Chaidez F, Wikel S, Thangamani S. Murine cutaneous responses to the rocky mountain spotted fever vector, Dermacentor andersoni, feeding. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:198. [PMID: 24847317 PMCID: PMC4019863 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick salivary glands produce complex cocktails of bioactive molecules that facilitate blood feeding and pathogen transmission by modulating host hemostasis, pain/itch responses, wound healing, and both innate and adaptive immunity. In this study, cutaneous responses at Dermacentor andersoni bite-sites were analyzed using Affymetrix mouse genome arrays and histopathology at 12, 48, 96 and 120 h post- infestation (hpi) during primary infestations and 120 hpi during secondary infestations. The microarray data suggests: (1) chemotaxis of neutrophils, monocytes, and other cell types; (2) production and scavenging of reactive oxygen species; and, (3) keratin- based wound healing responses. Histological analysis supported the microarray findings. At 12 hpi, a mild inflammatory infiltrate was present in the dermis, especially concentrated at the junction between dermal connective tissue and underlying adipose tissue. A small lesion was located immediately under the hypostome and likely represents the feeding “pool.” Surprisingly, at 48 hpi, the number of inflammatory cells had not increased from 12 hpi, perhaps mirroring the reduction in gene expression seen at this time point. The feeding lesion is very well defined, and extravasated erythrocytes are readily evident around the hypostome. By 96 hpi, the inflammatory infiltrate has increased dramatically and the feeding lesion appears to have moved deeper into the dermis. At 120 hpi, most of the changes at 96 hpi are intensified. The infiltrate is very dense, the epidermis is markedly thickened, the feeding lesion is poorly defined and the dermal tissue near the hypostome appears to be loosing its normal architecture. In conclusion, during D. andersoni feeding infiltration of inflammatory cells increases across time concurrent with significant changes in the epidermal and dermal compartments near the feeding tick. The importance of changes in the epidermal layer in the host response to ticks is not known, however, it is possible the host attempts to “slough off” the tick by greatly increasing epithelial cell replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dar M Heinze
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, TX, USA
| | - J Russ Carmical
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, TX, USA ; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Judith F Aronson
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Stephen Wikel
- Department of Medical Sciences, Quinnipiac University Hamden, CT, USA
| | - Saravanan Thangamani
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, TX, USA ; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, TX, USA ; Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, TX, USA
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65
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The copper radioisotopes: a systematic review with special interest to 64Cu. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:786463. [PMID: 24895611 PMCID: PMC4033511 DOI: 10.1155/2014/786463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an important trace element in humans; it plays a role as a cofactor for numerous enzymes and other proteins crucial for respiration, iron transport, metabolism, cell growth, and hemostasis. Natural copper comprises two stable isotopes, (63)Cu and (65)Cu, and 5 principal radioisotopes for molecular imaging applications ((60)Cu, (61)Cu, (62)Cu, and (64)Cu) and in vivo targeted radiation therapy ((64)Cu and (67)Cu). The two potential ways to produce Cu radioisotopes concern the use of the cyclotron or the reactor. A noncopper target is used to produce noncarrier-added Cu thanks to a chemical separation from the target material using ion exchange chromatography achieving a high amount of radioactivity with the lowest possible amount of nonradioactive isotopes. In recent years, Cu isotopes have been linked to antibodies, proteins, peptides, and nanoparticles for preclinical and clinical research; pathological conditions that influence Cu metabolism such as Menkes syndrome, Wilson disease, inflammation, tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis, and drug resistance have been studied. We aim to discuss all Cu radioisotopes application focusing on (64)Cu and in particular its form (64)CuCl2 that seems to be the most promising for its half-life, radiation emissions, and stability with chelators, allowing several applications in oncological and nononcological fields.
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Gonzalez-Mejia ME, Torres-Rasgado E, Porchia LM, Salgado HR, Totolhua JL, Ortega A, Hernández-Kelly LCR, Ruiz-Vivanco G, Báez-Duarte BG, Pérez-Fuentes R. Metallothionein-1 and nitric oxide expression are inversely correlated in a murine model of Chagas disease. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 109:174-81. [PMID: 24676665 PMCID: PMC4015253 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276140339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, represents an endemic among Latin America countries. The participation of free radicals, especially nitric oxide (NO), has been demonstrated in the pathophysiology of seropositive individuals with T. cruzi. In Chagas disease, increased NO contributes to the development of cardiomyopathy and megacolon. Metallothioneins (MTs) are efficient free radicals scavengers of NO in vitro and in vivo. Here, we developed a murine model of the chronic phase of Chagas disease using endemic T. cruzi RyCH1 in BALB/c mice, which were divided into four groups: infected non-treated (Inf), infected N-monomethyl-L-arginine treated (Inf L-NAME), non-infected L-NAME treated and non-infected vehicle-treated. We determined blood parasitaemia and NO levels, the extent of parasite nests in tissues and liver MT-I expression levels. It was observed that NO levels were increasing in Inf mice in a time-dependent manner. Inf L-NAME mice had fewer T. cruzi nests in cardiac and skeletal muscle with decreased blood NO levels at day 135 post infection. This affect was negatively correlated with an increase of MT-I expression (r = -0.8462, p < 0.0001). In conclusion, we determined that in Chagas disease, an unknown inhibitory mechanism reduces MT-I expression, allowing augmented NO levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leonardo M Porchia
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de Enfermedades Crónicas, Centro de
Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Puebla,
México
| | - Hilda Rosas Salgado
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de Enfermedades Crónicas, Centro de
Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Puebla,
México
| | - José-Luis Totolhua
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de Enfermedades Crónicas, Centro de
Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Puebla,
México
| | - Arturo Ortega
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y
de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Zacatenco, México DF,México
| | | | | | | | - Ricardo Pérez-Fuentes
- Facultad de Medicina, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla,
México
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de Enfermedades Crónicas, Centro de
Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Puebla,
México
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67
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Devisscher L, Hindryckx P, Lynes MA, Waeytens A, Cuvelier C, De Vos F, Vanhove C, Vos MD, Laukens D. Role of metallothioneins as danger signals in the pathogenesis of colitis. J Pathol 2014; 233:89-100. [PMID: 24452846 DOI: 10.1002/path.4330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are recurrent intestinal pathologies characterized by a compromised epithelial barrier and an exaggerated immune activation. Mediators of immune cell infiltration may represent new therapeutic opportunities. Metallothioneins (MTs) are stress-responsive proteins with immune-modulating functions. Metallothioneins have been linked to IBDs, but their role in intestinal inflammation is inconclusive. We investigated MT expression in colonic biopsies from IBDs and acute infectious colitis patients and healthy controls and evaluated MT's role in experimental colitis using MT knockout mice and anti-MT antibodies. Antibody potential to target extracellular MT and its mechanism was tested in vitro. Biopsies of patients with active colitis showed infiltration of MT-positive cells in a pattern that correlated with the grade of inflammation. MT knockout mice displayed less severe acute dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis compared to congenic wild-type mice based on survival, weight loss, colon length, histological inflammation and leukocyte infiltration. Chronic DSS-colitis confirmed that Mt1 and Mt2 gene disruption enhances clinical outcome. Blockade of extracellular MT with antibodies reduced F4/80-positive macrophage infiltration in DSS- and trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid-colitis, with a tendency towards a better outcome. Whole-body single-photon emission computer tomography of mice injected with radioactive anti-MT antibodies showed antibody accumulation in the colon during colitis and clearance during recovery. Necrotic and not apoptotic cell death resulted in western blot MT detection in HT29 cell supernatant. In a Boyden chamber migration assay, leukocyte attraction towards the necrotic cell supernatant could be abolished with anti-MT antibody, indicating the chemotactic potential of endogenous released MT. Our results show that human colitis is associated with infiltration of MT-positive inflammatory cells. Since antibody blockade of extracellular MT can reduce colitis in mice, MT may act as a danger signal and may represent a novel target for reducing leukocyte infiltration and inflammation in IBD patients.
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68
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Russo R, Bonaventura R, Matranga V. Time- and dose-dependent gene expression in sea urchin embryos exposed to UVB. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 93:85-92. [PMID: 24011617 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The increase of UVB radiation reaching marine environment has harmful effects on living organisms. Paracentrotus lividus sea urchin embryos living in shallow water are exposed to radiations, providing a good model for studying the molecular mechanisms activated upon UV stress. Here, we report the modulated time- and dose-dependent expression of six genes, known to be involved in stress response, in embryos exposed at cleavage to 400 and 800 J/m(2) UVB, and collected at early (morula) and later (gastrula) stages. We analyzed their mRNA levels by QPCR and found that Pl-14-3-3 showed a dose-dependent induction, both early and late in development; Pl-c-jun was up-regulated proportionally to the UVB dose at early stages and only at 800 J/m(2) UVB at later stages; Pl-XPB-ERCC3, Pl-MT and Pl-NF-kB were highly up-regulated later in development at the high dose, with the exception of Pl-XPB-ERCC3 whose mRNA levels were high also at the lower dose; Pl-FOXO expression was not affected by UVB radiation. We believe that the identification of UVB-responsive genes in irradiated sea urchin embryos, reported for the first time in this study, will be helpful for the understanding of the involved molecular pathways. The correlation between the impaired morphogenesis, affecting endo-mesoderm differentiation, and gene modulations described herewith is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Russo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare "Alberto Monroy", Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Rosa Bonaventura
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare "Alberto Monroy", Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Valeria Matranga
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare "Alberto Monroy", Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
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69
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Dawson DR, Branch-Mays G, Gonzalez OA, Ebersole JL. Dietary modulation of the inflammatory cascade. Periodontol 2000 2013; 64:161-97. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2012.00458.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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70
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Hepatic expression of metallothionein I/II, glycoprotein 96, IL-6, and TGF- β in rat strains with different susceptibilities to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:750406. [PMID: 24489578 PMCID: PMC3893782 DOI: 10.1155/2013/750406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In a search of peripheral factors that could be responsible for the discrepancy in susceptibility to EAE in Albino Oxford (AO) and Dark Agouti (DA) rats, we estimated the expression of metallothioneins I/II (MT), heat shock protein-gp96, interleukin (IL)-6, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β in the livers of these animals. Rats were immunized with bovine brain homogenate (BBH) emulsified in complete Freund adjuvant (CFA) or only with CFA. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses were done on day 12 after the immunization, as well as in intact rats. The data have shown that during the first attack of EAE only the EAE prone-DA rats markedly upregulated the hepatic MTs, gp96, IL-6, and TGF-β. In contrast, AO rats had a significantly higher expression of MT I/II, IL-6, and TGF-β in intact liver (P < 0,001), suggesting that the greater constitutive expression of these proteins contributed to the resistance of EAE. Besides, since previously we found that AO rats reacted on immunization by an early upregulation of TGF-β on several hepatic structures (vascular endothelium, Kupffer cells, and hepatocytes), the data suggest that the specific hepatic microenvironment might contribute also to the faster recovery of these rats from EAE.
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Abstract
The immunomodulatory and antimicrobial properties of zinc and copper have long been appreciated. In addition, these metal ions are also essential for microbial growth and survival. This presents opportunities for the host to either harness their antimicrobial properties or limit their availability as defence strategies. Recent studies have shed some light on mechanisms by which copper and zinc regulation contribute to host defence, but there remain many unanswered questions at the cellular and molecular levels. Here we review the roles of these two metal ions in providing protection against infectious diseases in vivo, and in regulating innate immune responses. In particular, we focus on studies implicating zinc and copper in macrophage antimicrobial pathways, as well as the specific host genes encoding zinc transporters (SLC30A, SLC39A family members) and CTRs (copper transporters, ATP7 family members) that may contribute to pathogen control by these cells.
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72
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Walker M, Parsons D. The biological fate of silver ions following the use of silver-containing wound care products - a review. Int Wound J 2012; 11:496-504. [PMID: 23173975 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-481x.2012.01115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic silver has a long history as an antimicrobial in human health care. This article is a review of the published literature on how ionic silver may enter the body from exposure to silver-containing wound care products and its eventual metabolic fates, in an assessment of the safety during normal use of these products in wound care. Following the application to breached skin, there appears to be little evidence of localised or systemic toxicity, and this is borne out by the continuous use of silver sulfadiazine formulations for more than 50 years. Consequently, following normal use, the risk of silver ion toxicity locally and systemically is considered to be low or negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Walker
- ConvaTec Global Development Centre, Deeside, Flintshire, UK
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73
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Heinze DM, Carmical JR, Aronson JF, Thangamani S. Early immunologic events at the tick-host interface. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47301. [PMID: 23077588 PMCID: PMC3471850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ixodes species ticks are competent vectors of tick-borne viruses including tick-borne encephalitis and Powassan encephalitis. Tick saliva has been shown to facilitate and enhance viral infection. This likely occurs by saliva-mediated modulation of host responses into patterns favorable for viral infection and dissemination. Because of the rapid kinetics of tick-borne viral transmission, this modulation must occur as early as tick attachment and initiation of feeding. In this study, cutaneous bite-site lesions were analyzed using Affymetrix mouse genome 430A 2.0 arrays and histopathology at 1, 3, 6, and 12 hours after uninfected Ixodes scapularis nymphal tick attachment. At 1 and 3 hrs after attachment, the gene expression profile is markedly different than at later time points. Upregulated gene ontology term clusters enriched at 1 and 3 hrs were related to post-translational modification. At 6 and 12 hrs, cytoskeletal rearrangements, DNA replication/cell division, inflammation, and chemotaxis were prominent clusters. At 6 and 12 hrs, extracellular matrix, signaling, and DNA binding clusters were downregulated. Histopathological analysis shows minimal inflammation at 1 and 3 hrs but an appreciable neutrophil infiltrate at 6 and 12 hrs. In addition, putative hyperemia, localized necrosis, and increased ECM deposition were identified. Putting the gene expression and histopathology analysis together suggests early tick feeding is characterized by modulation of host responses in resident cells that merges into a nascent, neutrophil-driven immune response by 12 hrs post-attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dar M. Heinze
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - J. Russ Carmical
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Judith F. Aronson
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Saravanan Thangamani
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
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Apolipoprotein E genotype affects tissue metallothionein levels: studies in targeted gene replacement mice. GENES AND NUTRITION 2012; 7:247-55. [PMID: 22328270 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-012-0282-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype is an important risk factor for ageing and age-related diseases. The APOE4 genotype (in contrast to APOE3) has been shown to be associated with oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. Metallothioneins (MT) exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, and MT overexpression has been shown to increase lifespan in mice. Interactions between APOE and MT, however, are largely unknown. Hence, we determined the effect of the APOE4 versus APOE3 genotype on MT levels in targeted gene replacement mice. APOE4 versus APOE3 mice exhibited significantly lower hepatic MT1 and MT2 mRNA as well as lower MT protein levels. The decrease in hepatic MT protein levels in APOE4 as compared to APOE3 mice was accompanied by lower nuclear Nrf1, a protein partly controlling MT gene expression. Cell culture experiments using hepatocytes identified allyl-isothiocyanate (AITC) as a potent MT inductor in vitro. Therefore, we supplemented APOE3 and APOE4 mice with AITC. However, AITC (15 mg/kg b.w.) could only partly correct for decreased MT1 and MT2 gene expression in APOE4 mice in vivo. Furthermore, cholesterol significantly decreased both Nrf1 and MT mRNA levels in Huh7 cells indicating that differences in MT gene expression between the two genotypes could be related to differences in hepatic cholesterol concentrations. Overall, present data suggest that the APOE genotype is an important determinant of tissue MT levels in mice and that MT gene expression may be impaired by the APOE4 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Inverse correlation between metallothioneins and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha in colonocytes and experimental colitis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 416:307-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Santos CRA, Martinho A, Quintela T, Gonçalves I. Neuroprotective and neuroregenerative properties of metallothioneins. IUBMB Life 2011; 64:126-35. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Lepage P, Häsler R, Spehlmann ME, Rehman A, Zvirbliene A, Begun A, Ott S, Kupcinskas L, Doré J, Raedler A, Schreiber S. Twin study indicates loss of interaction between microbiota and mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2011; 141:227-36. [PMID: 21621540 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Revised: 04/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Interactions between genetic and environmental factors are believed to be involved in onset and initiation of inflammatory bowel disease. We analyzed the interaction between gastrointestinal mucosal microbiota and host genes in twin pairs discordant for ulcerative colitis (UC) to study the functional interaction between microbiota and mucosal epithelium. METHODS Biopsy were collected from sigmoid colon of UC patients and their healthy twins (discordant twin pairs) and from twins without UC. Microbiota profiles were determined from analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA libraries; messenger RNA profiles were determined by microarray analysis. RESULTS Patients with UC had dysbiotic microbiota, characterized by less bacterial diversity and more Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria than that of their healthy siblings; healthy siblings from discordant twins had more bacteria from the Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae families than twins who were both healthy. In twins who were both healthy, 34 mucosal transcripts correlated with bacterial genera, whereas only 25 and 11 correlated with bacteria genera in healthy individuals and their twins with UC, respectively. Transcripts related to oxidative and immune responses were differentially expressed between patients with UC and their healthy twins. CONCLUSIONS The transcriptional profile of the mucosa appears to interact with the colonic microbiota; this interaction appears to be lost in colon of patients with UC. Bacterial functions, such as butyrate production, might affect mucosal gene expression. Patients with UC had different gene expression profiles and lower levels of biodiversity than their healthy twins, as well as unusual aerobic bacteria. Patients with UC had lower percentages of potentially protective bacterial species than their healthy twins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Lepage
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts University-Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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79
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Fukada T, Yamasaki S, Nishida K, Murakami M, Hirano T. Zinc homeostasis and signaling in health and diseases: Zinc signaling. J Biol Inorg Chem 2011; 16:1123-34. [PMID: 21660546 PMCID: PMC3176402 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-011-0797-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The essential trace element zinc (Zn) is widely required in cellular functions, and abnormal Zn homeostasis causes a variety of health problems that include growth retardation, immunodeficiency, hypogonadism, and neuronal and sensory dysfunctions. Zn homeostasis is regulated through Zn transporters, permeable channels, and metallothioneins. Recent studies highlight Zn's dynamic activity and its role as a signaling mediator. Zn acts as an intracellular signaling molecule, capable of communicating between cells, converting extracellular stimuli to intracellular signals, and controlling intracellular events. We have proposed that intracellular Zn signaling falls into two classes, early and late Zn signaling. This review addresses recent findings regarding Zn signaling and its role in physiological processes and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Fukada
- Laboratory for Cytokine Signaling, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
- Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Satoru Yamasaki
- Laboratory for Cytokine Signaling, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
| | - Keigo Nishida
- Laboratory for Cytokine Signaling, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
- Immune System, Cooperation Program, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Masaaki Murakami
- Laboratories of Developmental Immunology, JST-CREST, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Toshio Hirano
- Laboratory for Cytokine Signaling, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
- Laboratories of Developmental Immunology, JST-CREST, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
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Billard MJ, Gruver AL, Sempowski GD. Acute endotoxin-induced thymic atrophy is characterized by intrathymic inflammatory and wound healing responses. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17940. [PMID: 21437240 PMCID: PMC3060875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Productive thymopoiesis is essential for a robust and healthy immune system.
Thymus unfortunately is acutely sensitive to stress resulting in involution
and decreased T cell production. Thymic involution is a complication of many
clinical settings, including infection, malnutrition, starvation, and
irradiation or immunosuppressive therapies. Systemic rises in
glucocorticoids and inflammatory cytokines are known to contribute to thymic
atrophy. Little is known, however, about intrathymic mechanisms that may
actively contribute to thymus atrophy or initiate thymic recovery following
stress events. Methodology/Principal Findings Phenotypic, histologic and transcriptome/pathway analysis of murine thymic
tissue during the early stages of endotoxemia-induced thymic involution was
performed to identify putative mechanisms that drive thymic involution
during stress. Thymus atrophy in this murine model was confirmed by
down-regulation of genes involved in T cell development, cell activation,
and cell cycle progression, correlating with observed phenotypic and
histologic thymus involution. Significant gene changes support the
hypothesis that multiple key intrathymic pathways are differentially
activated during stress-induced thymic involution. These included direct
activation of thymus tissue by LPS through TLR signaling, local expression
of inflammatory cytokines, inhibition of T cell signaling, and induction of
wound healing/tissue remodeling. Conclusions/Significance Taken together, these observations demonstrated that in addition to the
classic systemic response, a direct intrathymic response to endotoxin
challenge concurrently contributes to thymic involution during endotoxemia.
These findings are a substantial advancement over current understanding of
thymus response to stress and may lead to the development of novel
therapeutic approaches to ameliorate immune deficiency associated with
stress events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Billard
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical
Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Amanda L. Gruver
- Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, and the Duke University
Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina,
United States of America
| | - Gregory D. Sempowski
- Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, and the Duke University
Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina,
United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Swindell WR. Metallothionein and the biology of aging. Ageing Res Rev 2011; 10:132-45. [PMID: 20933613 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Metallothionein (MT) is a low molecular weight protein with anti-apoptotic properties that has been demonstrated to scavenge free radicals in vitro. MT has not been extensively investigated within the context of aging biology. The purpose of this review, therefore, is to discuss findings on MT that are relevant to basic aging mechanisms and to draw attention to the possible role of MT in pro-longevity interventions. MT is one of just a handful of proteins that, when overexpressed, has been demonstrated to increase mouse lifespan. MT also protects against development of obesity in mice provided a high fat diet as well as diet-induced oxidative stress damage. Abundance of MT is responsive to caloric restriction (CR) and inhibition of the insulin/insulin-like signaling (IIS) pathway, and elevated MT gene expression has been observed in tissues from fasted and CR-fed mice, long-lived dwarf mice, worms maintained under CR conditions, and long-lived daf-2 mutant worms. The dysregulation of MT in these systems is likely to have tissue-specific effects on aging outcomes. Further investigation will therefore be needed to understand how MT contributes to the response of invertebrates and mice to CR and the endocrine mutations studied by aging researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Swindell
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School New Research Building, Room 0464, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Kim HG, Kim JY, Han EH, Hwang YP, Choi JH, Park BH, Jeong HG. Metallothionein-2A overexpression increases the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and invasion of breast cancer cells. FEBS Lett 2010; 585:421-8. [PMID: 21187089 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The overexpression of metallothionein-2A (MT-2A) is frequently observed in invasive human breast tumors and has been linked with more aggressive breast cancers. MT-2A overexpression led to the induction of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell migratory and invasive abilities. The reduction of MT-2A expression through small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting MT-2A in invasive MDA-MB-231 cells completely inhibited both cell invasion and migration. In addition, the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and the transcriptional activity of AP-1 and NF-κB were upregulated by MT-2A overexpression. Collectively, our results provide the first demonstration that MT-2A promotes breast cancer cell invasion by upregulating MMP-9 via AP-1 and NF-κB activation. Furthermore, we found that MT-2A silencing can inhibit breast cancer invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Gyun Kim
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, South Korea
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Burgess STG, Frew D, Nunn F, Watkins CA, McNeilly TN, Nisbet AJ, Huntley JF. Transcriptomic analysis of the temporal host response to skin infestation with the ectoparasitic mite Psoroptes ovis. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:624. [PMID: 21067579 PMCID: PMC3091762 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infestation of ovine skin with the ectoparasitic mite Psoroptes ovis results in a rapid cutaneous immune response, leading to the crusted skin lesions characteristic of sheep scab. Little is known regarding the mechanisms by which such a profound inflammatory response is instigated and to identify novel vaccine and drug targets a better understanding of the host-parasite relationship is essential. The main objective of this study was to perform a combined network and pathway analysis of the in vivo skin response to infestation with P. ovis to gain a clearer understanding of the mechanisms and signalling pathways involved. Results Infestation with P. ovis resulted in differential expression of 1,552 genes over a 24 hour time course. Clustering by peak gene expression enabled classification of genes into temporally related groupings. Network and pathway analysis of clusters identified key signalling pathways involved in the host response to infestation. The analysis implicated a number of genes with roles in allergy and inflammation, including pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL1A, IL1B, IL6, IL8 and TNF) and factors involved in immune cell activation and recruitment (SELE, SELL, SELP, ICAM1, CSF2, CSF3, CCL2 and CXCL2). The analysis also highlighted the influence of the transcription factors NF-kB and AP-1 in the early pro-inflammatory response, and demonstrated a bias towards a Th2 type immune response. Conclusions This study has provided novel insights into the signalling mechanisms leading to the development of a pro-inflammatory response in sheep scab, whilst providing crucial information regarding the nature of mite factors that may trigger this response. It has enabled the elucidation of the temporal patterns by which the immune system is regulated following exposure to P. ovis, providing novel insights into the mechanisms underlying lesion development. This study has improved our existing knowledge of the host response to P. ovis, including the identification of key parallels between sheep scab and other inflammatory skin disorders and the identification of potential targets for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart T G Burgess
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, Scotland, UK.
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Franchi N, Boldrin F, Ballarin L, Piccinni E. CiMT-1, an unusual chordate metallothionein gene in Ciona intestinalis genome: structure and expression studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 315A:90-100. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Chuchana P, Holzmuller P, Vezilier F, Berthier D, Chantal I, Severac D, Lemesre JL, Cuny G, Nirdé P, Bucheton B. Intertwining threshold settings, biological data and database knowledge to optimize the selection of differentially expressed genes from microarray. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13518. [PMID: 20976008 PMCID: PMC2958130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many tools used to analyze microarrays in different conditions have been described. However, the integration of deregulated genes within coherent metabolic pathways is lacking. Currently no objective selection criterion based on biological functions exists to determine a threshold demonstrating that a gene is indeed differentially expressed. Methodology/Principal Findings To improve transcriptomic analysis of microarrays, we propose a new statistical approach that takes into account biological parameters. We present an iterative method to optimise the selection of differentially expressed genes in two experimental conditions. The stringency level of gene selection was associated simultaneously with the p-value of expression variation and the occurrence rate parameter associated with the percentage of donors whose transcriptomic profile is similar. Our method intertwines stringency level settings, biological data and a knowledge database to highlight molecular interactions using networks and pathways. Analysis performed during iterations helped us to select the optimal threshold required for the most pertinent selection of differentially expressed genes. Conclusions/Significance We have applied this approach to the well documented mechanism of human macrophage response to lipopolysaccharide stimulation. We thus verified that our method was able to determine with the highest degree of accuracy the best threshold for selecting genes that are truly differentially expressed.
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Marselli L, Thorne J, Dahiya S, Sgroi DC, Sharma A, Bonner-Weir S, Marchetti P, Weir GC. Gene expression profiles of Beta-cell enriched tissue obtained by laser capture microdissection from subjects with type 2 diabetes. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11499. [PMID: 20644627 PMCID: PMC2903480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Changes in gene expression in pancreatic beta-cells from type 2 diabetes (T2D) should provide insights into their abnormal insulin secretion and turnover. Methodology/Principal Findings Frozen sections were obtained from cadaver pancreases of 10 control and 10 T2D human subjects. Beta-cell enriched samples were obtained by laser capture microdissection (LCM). RNA was extracted, amplified and subjected to microarray analysis. Further analysis was performed with DNA-Chip Analyzer (dChip) and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) software. There were changes in expression of genes linked to glucotoxicity. Evidence of oxidative stress was provided by upregulation of several metallothionein genes. There were few changes in the major genes associated with cell cycle, apoptosis or endoplasmic reticulum stress. There was differential expression of genes associated with pancreatic regeneration, most notably upregulation of members of the regenerating islet gene (REG) family and metalloproteinase 7 (MMP7). Some of the genes found in GWAS studies to be related to T2D were also found to be differentially expressed. IGF2BP2, TSPAN8, and HNF1B (TCF2) were upregulated while JAZF1 and SLC30A8 were downregulated. Conclusions/Significance This study made possible by LCM has identified many novel changes in gene expression that enhance understanding of the pathogenesis of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorella Marselli
- Section on Islet Transplantation and Cell Biology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Thorne
- Section on Islet Transplantation and Cell Biology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sonika Dahiya
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dennis C. Sgroi
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Arun Sharma
- Section on Islet Transplantation and Cell Biology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Susan Bonner-Weir
- Section on Islet Transplantation and Cell Biology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Organ Transplantation, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gordon C. Weir
- Section on Islet Transplantation and Cell Biology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Henderson B, Pockley AG. Molecular chaperones and protein-folding catalysts as intercellular signaling regulators in immunity and inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 88:445-62. [PMID: 20445014 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1209779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This review critically examines the hypothesis that molecular chaperones and protein-folding catalysts from prokaryotes and eukaryotes can be secreted by cells and function as intercellular signals, principally but not exclusively, for leukocytes. A growing number of molecular chaperones have been reported to function as ligands for selected receptors and/or receptors for specific ligands. Molecular chaperones initially appeared to act primarily as stimulatory signals for leukocytes and thus, were seen as proinflammatory mediators. However, evidence is now emerging that molecular chaperones can have anti-inflammatory actions or, depending on the protein and concentration, anti- and proinflammatory functions. Recasting the original hypothesis, we propose that molecular chaperones and protein-folding catalysts are "moonlighting" proteins that function as homeostatic immune regulators but may also under certain circumstances, contribute to tissue pathology. One of the key issues in the field of molecular chaperone biology relates to the role of microbial contaminants in their signaling activity; this too will be evaluated critically. The most fascinating aspect of molecular chaperones probably relates to evidence for their therapeutic potential in human disease, and ongoing studies are evaluating this potential in a range of clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Henderson
- Department of Microbial Diseases, UCL-Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, 256 Gray's Inn Rd., London, WC1X 8LD, UK.
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Comments to metallothionein as an anti-inflammatory mediator. Mediators Inflamm 2009; 2009:426214. [PMID: 19829743 PMCID: PMC2760952 DOI: 10.1155/2009/426214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Authors' Reply to Comments from Dr. Guan. Mediators Inflamm 2009. [PMCID: PMC2801450 DOI: 10.1155/2009/215935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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