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Prosser JM, Fieve RR. Patients receiving lithium therapy have a reduced prevalence of neurological and cardiovascular disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 71:39-44. [PMID: 27328427 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A variety of evidence from laboratory and animal studies suggests that lithium has neurotrophic and cytoprotective properties, and may ameliorate or prevent some disease states. We investigated whether such a protective effect can be observed in human psychiatric patients receiving lithium therapy. We carried out a retrospective chart review of 1028 adult psychiatric male and female outpatients attending four lithium clinics in metropolitan New York City. Patients were divided into two groups based on lithium usage, and the prevalence of neurological and cardiovascular disorders was compared. The main outcome measures were the occurrence in the two patient groups of a variety of neurological disorders and myocardial infarction. Odds ratios were calculated to assess the risk of having a disorder for patients receiving lithium compared to patients not receiving lithium: for seizures, the odds ratio was 0.097; for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, the odds ratio was 0.112; for dementia not otherwise specified, the odds ratio was 0.112; and for myocardial infarction, the odds ratio was 0.30. Logistical regression analysis showed that lithium treatment is a significant negative predictive factor in the prevalence of each of these disease states, when age, duration of clinic attendance, and use of anti-psychotic medications are taken into account. Our results show that patients receiving regular lithium treatment have a reduced prevalence of some neurological disorders and myocardial infarctions. One possible explanation of these results is that a protective effect of lithium observed in laboratory and animal studies may also be present in human patients receiving regular lithium therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Prosser
- The Foundation for Mood Disorders, 952 Fifth Avenue, Suite 1A, New York City, New York 10075, USA.
| | - Ronald R Fieve
- The Foundation for Mood Disorders, 952 Fifth Avenue, Suite 1A, New York City, New York 10075, USA
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52
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Pius-Sadowska E, Kawa MP, Kłos P, Rogińska D, Rudnicki M, Boehlke M, Waloszczyk P, Machaliński B. Alteration of Selected Neurotrophic Factors and their Receptor Expression in Mouse Brain Response to Whole-Brain Irradiation. Radiat Res 2016; 186:489-507. [DOI: 10.1667/rr14457.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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53
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Sandhir R, Halder A, Sunkaria A. Mitochondria as a centrally positioned hub in the innate immune response. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1863:1090-1097. [PMID: 27794419 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are vital organelles involved in numerous cellular functions ranging from energy metabolism to cell survival. Emerging evidence suggests that mitochondria provide a platform for signaling pathways involved in innate immune response. Mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) production, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release, mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) are key triggers in the activation of innate immune response following variety of stress signals that include infection, tissue damage and metabolic dysregulation. The process is mediated through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that consist of retinoic acid inducible gene like receptors (RLRs), c-type lectin receptors (CLRs), toll type receptors (TLRs) and nuclear oligomerization-domain like receptors (NLRs). These signals converge to form a multiprotein complex called inflammasome that leads to caspase-1 activation to promote processing of precursor cytokines (pro-IL1β and pro-IL-18) to active cytokines (IL-1β and IL-18). It appears that mitochondria induced inflammasome activation contributes to inflammatory process in many diverse disorders. Therefore, strategies aimed at modulating mitochondria mediated inflammasome activation might be beneficial in many pathophysiological conditions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Quality in Diabetes/Obesity and Critical Illness Spectrum of Diseases - edited by P. Hemachandra Reddy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Sandhir
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Avishek Halder
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Aditya Sunkaria
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Li YQ, Cheng ZC, Liu SW, Aubert I, Wong CS. P53 regulates disruption of neuronal development in the adult hippocampus after irradiation. Cell Death Discov 2016; 2:16072. [PMID: 27752364 PMCID: PMC5045962 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2016.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of hippocampal neurogenesis is implicated in neurocognitive dysfunction after cranial irradiation for brain tumors. How irradiation results in impaired neuronal development remains poorly understood. The Trp53 (p53) gene is known to regulate cellular DNA damage response after irradiation. Whether it has a role in disruption of late neuronal development remains unknown. Here we characterized the effects of p53 on neuronal development in adult mouse hippocampus after irradiation. Different bromodeoxyuridine incorporation paradigms and a transplantation study were used for cell fate mapping. Compared with wild-type mice, we observed profound inhibition of hippocampal neurogenesis after irradiation in mice deficient in p53 despite the absence of acute apoptosis of neuroblasts. The putative neural stem cells were apoptosis resistant after irradiation regardless of p53 genotype. Cell fate mapping using different bromodeoxyuridine incorporation paradigms revealed enhanced activation of neural stem cells and their consequential exhaustion in the absence of p53 after irradiation. Both p53-knockout and wild-type mice demonstrated similar extent of microglial activation in the hippocampus after irradiation. Impairment of neuronal differentiation of neural progenitors transplanted in irradiated hippocampus was not altered by p53 genotype of the recipient mice. We conclude that by inhibiting neural progenitor activation, p53 serves to mitigate disruption of neuronal development after irradiation independent of apoptosis and perturbation of the neural stem cell niche. These findings suggest for the first time that p53 may have a key role in late effects in brain after irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-Q Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zw-C Cheng
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sk-W Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - I Aubert
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - C S Wong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON, Canada
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55
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Effects of ionizing radiation on the mammalian brain. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 770:219-230. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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56
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Zanni G, Di Martino E, Omelyanenko A, Andäng M, Delle U, Elmroth K, Blomgren K. Lithium increases proliferation of hippocampal neural stem/progenitor cells and rescues irradiation-induced cell cycle arrest in vitro. Oncotarget 2016; 6:37083-97. [PMID: 26397227 PMCID: PMC4741917 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy in children causes debilitating cognitive decline, partly linked to impaired neurogenesis. Irradiation targets primarily cancer cells but also endogenous neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) leading to cell death or cell cycle arrest. Here we evaluated the effects of lithium on proliferation, cell cycle and DNA damage after irradiation of young NSPCs in vitro. NSPCs were treated with 1 or 3 mM LiCl and we investigated proliferation capacity (neurosphere volume and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation). Using flow cytometry, we analysed apoptosis (annexin V), cell cycle (propidium iodide) and DNA damage (γH2AX) after irradiation (3.5 Gy) of lithium-treated NSPCs. Lithium increased BrdU incorporation and, dose-dependently, the number of cells in replicative phase as well as neurosphere growth. Irradiation induced cell cycle arrest in G1 and G2/M phases. Treatment with 3 mM LiCl was sufficient to increase NSPCs in S phase, boost neurosphere growth and reduce DNA damage. Lithium did not affect the levels of apoptosis, suggesting that it does not rescue NSPCs committed to apoptosis due to accumulated DNA damage. Lithium is a very promising candidate for protection of the juvenile brain from radiotherapy and for its potential to thereby improve the quality of life for those children who survive their cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Zanni
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena Di Martino
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Omelyanenko
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Andäng
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ulla Delle
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kecke Elmroth
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Klas Blomgren
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Stockholm, Sweden
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57
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Motaghinejad M, Seyedjavadein Z, Motevalian M, Asadi M. The neuroprotective effect of lithium against high dose methylphenidate: Possible role of BDNF. Neurotoxicology 2016; 56:40-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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58
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Thotala D, Karvas RM, Engelbach JA, Garbow JR, Hallahan AN, DeWees TA, Laszlo A, Hallahan DE. Valproic acid enhances the efficacy of radiation therapy by protecting normal hippocampal neurons and sensitizing malignant glioblastoma cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:35004-22. [PMID: 26413814 PMCID: PMC4741505 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurocognitive deficits are serious sequelae that follow cranial irradiation used to treat patients with medulloblastoma and other brain neoplasms. Cranial irradiation causes apoptosis in the subgranular zone of the hippocampus leading to cognitive deficits. Valproic acid (VPA) treatment protected hippocampal neurons from radiation-induced damage in both cell culture and animal models. Radioprotection was observed in VPA-treated neuronal cells compared to cells treated with radiation alone. This protection is specific to normal neuronal cells and did not extend to cancer cells. In fact, VPA acted as a radiosensitizer in brain cancer cells. VPA treatment induced cell cycle arrest in cancer cells but not in normal neuronal cells. The level of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was increased and the pro-apoptotic protein Bax was reduced in VPA treated normal cells. VPA inhibited the activities of histone deacetylase (HDAC) and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β), the latter of which is only inhibited in normal cells. The combination of VPA and radiation was most effective in inhibiting tumor growth in heterotopic brain tumor models. An intracranial orthotopic glioma tumor model was used to evaluate tumor growth by using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance (DCE MRI) and mouse survival following treatment with VPA and radiation. VPA, in combination with radiation, significantly delayed tumor growth and improved mouse survival. Overall, VPA protects normal hippocampal neurons and not cancer cells from radiation-induced cytotoxicity both in vitro and in vivo. VPA treatment has the potential for attenuating neurocognitive deficits associated with cranial irradiation while enhancing the efficiency of glioma radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Thotala
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Rowan M Karvas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - John A Engelbach
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Joel R Garbow
- School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Andrew N Hallahan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Todd A DeWees
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Andrei Laszlo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Dennis E Hallahan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Hope Center, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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59
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Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) has proven to be an effective therapeutic tool in treatment of a wide variety of brain tumors; however, it has a negative impact on quality of life and neurocognitive function. Cognitive dysfunction associated with both the disease and adverse effects of RT is one of the most concerning complication among long-term survivors. The effects of RT to brain can be divided into acute, early delayed, and late delayed. It is, however, the late delayed effects of RT that lead to severe neurological consequences such as minor-to-severe cognitive deficits due to irreversible focal or diffuse necrosis of brain parenchyma. In this review, we discuss current and emerging data regarding the relationship between RT and neurocognitive outcomes, and therapeutic strategies to prevent/treat postradiation neurocognitive deficits.
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60
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Yang L, Yang J, Li G, Li Y, Wu R, Cheng J, Tang Y. Pathophysiological Responses in Rat and Mouse Models of Radiation-Induced Brain Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:1022-1032. [PMID: 26797684 PMCID: PMC5310567 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9628-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The brain is the major dose-limiting organ in patients undergoing radiotherapy for assorted conditions. Radiation-induced brain injury is common and mainly occurs in patients receiving radiotherapy for malignant head and neck tumors, arteriovenous malformations, or lung cancer-derived brain metastases. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms of radiation-induced brain injury are largely unknown. Although many treatment strategies are employed for affected individuals, the effects remain suboptimal. Accordingly, animal models are extremely important for elucidating pathogenic radiation-associated mechanisms and for developing more efficacious therapies. So far, models employing various animal species with different radiation dosages and fractions have been introduced to investigate the prevention, mechanisms, early detection, and management of radiation-induced brain injury. However, these models all have limitations, and none are widely accepted. This review summarizes the animal models currently set forth for studies of radiation-induced brain injury, especially rat and mouse, as well as radiation dosages, dose fractionation, and secondary pathophysiological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianhong Yang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Number 107, Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510120, China.,Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jianhua Yang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Number 107, Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510120, China.,Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Guoqian Li
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Provincical Quanzhou First Hospital, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Number 107, Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510120, China.,Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Rong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Number 107, Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510120, China.,Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jinping Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Number 107, Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510120, China.,Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yamei Tang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Number 107, Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510120, China. .,Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China. .,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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61
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Sabater A, García-Blanco AC, Verdet HM, Sierra P, Ribes J, Villar I, Lara MJ, Arnal P, Rojo L, Livianos L. Comparative neurocognitive effects of lithium and anticonvulsants in long-term stable bipolar patients. J Affect Disord 2016; 190:34-40. [PMID: 26480209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of choosing a mood-stabilizing drug (lithium or anticonvulsants) or a combination of them with minimal neurocognitive effects is to stimulate the development of criteria for a therapeutic adequacy, particularly in Bipolar Disorder (BD) patients who are clinically stabilized. METHOD Three groups of BD patients were established according to their treatment: (i) lithium monotherapy (n=29); (ii) lithium together with one or more anticonvulsants (n=28); and (iii) one or more anticonvulsants (n=16). A group of healthy controls served as the control (n=25). The following tests were applied: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Trail Making Test, Wechsler Memory Scale, Rey Complex Figure Test, Stroop color-word test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Tower of Hanoi, Frontal Assessment Battery, and Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test. RESULTS Relative to healthy controls, BD patients showed the following: (i) those on lithium monotherapy, but not other BD groups, had preserved short-term auditory memory, long-term memory, and attention; (ii) those who took only anticonvulsants showed worse findings in short-term visual memory, working memory, and several executive functions; and (iii) all BD patients showed worse performance in processing speed, resistance to interference, and emotion recognition. LIMITATIONS Medication alone cannot explain why all BD patients showed common cognitive deficits despite different pharmacological treatment. CONCLUSION The impairment on some executive functions and emotion recognition is an inherent trait in BD patients, regardless of their pharmacological treatment. However, while memory, attention, and most of the executive functions are preserved in long-term stable BD patients, these cognitive functions are impaired in those who take anticonvulsants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sabater
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana C García-Blanco
- Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain; University of Valencia, Spain.
| | - Hélade M Verdet
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pilar Sierra
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Valencia, Spain; University of Valencia, Spain; CIBERESP, Spain
| | - Josep Ribes
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Irene Villar
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mª José Lara
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pilar Arnal
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Luis Rojo
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Valencia, Spain; University of Valencia, Spain; CIBERESP, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Livianos
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Valencia, Spain; University of Valencia, Spain; CIBERESP, Spain
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62
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Natarajan P, Priyadarshini V, Pradhan D, Manne M, Swargam S, Kanipakam H, Bhuma V, Amineni U. E-pharmacophore-based virtual screening to identify GSK-3β inhibitors. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2015; 36:445-58. [PMID: 27305963 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2015.1122043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is a serine/threonine kinase which has attracted significant attention during recent years in drug design studies. The deregulation of GSK-3β increased the loss of hippocampal neurons by triggering apoptosis-mediating production of neurofibrillary tangles and alleviates memory deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Given its role in the formation of neurofibrillary tangles leading to AD, it has been a major therapeutic target for intervention in AD, hence was targeted in the present study. Twenty crystal structures were refined to generate pharmacophore models based on energy involvement in binding co-crystal ligands. Four common e-pharmacophore models were optimized from the 20 pharmacophore models. Shape-based screening of four e-pharmacophore models against nine established small molecule databases using Phase v3.9 had resulted in 1800 compounds having similar pharmacophore features. Rigid receptor docking (RRD) was performed for 1800 compounds and 20 co-crystal ligands with GSK-3β to generate dock complexes. Interactions of the best scoring lead obtained through RRD were further studied with quantum polarized ligand docking (QPLD), induced fit docking (IFD) and molecular mechanics/generalized Born surface area. Comparing the obtained leads to 20 co-crystal ligands resulted in 18 leads among them, lead1 had the lowest docking score, lower binding free energy and better binding orientation toward GSK-3β. The 50 ns MD simulations run confirmed the stable nature of GSK-3β-lead1 docking complex. The results from RRD, QPLD, IFD and MD simulations confirmed that lead1 might be used as a potent antagonist for GSK-3β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Natarajan
- a Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Bioinformatics, SVIMS University , Tirupati , India and
| | - Vani Priyadarshini
- a Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Bioinformatics, SVIMS University , Tirupati , India and
| | - Dibyabhaba Pradhan
- a Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Bioinformatics, SVIMS University , Tirupati , India and
| | - Munikumar Manne
- a Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Bioinformatics, SVIMS University , Tirupati , India and
| | - Sandeep Swargam
- a Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Bioinformatics, SVIMS University , Tirupati , India and
| | - Hema Kanipakam
- a Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Bioinformatics, SVIMS University , Tirupati , India and
| | - Vengamma Bhuma
- b Department of Neurology , SVIMS University , Tirupati , India
| | - Umamaheswari Amineni
- a Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Bioinformatics, SVIMS University , Tirupati , India and
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63
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Lecumberri B, Estrada J, García-Uría J, Millán I, Pallardo LF, Caballero L, Lucas T. Neurocognitive long-term impact of two-field conventional radiotherapy in adult patients with operated pituitary adenomas. Pituitary 2015; 18:782-95. [PMID: 25820377 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-015-0653-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the long-term impact of postoperative two-field-conventional radiotherapy (RT) on neurocognitive functions of adult patients with operated pituitary adenomas (PA). METHODS We selected 124 adult patients with operated PA-56 of whom had also received RT-recorded their main clinical data and performed a neuropsychological assessment in all of them that included 15 standardized tests, and a cerebral SPECT in eight patients. Comparative analyses were carried out on major clinical and neurocognitive domains between irradiated and not irradiated patients, and on cerebral SPECT source. RESULTS Compared with non-irradiated patients, irradiated patients performed significantly worse on Barcelona's story recall test (P < 0.001) and arithmetic problems (P < 0.03) and on five categories of the Wisconsin card sorting test, especially on perseverative answers and errors (P < 0.001) without differences in other examined functional domains. RT was the only factor associated with worse results in these tests regardless other clinical and treatment-related variables. Kaplan-Meier analysis suggested that the probability of achieving poorer results with time was related to RT total dose and field-size, type of PA and age at the time of RT. Four of the five SPECTS performed in irradiated patients revealed a similar altered perfusion in the left temporal lobe cortical region. CONCLUSIONS In adult patients with operated PA, RT was independently associated with an impairment on verbal memory and executive function, when compared to non-irradiated patients. Our data suggest that diagnosis of acromegaly or Cushing's disease, and age at the time of RT were able to modulate this long-term radio-induced neurocognitive sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Lecumberri
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, La Paz University Hospital, Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain.
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier Estrada
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - José García-Uría
- Neurosurgery Department, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Millán
- Statistics Department, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Felipe Pallardo
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, La Paz University Hospital, Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Caballero
- Psychiatry Department, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomás Lucas
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Sanchinarro University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
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64
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Tomé WA, Gökhan Ş, Gulinello ME, Brodin NP, Heard J, Mehler MF, Guha C. Hippocampal-dependent neurocognitive impairment following cranial irradiation observed in pre-clinical models: current knowledge and possible future directions. Br J Radiol 2015; 89:20150762. [PMID: 26514377 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20150762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We reviewed the literature for studies pertaining to impaired adult neurogenesis leading to neurocognitive impairment following cranial irradiation in rodent models. This compendium was compared with respect to radiation dose, converted to equivalent dose in 2 Gy fractions (EQD2) to allow for direct comparison between studies. The effects of differences between animal species and the dependence on animal age as well as for time after irradiation were also considered. One of the major sites of de novo adult neurogenesis is the hippocampus, and as such, this review also focuses on assessing evidence related to the expression and potential effects of inflammatory cytokines on neural stem cells in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus and whether this correlates with neurocognitive impairment. This review also discusses potential strategies to mitigate the detrimental effects on neurogenesis and neurocognition resulting from cranial irradiation, and how the rationale for these strategies compares with the current outcome of pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang A Tomé
- 1 Institute for Onco-Physics, Department of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,2 Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,3 Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Şölen Gökhan
- 3 Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Maria E Gulinello
- 4 Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - N Patrik Brodin
- 1 Institute for Onco-Physics, Department of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,2 Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - John Heard
- 2 Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Mark F Mehler
- 3 Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,4 Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,5 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Chandan Guha
- 1 Institute for Onco-Physics, Department of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,2 Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
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Fan M, Jin W, Zhao H, Xiao Y, Jia Y, Yin Y, Jiang X, Xu J, Meng N, Lv P. Lithium chloride administration prevents spatial learning and memory impairment in repeated cerebral ischemia-reperfusion mice by depressing apoptosis and increasing BDNF expression in hippocampus. Behav Brain Res 2015; 291:399-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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O’Donovan TR, Rajendran S, O’Reilly S, O’Sullivan GC, McKenna SL. Lithium Modulates Autophagy in Esophageal and Colorectal Cancer Cells and Enhances the Efficacy of Therapeutic Agents In Vitro and In Vivo. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134676. [PMID: 26248051 PMCID: PMC4527721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many epithelial cancers, particularly gastrointestinal tract cancers, remain poor prognosis diseases, due to resistance to cytotoxic therapy and local or metastatic recurrence. We have previously shown that apoptosis incompetent esophageal cancer cells induce autophagy in response to chemotherapeutic agents and this can facilitate their recovery. However, known pharmacological inhibitors of autophagy could not enhance cytotoxicity. In this study, we have examined two well known, clinically approved autophagy inducers, rapamycin and lithium, for their effects on chemosensitivity in apoptosis incompetent cancer cells. Both lithium and rapamycin were shown to induce autophagosomes in esophageal and colorectal cancer cells by western blot analysis of LC3 isoforms, morphology and FACS quantitation of Cyto-ID or mCherry-GFP-LC3. Analysis of autophagic flux indicates inefficient autophagosome processing in lithium treated cells, whereas rapamycin treated cells showed efficient flux. Viability and recovery was assessed by clonogenic assays. When combined with the chemotherapeutic agent 5-fluorouracil, rapamycin was protective. In contrast, lithium showed strong enhancement of non-apoptotic cell death. The combination of lithium with 5-fluorouracil or oxaliplatin was then tested in the syngenic mouse (balb/c) colorectal cancer model—CT26. When either chemotherapeutic agent was combined with lithium a significant reduction in tumor volume was achieved. In addition, survival was dramatically increased in the combination group (p < 0.0001), with > 50% of animals achieving long term cure without re-occurrence (> 1 year tumor free). Thus, combination treatment with lithium can substantially improve the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents in apoptosis deficient cancer cells. Induction of compromised autophagy may contribute to this cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey R. O’Donovan
- Leslie C. Quick Laboratory, Cork Cancer Research Centre, BioSciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Simon Rajendran
- Leslie C. Quick Laboratory, Cork Cancer Research Centre, BioSciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Seamus O’Reilly
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerald C. O’Sullivan
- Leslie C. Quick Laboratory, Cork Cancer Research Centre, BioSciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sharon L. McKenna
- Leslie C. Quick Laboratory, Cork Cancer Research Centre, BioSciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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Zhao DY, Jacobs KM, Hallahan DE, Thotala D. Silencing Egr1 Attenuates Radiation-Induced Apoptosis in Normal Tissues while Killing Cancer Cells and Delaying Tumor Growth. Mol Cancer Ther 2015. [PMID: 26206332 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-1051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Normal tissue toxicity reduces the therapeutic index of radiotherapy and decreases the quality of life for cancer survivors. Apoptosis is a key element of the radiation response in normal tissues like the hippocampus and small intestine, resulting in neurocognitive disorders and intestinal malabsorption. The Early Growth Response 1 (Egr1) transcription factor mediates radiation-induced apoptosis by activating the transcription of proapoptosis genes in response to ionizing radiation (IR). Therefore, we hypothesized that the genetic abrogation of Egr1 and the pharmacologic inhibition of its transcriptional activity could attenuate radiation-induced apoptosis in normal tissues. We demonstrated that Egr1-null mice had less apoptosis in the hippocampus and intestine following irradiation as compared with their wild-type littermates. A similar result was achieved using Mithramycin A (MMA) to prevent binding of Egr1 to target promoters in the mouse intestine. Abolishing Egr1 expression using shRNA dampened apoptosis and enhanced the clonogenic survival of irradiated HT22 hippocampal neuronal cells and IEC6 intestinal epithelial cells. Mechanistically, these events involved an abrogation of p53 induction by IR and an increase in the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax expression. In contrast, targeted silencing of Egr1 in two cancer cell lines (GL261 glioma cells and HCT116 colorectal cancer cells) was not radioprotective, since it reduced their growth while also sensitizing them to radiation-induced death. Further, Egr1 depletion delayed the growth of heterotopically implanted GL261 and HCT116 tumors. These results support the potential of silencing Egr1 in order to minimize the normal tissue complications associated with radiotherapy while enhancing tumor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Yi Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Keith M Jacobs
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Dennis E Hallahan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri. Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Dinesh Thotala
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri.
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68
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Zanni G, Zhou K, Riebe I, Xie C, Zhu C, Hanse E, Blomgren K. Irradiation of the Juvenile Brain Provokes a Shift from Long-Term Potentiation to Long-Term Depression. Dev Neurosci 2015; 37:263-72. [PMID: 26043717 DOI: 10.1159/000430435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is common in the treatment of brain tumors in children but often causes deleterious, late-appearing sequelae, including cognitive decline. This is thought to be caused, at least partly, by the suppression of hippocampal neurogenesis. However, the changes in neuronal network properties in the dentate gyrus (DG) following the irradiation of the young, growing brain are still poorly understood. We characterized the long-lasting effects of irradiation on the electrophysiological properties of the DG after a single dose of 6-Gy whole-brain irradiation on postnatal day 11 in male Wistar rats. The assessment of the basal excitatory transmission in the medial perforant pathway (MPP) by an examination of the field excitatory postsynaptic potential/volley ratio showed an increase of the synaptic efficacy per axon in irradiated animals compared to sham controls. The paired-pulse ratio at the MPP granule cell synapses was not affected by irradiation, suggesting that the release probability of neurotransmitters was not altered. Surprisingly, the induction of long-term synaptic plasticity in the DG by applying 4 trains of high-frequency stimulation provoked a shift from long-term potentiation (LTP) to long-term depression (LTD) in irradiated animals compared to sham controls. The morphological changes consisted in a virtually complete ablation of neurogenesis following irradiation, as judged by doublecortin immunostaining, while the inhibitory network of parvalbumin interneurons was intact. These data suggest that the irradiation of the juvenile brain caused permanent changes in synaptic plasticity that would seem consistent with an impairment of declarative learning. Unlike in our previous study in mice, lithium treatment did unfortunately not ameliorate any of the studied parameters. For the first time, we show that the effects of cranial irradiation on long-term synaptic plasticity is different in the juvenile compared with the adult brain, such that while irradiation of the adult brain will only cause a reduction in LTP, irradiation of the juvenile brain goes further and causes LTD. Although the mechanisms underlying the synaptic alterations need to be elucidated, these findings provide a better understanding of the effects of irradiation in the developing brain and the cognitive deficits observed in young patients who have been subjected to cranial radiotherapy. © 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Zanni
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Wang X, Wei L, Cramer JM, Leibowitz BJ, Judge C, Epperly M, Greenberger J, Wang F, Li L, Stelzner MG, Dunn JCY, Martin MG, Lagasse E, Zhang L, Yu J. Pharmacologically blocking p53-dependent apoptosis protects intestinal stem cells and mice from radiation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8566. [PMID: 25858503 PMCID: PMC4392360 DOI: 10.1038/srep08566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to high levels of ionizing radiation (IR) leads to debilitating and dose-limiting gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity. Using three-dimensional mouse crypt culture, we demonstrated that p53 target PUMA mediates radiation-induced apoptosis via a cell-intrinsic mechanism, and identified the GSK-3 inhibitor CHIR99021 as a potent radioprotector. CHIR99021 treatment improved Lgr5+ cell survival and crypt regeneration after radiation in culture and mice. CHIR99021 treatment specifically blocked apoptosis and PUMA induction and K120 acetylation of p53 mediated by acetyl-transferase Tip60, while it had no effect on p53 stabilization, phosphorylation or p21 induction. CHIR99021 also protected human intestinal cultures from radiation by PUMA but not p21 suppression. These results demonstrate that p53 posttranslational modifications play a key role in the pathological and apoptotic response of the intestinal stem cells to radiation and can be targeted pharmacologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Liang Wei
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Julie M. Cramer
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Brian J. Leibowitz
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Colleen Judge
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Michael Epperly
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Joel Greenberger
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Fengchao Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E 50th Street, Kansas City, MS 64110
| | - Linheng Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E 50th Street, Kansas City, MS 64110
| | - Matthias G. Stelzner
- Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073
| | - James C. Y. Dunn
- Departments of Surgery and Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Martin G. Martin
- Departments of Surgery and Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Eric Lagasse
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Lin Zhang
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Jian Yu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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Son Y, Yang M, Wang H, Moon C. Hippocampal dysfunctions caused by cranial irradiation: a review of the experimental evidence. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 45:287-96. [PMID: 25596174 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cranial irradiation (IR) is commonly used for the treatment of brain tumors but may cause disastrous brain injury, especially in the hippocampus, which has important cognition and emotional regulation functions. Several preclinical studies have investigated the mechanisms associated with cranial IR-induced hippocampal dysfunction such as memory defects and depression-like behavior. However, current research on hippocampal dysfunction and its associated mechanisms, with the ultimate goal of overcoming the side effects of cranial radiation therapy in the hippocampus, is still very much in progress. This article reviews several in vivo studies on the possible mechanisms of radiation-induced hippocampal dysfunction, which may be associated with hippocampal neurogenesis, neurotrophin and neuroinflammation. Thus, this review may be helpful to gain new mechanistic insights into hippocampal dysfunction following cranial IR and provide effective strategies for potential therapeutic approaches for cancer patients receiving radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonghoon Son
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - Miyoung Yang
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea.
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Abstract
Three theories of regeneration dominate neuroscience today, all purporting to explain why the adult central nervous system (CNS) cannot regenerate. One theory proposes that Nogo, a molecule expressed by myelin, prevents axonal growth. The second theory emphasizes the role of glial scars. The third theory proposes that chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) prevent axon growth. Blockade of Nogo, CSPG, and their receptors indeed can stop axon growth in vitro and improve functional recovery in animal spinal cord injury (SCI) models. These therapies also increase sprouting of surviving axons and plasticity. However, many investigators have reported regenerating spinal tracts without eliminating Nogo, glial scar, or CSPG. For example, many motor and sensory axons grow spontaneously in contused spinal cords, crossing gliotic tissue and white matter surrounding the injury site. Sensory axons grow long distances in injured dorsal columns after peripheral nerve lesions. Cell transplants and treatments that increase cAMP and neurotrophins stimulate motor and sensory axons to cross glial scars and to grow long distances in white matter. Genetic studies deleting all members of the Nogo family and even the Nogo receptor do not always improve regeneration in mice. A recent study reported that suppressing the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) gene promotes prolific corticospinal tract regeneration. These findings cannot be explained by the current theories proposing that Nogo and glial scars prevent regeneration. Spinal axons clearly can and will grow through glial scars and Nogo-expressing tissue under some circumstances. The observation that deleting PTEN allows corticospinal tract regeneration indicates that the PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway regulates axonal growth. Finally, many other factors stimulate spinal axonal growth, including conditioning lesions, cAMP, glycogen synthetase kinase inhibition, and neurotrophins. To explain these disparate regenerative phenomena, I propose that the spinal cord has evolved regenerative mechanisms that are normally suppressed by multiple extrinsic and intrinsic factors but can be activated by injury, mediated by the PTEN/AKT/mTOR, cAMP, and GSK3b pathways, to stimulate neural growth and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wise Young
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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O'Leary O, Nolan Y. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 as a therapeutic target for cognitive dysfunction in neuropsychiatric disorders. CNS Drugs 2015; 29:1-15. [PMID: 25380674 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-014-0213-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is involved in a broad range of cellular processes including cell proliferation, apoptosis and inflammation. It is now also increasingly acknowledged as having a role to play in cognitive-related processes such as neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity and neural cell survival. Cognitive impairment represents a major debilitating feature of many neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, mood disorders, schizophrenia and fragile X syndrome, as well as being a result of traumatic brain injury or cranial irradiation. Accordingly, GSK-3 has been identified as an important therapeutic target for cognitive impairment, and recent preclinical studies have yielded important evidence demonstrating that GSK-3 inhibitors may be useful therapeutic interventions for restoring cognitive function in some of these brain disorders. The current review summarises the role of GSK-3 as a regulator of cognitive-dependent functions, examines current preclinical and clinical evidence of the potential of GSK-3 inhibitors as therapeutic agents for cognitive impairments in neuropsychiatric disorders, and offers some insight into the current obstacles that are impeding the clinical use of selective GSK-3 inhibitors in the treatment of cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia O'Leary
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Room 4.10, Cork, Ireland
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Piskunov AK, Nikitin KV, Potapov AA. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of radiation-induced brain injury: can peripheral markers be detected? ZHURNAL VOPROSY NEIROKHIRURGII IMENI N. N. BURDENKO 2015; 79:90-96. [PMID: 25945381 DOI: 10.17116/neiro201579190-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of the mechanisms of radiation-induced brain injury is a relevant fundamental objective of radiobiology and neuroradiology. Damage to the healthy brain tissue is the key factor limiting the application of radiation therapy in patients with nervous systems neoplasms. Furthermore, postradiation brain injury can be clinically indiscernible from continued tumor growth and requires differential diagnosis. Thus, there exists high demand for biomarkers of radiation effects on the brain in neurosurgery and radiobiology. These markers could be used for better understanding and quantifying the effects of ionizing radiation on brain tissues, as well as for elaborating personalized therapy. Despite the high demand, biomarkers of radiation-induced brain injury have not been identified thus far. The cellular and molecular mechanisms of the effect of ionizing radiation on the brain were analyzed in this review in order to identify potential biomarkers of radiation-induced injury to nervous tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Piskunov
- Burdenko Neurosurgical Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - K V Nikitin
- Burdenko Neurosurgical Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Potapov
- Burdenko Neurosurgical Institute, Moscow, Russia
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Zhukova N, Ramaswamy V, Remke M, Martin DC, Castelo-Branco P, Zhang CH, Fraser M, Tse K, Poon R, Shih DJH, Baskin B, Ray PN, Bouffet E, Dirks P, von Bueren AO, Pfaff E, Korshunov A, Jones DTW, Northcott PA, Kool M, Pugh TJ, Pomeroy SL, Cho YJ, Pietsch T, Gessi M, Rutkowski S, Bognár L, Cho BK, Eberhart CG, Conter CF, Fouladi M, French PJ, Grajkowska WA, Gupta N, Hauser P, Jabado N, Vasiljevic A, Jung S, Kim SK, Klekner A, Kumabe T, Lach B, Leonard JR, Liau LM, Massimi L, Pollack IF, Ra YS, Rubin JB, Van Meir EG, Wang KC, Weiss WA, Zitterbart K, Bristow RG, Alman B, Hawkins CE, Malkin D, Clifford SC, Pfister SM, Taylor MD, Tabori U. WNT activation by lithium abrogates TP53 mutation associated radiation resistance in medulloblastoma. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:174. [PMID: 25539912 PMCID: PMC4297452 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-014-0174-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
TP53 mutations confer subgroup specific poor survival for children with medulloblastoma. We hypothesized that WNT activation which is associated with improved survival for such children abrogates TP53 related radioresistance and can be used to sensitize TP53 mutant tumors for radiation. We examined the subgroup-specific role of TP53 mutations in a cohort of 314 patients treated with radiation. TP53 wild-type or mutant human medulloblastoma cell-lines and normal neural stem cells were used to test radioresistance of TP53 mutations and the radiosensitizing effect of WNT activation on tumors and the developing brain. Children with WNT/TP53 mutant medulloblastoma had higher 5-year survival than those with SHH/TP53 mutant tumours (100% and 36.6% ± 8.7%, respectively (p < 0.001)). Introduction of TP53 mutation into medulloblastoma cells induced radioresistance (survival fractions at 2Gy (SF2) of 89% ± 2% vs. 57.4% ± 1.8% (p < 0.01)). In contrast, β-catenin mutation sensitized TP53 mutant cells to radiation (p < 0.05). Lithium, an activator of the WNT pathway, sensitized TP53 mutant medulloblastoma to radiation (SF2 of 43.5% ± 1.5% in lithium treated cells vs. 56.6 ± 3% (p < 0.01)) accompanied by increased number of γH2AX foci. Normal neural stem cells were protected from lithium induced radiation damage (SF2 of 33% ± 8% for lithium treated cells vs. 27% ± 3% for untreated controls (p = 0.05). Poor survival of patients with TP53 mutant medulloblastoma may be related to radiation resistance. Since constitutive activation of the WNT pathway by lithium sensitizes TP53 mutant medulloblastoma cells and protect normal neural stem cells from radiation, this oral drug may represent an attractive novel therapy for high-risk medulloblastomas.
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Zhang L, Li K, Sun R, Zhang Y, Ji J, Huang P, Yang H, Tian Y. Minocycline ameliorates cognitive impairment induced by whole-brain irradiation: an animal study. Radiat Oncol 2014; 9:281. [PMID: 25498371 PMCID: PMC4271325 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-014-0281-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been long recognized that cranial irradiation used for the treatment of primary and metastatic brain tumor often causes neurological side-effects such as intellectual impairment, memory loss and dementia, especially in children patients. Our previous study has demonstrated that whole-brain irradiation (WBI) can cause cognitive decline in rats. Minocycline is an antibiotic that has shown neuroprotective properties in a variety of experimental models of neurological diseases. However, whether minocycline can ameliorate cognitive impairment induced by ionizing radiation (IR) has not been tested. Thus this study aimed to demonstrate the potential implication of minocycline in the treatment of WBI-induced cognitive deficits by using a rat model. Methods Sprague Dawley rats were cranial irradiated with electron beams delivered by a linear accelerator with a single dose of 20 Gy. Minocycline was administered via oral gavages directly into the stomach before and after irradiation. The open field test was used to assess the anxiety level of rats. The Morris water maze (MWM) was used to assess the spatial learning and memory of rats. The level of apoptosis in hippocampal neurons was measured using immunohistochemistry for caspase-3 and relative markers for mature neurons (NeuN) or for newborn neurons (Doublecortin (DCX)). Neurogenesis was determined by BrdU incorporation method. Results Neither WBI nor minocycline affected the locomotor activity and anxiety level of rats. However, compared with the sham-irradiated controls, WBI caused a significant loss of learning and memory manifest as longer latency to reach the hidden platform in the MWM task. Minocycline intervention significantly improved the memory retention of irradiated rats. Although minocycline did not rescue neurogenesis deficit caused by WBI 2 months post-IR, it did significantly decreased WBI-induced apoptosis in the DCX positive neurons, thereby resulting in less newborn neuron depletion 12 h after irradiation. Conclusions Minocycline significantly inhibits WBI-induced neuron apoptosis, leading to less newborn neurons loss shortly after irradiation. In the long run, minocycline improves the cognitive performance of rats post WBI. The results indicate a potential clinical implication of minocycline as an effective adjunct in radiotherapy for brain tumor patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215004, PR China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215004, PR China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, PR China.
| | - Kun Li
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215004, PR China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215004, PR China. .,Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong Province, 271000, PR China.
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215004, PR China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215004, PR China.
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215004, PR China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215004, PR China.
| | - JianFeng Ji
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215004, PR China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215004, PR China.
| | - Peigeng Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 100 Blossom Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
| | - Hongying Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, PR China. .,School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University/School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, PR China.
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215004, PR China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215004, PR China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, PR China.
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Abstract
About one-third of lithium-treated, bipolar patients are excellent lithium responders; that is, lithium monotherapy totally prevents further episodes of bipolar disorder for ten years and more. These patients are clinically characterized by an episodic clinical course with complete remission, a bipolar family history, low psychiatric comorbidity, mania-depression episode sequences, a moderate number of episodes, and a low number of hospitalizations in the pre-lithium period. Recently, it has been found that temperamental features of hypomania (a hyperthymic temperament) and a lack of cognitive disorganization predict the best results of lithium prophylaxis. Lithium exerts a neuroprotective effect, in which increased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and inhibition of the glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) play an important role. The response to lithium has been connected with the genotype of the BDNF gene and serum BDNF levels. A better response to lithium is connected with the Met allele of the BDNF Val/Met polymorphism, as is a hyperthymic temperament. Excellent lithium responders have normal cognitive functions and serum BDNF levels, even after long-term duration of the illness. The preservation of cognitive functions in long-term lithium-treated patients may be connected with the stimulation of the BDNF system, with the resulting prevention of affective episodes exerting deleterious cognitive effects, and possibly also with lithium's antiviral effects. A number of candidate genes that are related to neurotransmitters, intracellular signaling, neuroprotection, circadian rhythms, and other pathogenic mechanisms of bipolar disorder were found to be associated with the lithium prophylactic response. The Consortium on Lithium Genetics (ConLiGen) has recently performed the first genome-wide association study on the lithium response in bipolar disorder.
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77
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Effect of lithium chloride on the production and sialylation of Fc-fusion protein in Chinese hamster ovary cell culture. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:9239-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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78
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Jiang X, Perez-Torres CJ, Thotala D, Engelbach JA, Yuan L, Cates J, Gao F, Drzymala RE, Rich KM, Schmidt RE, Ackerman JJH, Hallahan DE, Garbow JR. A GSK-3β inhibitor protects against radiation necrosis in mouse brain. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2014; 89:714-21. [PMID: 24969790 PMCID: PMC4307920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2014.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To quantify the effectiveness of SB415286, a specific inhibitor of GSK-3β, as a neuroprotectant against radiation-induced central nervous system (brain) necrosis in a mouse model. METHODS AND MATERIALS Cohorts of mice were treated with SB415286 or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) prior to irradiation with a single 45-Gy fraction targeted to the left hemisphere (brain) using a gamma knife machine. The onset and progression of radiation necrosis (RN) were monitored longitudinally by noninvasive in vivo small-animal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) beginning 13 weeks postirradiation. MRI-derived necrotic volumes for SB415286- and DMSO-treated mice were compared. MRI results were supported by correlative histology. RESULTS Mice treated with SB415286 showed significant protection from radiation-induced necrosis, as determined by in vivo MRI with histologic validation. MRI-derived necrotic volumes were significantly smaller at all postirradiation time points in SB415286-treated animals. Although the irradiated hemispheres of the DMSO-treated mice demonstrated many of the classic histologic features of RN, including fibrinoid vascular necrosis, vascular telangiectasia, hemorrhage, and tissue loss, the irradiated hemispheres of the SB415286-treated mice consistently showed only minimal tissue damage. These studies confirmed that treatment with a GSK-3β inhibitor dramatically reduced delayed time-to-onset necrosis in irradiated brain. CONCLUSIONS The unilateral cerebral hemispheric stereotactic radiation surgery mouse model in concert with longitudinal MRI monitoring provided a powerful platform for studying the onset and progression of RN and for developing and testing new neuroprotectants. Effectiveness of SB415286 as a neuroprotectant against necrosis motivates potential clinical trials of it or other GSK-3β inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Dinesh Thotala
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - John A Engelbach
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Liya Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jeremy Cates
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Feng Gao
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri; Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Robert E Drzymala
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Keith M Rich
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Robert E Schmidt
- Department of Neuropathology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Joseph J H Ackerman
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri; Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Dennis E Hallahan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri; Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Joel R Garbow
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri; Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri.
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Ionizing radiation (IR) is an effective and commonly employed treatment in the management of more than half of human malignancies. Because IR's ability to control tumors mainly relies on DNA damage, the cell's DNA damage response and repair (DRR) processes may hold the key to determining tumor responses. IR-induced DNA damage activates a number of DRR signaling cascades that control cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, and the cell's fate. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) generated by IR are the most lethal form of damage, and are mainly repaired via either homologous recombination (HR) or nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathways. RECENT ADVANCES In recent years, immense effort to understand and exploit the differences in the use of these repair pathways between tumors and normal cells will allow for an increase in tumor cell killing and a decrease in normal tissue injury. CRITICAL ISSUES Regulation of the two major DSB repair mechanisms (HR and NHEJ) and new strategies, which may improve the therapeutic ratio of radiation by differentially targeting HR and NHEJ function in tumor and normal tissues, is of intense interest currently, and is the focus of this article. FUTURE DIRECTIONS By utilizing the strategies outlined above, it may be possible to exploit differences between tumor and somatic cell DRR pathways, specifically their DSB repair mechanisms, to improve the therapeutic ratio of IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wil L Santivasi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine , Columbus, Ohio
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80
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Rybakowski JK. Response to lithium in bipolar disorder: clinical and genetic findings. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:413-21. [PMID: 24625017 DOI: 10.1021/cn5000277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of lithium is a cornerstone for preventing recurrences in bipolar disorder (BD). The response of patients with bipolar disorder to lithium has different levels of magnitude. About one-third of lithium-treated patients are excellent lithium responders (ELR), showing total prevention of the episodes. A number of clinical characteristics were delineated in patients with favorable response to lithium as regards to clinical course, family history of mood disorders, and psychiatric comorbidity. We have also demonstrated that temperamental features of hypomania (a hyperthymic temperament) and a lack of cognitive disorganization predict the best results of lithium prophylaxis. A degree of prevention against manic and depressive episodes has been regarded as an endophenotype for pharmacogenetic studies. The majority of data have been gathered from so-called "candidate" gene studies. The candidates were selected on the basis of neurobiology of bipolar disorder and mechanisms of lithium action including, among others, neurotransmission, intracellular signaling, neuroprotection or circadian rhythms. We demonstrated that response to lithium has been connected with the genotype of BDNF gene and serum BDNF levels and have shown that ELR have normal cognitive functions and serum BDNF levels, even after long-term duration of the illness. A number of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of BD have been also performed in recent years, some of which also focused on lithium response. The Consortium on Lithium Genetics (ConLiGen) has established the large sample for performing the genome-wide association study (GWAS) of lithium response in BD, and the first results have already been published.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz K. Rybakowski
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznan, Poland
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81
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Radio-neuroprotective effect of L-alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine (GPC) in an experimental rat model. J Neurooncol 2014; 119:253-61. [PMID: 24880750 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-014-1489-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation plays a major role in the treatment of brain tumors, but side-effects may restrict the efficacy of therapy. In the present study, our goals were to establish whether the administration of L-alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine (GPC) can moderate or prevent any of the irradiation-induced functional and morphological changes in a rodent model of hippocampus irradiation. Anesthetized adult (6-weeks-old) male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 40 Gy irradiation of one hemisphere of the brain, without or with GPC treatment (50 mg/kg bw by gavage), the GPC treatment continuing for 4 months. The effects of this partial rat brain irradiation on the spatial orientation and learning ability of the rats were assessed with the repeated Morris water maze (MWM) test. Histopathologic (HP) evaluation based on hematoxylin-eosin and Luxol blue staining was performed 4 months after irradiation. The 40 Gy irradiation resulted in a moderate neurological deficit at the levels of both cognitive function and morphology 4 months after the irradiation. The MWM test proved to be a highly sensitive tool for the detection of neurofunctional impairment. The site navigation of the rats was impaired by the irradiation, but the GPC treatment markedly decreased the cognitive impairment. HP examination revealed lesser amounts of macrophage density, reactive gliosis, calcification and extent of demyelination in the GPC-treated group. GPC treatment led to significant protection against the cognitive decline and cellular damage, evoked by focal brain irradiation at 40 Gy dose level. Our study warrants further research on the protective or mitigating effects of GPC on radiation injuries.
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82
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Glatiramer acetate reverses cognitive deficits from cranial-irradiated rat by inducing hippocampal neurogenesis. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 271:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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83
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de Sousa RT, Zarate CA, Zanetti MV, Costa AC, Talib LL, Gattaz WF, Machado-Vieira R. Oxidative stress in early stage Bipolar Disorder and the association with response to lithium. J Psychiatr Res 2014; 50:36-41. [PMID: 24332923 PMCID: PMC4052827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have described increased oxidative stress (OxS) parameters and imbalance of antioxidant enzymes in Bipolar Disorder (BD) but few is know about the impact of treatment at these targets. However, no study has evaluated OxS parameters in unmedicated early stage BD and their association with lithium treatment in bipolar depression. METHODS Patients with BD I or II (n = 29) in a depressive episode were treated for 6 weeks with lithium. Plasma samples were collected at baseline and endpoint, and were also compared to age-matched controls (n = 28). The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were measured. RESULTS Subjects with BD depression at baseline presented a significant increase in CAT (p = 0.005) and GPx (p < 0.001) levels, with lower SOD/CAT ratio (p = 0.001) and no changes on SOD or TBARS compared to healthy controls. Regarding therapeutics, lithium only induced a decrease in TBARS (p = 0.023) and SOD (p = 0.029) levels, especially in BDII. Finally, TBARS levels were significantly lower at endpoint in lithium responders compared to non-responders (p = 0.018) with no difference in any biomarker regarding remission. CONCLUSION The present findings suggest a reactive increase in antioxidant enzymes levels during depressive episodes in early stage BD with minimal prior treatment. Also, decreased lipid peroxidation (TBARS) levels were observed, associated with lithium's clinical efficacy. Overall, these results reinforce the role for altered oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of BD and the presence of antioxidant effects of lithium in the prevention of illness progression and clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael T. de Sousa
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, LIM-27, Institute and Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos A. Zarate
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch (ETPB), National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marcus V. Zanetti
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, LIM-27, Institute and Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
,Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alana C. Costa
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, LIM-27, Institute and Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leda L. Talib
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, LIM-27, Institute and Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wagner F. Gattaz
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, LIM-27, Institute and Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
,Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Machado-Vieira
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, LIM-27, Institute and Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil; Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch (ETPB), National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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84
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Grepioni F, Wouters J, Braga D, Nanna S, Fours B, Coquerel G, Longfils G, Rome S, Aerts L, Quéré L. Ionic co-crystals of racetams: solid-state properties enhancement of neutral active pharmaceutical ingredients via addition of Mg2+ and Ca2+ chlorides. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ce00409d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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85
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King MK, Pardo M, Cheng Y, Downey K, Jope RS, Beurel E. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitors: Rescuers of cognitive impairments. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 141:1-12. [PMID: 23916593 PMCID: PMC3867580 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Impairment of cognitive processes is a devastating outcome of many diseases, injuries, and drugs affecting the central nervous system (CNS). Most often, very little can be done by available therapeutic interventions to improve cognitive functions. Here we review evidence that inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) ameliorates cognitive deficits in a wide variety of animal models of CNS diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Fragile X syndrome, Down syndrome, Parkinson's disease, spinocerebellar ataxia type 1, traumatic brain injury, and others. GSK3 inhibitors also improve cognition following impairments caused by therapeutic interventions, such as cranial irradiation for brain tumors. These findings demonstrate that GSK3 inhibitors are able to ameliorate cognitive impairments caused by a diverse array of diseases, injury, and treatments. The improvements in impaired cognition instilled by administration of GSK3 inhibitors appear to involve a variety of different mechanisms, such as supporting long-term potentiation and diminishing long-term depression, promotion of neurogenesis, reduction of inflammation, and increasing a number of neuroprotective mechanisms. The potential for GSK3 inhibitors to repair cognitive deficits associated with many conditions warrants further investigation of their potential for therapeutic interventions, particularly considering the current dearth of treatments available to reduce loss of cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret K King
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Marta Pardo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Yuyan Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Kimberlee Downey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Richard S Jope
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Eléonore Beurel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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86
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Rooney JW, Laack NN. Pharmacological interventions to treat or prevent neurocognitive decline after brain radiation. CNS Oncol 2013; 2:531-41. [PMID: 25054823 PMCID: PMC6136103 DOI: 10.2217/cns.13.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
After surgery, radiation is the most effective treatment for the majority of brain tumors in both children and adults. Although improvements in radiotherapy delivery and targeting have resulted in reduction in neurologic morbidity, radiotherapy is still associated with acute and late toxicities that are dependent on a variety of treatment- and patient-specific variables. Variables of treatment include radiation dose, fractionation, volume, technique, photons or protons, and concomitant or adjuvant chemotherapy. Patient- and tumor-specific variables include tumor type, location and patient age. Side effects of treatment are also variable and can range from mild fatigue to significant memory difficulties and even death. This review will focus on the hypothesized mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction after radiation therapy and will discuss possible intervention strategies including behavioral and pharmacological prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica W Rooney
- Mayo Clinic Department of Radiation Oncology, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Nadia N Laack
- Mayo Clinic Department of Radiation Oncology, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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87
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Gray JD, McEwen BS. Lithium's role in neural plasticity and its implications for mood disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2013; 128:347-61. [PMID: 23617566 PMCID: PMC3743945 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lithium (Li) is often an effective treatment for mood disorders, especially bipolar disorder (BPD), and can mitigate the effects of stress on the brain by modulating several pathways to facilitate neural plasticity. This review seeks to summarize what is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying Li's actions in the brain in response to stress, particularly how Li is able to facilitate plasticity through regulation of the glutamate system and cytoskeletal components. METHOD The authors conducted an extensive search of the published literature using several search terms, including Li, plasticity, and stress. Relevant articles were retrieved, and their bibliographies consulted to expand the number of articles reviewed. The most relevant articles from both the clinical and preclinical literature were examined in detail. RESULTS Chronic stress results in morphological and functional remodeling in specific brain regions where structural differences have been associated with mood disorders, such as BPD. Li has been shown to block stress-induced changes and facilitate neural plasticity. The onset of mood disorders may reflect an inability of the brain to properly respond after stress, where changes in certain regions may become 'locked in' when plasticity is lost. Li can enhance plasticity through several molecular mechanisms, which have been characterized in animal models. Further, the expanding number of clinical imaging studies has provided evidence that these mechanisms may be at work in the human brain. CONCLUSION This work supports the hypothesis that Li is able to improve clinical symptoms by facilitating neural plasticity and thereby helps to 'unlock' the brain from its maladaptive state in patients with mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D. Gray
- Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology The Rockefeller University 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Bruce S. McEwen
- Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology The Rockefeller University 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
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88
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Davis J, Ahlberg FM, Berk M, Ashley DM, Khasraw M. Emerging pharmacotherapy for cancer patients with cognitive dysfunction. BMC Neurol 2013; 13:153. [PMID: 24156319 PMCID: PMC4015674 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-13-153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in the diagnosis and multi-modality treatment of cancer have increased survival rates for many cancer types leading to an increasing load of long-term sequelae of therapy, including that of cognitive dysfunction. The cytotoxic nature of chemotherapeutic agents may also reduce neurogenesis, a key component of the physiology of memory and cognition, with ramifications for the patient's mood and other cognition disorders. Similarly radiotherapy employed as a therapeutic or prophylactic tool in the treatment of primary or metastatic disease may significantly affect cognition. A number of emerging pharmacotherapies are under investigation for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction experienced by cancer patients. Recent data from clinical trials is reviewed involving the stimulants modafinil and methylphenidate, mood stabiliser lithium, anti-Alzheimer's drugs memantine and donepezil, as well as other agents which are currently being explored within dementia, animal, and cell culture models to evaluate their use in treating cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mustafa Khasraw
- School of Medicine of Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
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89
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Shaw MG, Ball DL. Treatment of Brain Metastases in Lung Cancer: Strategies to Avoid/Reduce Late Complications of Whole Brain Radiation Therapy. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2013; 14:553-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s11864-013-0258-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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90
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Yin Y, Kizer NT, Thaker PH, Chiappinelli KB, Trinkaus KM, Goodfellow PJ, Ma L. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β inhibition as a therapeutic approach in the treatment of endometrial cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:16617-37. [PMID: 23941783 PMCID: PMC3759928 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140816617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative strategies beyond current chemotherapy and radiation therapy regimens are needed in the treatment of advanced stage and recurrent endometrial cancers. There is considerable promise for biologic agents targeting the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway for treatment of these cancers. Many downstream substrates of the ERK signaling pathway, such as glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), and their roles in endometrial carcinogenesis have not yet been investigated. In this study, we tested the importance of GSK3β inhibition in endometrial cancer cell lines and in vivo models. Inhibition of GSK3β by either lithium chloride (LiCl) or specific GSK3β inhibitor VIII showed cytostatic and cytotoxic effects on multiple endometrial cancer cell lines, with little effect on the immortalized normal endometrial cell line. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence revealed a G2/M cell cycle arrest in both type I (AN3CA, KLE, and RL952) and type II (ARK1) endometrial cancer cell lines. In addition, LiCl pre-treatment sensitized AN3CA cells to the chemotherapy agent paclitaxel. Administration of LiCl to AN3CA tumor-bearing mice resulted in partial or complete regression of some tumors. Thus, GSK3β activity is associated with endometrial cancer tumorigenesis and its pharmacologic inhibition reduces cell proliferation and tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yin
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, MO 63110, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Nora T. Kizer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, MO 63110, USA; E-Mails: (N.T.K.); (P.H.T.); (P.J.G.)
| | - Premal H. Thaker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, MO 63110, USA; E-Mails: (N.T.K.); (P.H.T.); (P.J.G.)
| | - Katherine B. Chiappinelli
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, MO 63110, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Kathryn M. Trinkaus
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, MO 63110, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Paul J. Goodfellow
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, MO 63110, USA; E-Mails: (N.T.K.); (P.H.T.); (P.J.G.)
| | - Liang Ma
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, MO 63110, USA; E-Mail:
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, MO 63110, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-314-454-8771; Fax: +1-314-454-5626
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Kang AD, Cosenza SC, Bonagura M, Manair M, Reddy MVR, Reddy EP. ON01210.Na (Ex-RAD®) mitigates radiation damage through activation of the AKT pathway. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58355. [PMID: 23505494 PMCID: PMC3591351 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of radio-protective agents that are non-toxic is critical in light of ever increasing threats associated with proliferation of nuclear materials, terrorism and occupational risks associated with medical and space exploration. In this communication, we describe the discovery, characterization and mechanism of action of ON01210.Na, which effectively protects mouse and human bone marrow cells from radiation-induced damage both in vitro and in vivo. Our results show that treatment of normal fibroblasts with ON01210.Na before and after exposure to ionizing radiation provides dose dependent protection against radiation-induced damage. Treatment of mice with ON01210.Na prior to radiation exposure was found to result in a more rapid recovery of their hematopoietic system. The mechanistic studies described here show that ON01210.Na manifests its protective effects through the up-regulation of PI3-Kinase/AKT pathways in cells exposed to radiation. These results suggest that ON 01210.Na is a safe and effective radioprotectant and could be a novel agent for use in radiobiological disasters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D. Kang
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Stephen C. Cosenza
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Marie Bonagura
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Manoj Manair
- Onconova Therapeutics, Inc., Newtown, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - M. V. Ramana Reddy
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - E. Premkumar Reddy
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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92
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Santivasi WL, Xia F. The role and clinical significance of DNA damage response and repair pathways in primary brain tumors. Cell Biosci 2013; 3:10. [PMID: 23388100 PMCID: PMC3573923 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-3-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary brain tumors, in particular, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), continue to have dismal survivability despite advances in treating other neoplasms. The goal of new anti-glioma therapy development is to increase their therapeutic ratios by enhancing tumor control and/or decreasing the severity and incidence of side effects. Because radiotherapy and most chemotherapy agents rely on DNA damage, the cell's DNA damage repair and response (DRR) pathways may hold the key to new therapeutic strategies. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) generated by ionizing radiation and chemotherapeutic agents are the most lethal form of damage, and are repaired via either homologous recombination (HR) or non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathways. Understanding and exploitation of the differences in the use of these repair pathways between tumor and normal brain cells will allow for an increase in tumor cell killing and decreased normal tissue damage. A literature review and discussion on new strategies which can improve the anti-glioma therapeutic ratio by differentially targeting HR and NHEJ function in tumor and normal neuronal tissues is the focus of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wil L Santivasi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 072A Starling Loving Hall, 300 W, 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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93
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Wouters J, Grepioni F, Braga D, Kaminski RM, Rome S, Aerts L, Quéré L. Novel pharmaceutical compositions through co-crystallization of racetams and Li+ salts. CrystEngComm 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ce41539b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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94
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Lan ML, Acharya MM, Tran KK, Bahari-Kashani J, Patel NH, Strnadel J, Giedzinski E, Limoli CL. Characterizing the radioresponse of pluripotent and multipotent human stem cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50048. [PMID: 23272054 PMCID: PMC3522689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential capability of stem cells to restore functionality to diseased or aged tissues has prompted a surge of research, but much work remains to elucidate the response of these cells to genotoxic agents. To more fully understand the impact of irradiation on different stem cell types, the present study has analyzed the radioresponse of human pluripotent and multipotent stem cells. Human embryonic stem (ES) cells, human induced pluripotent (iPS) cells, and iPS-derived human neural stem cells (iPS-hNSCs) cells were irradiated and analyzed for cell survival parameters, differentiation, DNA damage and repair and oxidative stress at various times after exposure. While irradiation led to dose-dependent reductions in survival, the fraction of surviving cells exhibited dose-dependent increases in metabolic activity. Irradiation did not preclude germ layer commitment of ES cells, but did promote neuronal differentiation. ES cells subjected to irradiation exhibited early apoptosis and inhibition of cell cycle progression, but otherwise showed normal repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Cells surviving irradiation also showed acute and persistent increases in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that were significant at nearly all post-irradiation times analyzed. We suggest that stem cells alter their redox homeostasis to adapt to adverse conditions and that radiation-induced oxidative stress plays a role in regulating the function and fate of stem cells within tissues compromised by radiation injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary L. Lan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Munjal M. Acharya
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Katherine K. Tran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Jessica Bahari-Kashani
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Neal H. Patel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Jan Strnadel
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Erich Giedzinski
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Charles L. Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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95
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Belarbi K, Jopson T, Arellano C, Fike JR, Rosi S. CCR2 deficiency prevents neuronal dysfunction and cognitive impairments induced by cranial irradiation. Cancer Res 2012; 73:1201-10. [PMID: 23243025 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-2989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cranial irradiation can lead to long-lasting cognitive impairments in patients receiving radiotherapy for the treatment of malignant brain tumors. Recent studies have suggested inflammation as a major contributor to these deficits; we determined if the chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 (CCR2) was a mediator of cognitive impairments induced by irradiation. Two-month-old male Ccr2 knockout (-/-) and wild-type mice received 10 Gy cranial irradiation or sham-treatment. One month after irradiation, bromodeoxyuridine was injected intraperitoneally for seven consecutive days to label newly generated cells. At two months postirradiation, cognitive function was assessed by novel object recognition and Morris water maze. Our results show that CCR2 deficiency prevented hippocampus-dependent spatial learning and memory impairments induced by cranial irradiation. Hippocampal gene expression analysis showed that irradiation induced CCR2 ligands such as CCL8 and CCR2 deficiency reduced this induction. Irradiation reduced the number of adult-born neurons in both wild-type and Ccr2(-/-) mice, but the distribution pattern of the adult-born neurons through the granule cell layer was only altered in wild-type mice. Importantly, CCR2 deficiency normalized the fraction of pyramidal neurons expressing the plasticity-related immediate early gene Arc. These data offer new insight into the mechanism(s) of radiation-injury and suggest that CCR2 is a critical mediator of hippocampal neuronal dysfunction and hippocampal cognitive impairments after irradiation. Targeting CCR2 signaling could conceivably provide an effective approach to reduce or prevent the incidence and severity of this serious side effect of ionizing irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Belarbi
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
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96
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Khasraw M, Ashley D, Wheeler G, Berk M. Using lithium as a neuroprotective agent in patients with cancer. BMC Med 2012; 10:131. [PMID: 23121766 PMCID: PMC3520780 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-10-131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurocognitive impairment is being increasingly recognized as an important issue in patients with cancer who develop cognitive difficulties either as part of direct or indirect involvement of the nervous system or as a consequence of either chemotherapy-related or radiotherapy-related complications. Brain radiotherapy in particular can lead to significant cognitive defects. Neurocognitive decline adversely affects quality of life, meaningful employment, and even simple daily activities. Neuroprotection may be a viable and realistic goal in preventing neurocognitive sequelae in these patients, especially in the setting of cranial irradiation. Lithium is an agent that has been in use for psychiatric disorders for decades, but recently there has been emerging evidence that it can have a neuroprotective effect.This review discusses neurocognitive impairment in patients with cancer and the potential for investigating the use of lithium as a neuroprotectant in such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Khasraw
- Andrew Love Cancer Centre, Geelong Hospital, Victoria, Australia.
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97
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Lei J, Zhou C, Hu H, Hu L, Zhao M, Yang Y, Chuai Y, Ni J, Cai J. Mangiferin aglycone attenuates radiation-induced damage on human intestinal epithelial cells. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:2633-42. [PMID: 22422649 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that mangiferin aglycone (norathyriol) has great potential as a novel radioprotector without any known toxic side effects. In this study, we assessed the protective effects of mangiferin aglycone against radiation-induced injuries on normal human intestinal epithelial cells (HIECs), while using mangiferin as a reference compound. The in vitro experiments showed that pretreatment of either mangiferin aglycone or mangiferin could inhibit cytotoxic effects of ionizing irradiation (IR) on HIECs. Cellular changes were estimated by measuring cell viability, clonogenic surviving rate, and apoptotic rate. Compared to mangiferin, we found mangiferin aglycone had greater radioprotective effects of mangiferin aglycone on HIECs. It has been demonstrated that the cytotoxicity of ionizing radiation relates to its capacity to induce DNA damage. In view of this, we monitored DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) using γH2AX foci formation to test whether mangiferin aglycone and mangiferin could modulate genotoxic effects of radiation. It shows that mangiferin aglycone could eliminate 46.8% of the total DSBs of the cells exposed to 2 Gy IR, which is significantly better than mangiferin. Complementing earlier results from our group, it appears possible to conclude that mangiferin aglycone presents potential useful effects on IR-induced damage and may be a better radioprotective agent than mangiferin therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixiao Lei
- Faculty of Naval Medicine, Department of Radiation Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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98
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Padovani L, André N, Constine LS, Muracciole X. Neurocognitive function after radiotherapy for paediatric brain tumours. Nat Rev Neurol 2012; 8:578-88. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2012.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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99
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Huo K, Sun Y, Li H, Du X, Wang X, Karlsson N, Zhu C, Blomgren K. Lithium reduced neural progenitor apoptosis in the hippocampus and ameliorated functional deficits after irradiation to the immature mouse brain. Mol Cell Neurosci 2012; 51:32-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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100
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Greene-Schloesser D, Robbins ME, Peiffer AM, Shaw EG, Wheeler KT, Chan MD. Radiation-induced brain injury: A review. Front Oncol 2012; 2:73. [PMID: 22833841 PMCID: PMC3400082 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 100,000 primary and metastatic brain tumor patients/year in the US survive long enough (>6 months) to experience radiation-induced brain injury. Prior to 1970, the human brain was thought to be highly radioresistant; the acute CNS syndrome occurs after single doses >30 Gy; white matter necrosis occurs at fractionated doses >60 Gy. Although white matter necrosis is uncommon with modern techniques, functional deficits, including progressive impairments in memory, attention, and executive function have become important, because they have profound effects on quality of life. Preclinical studies have provided valuable insights into the pathogenesis of radiation-induced cognitive impairment. Given its central role in memory and neurogenesis, the majority of these studies have focused on the hippocampus. Irradiating pediatric and young adult rodent brains leads to several hippocampal changes including neuroinflammation and a marked reduction in neurogenesis. These data have been interpreted to suggest that shielding the hippocampus will prevent clinical radiation-induced cognitive impairment. However, this interpretation may be overly simplistic. Studies using older rodents, that more closely match the adult human brain tumor population, indicate that, unlike pediatric and young adult rats, older rats fail to show a radiation-induced decrease in neurogenesis or a loss of mature neurons. Nevertheless, older rats still exhibit cognitive impairment. This occurs in the absence of demyelination and/or white matter necrosis similar to what is observed clinically, suggesting that more subtle molecular, cellular and/or microanatomic modifications are involved in this radiation-induced brain injury. Given that radiation-induced cognitive impairment likely reflects damage to both hippocampal- and non-hippocampal-dependent domains, there is a critical need to investigate the microanatomic and functional effects of radiation in various brain regions as well as their integration at clinically relevant doses and schedules. Recently developed techniques in neuroscience and neuroimaging provide not only an opportunity to accomplish this, but they also offer the opportunity to identify new biomarkers and new targets for interventions to prevent or ameliorate these late effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Greene-Schloesser
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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