51
|
Yuan G, Yang G, Song G, Chen Z, Chen S. Immunohistochemical localization of the NH(2)-terminal and COOH-terminal fragments of dentin sialoprotein in mouse teeth. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 349:605-14. [PMID: 22581382 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1418-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Dentin sialoprotein (DSP) is a major non-collagenous protein in dentin. Mutation studies in human, along with gene knockout and transgenic experiments in mice, have confirmed the critical role of DSP for dentin formation. Our previous study reported that DSP is processed into fragments in mouse odontoblast-like cells. In order to gain insights into the function of DSP fragments, we further evaluated the expression pattern of DSP in the mouse odontoblast-like cells using immunohistochemistry and western blot assay with antibodies against the NH(2)-terminal and COOH-terminal regions of DSP. Then, the distribution profiles of the DSP NH(2)-terminal and COOH-terminal fragments and osteopontin (OPN) were investigated in mouse teeth at different ages by immunohistochemistry. In the odontoblast-like cells, multiple low molecular weight DSP fragments were detected, suggesting that part of the DSP protein was processed in the odontoblast-like cells. In mouse first lower molars, immunoreactions for anti-DSP-NH(2) antibody were intense in the predentin matrix but weak in mineralized dentin; in contrast, for anti-DSP-COOH antibody, strong immunoreactions were found in mineralized dentin, in particular dentinal tubules but weak in predentin. Therefore, DSP NH(2)-terminal and COOH-terminal fragments from odontoblasts were secreted to different parts of teeth, suggesting that they may play distinct roles in dentinogenesis. Meanwhile, both DSP antibodies showed weak staining in reactionary dentin (RD), whereas osteopontin (OPN) was clearly positive in RD. Therefore, DSP may be less crucial for RD formation than OPN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China 430079
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
52
|
Suzuki S, Haruyama N, Nishimura F, Kulkarni AB. Dentin sialophosphoprotein and dentin matrix protein-1: Two highly phosphorylated proteins in mineralized tissues. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:1165-75. [PMID: 22534175 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) and dentin matrix protein-1 (DMP-1) are highly phosphorylated proteins that belong to the family of small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLINGs), and are essential for proper development of hard tissues such as teeth and bones. In order to understand how they contribute to tissue organization, DSPP and DMP-1 have been analyzed for over a decade using both in vivo and in vitro techniques. Among the five SIBLINGs, the DSPP and DMP-1 genes are located next to each other and their gene and protein structures are most similar. In this review we examine the phenotypes of the genetically engineered mouse models of DSPP and DMP-1 and also introduce complementary in vitro studies into the molecular mechanisms underlying these phenotypes. DSPP affects the mineralization of dentin more profoundly than DMP-1. In contrast, DMP-1 significantly affects bone mineralization and importantly controls serum phosphate levels by regulating serum FGF-23 levels, whereas DSPP does not show any systemic effects. DMP-1 activates integrin signalling and is endocytosed into the cytoplasm whereupon it is translocated to the nucleus. In contrast, DSPP only activates integrin-dependent signalling. Thus it is now clear that both DSPP and DMP-1 contribute to hard tissue mineralization and the tissues affected by each are different presumably as a result of their different expression levels. In fact, in comparison with DMP-1, the functional analysis of cell signalling by DSPP remains relatively unexplored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Suzuki
- Department of Dental Science for Health Promotion, Division of Cervico-Gnathostomatology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Huang Q, Ouyang X. Biochemical-markers for the diagnosis of bone metastasis: A clinical review. Cancer Epidemiol 2012; 36:94-8. [PMID: 21474411 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Huang
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
54
|
Abstract
The use of bone turnover markers in oncology includes monitoring of anticancer treatment in patients with malignant disease metastatic to the bones (therapeutic monitoring), predicting the risk of bone relapse in patients with a first diagnosis of potentially curative, early-stage malignant tumors (prognostic use), and making an early diagnosis of (microscopic) malignant bone disease in patients with a known malignant tumor to start early bone-targeted treatment and avoid skeletal-related events (diagnostic use). Concerning prognostic use, there is limited evidence for bone turnover markers to predict the occurrence of metachronous bone metastases in patients with early-stage malignant tumors, with serum PINP (N-terminal propeptide of procollagen type 1), ICTP (Carboxyterminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and tumor immunoexpression of BSP being the most promising candidates. Concerning diagnostic use, serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatise (BSAP), PINP and osteoprotegerin (OPG) were repeatedly shown to be associated with synchronous bone metastases in patients with breast or lung cancer, but sensitivity of these markers was too low to suggest that they might be preferred over conventional bone scans for the diagnosis of bone metastases. A somewhat higher sensitivity for the diagnosis of bone metastases was found for urinary NTx (N-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen) and serum ICTP in solid tumor patients, serum TRAcP-5b (Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5b) in patients with breast cancer and serum BSAP, PINP and OPG in prostate cancer patients. Both prognostic and diagnostic use of bone turnover markers are reviewed in this chapter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Joerger
- Department of Medical Oncology and Breast Centre, Cantonal Hospital, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
55
|
Mittag F, Hennenlotter J, Minkley L, Ipach I, Schilling D, Scharpf M, Stenzl A, Leichtle U, Kluba T. Alteration of bone sialoprotein expression in osseous metastasized renal cell carcinomas and the tumor surrounding tissue. Clin Exp Metastasis 2011; 29:179-83. [PMID: 22130963 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-011-9441-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bone sialoprotein (BSP) regulates bone metabolism by directly influencing the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. A significant correlation between the tissue expression of BSP in tumors and the occurrence of bone metastases was found in different cancers. Aim of this study was to identify the BSP expression in renal cell carcinomas (RCC) according to their stage of metastatic disease. Tissue samples of patients with RCC who underwent partial resection or nephrectomy were separated into three groups, each with 10 patients showing either no metastases (group I), only soft tissue metastases (group II) or bone metastases (group III) at date of surgery. Immunohistochemical analysis of BSP expression in tumor tissue and corresponding renal parenchyma was performed and evaluated with an established semiquantitative scoring system. BSP expression was detected both in tumor tissue and renal parenchyma. Concerning the expression in malignant tissue, no significant difference could be found between the three groups whereas the corresponding renal parenchyma showed a staining score of 164, 198 and 224 for group I, II and III (P = 0.07). RCC staged T3 showed only a little higher BSP expression than those staged T1/2 (P < 0.21), while the corresponding parenchyma of T3 tumors showed significantly higher expressions (P = 0.02). This pilot study revealed a correlation between expression of BSP and tumor staging and type of metastases, especially for osseous metastases in RCC. Alternation of BSP expression could be detected particularly in renal parenchyma and linked to the type of metastases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Mittag
- Department of Orthopedics, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
Lim AM, Rischin D, Fisher R, Cao H, Kwok K, Truong D, McArthur GA, Young RJ, Giaccia A, Peters L, Le QT. Prognostic significance of plasma osteopontin in patients with locoregionally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma treated on TROG 02.02 phase III trial. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 18:301-7. [PMID: 22096023 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-2295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE High plasma osteopontin (OPN) levels have been reported to be an adverse prognostic factor in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC), correlate with tumor hypoxia, and be predictive of benefit from hypoxia-targeted therapy. We sought to confirm the prognostic and predictive significance of OPN in patients treated on a large international trial. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Patients with stage III/IV HNSCC were randomized to receive definitive radiotherapy concurrently with cisplatin or cisplatin plus the hypoxic cell cytotoxin, tirapazamine (TPZ). Eligibility criteria for this prospective substudy included plasma sample availability for OPN assay by ELISA and absence of major radiation therapy deviations (N = 578). OPN concentrations were analyzed for overall survival (OS) and time to locoregional failure (TTLRF), adjusting for known prognostic factors. Additional analysis was carried out in patients with available tumor p16(INK4A) staining status. RESULTS The median OPN level was 544 ng/mL (range: 7-2,640). High OPN levels were not associated with worse OS (relative HR, 1.03 for highest tertile) or TTLRF (relative HR 0.91 for highest tertile). There was no interaction between OPN and treatment arm for OS or TTLRF (P = 0.93 for OS; P = 0.87 for TTLRF). For the highest tertile the 2-year OS was 66% on control arm and 67% on TPZ arm (HR = 1.11, P = 0.67). Similarly for p16(INK4A) negative patients in the highest tertile, the 2-year OS was 61% on control arm and 63% on TPZ arm (HR = 1.05, P = 0.86). CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence that high plasma OPN levels were associated with an adverse prognosis in HNSCC, or were predictive of benefit with hypoxia targeting therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annette M Lim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
He JJ, Zhi K, Liu GF. Predictive value of serum bone sialoprotein in patients with bone metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 34:584-8. [PMID: 22104154 DOI: 10.1159/000334058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic significance of serum bone sialoprotein (BSP) in patients with bone metastasis (BM) from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 146 patients diagnosed with NSCLC and 110 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. The clinical characteristics including clinical stage, pathological type, smoking status, and ECOG performance status were obtained. The mean serum BSP was detected by sandwich ELISA. RESULTS The mean serum BSP level in individuals with BM was significantly higher than those in non-BM NSCLC and controls (p < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis showed that BSP discriminated patients with BM from non-BM NSCLC patients at the cutoff value of 33.56 ng/ml. Sensitivity and specificity were 77.8 and 81.1%, respectively. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that subjects with higher BSP levels had a shorter BM-free period than those with lower BSP levels. Cox regression analysis revealed that the BSP level was a predictor for prognosis of BM from NSCLC. CONCLUSION Serum BSP is a useful biomarker for the diagnosis of BM from NSCLC, and can be regarded as an independent factor for predicting the prognosis of BM from NSCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jun He
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
Bardet C, Vincent C, Lajarille MC, Jaffredo T, Sire JY. OC-116, the chicken ortholog of mammalian MEPE found in eggshell, is also expressed in bone cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2011; 314:653-62. [PMID: 20665709 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In chicken, ovocleidin 116 (OC-116) is found in the eggshell matrix and its encoding gene, OC-116, is expressed in uterine cells. In mammals, its orthologue MEPE encodes the matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE), which has been shown to be involved in bone mineralization. Using RT-PCR and in situ hybridization on sections, we have checked whether OC-116 was also expressed in osteoblasts and osteocytes during bone development and mineralization in chicken embryos. We monitored OC-116 expression in the tibia and mandible of a growth series of chicken embryos from E3 to E19. Transcripts were identified in the osteoblasts as early as E5 in the tibia and E7 in the mandible, before matrix mineralization, then from these stages onwards in both the osteoblasts lining the mineralized bone matrix and the osteocytes. Therefore, early in chicken ontogeny and as soon as osteogenesis begins, OC-116 is involved. Its function, which remains still unknown, is maintained during further bone growth and mineralization, and later in adult, in which it is recruited for eggshell formation. We hypothesize that the ancestral OC-116/MEPE in a stem amniote was involved in these two functions and that the loss of eggshell in the mammalian lineage has probably favored the recruitment of some MEPE domains toward new functions in osteogenesis and mineralization, and in phosphatemia regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Bardet
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Systématique-Adaptation-Evolution, 7 quai Saint-Bernard, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Dentin matrix protein 1 induces membrane expression of VE-cadherin on endothelial cells and inhibits VEGF-induced angiogenesis by blocking VEGFR-2 phosphorylation. Blood 2010; 117:2515-26. [PMID: 21190990 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-08-298810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) is a member of the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) family, a group of proteins initially described as mineralized extracellular matrices components. More recently, SIBLINGs have been implicated in several key steps of cancer progression, including angiogenesis. Although proangiogenic activities have been demonstrated for 2 SIBLINGs, the role of DMP1 in angiogenesis has not yet been addressed. We demonstrate that this extracellular matrix protein induced the expression of vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin), a key regulator of intercellular junctions and contact inhibition of growth of endothelial cells that is also known to modulate vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) activity, the major high-affinity receptor for VEGF. DMP1 induced VE-cadherin and p27(Kip1) expression followed by cell-cycle arrest in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in a CD44-dependent manner. VEGF-induced proliferation, migration, and tubulogenesis responses were specifically blocked on DMP1 pretreatment of HUVECs. Indeed, after VE-cadherin induction, DMP1 inhibited VEGFR-2 phosphorylation and Src-mediated signaling. However, DMP1 did not interfere with basic fibroblast growth factor-induced angiogenesis. In vivo, DMP1 significantly reduced laser-induced choroidal neovascularization lesions and tumor-associated angiogenesis. These data enable us to put DMP1 on the angiogenic chessboard for the first time and to identify this protein as a new specific inhibitor of VEGF-induced angiogenesis.
Collapse
|
60
|
Beniash E, Deshpande AS, Fang PA, Lieb NS, Zhang X, Sfeir CS. Possible role of DMP1 in dentin mineralization. J Struct Biol 2010; 174:100-6. [PMID: 21081166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2010.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dentin Matrix Protein 1 (DMP1), the essential noncollagenous proteins in dentin and bone, is believed to play an important role in the mineralization of these tissues, although the mechanisms of its action are not fully understood. To gain insight into DMP1 functions in dentin mineralization we have performed immunomapping of DMP1 in fully mineralized rat incisors and in vitro calcium phosphate mineralization experiments in the presence of DMP1. DMP1 immunofluorescene was localized in peritubular dentin (PTD) and along the dentin-enamel boundary. In vitro phosphorylated DMP1 induced the formation of parallel arrays of crystallites with their c-axes co-aligned. Such crystalline arrangement is a hallmark of mineralized collagen fibrils of bone and dentin. Interestingly, in DMP1-rich PTD, which lacks collagen fibrils, the crystals are organized in a similar manner. Based on our findings we hypothesize, that in vivo DMP1 controls the mineral organization outside of the collagen fibrils and plays a major role in the mineralization of PTD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elia Beniash
- Department of Oral Biology, Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, School of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
61
|
Joshi R, Tawfik A, Edeh N, McCloud V, Looney S, Lewis J, Hsu S, Ogbureke KUE. Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) gene-silencing inhibits key tumorigenic activities in human oral cancer cell line, OSC2. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13974. [PMID: 21103065 PMCID: PMC2980487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We determined recently that dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), a member of the SIBLING (Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins) family of phosphoglycoproteins, is highly upregulated in human oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) where upregulation is associated with tumor aggressiveness. To investigate the effects of DSPP-silencing on the tumorigenic profiles of the oral cancer cell line, OSC2, short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) interference was employed to silence DSPP in OSC2 cells. Methodology/Principal Findings Multiple regions of DSPP transcript were targeted for shRNA interference using hDSP-shRNA lentiviral particles designed to silence DSPP gene expression. Control shRNA plasmid encoding a scrambled sequence incapable of degrading any known cellular mRNA was used for negative control. Following puromycin selection of stable lines of DSSP-silenced OSC2 cells, phenotypic hallmarks of oral carcinogenesis were assayed by western blot and RT-PCR analyses, MTT (cell-viability), colony-formation, modified Boyden-Chamber (migration and invasion), and flow cytometry (cell-cycle and apoptosis) analyses. DSPP-silenced OSC2 cells showed altered cell morphology, reduced viability, decreased colony-formation ability, decreased migration and invasion, G0/G1 cell-cycle arrest, and increased tumor cell sensitivity to cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, VEGF, Ki-67, p53, and EGFR were down-regulated. There was a direct correlation between the degree of DSPP-silencing and MMP suppression, as indicated by least squares regression: MMP-2 {(y = 0.850x, p<0.001) (y = 1.156x, p<0.001)}, MMP-3 {(y = 0.994x, p<0.001) (y = 1.324x, p = 0.004)}, and MMP-9 {(y = 1.248x, p = 0.005, y = 0.809, p = 0.013)}. Conclusions/Significance DSPP-silencing in OSC2 cell decreased salient hallmarks of oral tumorigenesis and provides the first functional evidence of a potential key role for DSPP in oral cancer biology. The down-regulation of MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, p53 and VEGF in DSPP-silenced OSC2 cells provides a significant functional/molecular framework for deciphering the mechanisms of DSPP activities in oral cancer biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajeshree Joshi
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Amany Tawfik
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nneka Edeh
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Veronica McCloud
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Stephen Looney
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Graduate Studies, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jill Lewis
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- School of Graduate Studies, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Stephen Hsu
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- School of Graduate Studies, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kalu U. E. Ogbureke
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- School of Graduate Studies, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Sun Y, Ma S, Zhou J, Yamoah AK, Feng JQ, Hinton RJ, Qin C. Distribution of small integrin-binding ligand, N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING) in the articular cartilage of the rat femoral head. J Histochem Cytochem 2010; 58:1033-43. [PMID: 20679519 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.2010.956771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The small integrin-binding ligand, N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) family is closely related to osteogenesis. Until recently, little was known about their existence in articular cartilage. In this study, we systematically evaluated the presence and distribution of four SIBLING family members in rat femoral head cartilage: dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1), bone sialoprotein (BSP), osteopontin (OPN), and dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP). First, non-collagenous proteins were extracted and then separated by ion-exchange chromatography. Next, the protein extracts eluted by chromatography were analyzed by Stains-all staining and Western immunoblotting. IHC was used to assess the distribution of these four SIBLING family members in the femoral head cartilage. Both approaches showed that all the four SIBLING family members are expressed in the femoral head cartilage. IHC showed that SIBLING members are distributed in various locations throughout the articular cartilage. The NH₂-terminal fragments of DMP1, BSP, and OPN are present in the cells and in the extracellular matrix, whereas the COOH-terminal fragment of DMP1 and the NH₂-terminal fragment of DSPP are primarily intracellularly localized in the chondrocytes. The presence of the SIBLING family members in the rat femoral head cartilage suggests that they may play important roles in chondrogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Sun
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
Zhang B, Sun Y, Chen L, Guan C, Guo L, Qin C. Expression and distribution of SIBLING proteins in the predentin/dentin and mandible of hyp mice. Oral Dis 2010; 16:453-64. [PMID: 20233318 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2010.01656.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) and its murine homologue, Hyp are caused by inactivating mutations in PHEX gene. The protein encoded by PHEX gene is an endopeptidase whose physiological substrate(s) has not been identified. Dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) and dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), two members of the Small Integrin-Binding LIgand, N-linked Glycoprotein (SIBLING) family are proteolytically processed. It has been speculated that PHEX endopeptidase may be responsible for the proteolytic cleavage of DMP1 and DSPP. To test this hypothesis and to analyse the distribution of SIBLING proteins in the predentin/dentin complex and mandible of Hyp mice, we compared the expression of four SIBLING proteins, DMP1, DSPP, bone sialoprotein (BSP) and osteopontin (OPN) between Hyp and wild-type mice. METHODS These SIBLING proteins were analysed by protein chemistry and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS (1) Dentin matrix protein 1 and DSPP fragments are present in the extracts of Hyp predentin/dentin and bone; (2) the level of DMP1 proteoglycan form, BSP and OPN is elevated in the Hyp bone. CONCLUSIONS The PHEX protein is not the enzyme responsible for the proteolytic processing of DMP1 and DSPP. The altered distribution of SIBLING proteins may be involved in the pathogenesis of bone and dentin defects in Hyp and XLH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
Sun Y, Gandhi V, Prasad M, Yu W, Wang X, Zhu Q, Feng JQ, Hinton RJ, Qin C. Distribution of small integrin-binding ligand, N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING) in the condylar cartilage of rat mandible. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010; 39:272-81. [PMID: 20097540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2009.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Revised: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The Small Integrin-Binding LIgand, N-linked Glycoprotein (SIBLING) family is one category of non-collagenous proteins closely related to osteogenesis. In this study, the authors systematically evaluated the presence and distribution of four SIBLING family members, dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1), bone sialoprotein (BSP) and osteopontin (OPN), in rat mandibular condylar cartilage using protein chemistry and immunohistochemistry. For protein chemistry, SIBLING proteins in the dissected condylar cartilage were extracted with 4M guanidium-HCl, separated by ion-exchange chromatography, and analyzed by Western immunoblotting. Immunohistochemistry was employed to assess the distribution of these four SIBLING proteins in the condylar cartilage of 2-, 5- and 8-week-old rats. Results from both approaches showed that all four members are expressed in the condylar cartilage. DSPP, unlike that observed in dentin and bone, exists as a full-length form (uncleaved) in the condylar cartilage. The NH(2)-terminal fragment of DMP1 is mainly detected in the matrix of the cartilage while the COOH-terminal fragment is primarily localized in the nuclei of cells in the chondroblastic and hypertrophic layers. The data obtained in this investigation provide clues about the potential roles of these SIBLING proteins in chondrogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Sun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A & M University System Health Science Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
Gordon JAR, Sodek J, Hunter GK, Goldberg HA. Bone sialoprotein stimulates focal adhesion-related signaling pathways: role in migration and survival of breast and prostate cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2009; 107:1118-28. [PMID: 19492334 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone sialoprotein (BSP) is a secreted glycoprotein found in mineralized tissues however, BSP is aberrantly expressed in a variety of osteotropic tumors. Elevated BSP expression in breast and prostate primary carcinomas is directly correlated with increased bone metastases and tumor progression. In this study, the intracellular signaling pathways responsible for BSP-induced migration and tumor survival were examined in breast and prostate cancer cells (MDA-MB-231, Hs578T and PC3). Additionally, the effects of exogenous TGF-beta1 and EGF, cytokines associated with tumor metastasis and present in high-levels in the bone microenvironment, were examined in BSP-expressing cancer cells. Expression of BSP but not an integrin-binding mutant (BSP-KAE) in tumor cell lines resulted in increased levels of alpha(v)-containing integrins and number of mature focal adhesions. Adhesion of cells to recombinant BSP or the expression of BSP stimulated focal adhesion kinase and ERK phosphorylation, as well as activated AP-1-family proteins. Activation of these pathways by BSP expression increased the expression of the matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-14. The BSP-mediated activation of the FAK-associated pathway resulted in increased cancer cell invasion in a Matrigel-coated Boyden-chamber assay and increased cell survival upon withdrawal of serum. Addition of EGF or TGF-beta1 to the BSP-expressing cell lines significantly increased ERK phosphorylation, AP-1 activation, MMP-2 expression, cell migration and survival compared to untreated cells expressing BSP. This study thus defines the cooperative mechanisms by which BSP can enhance specific factors associated with a metastatic phenotype in tumor cell lines, an effect that is increased by circulating TGF-beta1 and EGF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A R Gordon
- CIHR Group in Skeletal Development and Remodeling, Department of Biochemistry and Division of Oral Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
66
|
Song JY, Lee JK, Lee NW, Yeom BW, Kim SH, Lee KW. Osteopontin expression correlates with invasiveness in cervical cancer. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2009; 49:434-8. [PMID: 19694703 DOI: 10.1111/j.1479-828x.2009.01027.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Osteopontin is a secreted, integrin-binding glycophosphoprotein that is overexpressed in many types of cancers and appears to be involved in carcinogenesis and cancer progression. To understand the role of osteopontin in carcinogenesis of cervical cancer, this study was designed to determine whether osteopontin is expressed in cervical cancer and carcinoma in situ (CIS) tissue as well as in normal cervical tissue. METHODS The expression of osteopontin was immunohistochemically analysed from 68 normal cervix, 55 CIS and 52 invasive cervical cancer tissues using a paraffin-embedded tissue array. Immunostaining was evaluated by intensity and the percentage of stained cells. RESULTS Osteopontin expression in normal, CIS and cervical cancer tissues was two of 68 (2.9%), 43 of 55 (78.2%) and 46 of 52 (88.4%), respectively (P < 0.01). High intensity (strong positive)/high proportion (more than 50%) staining seen in CIS and cervical cancer tissue samples was 45 of 55 (81.8%)/22 of 55 (40.0%) and 50 of 52 (96.2%)/31 of 52 (59.7%), respectively (P = 0.029 and P = 0.054). There was no significant correlation between the immunostaining score and stage and the immunostaining score and survival. CONCLUSION Osteopontin may have a potential use as a diagnostic factor for cervical cancer and osteopontin expression is closely correlated with carcinogenesis and invasion of cervical cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Yun Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Korea Univerity College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Jain A, McKnight DA, Fisher LW, Humphreys EB, Mangold LA, Partin AW, Fedarko NS. Small integrin-binding proteins as serum markers for prostate cancer detection. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:5199-207. [PMID: 19671866 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-0783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) gene family includes bone sialoprotein (BSP), dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1), dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE), and osteopontin (OPN). Previous studies have separately reported elevated expression of BSP, OPN, or DSPP in prostate tumor paraffin sections. We hypothesized that SIBLINGs may be informative serum markers for subjects with prostate cancer. METHODS Expression levels of SIBLINGs in biopsies of normal tissue and tumors from prostate were determined by cDNA array and by immunohistochemical staining with monoclonal antibodies. Competitive ELISAs for measuring total BSP, DSPP, MEPE, and OPN were applied to a test group of 102 subjects with prostate cancer and 110 normal subjects and a validation group of 90 subjects. RESULTS BSP, DMP1, DSPP, and OPN exhibited elevated mRNA expression and protein levels in biopsies. BSP, DSPP, and OPN were elevated in serum from prostate cancer subjects, with serum DSPP exhibiting the greatest difference, yielding an area under the receiver operator characteristic curve value of 0.98. Serum BSP and OPN levels were significantly elevated only in late stages, whereas DSPP was significantly elevated at all stages. Optimal serum value cutoff points derived for BSP, OPN, and DSPP were applied as a validation test to a new group of 90 subjects and DSPP yielded a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 100%. CONCLUSION Of the SIBLING gene family members, DSPP appears to be a strong candidate for use in serum assays for prostate cancer detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alka Jain
- Division of Geriatric Medicine & Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
68
|
Dakhova O, Ozen M, Creighton CJ, Li R, Ayala G, Rowley D, Ittmann M. Global gene expression analysis of reactive stroma in prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:3979-89. [PMID: 19509179 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-1899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Marked reactive stroma formation, designated as grade 3 reactive stroma, is associated with poor outcome in clinically localized prostate cancer. To understand the biological processes and signaling mechanisms underlying the formation of such reactive stroma, we carried out microarray gene expression analysis of laser-captured reactive stroma and matched normal stroma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Seventeen cases of reactive stroma grade 3 cancer were used to laser-capture tumor and normal stroma. Expression analysis was carried out using Agilent 44K arrays. Up-regulation of selected genes was confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Expression data was analyzed to identify significantly up- and down-regulated genes, and gene ontology analysis was used to define pathways altered in reactive stroma. RESULTS A total of 544 unique genes were significantly higher in the reactive stroma and 606 unique genes were lower. Gene ontology analysis revealed significant alterations in a number of novel processes in prostate cancer reactive stroma, including neurogenesis, axonogenesis, and the DNA damage/repair pathways, as well as evidence of increases in stem cells in prostate cancer reactive stroma. CONCLUSIONS Formation of reactive stroma in prostate cancer is a dynamic process characterized by significant alterations in growth factor and signal transduction pathways and formation of new structures, including nerves and axons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Dakhova
- Departments of Patholog, Baylor College of Medicine, and Michael E DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
69
|
Tu Q, Zhang J, Fix A, Brewer E, Li YP, Zhang ZY, Chen J. Targeted overexpression of BSP in osteoclasts promotes bone metastasis of breast cancer cells. J Cell Physiol 2008; 218:135-45. [PMID: 18756497 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Bone is one of the most common sites of breast cancer metastasis while bone sialoprotein (BSP) is thought to play an important role in bone metastasis of malignant tumors. The objective of this study is to determine the role of BSP overexpression in osteolytic metastasis using two homozygous transgenic mouse lines in which BSP expression is elevated either in all the tissues (CMV-BSP mice) or only in the osteoclasts (CtpsK-BSP mice). The results showed that skeletal as well as systemic metastases of 4T1 murine breast cancer cells were dramatically increased in CMV-BSP mice. In CtpsK-BSP mice, it was found that targeted BSP overexpression in osteoclasts promoted in vitro osteoclastogenesis and activated osteoclastic differentiation markers such as Cathepsin K, TRAP and NFAT2. MicroCT scan demonstrated that CtpsK/BSP mice had reduced trabecular bone volume and bone mineral density (BMD). The real-time IVIS Imaging System showed that targeted BSP overexpression in osteoclasts promoted bone metastasis of breast cancer cells. The osteolytic lesion area was significantly larger in CtpsK/BSP mice than in the controls as demonstrated by both radiographic and histomorphometric analyses. TRAP staining demonstrated a twofold increase in the number of osteoclasts in the bone lesion area from CtpsK/BSP mice compared with that from wild type mice. We conclude that host tissue-derived BSP also plays important roles in breast cancer metastasis through inducing tumor cell seeding into the remote host tissues. Furthermore, osteoclast-derived BSP promotes osteoclast differentiation in an autocrine manner and consequently promotes osteolytic bone metastasis of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qisheng Tu
- Division of Oral Biology, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
70
|
Verdelis K, Ling Y, Sreenath T, Haruyama N, MacDougall M, van der Meulen MCH, Lukashova L, Spevak L, Kulkarni AB, Boskey AL. DSPP effects on in vivo bone mineralization. Bone 2008; 43:983-90. [PMID: 18789408 PMCID: PMC2621360 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.08.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Revised: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Dentin sialophosphoprotein has been implicated in the mineralization process based on the defective dentin formation in Dspp null mice (Dspp-/-). Dspp is expressed at low levels in bone and Dspp-/- femurs assessed by quantitative micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic imaging (FTIRI) exhibit some mineral and matrix property differences from wildtype femurs in both developing and mature mice. Compared to wildtype, Dspp-/- mice initially (5 weeks) and at 7 months had significantly higher trabecular bone volume fractions and lower trabecular separation, while at 9 months, bone volume fraction and trabecular number were lower. Cortical bone mineral density, area, and moments of inertia in Dspp-/- were reduced at 9 months. By FTIRI, Dspp-/- animals initially (5 months) contained more stoichiometric bone apatite with higher crystallinity (crystal size/perfection) and lower carbonate substitution. This difference progressively reversed with age (significantly decreased crystallinity and increased acid phosphate content in Dspp-/- cortical bone by 9 months of age). Mineral density as determined in 3D micro-CT and mineral-to-matrix ratios as determined by 2D FTIRI in individual cortical and trabecular bones were correlated (r(2)=0.6, p<0.04). From the matrix analysis, the collagen maturity of both cortical and trabecular bones was greater in Dspp-/- than controls at 5 weeks; by 9 months this difference in cross-linking pattern did not exist. Variations in mineral and matrix properties observed at different ages are attributable, in part, to the ability of the Dspp gene products to regulate both initial mineralization and remodeling, implying an effect of Dspp on bone turnover.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kostas Verdelis
- Mineralized Tissue Laboratory, Musculoskeletal Integrity Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
71
|
Maciejewska I, Cowan C, Svoboda K, Butler WT, D'Souza R, Qin C. The NH2-terminal and COOH-terminal fragments of dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) localize differently in the compartments of dentin and growth plate of bone. J Histochem Cytochem 2008; 57:155-66. [PMID: 18854597 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.2008.952630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple studies have shown that dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) is essential for bone and dentin mineralization. After post-translational proteolytic cleavage, DMP1 exists within the extracellular matrix of bone and dentin as an NH2-terminal fragment, a COOH-terminal fragment, and the proteoglycan form of the NH2-terminal fragment (DMP1-PG). To begin to assess the biological function of each fragment, we evaluated the distribution of both fragments in the rat tooth and bone using antibodies specific to the NH2-terminal and COOH-terminal regions of DMP1 and confocal microscopy. In rat first molar organs, the NH2-terminal fragment localized to predentin, whereas the COOH-terminal fragment was mainly restricted to mineralized dentin. In the growth plate of bone, the NH2-terminal fragment appeared in the proliferation and hypertrophic zones, whereas the COOH-terminal fragment occupied the ossification zone. Forster resonance energy transfer analysis showed colocalization of both fragments of DMP1 in odontoblasts and predentin, as well as hypertrophic chondrocytes within the growth plates of bone. The biochemical analysis of bovine teeth showed that predentin is rich in DMP1-PG, whereas mineralized dentin primarily contains the COOH-terminal fragment. We conclude that the differential patterns of expression of NH2-terminal and COOH-terminal fragments of DMP1 reflect their potentially distinct roles in the biomineralization of dentin and bone matrices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Maciejewska
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Jain A, Karadag A, Fisher LW, Fedarko NS. Structural requirements for bone sialoprotein binding and modulation of matrix metalloproteinase-2. Biochemistry 2008; 47:10162-70. [PMID: 18729384 DOI: 10.1021/bi801068p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bone sialoprotein (BSP) has been shown to induce limited gelatinase activity in latent matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) without removal of the propeptide and to restore enzymatic activity to MMP-2 previously inhibited by tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP2). The current study identifies structural domains in human BSP and MMP-2 that contribute to these interactions. The 26 amino acid domain encoded by exon 4 of BSP is shown by a series of binding and activity assays to be involved in the displacement of MMP-2's propeptide from the active site and thereby inducing the protease activity. Binding assays in conjunction with enzyme activity assays demonstrate that both amino- and carboxy-terminal domains of BSP contribute to restoration of activity to TIMP2-inhibited MMP-2, while the MMP-2 hemopexin domain is not required for reactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alka Jain
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
73
|
Jain A, Fisher LW, Fedarko NS. Bone sialoprotein binding to matrix metalloproteinase-2 alters enzyme inhibition kinetics. Biochemistry 2008; 47:5986-95. [PMID: 18465841 DOI: 10.1021/bi800133n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bone sialoprotein (BSP) is a secreted glycophosphoprotein normally restricted in expression to skeletal tissue that is also induced by multiple neoplasms in vivo. Previous work has shown that BSP can bind to matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2). Because of MMP-2 activity in promoting tumor progression, potential therapeutic inhibitors were developed, but clinical trials have been disappointing. The effect of BSP on MMP-2 modulation by inhibitors was determined with purified components and in cell culture. Enzyme inhibition kinetics were studied using a low-molecular weight freely diffusable substrate and purified MMP-2, BSP, and natural (tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2) and synthetic (ilomastat and oleoyl- N-hydroxylamide) inhibitors. We determined parameters of enzyme kinetics by varying substrate concentrations at different fixed inhibitor concentrations added to MMP-2 alone, MMP-2 and BSP, or preformed MMP-2-BSP complexes and solving a general linear mixed inhibition rate equation with a global curve fitting program. Two in vitro angiogenesis model systems employing human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used to follow BSP modulation of MMP-2 inhibition and tubule formation. The presence of BSP increased the competitive K I values between 15- and 47-fold for natural and synthetic inhibitors. The extent of tubule formation by HUVECs cocultured with dermal fibroblasts was reduced in the presence of inhibitors, while the addition of BSP restored vessel formation. A second HUVEC culture system demonstrated that tubule formation by cells expressing BSP could be inhibited by an activity blocking antibody against MMP-2. BSP modulation of MMP-2 activity and inhibition may define its biological role in promoting tumor progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alka Jain
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
74
|
Abstract
Osteopontin is a secreted phosphoprotein that has been implicated as an important mediator of tumor metastasis and has been investigated for use as a biomarker for advanced disease and as a potential therapeutic target in the regulation of cancer metastasis. The OPN DNA sequence is highly conserved and the protein contains several important functional domains including alpha(v)beta integrin and CD44 binding sites. High levels of OPN expression correlate with tumor invasion, progression or metastasis in multiple cancer. Studies demonstrate that osteopontin mediates the molecular mechanisms which determine metastatic spread, such as prevention of apoptosis, extracellular matrix proteolysis and remodeling, cell migration, evasion of host-immune cells and neovascularization. Transcriptional regulation of OPN is complex and involves multiple pathways, including AP-1, Myc, v-Src, Runx/CBF, TGF-B/BMPs/Smad/Hox, and Wnt/ss-catenin/APC/GSK-3ss/Tcf-4. The current state of knowledge of OPN biology suggests that it is an attractive target for therapeutic modulation of metastatic disease.
Collapse
|
75
|
Bellahcène A, Castronovo V, Ogbureke KUE, Fisher LW, Fedarko NS. Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLINGs): multifunctional proteins in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2008; 8:212-26. [PMID: 18292776 PMCID: PMC2484121 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Numerous components and pathways are involved in the complex interplay between cancer cells and their environment. The family of glycophosphoproteins comprising osteopontin, bone sialoprotein, dentin matrix protein 1, dentin sialophosphoprotein and matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein - small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLINGs) - are emerging as important players in many stages of cancer progression. From their detection in various human cancers to the demonstration of their key functional roles during malignant transformation, invasion and metastasis, the SIBLINGs are proteins with potential as diagnostic and prognostic tools, as well as new therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akeila Bellahcène
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, University of Liege, Tour de Pathologie, -1, Bât. B23, Sart Tilman via 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
76
|
Feng JQ, Scott G, Guo D, Jiang B, Harris M, Ward T, Ray M, Bonewald LF, Harris SE, Mishina Y. Generation of a conditional null allele for Dmp1 in mouse. Genesis 2008; 46:87-91. [PMID: 18257058 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Dentin matrix protein1 (DMP1), highly conserved in humans and mice, is highly expressed in teeth, the skeleton, and to a lesser extent in nonskeletal tissues such as brain, kidney, and salivary gland. Pathologically, DMP1 is associated with several forms of cancers and with tumor-induced osteomalacia. Conventional disruption of the murine Dmp1 gene results in defects in dentin in teeth and in the skeleton, including hypophosphatemic rickets, and abnormalities in phosphate homeostasis. Human DMP1 mutations are responsible for the condition known as autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets. For better understanding of the roles of DMP1 in different tissues at different stages of development and in pathological conditions, we generated Dmp1 floxed mice in which loxP sites flank exon 6 that encodes for over 80% of DMP1 protein. We demonstrate that Cre-mediated recombination using Sox2-Cre, a Cre line expressed in epiblast during early embryogenesis, results in early deletion of the gene and protein. These homozygous Cre-recombined null mice display an identical phenotype to conventional null mice. This animal model will be useful to reveal distinct roles of DMP1 in different tissues at different ages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Q Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Dallas, Texas 75246, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
77
|
Hwang YC, Hwang IN, Oh WM, Park JC, Lee DS, Son HH. Influence of TGF-beta1 on the expression of BSP, DSP, TGF-beta1 receptor I and Smad proteins during reparative dentinogenesis. J Mol Histol 2007; 39:153-60. [PMID: 17929179 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-007-9148-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 09/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reparative dentin has a wide variety of manifestations ranging from a regular, tubular form to an irregular, atubular form. However, the characteristics of reparative dentin have not been clarified. This study hypothesized that the level of bone sialoprotein (BSP) expression will increase if the newly formed reparative dentin is bone-like but the dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) level will decrease. In order to test this hypothesis, the expression of BSP and DSP was examined by immunohistochemistry and the expression of BSP was measured by in situ hybridization in an animal model. The pulps of 12 maxillary right first molars from twelve male rats were exposed and capped with MTA. In addition, in order to understand the role of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta1) during reparative dentinogenesis, the expression of BSP and DSPP mRNA was analyzed by RT-PCR in a human dental pulp cell culture, and the transforming growth factor-beta 1 receptors (TbetaRI) and Smad 2/3 were examined by immunofluorescence in an animal model. DSP was expressed in the normal odontoblasts and odontoblast-like cells of the reparative dentin. Interestingly, BSP was strongly expressed in the odontoblast-like cells of reparative dentin. The level of the TbetaRI and Smad 2/3 proteins was higher in the reparative dentin than in the normal dentin. TGF-beta1 up-regulated BSP in the human pulp cell cultures. This suggests that reparative dentin has both dentinogenic and osteogenic characteristics that are mediated by TGF-beta1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Chan Hwang
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
78
|
Rodrigues LR, Teixeira JA, Schmitt FL, Paulsson M, Lindmark-Mänsson H. The role of osteopontin in tumor progression and metastasis in breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16:1087-97. [PMID: 17548669 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of cancer biomarkers to anticipate the outlines of disease has been an emerging issue, especially as cancer treatment has made such positive steps in the last few years. Progress in the development of consistent malignancy markers is imminent because advances in genomics and bioinformatics have allowed the examination of immense amounts of data. Osteopontin is a phosphorylated glycoprotein secreted by activated macrophages, leukocytes, and activated T lymphocytes, and is present in extracellular fluids, at sites of inflammation, and in the extracellular matrix of mineralized tissues. Several physiologic roles have been attributed to osteopontin, i.e., in inflammation and immune function, in mineralized tissues, in vascular tissue, and in kidney. Osteopontin interacts with a variety of cell surface receptors, including several integrins and CD44. Binding of osteopontin to these cell surface receptors stimulates cell adhesion, migration, and specific signaling functions. Overexpression of osteopontin has been found in a variety of cancers, including breast cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, stomach cancer, ovarian cancer, and melanoma. Moreover, osteopontin is present in elevated levels in the blood and plasma of some patients with metastatic cancers. Therefore, suppression of the action of osteopontin may confer significant therapeutic activity, and several strategies for bringing about this suppression have been identified. This review looks at the recent advances in understanding the possible mechanisms by which osteopontin may contribute functionally to malignancy, particularly in breast cancer. Furthermore, the measurement of osteopontin in the blood or tumors of patients with cancer, as a way of providing valuable prognostic information, will be discussed based on emerging clinical data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lígia R Rodrigues
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
Amir LR, Jovanovic A, Perdijk FBT, Toyosawa S, Everts V, Bronckers ALJJ. Immunolocalization of sibling and RUNX2 proteins during vertical distraction osteogenesis in the human mandible. J Histochem Cytochem 2007; 55:1095-104. [PMID: 17625229 PMCID: PMC3957525 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.6a7162.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that mechanical loading of human bone increases expression of the transcription factor RUNX2 and bone matrix proteins osteopontin (OPN), bone sialoprotein (BSP), dentin matrix protein-1 (DMP1), and matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE). We examined this in tissue sections of atrophic mandibular bone taken from edentulous patients who had undergone distraction osteogenesis. In undistracted bone, weak to moderate staining for OPN and BSP was found in osteoblasts and bone matrix of immature woven bone. RUNX2 was also detectable in osteoblasts and in cells of the periosteum. In woven bone, but not in lamellar bone, a small number of osteocytes stained for all proteins tested. After distraction, staining intensity had increased in the existing old bone and staining was seen in more bone cells than before distraction. We also found a high expression of DMP1 and MEPE in many osteocytes embedded in woven bone and in some osteocytes of lamellar bone not seen before distraction. New bone trabeculae were forming in the fibrous tissue of the distraction gap containing all stages of intramembranous bone formation. Moderate to strong staining was seen for all five proteins tested in osteocytes located in woven bone of these trabeculae and for RUNX2, OPN, and BSP in osteoblasts lining the trabecular surfaces. We conclude that loading of atrophic human jawbone by distraction activates matrix synthesis of bone cells in and around existing bone. Increased staining of DMP1 and MEPE in osteocytes after loading is in line with the concept that these proteins may be involved in signaling the effector cells to adapt the bone structure to its mechanical demands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R. Amir
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Universiteit van Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Jovanovic
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Alkmaar Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Frits B. T. Perdijk
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Gelderse Vallei Hospital, Ede, The Netherlands
| | - Satoru Toyosawa
- Department of Oral Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Vincent Everts
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Universiteit van Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antonius L. J. J. Bronckers
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Universiteit van Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence to: A.L.J.J. Bronckers, Department of Oral Cell Biology, ACTA, Vrije Universiteit, Van der Boechorststr 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Zhang X, Wei D, Yap Y, Li L, Guo S, Chen F. Mass spectrometry-based "omics" technologies in cancer diagnostics. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2007; 26:403-31. [PMID: 17405143 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Many "omics" techniques have been developed for one goal: biomarker discovery and early diagnosis of human cancers. A comprehensive review of mass spectrometry-based "omics" approaches performed on various biological samples for molecular diagnosis of human cancers is presented in this article. Furthermore, the existing and potential problems/solutions (both de facto experimental and bioinformatic challenges), and future prospects have been extensively discussed. Although the use of present omic methods as diagnostic tools are still in their infant stage and consequently not ready for immediate clinical use, it can be envisaged that the "omics"-based cancer diagnostics will gradually enter into the clinic in next 10 years as an important supplement to current clinical diagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuewu Zhang
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
81
|
Matsuzaki H, Shima K, Muramatsu T, Ro Y, Hashimoto S, Shibahara T, Shimono M. Osteopontin as biomarker in early invasion by squamous cell carcinoma in tongue. J Oral Pathol Med 2007; 36:30-4. [PMID: 17181739 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2006.00493.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteopontin (OPN) expression in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the tongue has not been clearly elucidated. METHODS We selected 46 cases of tongue SCC and investigated the expression of OPN by immunohistochemical staining. The immunopositive reaction and score for each case were semiquantitatively evaluated. RESULTS Scores were significantly higher in carcinoma nests than in neighboring normal epithelium or epithelial dysplasia. The OPN was expressed clearly in the cytoplasm of carcinoma cells. In cases of early invasive carcinoma, in particular, expression of OPN showed a remarkable increase at the invasion front compared with the non-invaded regions. However, there was no significant correlation between expression of OPN in the primary tumor nest and lymphatic metastasis, recurrence, or survival rate. CONCLUSION This suggests that OPN is a useful biomarker of early invasion by SCC in tongue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Matsuzaki
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
82
|
Ogbureke KUE, Nikitakis NG, Warburton G, Ord RA, Sauk JJ, Waller JL, Fisher LW. Up-regulation of SIBLING proteins and correlation with cognate MMP expression in oral cancer. Oral Oncol 2007; 43:920-32. [PMID: 17306612 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2006.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2006] [Revised: 10/27/2006] [Accepted: 11/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Various combinations of the SIBLING family of proteins have been found to be up-regulated in many human cancers and have been linked to different stages of tumor progression, including metastasis. Bone sialoprotein (BSP), osteopontin (OPN) and dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) specifically bind and activate MMP-2, MMP-3, and MMP-9, respectively. These proteases have also been shown to play important roles in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) invasion and metastasis. However, with the exception of OPN, there are no reports on the expression of the family of five SIBLING proteins in OSCC. This study examines the expression patterns of the SIBLING family (and MMP partners when known) in OSCC, correlating expression to outcome variables. Archived paraffin sections of 87 cases of primary OSCC were screened by immunohistochemistry for the SIBLINGs and their MMP partners. Three SIBLINGs (BSP, DSPP, and OPN), were expressed in OSCC, while DMP1 and MEPE expression were never observed. Furthermore, BSP and OPN were always expressed with their known MMP partners, MMP-2 and MMP-3, respectively. Poorly differentiated tumors exhibited reduced or no immunoreactivity for BSP and OPN but increased immunoreactivity for DSPP. Seventy eight (90%) cases were positive for BSP and DSPP, while 79 cases (91%) were positive for OPN. Overall, 91% of the cases were positive for at least one SIBLING. There were no correlations between SIBLING expression and tumor size ("T"; of the Union Internationale Contre le Cancer [UICC]-TNM classification for OSCC), and between SIBLING expression and lymph node spread for the T1/T2 tumors. The levels of DSPP expression for floor of mouth and retromolar region tumors were higher than for tongue tumors. Statistically significant correlations were, however, found between the expression levels of BSP and MMP-2 (p<0.0001), BSP and MMP-3 (p<0.0001), and OPN and MMP-3 (p<0.0024). We conclude that BSP, DSPP, and OPN are highly up-regulated in OSCC. While the production of these SIBLINGs is independent of T, they correlate with oral location of tumor, cognate MMP expression, and for DSPP, the degree of tumor differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalu U E Ogbureke
- Department of Oral Biology and Maxillofacial Pathology, AD1442, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 Fifteenth Avenue, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
83
|
Bao LH, Sakaguchi H, Fujimoto J, Tamaya T. Osteopontin in metastatic lesions as a prognostic marker in ovarian cancers. J Biomed Sci 2007; 14:373-81. [PMID: 17219251 DOI: 10.1007/s11373-006-9143-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2006] [Accepted: 12/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is expressed in various human cancers and associated with tumor progression, invasion and metastasis in many manners. The purpose of this study is to investigate the clinical significance of OPN expression in metastatic lesions of ovarian cancers, since the prognosis of the patients with peritoneal dissemination is extremely poor. In primary tumors and peritoneal metastatic lesions from 40 patients with stage III ovarian cancers, the protein levels of OPN and histoscores were determined by enzyme immunoassay and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Immunohistochemical staining revealed OPN was distributed in the cytoplasm and nuclear compartments of the cancer and stromal cells within and around the tumor. The OPN level was significantly (p < 0.05) increased in 32 of 40 metastatic lesions of ovarian cancers. The OPN increased cases identified by immunohistochemical staining were consistent with those identified by the sandwich immunoassay. The prognosis of the 32 patients with significant increase of OPN in ovarian cancers was extremely poor, whereas the 36-month survival rate of the 8 patients with no increase of OPN was 75%. Multivariate analysis revealed that the levels of OPN were independent predictors of prognosis from clinical characteristics (age, lesion size, histological types). OPN might be associated with peritoneal metastasis and its advancement, and that the OPN level in metastatic lesion may be a prognostic indicator in ovarian cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Hong Bao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gifu University School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu City, 501-1194, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
84
|
Mori N, Majima T, Iwasaki N, Kon S, Miyakawa K, Kimura C, Tanaka K, Denhardt DT, Rittling S, Minami A, Uede T. The role of osteopontin in tendon tissue remodeling after denervation-induced mechanical stress deprivation. Matrix Biol 2007; 26:42-53. [PMID: 17055235 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2006.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2006] [Revised: 08/28/2006] [Accepted: 09/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
It has been shown that musculoskeletal tissues undergo dynamic tissue remodeling by a process that is quite sensitive to the mechanical environment. However, the detailed molecular mechanism underlying this process remains unclear. We demonstrate here that after denervation-induced mechanical stress deprivation, tendons undergo dynamic tissue remodeling as evidenced by a significant reduction of the collagen fibril diameter. Importantly, the transient up-regulation of osteopontin (OPN) expression was characteristic during the early phase of tendon tissue remodeling. Following this dynamic change of OPN expression, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 expression was induced, which presumably accounts for the morphological changes of tendon by degrading tendon collagen fibrils. The modulation of MMP-13 expression by OPN was specific, since the expression of MMP-2, which is also known to be involved in tissue remodeling, did not alter in the tendons under the absence or presence of OPN. We also demonstrate that the modulation of MMP-13 expression by OPN is due to the signaling through cell surface receptors for OPN. Thus, we conclude that OPN plays a crucial role in conveying the effect of denervation-induced mechanical stress deprivation to the tendon fibroblasts to degrade the extracellular matrices by regulating MMP-13 expression in tendon fibroblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Mori
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
85
|
Verkooijen RBT, Smit JWA, Romijn JA, Stokkel MPM. The incidence of second primary tumors in thyroid cancer patients is increased, but not related to treatment of thyroid cancer. Eur J Endocrinol 2006; 155:801-6. [PMID: 17132748 DOI: 10.1530/eje.1.02300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study is to assess the prevalence of second primary tumors in patients treated for thyroid cancer. Furthermore, we wanted to assess the standardized risk rates for all second primary tumors, but especially for breast cancer, as data in the literature indicate an excessive risk in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) patients for this tumor. MATERIALS AND METHODS We included consecutive patients, who received ablation treatment with I-131 at the Leiden University Medical Center between January 1985 and December 1999 (n = 282). The mean period of follow-up was 10.6 +/- 4.1 years. RESULTS Thirty-five of the 282 patients (12.4%) had a second primary tumor (SPT), either preceding or following the diagnosis of thyroid cancer. Five other patients had three primary tumors, including DTC. As a result, 40 additional tumors were found in this group, revealing an overall prevalence of 14.2%. Twenty tumors (7.1%) preceded the thyroid cancer with a mean interval of 5.7 years (range: 0.5-22.0 years), whereas 20 tumors (7.1%) occurred after this tumor with a mean interval of 6.7 years (range: 1.0-15.0 years). In 13 female patients, breast cancer was found as SPT. The standardized incidence rate (SIR) for all cancers after the diagnosis of DTC in this study population was not increased (1.13; confidence interval (CI): 0.68-1.69). However, we found an increased SIR of 2.26 (CI: 1.60-3.03) for all cancers either following or preceding DTC, which is mainly caused by a SIR of 3.95 (CI: 2.06-6.45) for breast cancer. CONCLUSION Patients with DTC have an overall increased standardized incidence rate for second primary tumors, but not for second primary tumors following I-131 therapy. These findings suggest a common etiologic and/or genetic mechanism instead of a causal relation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robbert B T Verkooijen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
86
|
Bucciarelli E, Sidoni A, Bellezza G, Cavaliere A, Brachelente G, Costa G, Chaplet M, Castronovo V, Bellahcène A. Low dentin matrix protein 1 expression correlates with skeletal metastases development in breast cancer patients and enhances cell migratory capacity in vitro. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2006; 105:95-104. [PMID: 17136477 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-006-9436-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLINGs) constitute a family of extracellular matrix proteins involved in bone homeostasis. Their pattern of expression has been primarily reported in bone and tooth and, more recently, in several cancer types. Dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1), a SIBLING family member, expression was investigated by immunohistochemistry in a retrospective series of 148 primary human breast cancers. Correlations between DMP1 expression levels in the tumors and clinicopathologic features, bone metastases development and relapse of the disease were examined. DMP1 was expressed by 63.5% of the breast tumors analyzed. Significant inverse associations were found between DMP1 expression levels and the size and grade of the tumors (both, P < 0.0001). High DMP1 expression levels in the primary breast lesions were associated with a lower risk of subsequent development of skeletal metastases (P = 0.009). Patients with tumors expressing high levels of DMP1 had a significantly higher disease-free survival rate than those with low DMP1-expressing tumors (P = 0.0062). When DMP1 expression was examined in breast cancer cell lines, we found that non invasive MCF-7 and T47-D cells expressed higher levels than highly invasive MDA-MB-231 and Hs578T cells. Moreover, the specific inhibition of DMP1 expression in MCF-7 cells using siRNAs promoted significantly their migratory capability. Our data implicate for the first time DMP1 expression in breast cancer progression and bone metastases development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Bucciarelli
- Institute of Pathologic Anatomy and Histology, Perugia University, Policlinico Monteluce, Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
87
|
Karadag A, Fisher LW. Bone sialoprotein enhances migration of bone marrow stromal cells through matrices by bridging MMP-2 to alpha(v)beta3-integrin. J Bone Miner Res 2006; 21:1627-36. [PMID: 16995818 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.060710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED BMSCs migrate through matrix barriers and differentiate into osteoblasts. BSP enhances osteogenic cell migration through basement membrane and collagen matrices in vitro by localizing MMP-2 on the cell surface through alpha(v)beta(3)-integrin. INTRODUCTION The specific mechanisms by which bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) leave their primary sites, move through matrices encountered during homing to their site of final differentiation, and remove preexisting matrices in preparation for bone matrix production are not well understood. MATERIALS AND METHODS The enhanced migration of human osteoblast precursor cells through matrix barriers by bone sialoprotein (BSP) was studied by a modified Boyden-chamber assay. The bridging of normally soluble matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) to the cell surface receptor, alpha(v)beta(3)-integrin, by BSP was analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS BSP enhanced the in vitro passage of BMSCs and pre-osteoblasts through matrix barriers (Matrigel and denatured type I collagen) in a dose-dependent manner. An intact ArgGlyAsp (RGD) was required in the BSP for enhanced migration through the barriers but was not sufficient, as shown by the inactivity of two other SIBLING (Small Integrin-Binding LIgand, N-linked Glycoprotein) family members, osteopontin and dentin matrix protein-1. The specificity of the BSP enhancement activity was apparently caused by this molecule's ability to bridge MMP-2 to the cell surfaces. CONCLUSIONS Pre-osteoblasts and their BMSC precursors may use MMP-2/BSP/integrin complexes to disrupt matrix barriers during migration to their final destinations in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Karadag
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4320, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
88
|
Nam JS, Suchar AM, Kang MJ, Stuelten CH, Tang B, Michalowska AM, Fisher LW, Fedarko NS, Jain A, Pinkas J, Lonning S, Wakefield LM. Bone sialoprotein mediates the tumor cell-targeted prometastatic activity of transforming growth factor beta in a mouse model of breast cancer. Cancer Res 2006; 66:6327-35. [PMID: 16778210 PMCID: PMC1528715 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor betas (TGF-beta) play a dual role in carcinogenesis, functioning as tumor suppressors early in the process, and then switching to act as prometastatic factors in late-stage disease. We have previously shown that high molecular weight TGF-beta antagonists can suppress metastasis without the predicted toxicities. To address the underlying mechanisms, we have used the 4T1 syngeneic mouse model of metastatic breast cancer. Treatment of mice with a monoclonal anti-TGF-beta antibody (1D11) significantly suppressed metastasis of 4T1 cells to the lungs. When metastatic 4T1 cells were recovered from lungs of 1D11-treated and control mice, the most differentially expressed gene was found to be bone sialoprotein (Bsp). Immunostaining confirmed the loss of Bsp protein in 1D11-treated lung metastases, and TGF-beta was shown to regulate and correlate with Bsp expression in vitro. Functionally, knockdown of Bsp in 4T1 cells reduced the ability of TGF-beta to induce local collagen degradation and invasion in vitro, and treatment with recombinant Bsp protected 4T1 cells from complement-mediated lysis. Finally, suppression of Bsp in 4T1 cells reduced metastasis in vivo. We conclude that Bsp is a plausible mediator of at least some of the tumor cell-targeted prometastatic activity of TGF-beta in this model and that Bsp expression in metastases can be successfully suppressed by systemic treatment with anti-TGF-beta antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Seok Nam
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Adam M. Suchar
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mi-Jin Kang
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christina H. Stuelten
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Binwu Tang
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aleksandra M. Michalowska
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Larry W. Fisher
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Neal S. Fedarko
- Division of Geriatrics, Dept. of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Alka Jain
- Division of Geriatrics, Dept. of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Jan Pinkas
- Genzyme Corporation, Framingham, MA 01701, USA
| | | | - Lalage M. Wakefield
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Zhang Q, Furukawa K, Chen HH, Sakakibara T, Urano T, Furukawa K. Metastatic Potential of Mouse Lewis Lung Cancer Cells Is Regulated via Ganglioside GM1 by Modulating the Matrix Metalloprotease-9 Localization in Lipid Rafts. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:18145-55. [PMID: 16636068 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m512566200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To analyze mechanisms for cancer metastasis, we established high metastatic sublines from mouse Lewis lung cancer (P29) by repeated injection. Sublines established from the two subclones H7 and C4 commonly exhibited increased proliferation and invasion activity and reduced expression of ganglioside GM1, although they showed different preferences in their target organs of metastasis. The high metastatic sublines secreted higher levels of activated matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-9 as well as pro-MMP-9 in the culture medium than the parent lines. Furthermore, they contained MMP-9 at the glycolipid-enriched microdomain (GEM)/rafts fractionated by the sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation of Triton X-100 extracts, whereas the parent cells showed faint bands at the fraction. When high metastatic sublines were treated with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin, their invasion activities were dramatically suppressed, and the MMP-9 secretion was also suppressed. All these results indicated that GEM/rafts play crucial roles in the increased invasion and high metastatic potential. To clarify the implication of reduced GM1 expression, low GM1-expressing cell lines were established using an RNA interference-expression vector of the GM1 synthase. Low GM1-expressing cell lines showed increased proliferation and invasion, enrichment in the GEM/rafts, and increased secretion of MMP-9. Among adhesion molecules, only integrin beta1 was detected in GEM/rafts with stronger intensity in high metastatic lines and low GM1-expressing cells. Taken together, integrins seemed to be enriched in the GEM/rafts by reduced GM1 levels, and subsequently MMP-9 was recruited to the GEM/rafts, resulting in its efficient secretion and activation, and eventually in the increased invasion and metastatic potentials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-0065, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
90
|
Karadag A, Fedarko NS, Fisher LW. Dentin matrix protein 1 enhances invasion potential of colon cancer cells by bridging matrix metalloproteinase-9 to integrins and CD44. Cancer Res 2006; 65:11545-52. [PMID: 16357164 PMCID: PMC1350722 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-2861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The up-regulation of various matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), certain cell receptors such as integrins and CD44, and the SIBLING family of integrin-binding glycophosphoproteins have been reported separately and in various combinations for many types of tumors. The mechanisms by which these different proteins may be interacting and enhancing the ability of a cancer cell to survive and metastasize have become an interesting issue in cancer biology. Dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) has been known for a number of years to bind to CD44 and ArgGlyAsp sequence-dependent integrins. This SIBLING was recently shown to be able to specifically bind and activate proMMP-9 and to make MMP-9 much less sensitive to inhibition by tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases and synthetic inhibitors. In this study, we used a modified Boyden chamber assay to show that DMP1 enhanced the invasiveness of the MMP-9 expressing colon cancer cell line, SW480, through Matrigel in a dose-dependant manner. DMP1 (100 nmol/L) increased invasion 4-fold over controls (86.1 +/- 13.9 versus 22.3 +/- 9.8, P < 0.001). The enhanced invasive potential required the presence of MMP-9 and at least one of the cell surface receptors, CD44, alpha(v)beta(3), or alpha(v)beta(5) integrin. The bridging of MMP-9 to the cell surface receptors was shown by both pull-down and fluorescence activated cell sorting experiments. Because all of these proteins were also shown by immunohistochemistry to be expressed in serial sections of a colon adenocarcinoma, we have hypothesized that the MMP-9/DMP1/cell surface complexes observed to enhance cell invasion in vitro may be aiding metastatic events in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Karadag
- Craniofacial & Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
| | - Neal S. Fedarko
- Craniofacial & Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, U.S.A
| | - Larry W. Fisher
- Craniofacial & Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
- Address correspondence to: Larry W. Fisher, Ph.D., 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 30, Room 228, Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892-4320, Tel: 301-496-5769, Fax: 301-402-0824,
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Goldberg M, Septier D, Oldberg A, Young MF, Ameye LG. Fibromodulin-deficient Mice Display Impaired Collagen Fibrillogenesis in Predentin as Well as Altered Dentin Mineralization and Enamel Formation. J Histochem Cytochem 2006; 54:525-37. [PMID: 16344330 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.5a6650.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the functions of fibromodulin (Fmod), a small leucine-rich keratan sulfate proteoglycan in tooth formation, we investigated the distribution of Fmod in dental tissues by immunohistochemistry and characterized the dental phenotype of 1-day-old Fmod-deficient mice using light and transmission electron microscopy. Immunohistochemistry was also used to compare the relative protein expression of dentin sialoprotein (DSP), dentin matrix protein-1 (DMP 1), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and osteopontin (OPN) between Fmod-deficient mice and wild-type mice. In normal mice and rats, Fmod immunostaining was mostly detected in the distal cell bodies of odontoblasts and in the stratum intermedium and was weaker in odontoblast processes and predentin. The absence of Fmod impaired dentin mineralization, increased the diameter of the collagen fibrils throughout the whole predentin, and delayed enamel formation. Immunohistochemistry provides evidence for compensatory mechanisms in Fmod-deficient mice. Staining for DSP and OPN was decreased in molars, whereas DMP 1 and BSP were enhanced. In the incisors, labeling for DSP, DMP 1, and BSP was strongly increased in the pulp and odontoblasts, whereas OPN staining was decreased. Positive staining was also seen for DMP 1 and BSP in secretory ameloblasts. Together these studies indicate that Fmod restricts collagen fibrillogenesis in predentin while promoting dentin mineralization and the early stages of enamel formation. (J Histochem Cytochem 54:525-537, 2006)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Goldberg
- Laboratoire Réparation et Remodelage des Tissus Oro-Faciaux, EA 4296, Groupe Matrices extracellulaires et biominéralisations, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paris V, Montrouge, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
92
|
Ling Y, Rios HF, Myers ER, Lu Y, Feng JQ, Boskey AL. DMP1 depletion decreases bone mineralization in vivo: an FTIR imaging analysis. J Bone Miner Res 2005; 20:2169-77. [PMID: 16294270 PMCID: PMC1456072 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.050815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2005] [Revised: 07/28/2005] [Accepted: 08/15/2005] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The role of DMP1 in mineralization was analyzed by comparing bone mineral and matrix properties in dmp1-null female mice to heterozygous and wildtype controls by FTIR imaging spectroscopy. The observed decreased mineral content in dmp1 null mice indicates a key role for dmp1 in bone mineralization. Indirect effects of DMP1 on other systems also determine the KO phenotype. INTRODUCTION Dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1), an acidic phosphorylated extracellular matrix protein, is highly expressed in mineralized tissues. In vitro, DMP1 peptides can promote or inhibit mineralization depending on the extent of phosphorylation, the peptide size, and concentration. To clarify the biological function of DMP1 protein on in vivo mineralization, this study analyzed bone properties of dmp1 knockout (KO) mice compared with heterozygous (HET) and wildtype (WT) controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tibias from dmp1 KO and age-, sex-, and background-matched HET and WT mice at 4 and 16 weeks (N(total) = 60) were examined by Fourier transform infrared imaging (FTIRI), histology (n = 6 per genotype and age; N = 36), and geometry by muCT (n = 4 per genotype and age; N = 24). Serum ionic calcium and phosphate concentrations were also determined. RESULTS The mineral-to-matrix ratios (spectroscopic parameter of relative mineral content) were significantly lower in dmp1 KO mice tibias compared with WT and HET at 4 and 16 weeks. The mineral crystallinity (crystal size/perfection) was significantly increased in dmp1 KO and HET mice relative to WT. Collagen cross-link ratios (a spectroscopic parameter related to the relative amounts of nonreducible/reducible collagen cross-links) in dmp1 KO were not significantly different from WT and HET. Based on muCT, cortical bone cross-sectional areas at 16 but not 4 weeks were significantly reduced in the KO compared with controls. Maximum, minimum, and polar cross-sectional moments of inertia were significantly lower in dmp1 KO than in HET at 16 weeks but not at 4 weeks. Histological analysis and muCT 3-D images suggested that dmp1 KO mice had osteomalacia. Dmp1 KO mice had significantly lower ionic calcium and phosphate concentrations relative to WT, whereas in the HET, values for phosphate were equivalent, and calcium values were decreased relative to WT values. CONCLUSIONS The findings of decreased mineral-to-matrix ratio and increased crystal size in bones of dmp1 KO mice suggest that DMP1 has multiple roles (both direct and indirect) in the regulation of postnatal mineralization. We suggest that direct effects on mineral formation, crystal growth, and indirect effects on regulation of Ca x P concentrations and matrix turnover all contribute to the dominant phenotype in the dmp1 KO mouse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Ling
- Musculoskeletal Integrity Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hector F Rios
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Myers
- Musculoskeletal Integrity Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yongbo Lu
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Jian Q Feng
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Adele L Boskey
- Musculoskeletal Integrity Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Goldberg M, Septier D, Rapoport O, Iozzo RV, Young MF, Ameye LG. Targeted disruption of two small leucine-rich proteoglycans, biglycan and decorin, excerpts divergent effects on enamel and dentin formation. Calcif Tissue Int 2005; 77:297-310. [PMID: 16283572 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-005-0026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2005] [Accepted: 07/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Small leucine-rich proteoglycans have been suggested to affect mineralization of dental hard tissues. To determine the functions of two of these small proteoglycans during the early stages of tooth formation, we characterized the dental phenotypes of biglycan (BGN KO) and decorin deficient (DCN KO) mice and compared them to that of wild type mice. Each targeted gene disruption resulted in specific effects on dentin and enamel formation. Dentin was hypomineralized in both knock out mice, although the effect was more prominent in the absence of decorin. Enamel formation was dramatically increased in newborn biglycan knockout mice but delayed in absence of decorin. Increased enamel formation in the former case resulted from an upregulation of amelogenin synthesis whereas delayed enamel formation in the later case was most probably an indirect consequence of the high porosity of the underlying dentin. Enamelin expression was unchanged in BGN KO, and reduced in DCN KO. Dentin sialoprotein (DSP), a member of the family of phosphorylated extracellular matrix proteins that play a role in dentinogenesis, was overexpressed in BGN-KO odontoblasts and in the sub-odontoblastic layer. In contrast, a decreased expression of DSP was detected in DCN KO. Dentin matrix protein-1 (DMP-1), bone sialoprotein (BSP) and osteopontin (OPN) were upregulated in BGN KO and downregulated in the DCN KO. Despite the strong effects induced by these deficiencies in newborn mice, no significant difference was detected between the three genotypes in adult mice, suggesting that the effects reported here in newborn mice are transient and subjected to self-repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Goldberg
- Laboratoire: Réparation et Remodelage des Tissus Oro-Faciaux, EA 2496, Groupe Matrices Extracellulaires et Minéralisations, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paris V, Montrouge, 92120, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
94
|
Wilson MJ, Liaw L, Koopman P. Osteopontin and related SIBLING glycoprotein genes are expressed by Sertoli cells during mouse testis development. Dev Dyn 2005; 233:1488-95. [PMID: 15937924 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix proteins play important roles in tissue morphogenesis. We have studied the expression of genes encoding the related SIBLING glycoproteins osteopontin (OPN), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and dentin matrix protein (DMP) during the development of male and female gonads during mouse embryogenesis. Opn mRNA was expressed specifically by Sertoli cells of the developing testis cords, in the mesonephric tubules of both sexes, and, transiently, in the Müllerian ducts of both sexes, as determined by whole-mount and section in situ hybridization. OPN protein was detected in the cytoplasm of Sertoli cells and luminal cells of the mesonephric tubules, with small amounts associated with the plasma membrane of germ cells. We found no defects in developing testes of Opn-/- mice using a range of cell type-specific markers, suggesting that other SIBLING proteins may function in testis development. Dmp and Bsp mRNA was also expressed in the developing testis cords, supporting the view that all three SIBLING proteins may contribute to testis differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan J Wilson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|