51
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De Smedt E, Lui H, Maes K, De Veirman K, Menu E, Vanderkerken K, De Bruyne E. The Epigenome in Multiple Myeloma: Impact on Tumor Cell Plasticity and Drug Response. Front Oncol 2018; 8:566. [PMID: 30619733 PMCID: PMC6297718 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clonal plasma cell malignancy that develops primarily in the bone marrow (BM), where reciprocal interactions with the BM niche foster MM cell survival, growth, and drug resistance. MM cells furthermore reshape the BM to their own needs by affecting the different BM stromal cell types resulting in angiogenesis, bone destruction, and immune suppression. Despite recent advances in treatment modalities, MM remains most often incurable due to the development of drug resistance to all standard of care agents. This underscores the unmet need for these heavily treated relapsed/refractory patients. Disruptions in epigenetic regulation are a well-known hallmark of cancer cells, contributing to both cancer onset and progression. In MM, sequencing and gene expression profiling studies have also identified numerous epigenetic defects, including locus-specific DNA hypermethylation of cancer-related and B cell specific genes, genome-wide DNA hypomethylation and genetic defects, copy number variations and/or abnormal expression patterns of various chromatin modifying enzymes. Importantly, these so-called epimutations contribute to genomic instability, disease progression, and a worse outcome. Moreover, the frequency of mutations observed in genes encoding for histone methyltransferases and DNA methylation modifiers increases following treatment, indicating a role in the emergence of drug resistance. In support of this, accumulating evidence also suggest a role for the epigenetic machinery in MM cell plasticity, driving the differentiation of the malignant cells to a less mature and drug resistant state. This review discusses the current state of knowledge on the role of epigenetics in MM, with a focus on deregulated histone methylation modifiers and the impact on MM cell plasticity and drug resistance. We also provide insight into the potential of epigenetic modulating agents to enhance clinical drug responses and avoid disease relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva De Smedt
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hui Lui
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ken Maes
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kim De Veirman
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eline Menu
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karin Vanderkerken
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elke De Bruyne
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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52
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Roversi FM, Cury NM, Lopes MR, Ferro KP, Machado-Neto JA, Alvarez MC, Dos Santos GP, Giardini Rosa R, Longhini AL, Duarte ADSS, Pericole FV, Favaro P, Yunes JA, Saad STO. Up-regulation of SPINT2/HAI-2 by Azacytidine in bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells affects leukemic stem cell survival and adhesion. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 23:1562-1571. [PMID: 30484958 PMCID: PMC6349149 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of tumour microenvironment in neoplasm initiation and malignant evolution has been increasingly recognized. However, the bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cell (BMMSC) contribution to disease progression remains poorly explored. We previously reported that the expression of serine protease inhibitor kunitz‐type2 (SPINT2/HAI‐2), an inhibitor of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) activation, is significantly lower in BMMSC from myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) patients compared to healthy donors (HD). Thus, to investigate whether this loss of expression was due to SPINT2/HAI‐2 methylation, BMMSC from MDS and de novo acute myeloid leukaemia (de novo AML) patients were treated with 5‐Azacitidine (Aza), a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor. In MDS‐ and de novo AML‐BMMSC, Aza treatment resulted in a pronounced SPINT2/HAI‐2 levels up‐regulation. Moreover, Aza treatment of HD‐BMMSC did not improve SPINT2/HAI‐2 levels. To understand the role of SPINT2/HAI‐2 down‐regulation in BMMSC physiology, SPINT2/HAI‐2 expression was inhibited by lentivirus. SPINT2 underexpression resulted in an increased production of HGF by HS‐5 stromal cells and improved survival of CD34+ de novo AML cells. We also observed an increased adhesion of de novo AML hematopoietic cells to SPINT2/HAI‐2 silenced cells. Interestingly, BMMSC isolated from MDS and de novo AML patients had increased expression of the integrins CD49b, CD49d, and CD49e. Thus, SPINT2/HAI‐2 may contribute to functional and morphological abnormalities of the microenvironment niche and to stem/progenitor cancer cell progression. Hence, down‐regulation in SPINT2/HAI‐2 gene expression, due to methylation in MDS‐BMMSC and de novo AML‐BMMSC, provides novel insights into the pathogenic role of the leukemic bone marrow microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Marconi Roversi
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Center-University of Campinas/Hemocentro-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Moreno Cury
- Centro Infantil de Investigações Hematológicas Dr. Domingos A. Boldrini, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matheus Rodrigues Lopes
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Center-University of Campinas/Hemocentro-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karla Priscila Ferro
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Center-University of Campinas/Hemocentro-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Agostinho Machado-Neto
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Center-University of Campinas/Hemocentro-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marisa Claudia Alvarez
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Center-University of Campinas/Hemocentro-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Pereira Dos Santos
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Center-University of Campinas/Hemocentro-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Giardini Rosa
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Center-University of Campinas/Hemocentro-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Leda Longhini
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Center-University of Campinas/Hemocentro-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Vieira Pericole
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Center-University of Campinas/Hemocentro-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Favaro
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Center-University of Campinas/Hemocentro-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Andres Yunes
- Centro Infantil de Investigações Hematológicas Dr. Domingos A. Boldrini, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sara Teresinha Olalla Saad
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Center-University of Campinas/Hemocentro-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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53
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Klobuch S, Steinberg T, Bruni E, Mirbeth C, Heilmeier B, Ghibelli L, Herr W, Reichle A, Thomas S. Biomodulatory Treatment With Azacitidine, All- trans Retinoic Acid and Pioglitazone Induces Differentiation of Primary AML Blasts Into Neutrophil Like Cells Capable of ROS Production and Phagocytosis. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1380. [PMID: 30542286 PMCID: PMC6278634 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective and tolerable salvage therapies for elderly patients with chemorefractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are limited and usually do not change the poor clinical outcome. We recently described in several chemorefractory elderly AML patients that a novel biomodulatory treatment regimen consisting of low-dose azacitidine (AZA) in combination with PPARγ agonist pioglitazone (PGZ) and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) induced complete remission of leukemia and also triggered myeloid differentiation with rapid increase of peripheral blood neutrophils. Herein, we further investigated our observations and comprehensively analyzed cell differentiation in primary AML blasts after treatment with ATRA, AZA, and PGZ ex vivo. The drug combination was found to significantly inhibit cell growth as well as to induce cell differentiation in about half of primary AML blasts samples independent of leukemia subtype. Notably and in comparison to ATRA/AZA/PGZ triple-treatment, effects on cell growth and myeloid differentiation with ATRA monotherapy was much less efficient. Morphological signs of myeloid cell differentiation were further confirmed on a functional basis by demonstrating increased production of reactive oxygen species as well as enhanced phagocytic activity in AML blasts treated with ATRA/AZA/PGZ. In conclusion, we show that biomodulatory treatment with ATRA/AZA/PGZ can induce phenotypical and functional differentiation of primary AML blasts into neutrophil like cells, which aside from its antileukemic activity may lower neutropenia associated infection rates in elderly AML patients in vivo. Clinical impact of the ATRA/AZA/PGZ treatment regimen is currently further investigated in a randomized clinical trial in chemorefractory AML patients (NCT02942758).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Klobuch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tim Steinberg
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Emanuele Bruni
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Carina Mirbeth
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Heilmeier
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Hospital Barmherzige Brueder, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lina Ghibelli
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Herr
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Albrecht Reichle
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simone Thomas
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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54
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Induction of Oxidative DNA Damage in Bovine Herpesvirus 1 Infected Bovine Kidney Cells (MDBK Cells) and Human Tumor Cells (A549 Cells and U2OS Cells). Viruses 2018; 10:v10080393. [PMID: 30049996 PMCID: PMC6115950 DOI: 10.3390/v10080393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is an important pathogen of cattle that causes lesions in mucosal surfaces, genital tracts and nervous systems. As a novel oncolytic virus, BoHV-1 infects and kills numerous human tumor cells. However, the mechanisms underlying the virus-induced cell damages are not fully understood. In this study, we demonstrated that virus infection of MDBK cells induced high levels of DNA damage, because the percentage of comet tail DNA (tailDNA%) determined by comet assay, a direct indicator of DNA damage, and the levels of 8-hydroxyguanine (8-oxoG) production, an oxidative DNA damage marker, consistently increased following the virus infection. The expression of 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG-1), an enzyme responsible for the excision of 8-oxoG, was significantly decreased due to the virus infection, which corroborated with the finding that BoHV-1 infection stimulated 8-oxoG production. Furthermore, the virus replication in human tumor cells such as in A549 cells and U2OS cells also induced DNA damage. Chemical inhibition of reactive oxidative species (ROS) production by either ROS scavenger N-Acetyl-l-cysteine or NOX inhibitor diphenylene iodonium (DPI) significantly decreased the levels of tailDNA%, suggesting the involvement of ROS in the virus induced DNA lesions. Collectively, these results indicated that BoHV-1 infection of these cells elicits oxidative DNA damages, providing a perspective in understanding the mechanisms by which the virus induces cell death in both native host cells and human tumor cells.
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55
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Betekhtin A, Milewska-Hendel A, Chajec L, Rojek M, Nowak K, Kwasniewska J, Wolny E, Kurczynska E, Hasterok R. 5-Azacitidine Induces Cell Death in a Tissue Culture of Brachypodium distachyon. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1806. [PMID: 29921802 PMCID: PMC6032170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphological and histological observations revealed that, at a concentration of 50 µM, 5-azacitidine (5-azaC) totally inhibited the induction of embryogenic masses (EM), while the cultivation of explants (zygotic embryos; ZEs) in the presence of 5 µM of 5-azaC led to the formation of a callus with EM in 10% of the cases. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyzes revealed the presence of the morphological and ultrastructural features that are typical for the vacuolar type of cell death in the callus cells that were treated. A TUNEL assay confirmed the presence of DNA double-strand breaks for the callus cells that had been treated with both 5 and 50 µM 5-azaC concentrations. Analysis of the gene expression of selected cell death markers demonstrated a reduced expression of metacaspase, protein executer 1 (EX1), and thioredoxin (TRX) in the callus cells that had been treated compared to the control culture. The strongest increase in the gene activity was characteristic for glutathione S-transferase (GST). Our studies also included an analysis of the distribution of some arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) and extensin epitopes, which can be used as markers of cells that are undergoing death in a Brachypodium distachyon tissue culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Betekhtin
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Anna Milewska-Hendel
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Lukasz Chajec
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Rojek
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Nowak
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Jolanta Kwasniewska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Elzbieta Wolny
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Ewa Kurczynska
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Robert Hasterok
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
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56
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Prabhu VV, Talekar MK, Lulla AR, Kline CLB, Zhou L, Hall J, Van den Heuvel APJ, Dicker DT, Babar J, Grupp SA, Garnett MJ, McDermott U, Benes CH, Pu JJ, Claxton DF, Khan N, Oster W, Allen JE, El-Deiry WS. Single agent and synergistic combinatorial efficacy of first-in-class small molecule imipridone ONC201 in hematological malignancies. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:468-478. [PMID: 29157092 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1403689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
ONC201, founding member of the imipridone class of small molecules, is currently being evaluated in advancer cancer clinical trials. We explored single agent and combinatorial efficacy of ONC201 in preclinical models of hematological malignancies. ONC201 demonstrated (GI50 1-8 µM) dose- and time-dependent efficacy in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), Burkitt's lymphoma, anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), Hodgkin's lymphoma (nodular sclerosis) and multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines including cells resistant to standard of care (dexamethasone in MM) and primary samples. ONC201 induced caspase-dependent apoptosis that involved activation of the integrated stress response (ATF4/CHOP) pathway, inhibition of Akt phosphorylation, Foxo3a activation, downregulation of cyclin D1, IAP and Bcl-2 family members. ONC201 synergistically reduced cell viability in combination with cytarabine and 5-azacytidine in AML cells. ONC201 combined with cytarabine in a Burkitt's lymphoma xenograft model induced tumor growth inhibition that was superior to either agent alone. ONC201 synergistically combined with bortezomib in MM, MCL and ALCL cells and with ixazomib or dexamethasone in MM cells. ONC201 combined with bortezomib in a Burkitt's lymphoma xenograft model reduced tumor cell density and improved CHOP induction compared to either agent alone. These results serve as a rationale for ONC201 single-agent trials in relapsed/refractory acute leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, MM and combination trial with dexamethasone in MM, provide pharmacodynamic biomarkers and identify further synergistic combinatorial regimens that can be explored in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mala K Talekar
- b The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , PA
| | | | | | - Lanlan Zhou
- c Fox Chase Cancer Center , Philadelphia , PA
| | - Junior Hall
- b The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , PA
| | | | | | - Jawad Babar
- c Fox Chase Cancer Center , Philadelphia , PA
| | - Stephan A Grupp
- b The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , PA
| | | | | | - Cyril H Benes
- f Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA
| | | | | | - Nadia Khan
- c Fox Chase Cancer Center , Philadelphia , PA
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57
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Dimopoulos K, Søgaard Helbo A, Fibiger Munch-Petersen H, Sjö L, Christensen J, Sommer Kristensen L, Asmar F, Hermansen NEU, O'Connel C, Gimsing P, Liang G, Grønbaek K. Dual inhibition of DNMTs and EZH2 can overcome both intrinsic and acquired resistance of myeloma cells to IMiDs in a cereblon-independent manner. Mol Oncol 2017; 12:180-195. [PMID: 29130642 PMCID: PMC5792743 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Thalidomide and its derivatives, lenalidomide and pomalidomide (also known as IMiDs), have significantly changed the treatment landscape of multiple myeloma, and the recent discovery of cereblon (CRBN) as their direct biological target has led to a deeper understanding of their complex mechanism of action. In an effort to comprehend the precise mechanisms behind the development of IMiD resistance and examine whether it is potentially reversible, we established lenalidomide‐resistant (‐LR) and pomalidomide‐resistant (‐PR) human myeloma cell lines from two IMiD‐sensitive cell lines, OPM2 and NCI‐H929, by continuous culture in the presence of lenalidomide or pomalidomide for 4–6 months, until acquirement of stable resistance. By assessing genome‐wide DNA methylation and chromatin accessibility in these cell lines, we found that acquired IMiD resistance is associated with an increase in genome‐wide DNA methylation and an even greater reduction in chromatin accessibility. Transcriptome analysis confirmed that resistant cell lines are mainly characterized by a reduction in gene expression, identifying SMAD3 as a commonly downregulated gene in IMiD‐resistant cell lines. Moreover, we show that these changes are potentially reversible, as combination of 5‐azacytidine and EPZ‐6438 not only restored the observed accessibility changes and the expression of SMAD3, but also resensitized the resistant cells to both lenalidomide and pomalidomide. Interestingly, the resensitization process was independent of CRBN. Our data suggest that simultaneous inhibition of DNA methyl transferases and EZH2 leads to an extensive epigenetic reprogramming which allows myeloma cells to (re)gain sensitivity to IMiDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Dimopoulos
- Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexandra Søgaard Helbo
- Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Lene Sjö
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Christensen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lasse Sommer Kristensen
- Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital Copenhagen, Denmark.,Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Fazila Asmar
- Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Casey O'Connel
- Department of Urology and Hematology, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peter Gimsing
- Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gangning Liang
- Department of Urology and Hematology, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kirsten Grønbaek
- Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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58
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Zhao L, So CWE. PARPi potentiates with current conventional therapy in MLL leukemia. Cell Cycle 2017; 16:1861-1869. [PMID: 28886273 PMCID: PMC5638355 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1288325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemias driven by MLL fusion proteins are commonly associated with poor prognosis and refractory treatment. Here, we provide evidence that olaparib can potentiate sensitivity of MLL leukemia cells to conventional chemotherapy and DNMT inhibitors offering new potential therapeutic strategies for MLL rearranged leukemias Using the primary mouse leukemia cells and human MLL-AF9 leukemic cell line, we demonstrate that treatment of MLL-AF9 leukemic cells with DNMT inhibitors or chemotherapies in combination with olaparib results in significant reduction in colony formation or cell growth while the single agent treatments had little impacts. Combining olaparib with DNMT inhibitor induce cell cycle block and apoptosis. Furthermore, we observe a significant increase in proportion of cells with >10 γH2AX DNA damage foci and double stranded breaks when treated with DNMT inhibitors or chemotherapy agents in combination with olaparib, thus providing possible mechanistic insights for the synergism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhao
- Leukemia and Stem Cell Biology Group, Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London, Denmark Hill campus, London UK
| | - Chi Wai Eric So
- Leukemia and Stem Cell Biology Group, Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London, Denmark Hill campus, London UK
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59
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Przybilla J, Hopp L, Lübbert M, Loeffler M, Galle J. Targeting DNA hypermethylation: Computational modeling of DNA demethylation treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. Epigenetics 2017; 12:886-896. [PMID: 28758855 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2017.1361090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In acute myeloid leukemia (AML) DNA hypermethylation of gene promoters is frequently observed and often correlates with a block of differentiation. Treatment of AML patients with DNA methyltransferase inhibitors results in global hypomethylation of genes and, thereby, can lead to a reactivation of the differentiation capability. Unfortunately, after termination of treatment both hypermethylation and differentiation block return in most cases. Here, we apply, for the first time, a computational model of epigenetic regulation of transcription to: i) provide a mechanistic understanding of the DNA (de-) methylation process in AML and; ii) improve DNA demethylation treatment strategies. By in silico simulation, we analyze promoter hypermethylation scenarios referring to DNMT dysfunction, decreased H3K4me3 and increased H3K27me3 modification activity, and accelerated cell proliferation. We quantify differences between these scenarios with respect to gene repression and activation. Moreover, we compare the scenarios regarding their response to DNMT inhibitor treatment alone and in combination with inhibitors of H3K27me3 histone methyltransferases and of H3K4me3 histone demethylases. We find that the different hypermethylation scenarios respond specifically to therapy, suggesting that failure of remission originates in patient-specific deregulation. We observe that inappropriate demethylation therapy can result even in enforced deregulation. As an example, our results suggest that application of high DNMT inhibitor concentration can induce unwanted global gene activation if hypermethylation originates in increased H3K27me3 modification. Our results underline the importance of a personalized therapy requiring knowledge about the patient-specific mechanism of epigenetic deregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Przybilla
- a Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany.,d Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Lydia Hopp
- a Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Michael Lübbert
- b Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,c German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Markus Loeffler
- d Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Joerg Galle
- a Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
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60
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Epigenetics in multiple myeloma: From mechanisms to therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 51:101-115. [PMID: 28962927 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a tumor of antibody producing plasmablasts/plasma cells that resides within the bone marrow (BM). In addition to the well-established role of genetic lesions and tumor-microenvironment interactions in the development of MM, deregulated epigenetic mechanisms are emerging as important in MM pathogenesis. Recently, MM sequencing and expression projects have revealed that mutations and copy number variations as well as deregulation in the expression of epigenetic modifiers are characteristic features of MM. In the past decade, several studies have suggested epigenetic mechanisms via DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs as important contributing factors in MM with impacts on disease initiation, progression, clonal heterogeneity and response to treatment. Herein we review the present view and knowledge that has accumulated over the past decades on the role of epigenetics in MM, with focus on the interplay between epigenetic mechanisms and the potential use of epigenetic inhibitors as future treatment modalities for MM.
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61
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Guikema JE, Amiot M, Eldering E. Exploiting the pro-apoptotic function of NOXA as a therapeutic modality in cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:767-779. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1349754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen E Guikema
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam (LYMMCARE), The Netherlands
| | - Martine Amiot
- CRCINA, INSERM, CNRS, Université d’Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Eric Eldering
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam (LYMMCARE), The Netherlands
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Amodio N, D'Aquila P, Passarino G, Tassone P, Bellizzi D. Epigenetic modifications in multiple myeloma: recent advances on the role of DNA and histone methylation. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:91-101. [PMID: 27892767 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2016.1266339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a clonal late B-cell disorder accounting for about 13% of hematological cancers and 1% of all neoplastic diseases. Recent studies on the molecular pathogenesis and biology of MM have highlighted a complex epigenomic landscape contributing to MM onset, prognosis and high individual variability. Areas covered: We describe here the current knowledge on epigenetic events characterizing MM initiation and progression, focusing on the role of DNA and histone methylation and on the most promising epi-therapeutic approaches targeting the methylation pathway. Expert opinion: Data published so far indicate that alterations of the epigenetic framework, which include aberrant global or gene/non-coding RNA specific methylation profiles, feature prominently in the pathobiology of MM. Indeed, the aberrant expression of components of the epigenetic machinery as well as the reversibility of the epigenetic marks make this pathway druggable, providing the basis for the design of epigenetic therapies against this still fatal malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Amodio
- a Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine , Magna Graecia University , Catanzaro , Italy
| | - Patrizia D'Aquila
- b Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences , University of Calabria , Rende , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Passarino
- b Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences , University of Calabria , Rende , Italy
| | - Pierfrancesco Tassone
- a Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine , Magna Graecia University , Catanzaro , Italy.,c Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology , Temple University , Philadelphia , PA , US
| | - Dina Bellizzi
- b Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences , University of Calabria , Rende , Italy
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Kornicka K, Marycz K, Marędziak M, Tomaszewski KA, Nicpoń J. The effects of the DNA methyltranfserases inhibitor 5-Azacitidine on ageing, oxidative stress and DNA methylation of adipose derived stem cells. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 21:387-401. [PMID: 27998022 PMCID: PMC5264131 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adipose tissue is a great source of adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) which are recognized from their ability to self‐renew and differentiation into multiple lineages. MSCs have promised a vast therapeutic potential in treatment many diseases including tissue injury and immune disorders. However, their regenerative potential profoundly depends on patients’ age. Age‐related deterioration of MSC is associated with cellular senescence mainly caused by increased DNA methylation status, accumulation of oxidative stress factors and mitochondria dysfunction. We found that DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitor i.e. 5‐Azacytidine (5‐AZA) reversed the aged phenotype of MSCs. Proliferation rate of cells cultured with 5‐AZA was increased while the accumulation of oxidative stress factors and DNA methylation status were decreased. Simultaneously the mRNA levels of TET proteins involved in demethylation process were elevated in those cells. Moreover, cells treated with 5‐AZA displayed reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, ameliorated superoxide dismutase activity and increased BCL‐2/BAX ratio in comparison to control group. Our results indicates that, treating MSCs with 5‐AZA can be justified therapeutic intervention, that can slow‐down and even reverse aged‐ related degenerative changes in those cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kornicka
- Faculty of Biology, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.,Wroclaw Research Centre EIT+, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Marycz
- Faculty of Biology, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.,Wroclaw Research Centre EIT+, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Monika Marędziak
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Jakub Nicpoń
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Environmental and Life Sciences Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
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Pawlak A, Ziolo E, Fiedorowicz A, Fidyt K, Strzadala L, Kalas W. Long-lasting reduction in clonogenic potential of colorectal cancer cells by sequential treatments with 5-azanucleosides and topoisomerase inhibitors. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:893. [PMID: 27852227 PMCID: PMC5112712 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2925-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The currently approved therapies fail in a substantial number of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients due to the molecular heterogeneity of CRC, hence new efficient drug combinations are urgently needed. Emerging data indicate that 5-azanucleosides are able to sensitize cancer cells to the standard chemotherapeutic agents and contribute to overcoming intrinsic or acquired chemoresistance. Methods CRC cells with different genetic backgrounds (HCT116, DLD-1, HT-29) were sequentially treated with 5-azanucleosides and topoisomerase inhibitors. The combined effects of these two drug classes on cell viability, apoptosis, signaling pathways, and colony formation were investigated. Results Here, we demonstrate that pretreatment with DNA demethylating agents, 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine and 5-azacytidine, sensitizes CRC cells to topoisomerase inhibitors (irinotecan, etoposide, doxorubicin, mitoxantrone), reducing cell viability and clonogenicity and increasing programmed cell death more effectively than individual compounds at the same or even higher concentrations. 5-Azanucleosides did not cause considerable immediate toxic effects as evaluated by analysis of cell viability, apoptosis, DNA damage (γH2A.X), and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (CHOP). However, 5-azanucleosides exerted long-lasting effects, reducing cell viability, changing cell morphology, and affecting phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-kinase)/Akt signaling pathway. We found that a single exposure to 5-azanucleosides is sufficient to induce long-lasting sensitization to topoisomerase inhibitors. The combinatorial, but not separate, treatment with low doses of 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (0.1 μM) and etoposide (0.5 μM) caused a long-lasting (almost 70 days) reduction in clonogenic/replating ability of DLD-1 cells. Conclusions These results suggest that sequential treatments with DNA demethylating agents and topoisomerase inhibitors may exert clinically relevant anticancer effects. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2925-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Pawlak
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Ziolo
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Fiedorowicz
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Klaudyna Fidyt
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Leon Strzadala
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kalas
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland. .,Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, Waszyngtona 4/8, 42-200, Czestochowa, Poland.
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Subbanna S, Nagre NN, Shivakumar M, Basavarajappa BS. A single day of 5-azacytidine exposure during development induces neurodegeneration in neonatal mice and neurobehavioral deficits in adult mice. Physiol Behav 2016; 167:16-27. [PMID: 27594097 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the immediate and long-term effects of a single-day exposure to 5-Azacytidine (5-AzaC), a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, on neurobehavioral abnormalities in mice. Our findings suggest that the 5-AzaC treatment significantly inhibited DNA methylation, impaired extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) activation and reduced expression of the activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc). These events lead to the activation of caspase-3 (a marker for neurodegeneration) in several brain regions, including the hippocampus and cortex, two brain areas that are essential for memory formation and memory storage, respectively. 5-AzaC treatment of P7 mice induced significant deficits in spatial memory, social recognition, and object memory in adult mice and deficits in long-term potentiation (LTP) in adult hippocampal slices. Together, these data demonstrate that the inhibition of DNA methylation by 5-AzaC treatment in P7 mice causes neurodegeneration and impairs ERK1/2 activation and Arc protein expression in neonatal mice and induces behavioral abnormalities in adult mice. DNA methylation-mediated mechanisms appear to be necessary for the proper maturation of synaptic circuits during development, and disruption of this process by 5-AzaC could lead to abnormal cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivakumar Subbanna
- Division of Analytical Psychopharmacology, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Nagaraja N Nagre
- Division of Analytical Psychopharmacology, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Madhu Shivakumar
- Division of Analytical Psychopharmacology, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Balapal S Basavarajappa
- Division of Analytical Psychopharmacology, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Nishizawa Y, Nishida N, Konno M, Kawamoto K, Asai A, Koseki J, Takahashi H, Haraguchi N, Nishimura J, Hata T, Matsuda C, Mizushima T, Satoh T, Doki Y, Mori M, Ishii H. Clinical Significance of Histone Demethylase NO66 in Invasive Colorectal Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2016; 24:841-849. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-016-5395-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Corbin JM, Ruiz-Echevarría MJ. One-Carbon Metabolism in Prostate Cancer: The Role of Androgen Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1208. [PMID: 27472325 PMCID: PMC5000606 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell metabolism differs significantly from the metabolism of non-transformed cells. This altered metabolic reprogramming mediates changes in the uptake and use of nutrients that permit high rates of proliferation, growth, and survival. The androgen receptor (AR) plays an essential role in the establishment and progression of prostate cancer (PCa), and in the metabolic adaptation that takes place during this progression. In its role as a transcription factor, the AR directly affects the expression of several effectors and regulators of essential catabolic and biosynthetic pathways. Indirectly, as a modulator of the one-carbon metabolism, the AR can affect epigenetic processes, DNA metabolism, and redox balance, all of which are important factors in tumorigenesis. In this review, we focus on the role of AR-signaling on one-carbon metabolism in tumorigenesis. Clinical implications of one-carbon metabolism and AR-targeted therapies for PCa are discussed in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Corbin
- Department of Pathology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | - Maria J Ruiz-Echevarría
- Department of Pathology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center and Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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69
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Deng H, Peng SY, Gao Z. Highly sensitive detection of M.SssI DNA methyltransferase activity using a personal glucose meter. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:5867-5872. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9701-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Siegel MB, Liu SQ, Davare MA, Spurgeon SE, Loriaux MM, Druker BJ, Scott EC, Tyner JW. Small molecule inhibitor screen identifies synergistic activity of the bromodomain inhibitor CPI203 and bortezomib in drug resistant myeloma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:18921-32. [PMID: 26254279 PMCID: PMC4662464 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Despite significant therapeutic progress in multiple myeloma, drug resistance is uniformly inevitable and new treatments are needed. Our aim was to identify novel, efficacious small-molecule combinations for use in drug resistant multiple myeloma. Experimental Design A panel of 116 small molecule inhibitors was used to screen resistant myeloma cell lines for potential therapeutic targets. Agents found to have enhanced activity in the bortezomib or melphalan resistant myeloma cell lines were investigated further in combination. Synergistic combinations of interest were evaluated in primary patient cells. Results The overall single-agent drug sensitivity profiles were dramatically different between melphalan and bortezomib resistant cells, however, the bromodomain inhibitor, CPI203, was observed to have enhanced activity in both the bortezomib and melphalan resistant lines compared to their wild-type counterparts. The combination of bortezomib and CPI203 was found to be synergistic in both the bortezomib and melphalan resistant cell lines as well as in a primary multiple myeloma sample from a patient refractory to recent proteasome inhibitor treatment. The CPI203-bortezomib combination led to enhanced apoptosis and anti-proliferative effects. Finally, in contrast to prior reports of synergy between bortezomib and other epigenetic modifying agents, which implicated MYC downregulation or NOXA induction, our analyses suggest that CPI203-bortezomib synergy is independent of these events. Conclusion Our preclinical data supports a role for the clinical investigation of the bromodomain inhibitor CPI203 combined with bortezomib or alkylating agents in resistant multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Monika A Davare
- Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Department of Pediatrics at Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | | | | | - Brian J Druker
- Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Harman RM, Curtis TM, Argyle DJ, Coonrod SA, Van de Walle GR. A Comparative Study on the In Vitro Effects of the DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitor 5-Azacytidine (5-AzaC) in Breast/Mammary Cancer of Different Mammalian Species. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2016; 21:51-66. [PMID: 27002722 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-016-9350-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Murine models are indispensible for the study of human breast cancer, but they have limitations: tumors arising spontaneously in humans must be induced in mice, and long-term follow up is limited by the short life span of rodents. In contrast, dogs and cats develop mammary tumors spontaneously and are relatively long-lived. This study examines the effects of the DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitor 5-Azacytidine (5-AzaC) on normal and tumoral mammary cell lines derived from dogs, cats and humans, as proof of concept that small companion animals are useful models of human breast cancer. Our findings show that treatment with 5-AzaC reduces in vitro tumorigenicity in all three species based on growth and invasion assays, mitochondrial activity and susceptibility to apoptosis. Interestingly, we found that the effects of 5-AzaC on gene expression varied not only between the different species but also between different tumoral cell lines within the same species, and confirmed the correlation between loss of methylation in a specific gene promotor region and increased expression of the associated gene using bisulfite sequencing. In addition, treatment with a high dose of 5-AzaC was toxic to tumoral, but not healthy, mammary cell lines from all species, indicating this drug has therapeutic potential. Importantly, we confirmed these results in primary malignant cells isolated from canine and feline adenocarcinomas. The similarities observed between the three species suggest dogs and cats can be useful models for the study of human breast cancer and the pre-clinical evaluation of novel therapeutics.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/adverse effects
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Azacitidine/adverse effects
- Azacitidine/pharmacology
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cats
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- DNA Methylation/drug effects
- DNA Modification Methylases/antagonists & inhibitors
- DNA Modification Methylases/metabolism
- Dogs
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Enzyme Inhibitors/adverse effects
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/drug therapy
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/pathology
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/drug effects
- Proof of Concept Study
- Species Specificity
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Harman
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Theresa M Curtis
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Cortland, Cortland, NY, USA
| | - David J Argyle
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Scott A Coonrod
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Gerlinde R Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA.
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A novel hypoxia-selective epigenetic agent RRx-001 triggers apoptosis and overcomes drug resistance in multiple myeloma cells. Leukemia 2016; 30:2187-2197. [PMID: 27118403 PMCID: PMC5093055 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The hypoxic bone-marrow (BM) microenvironment confers growth/survival and drug-resistance in multiple myeloma (MM) cells. Novel therapies targeting the MM cell in its hypoxic-BM milieu may overcome drug resistance. Recent studies led to the development of a novel molecule RRx-001 with hypoxia-selective epigenetic and Nitric Oxide-donating properties. Here we demonstrate that RRx-001 decreases the viability of MM cell lines and primary patient cells, as well as overcomes drug-resistance. RRx-001 inhibits MM cell growth in the presence of BM stromal cells. RRx-001 induced apoptosis is associated with: 1) activation of caspases; 2) release of ROS and nitrogen-species; 3) induction of DNA damage via ATM/γ-H2AX; and 4) decrease in DNA methytransferase (DNMT) and global methylation. RNA interference study shows a predominant role of DNMT1 in MM cell survival versus DNMT3a or DNMT3b. Deubiquitylating enzyme USP7 stimulates DNMT1 activity; and conversely, USP7-siRNA reduced DNMT1 activity and decreased MM cell viability. RRx-001 plus USP7 inhibitor P5091 triggered synergistic anti-MM activity. MM xenograft studies show that RRx-001 is well tolerated, inhibits tumor growth, and enhances survival. Combining RRx-001 with pomalidomide, bortezomib or SAHA induces synergistic anti-MM activity. Our results provide the rationale for translation of RRx-001, either alone or in combination, to clinical evaluation in MM.
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73
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Fairfield H, Falank C, Avery L, Reagan MR. Multiple myeloma in the marrow: pathogenesis and treatments. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1364:32-51. [PMID: 27002787 PMCID: PMC4806534 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a B cell malignancy resulting in osteolytic lesions and fractures. In the disease state, bone healing is limited owing to increased osteoclastic and decreased osteoblastic activity, as well as an MM-induced forward-feedback cycle where bone-embedded growth factors further enhance tumor progression as bone is resorbed. Recent work on somatic mutation in MM tumors has provided insight into cytogenetic changes associated with this disease; the initiating driver mutations causing MM are diverse because of the complexity and multitude of mutations inherent in MM tumor cells. This manuscript provides an overview of MM pathogenesis by summarizing cytogenic changes related to oncogenes and tumor suppressors associated with MM, reviewing risk factors, and describing the disease progression from monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance to overt MM. It also highlights the importance of the bone marrow microenvironment (BMM) in the establishment and progression of MM, as well as associated MM-induced bone disease, and the relationship of the bone marrow to current and future therapeutics. This review highlights why understanding the basic biology of the healthy and diseased BMM is crucial in the quest for better treatments and work toward a cure for genetically diverse diseases such as MM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michaela R Reagan
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine
- University of Maine, Orono, Maine
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Mechanisms and Clinical Applications of Genome Instability in Multiple Myeloma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:943096. [PMID: 26579543 PMCID: PMC4633548 DOI: 10.1155/2015/943096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ongoing genomic instability represents a hallmark of multiple myeloma (MM) cells, which manifests largely as whole chromosome- or translocation-based aneuploidy. Importantly, although it supports tumorigenesis, progression and, response to treatment in MM patients, it remains one of the least understood components of malignant transformation in terms of molecular basis. Therefore these aspects make the comprehension of genomic instability a pioneering strategy for novel therapeutic and clinical speculations to use in the management of MM patients. Here we will review mechanisms mediating genomic instability in MM cells with an emphasis placed on pathogenic mutations affecting DNA recombination, replication and repair, telomere function and mitotic regulation of spindle attachment, centrosome function, and chromosomal segregation. We will discuss the mechanisms by which genetic aberrations give rise to multiple pathogenic events required for myelomagenesis and conclude with a discussion of the clinical applications of these findings in MM patients.
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75
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Fujii N, Evison BJ, Actis ML, Inoue A. A novel assay revealed that ribonucleotide reductase is functionally important for interstrand DNA crosslink repair. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:6912-21. [PMID: 26462050 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cells have evolved complex biochemical pathways for DNA interstrand crosslink (ICL) removal. Despite the chemotherapeutic importance of ICL repair, there have been few attempts to identify which mechanistic DNA repair inhibitor actually inhibits ICL repair. To identify such compounds, a new and robust ICL repair assay was developed using a novel plasmid that contains synthetic ICLs between a CMV promoter region that drives transcription and a luciferase reporter gene, and an SV40 origin of replication and the large T antigen (LgT) gene that enables self-replication in mammalian cells. In a screen against compounds that are classified as inhibitors of DNA repair or synthesis, the reporter generation was exquisitely sensitive to ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) inhibitors such as gemcitabine and clofarabine, but not to inhibitors of PARP, ATR, ATM, Chk1, and others. The effect was observed also by siRNA downregulation of RNR. Moreover, the reporter generation was also particularly sensitive to 3-AP, a non-nucleoside RNR inhibitor, but not significantly sensitive to DNA replication stressors, suggesting that the involvement of RNR in ICL repair is independent of incorporation of a nucleotide RNR inhibitor into DNA to induce replication stress. The reporter generation from a modified version of the plasmid that lacks the LgT-SV40ori motif was also adversely affected by RNR inhibitors, further indicating a role for RNR in ICL repair that is independent of DNA replication. Intriguingly, unhooking of cisplatin-ICL from nuclear DNA was significantly inhibited by low doses of gemcitabine, suggesting an unidentified functional role for RNR in the process of ICL unhooking. The assay approach could identify other molecules essential for ICLR in quantitative and flexible manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoaki Fujii
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Benjamin J Evison
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Marcelo L Actis
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Akira Inoue
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Thummuri D, Kumar S, Surapaneni SK, Tikoo K. Epigenetic regulation of protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPN12 in triple-negative breast cancer. Life Sci 2015; 130:73-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Identification of markers that functionally define a quiescent multiple myeloma cell sub-population surviving bortezomib treatment. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:444. [PMID: 26025442 PMCID: PMC4448210 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1460-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mechanisms allowing residual multiple myeloma (MM) cells to persist after bortezomib (Bz) treatment remain unclear. We hypothesized that studying the biology of bortezomib-surviving cells may reveal markers to identify these cells and survival signals to target and kill residual MM cells. Methods We used H2B-GFP label retention, biochemical tools and in vitro and in vivo experiments to characterize growth arrest and the unfolded protein responses in quiescent Bz-surviving cells. We also tested the effect of a demethylating agent, 5-Azacytidine, on Bz-induced quiescence and whether inhibiting the chaperone GRP78/BiP (henceforth GRP78) with a specific toxin induced apoptosis in Bz-surviving cells. Finally, we used MM patient samples to test whether GRP78 levels might associate with disease progression. Statistical analysis employed t-test and Mann-Whitney tests at a 95% confidence. Results We report that Bz-surviving MM cells in vitro and in vivo enter quiescence characterized by p21CIP1 upregulation. Bz-surviving MM cells also downregulated CDK6, Ki67 and P-Rb. H2B-GFP label retention showed that Bz-surviving MM cells are either slow-cycling or deeply quiescent. The Bz-induced quiescence was stabilized by low dose (500nM) of 5-azacytidine (Aza) pre-treatment, which also potentiated the initial Bz-induced apoptosis. We also found that expression of GRP78, an unfolded protein response (UPR) survival factor, persisted in MM quiescent cells. Importantly, GRP78 downregulation using a specific SubAB bacterial toxin killed Bz-surviving MM cells. Finally, quantification of Grp78high/CD138+ MM cells from patients suggested that high levels correlated with progressive disease. Conclusions We conclude that Bz-surviving MM cells display a GRP78HIGH/p21HIGH/CDK6LOW/P-RbLOW profile, and these markers may identify quiescent MM cells capable of fueling recurrences. We further conclude that Aza + Bz treatment of MM may represent a novel strategy to delay recurrences by enhancing Bz-induced apoptosis and quiescence stability. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1460-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Olcina MM, O'Dell S, Hammond EM. Targeting chromatin to improve radiation response. Br J Radiol 2015; 88:20140649. [PMID: 25513745 PMCID: PMC4651187 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20140649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromatin, the structure formed by the wrapping of approximately 146 base pairs of DNA around an octamer of histones, has a profound impact on numerous DNA-based processes. Chromatin modifications and chromatin remodellers have recently been implicated in important aspects of the DNA damage response including facilitating the initial sensing of the damage as well as subsequent recruitment of repair factors. Radiation is an effective cancer therapy for a large number of tumours, and there is considerable interest in finding approaches that might further increase the efficacy of radiotherapy. The use of radiation leads to the generation of DNA damage and, therefore, agents that can affect the sensing and repair of DNA damage may have an impact on overall radiation efficacy. The chromatin modifications as well as chromatin modifiers that have been associated with the DNA damage response will be summarized in this review. An emphasis will be placed on those processes that can be pharmacologically manipulated with currently available inhibitors. The rationale for the use of these inhibitors in combination with radiation will also be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Olcina
- CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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79
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Maes K, De Smedt E, Lemaire M, De Raeve H, Menu E, Van Valckenborgh E, McClue S, Vanderkerken K, De Bruyne E. The role of DNA damage and repair in decitabine-mediated apoptosis in multiple myeloma. Oncotarget 2015; 5:3115-29. [PMID: 24833108 PMCID: PMC4102796 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (DNMTi) and histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are under investigation for the treatment of cancer, including the plasma cell malignancy multiple myeloma (MM). Evidence exists that DNA damage and repair contribute to the cytotoxicity mediated by the DNMTi decitabine. Here, we investigated the DNA damage response (DDR) induced by decitabine in MM using 4 human MM cell lines and the murine 5T33MM model. In addition, we explored how the HDACi JNJ-26481585 affects this DDR. Decitabine induced DNA damage (gamma-H2AX foci formation), followed by a G0/G1- or G2/M-phase arrest and caspase-mediated apoptosis. JNJ-26481585 enhanced the anti-MM effect of decitabine both in vitro and in vivo. As JNJ-26481585 did not enhance decitabine-mediated gamma-H2AX foci formation, we investigated the DNA repair response towards decitabine and/or JNJ-26481585. Decitabine augmented RAD51 foci formation (marker for homologous recombination (HR)) and/or 53BP1 foci formation (marker for non-homologous end joining (NHEJ)). Interestingly, JNJ-26481585 negatively affected basal or decitabine-induced RAD51 foci formation. Finally, B02 (RAD51 inhibitor) enhanced decitabine-mediated apoptosis. Together, we report that decitabine-induced DNA damage stimulates HR and/or NHEJ. JNJ-26481585 negatively affects RAD51 foci formation, thereby providing an additional explanation for the combinatory effect between decitabine and JNJ-26481585.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Maes
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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80
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Pawlyn C, Kaiser MF, Davies FE, Morgan GJ. Current and potential epigenetic targets in multiple myeloma. Epigenomics 2015; 6:215-28. [PMID: 24811790 DOI: 10.2217/epi.14.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in therapy, subgroups of multiple myeloma continue to have a poor prognosis. Numerous epigenetic changes have been described and occur as both etiologic and secondary events, making myeloma a good disease in which to understand the role of epigenetic therapies. Here, we describe a number of current and potential epigenetic targets in myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Pawlyn
- Centre for Myeloma Research, Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Rd, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK
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81
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Lin SH, Wang J, Saintigny P, Wu CC, Giri U, Zhang J, Menju T, Diao L, Byers L, Weinstein JN, Coombes KR, Girard L, Komaki R, Wistuba II, Date H, Minna JD, Heymach JV. Genes suppressed by DNA methylation in non-small cell lung cancer reveal the epigenetics of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:1079. [PMID: 25486910 PMCID: PMC4298954 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DNA methylation is associated with aberrant gene expression in cancer, and has been shown to correlate with therapeutic response and disease prognosis in some types of cancer. We sought to investigate the biological significance of DNA methylation in lung cancer. Results We integrated the gene expression profiles and data of gene promoter methylation for a large panel of non-small cell lung cancer cell lines, and identified 578 candidate genes with expression levels that were inversely correlated to the degree of DNA methylation. We found these candidate genes to be differentially methylated in normal lung tissue versus non-small cell lung cancer tumors, and segregated by histologic and tumor subtypes. We used gene set enrichment analysis of the genes ranked by the degree of correlation between gene expression and DNA methylation to identify gene sets involved in cellular migration and metastasis. Our unsupervised hierarchical clustering of the candidate genes segregated cell lines according to the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition phenotype. Genes related to the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, such as AXL, ESRP1, HoxB4, and SPINT1/2, were among the nearly 20% of the candidate genes that were differentially methylated between epithelial and mesenchymal cells. Greater numbers of genes were methylated in the mesenchymal cells and their expressions were upregulated by 5-azacytidine treatment. Methylation of the candidate genes was associated with erlotinib resistance in wild-type EGFR cell lines. The expression profiles of the candidate genes were associated with 8-week disease control in patients with wild-type EGFR who had unresectable non-small cell lung cancer treated with erlotinib, but not in patients treated with sorafenib. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that the underlying biology of genes regulated by DNA methylation may have predictive value in lung cancer that can be exploited therapeutically. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1079) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven H Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd,, Unit 097, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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82
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Scholpa NE, Zhang X, Kolli RT, Cummings BS. Epigenetic changes in p21 expression in renal cells after exposure to bromate. Toxicol Sci 2014; 141:432-40. [PMID: 25015661 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that bromate (KBrO3)-induced renal cell death is mediated by epigenetic mechanisms. Global DNA methylation, as assessed by 5-methylcytosine staining, was not changed in normal rat kidney cells treated with acute cytotoxic doses of KBrO3 (100 and 200 ppm), as compared with controls. However, KBrO3 treatment did increase p38, p53 and histone 2AX (H2AX) phosphorylation, and p21 expression. Treatment of cells with inhibitors of DNA methyltransferase (5-azacytidine or 5-Aza) and histone deacetylase (trichostatin A or TSA) in addition to KBrO3 increased cytotoxicity, as compared with cells exposed to KBrO3 alone. 5-Aza and TSA co-treatment did not alter p38 or p53 phosphorylation, but slightly decreased H2AX phosphorylation and significantly decreased p21 expression. We also assessed epigenetic changes in cells treated under sub-chronic conditions with environmentally relevant concentrations of KBrO3. Under these conditions (0-10ppm KBrO3 for up to 18 days), we detected no increases in cell death or DNA damage. In contrast, slight alterations were detected in the phosphorylation of H2AX, p38, and p53. Sub-chronic low-dose KBrO3 treatment also induced a biphasic response in p21 expression, with lower concentrations increasing expression, but higher concentrations decreasing expression. Methylation-specific PCR demonstrated that sub-chronic KBrO3 treatment altered the methylation of cytosine bases in the p21 gene, as compared with controls, correlating to alterations in p21 protein expression. Collectively, these data show the novel finding that KBrO3-induced renal cell death is altered by inhibitors of epigenetic modifying enzymes and that KBrO3 itself induces epigenetic changes in the p21 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Scholpa
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602, Georgia
| | - X Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602, Georgia
| | - R T Kolli
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602, Georgia
| | - B S Cummings
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602, Georgia
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83
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MicroRNA-21 and multiple myeloma: small molecule and big function. Med Oncol 2014; 31:94. [PMID: 24981236 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a monoclonal malignant plasma cell disorder with an apparent homogeneity as opposed to leukemia and lymphomas. The recent introduction of thalidomide, lenalidomide and bortezomib has prolonged survival of patients with MM, and drug resistance or relapse of disease is perhaps still the major concern. Deregulation of hundreds of genes and multiple signaling pathways leads to MM pathogenesis and disease progression. While many of these genes and signaling pathways are regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs are small 19-22 nucleotide single-stranded RNAs that either as tumor suppressors or oncogenes play an important role in the progression and pathogenesis of cancer. Among them, microRNA-21 (miR-21) is frequently up-regulated in many cancers. Recent studies have shown that miR-21 displays an important role in the occurrence, development, recurrence and drug resistance of MM. In this review, we aim at summarizing the current knowledge of miR-21 functions in MM, with an emphasis on its laboratory research and clinical research in MM.
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84
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Wang S, Liu H, Akhtar J, Chen HX, Wang Z. Alteration of runt-related transcription factor 3 gene expression and biologic behavior of esophageal carcinoma TE-1 cells after 5-azacytidine intervention. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 14:5427-33. [PMID: 24175838 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.9.5427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Azacytidine (5-azaC) was originally identified as an anticancer drug (NSC102876) which can cause hypomethylation of tumor suppressor genes. To assess its effects on runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3), expression levels and the promoter methylation status of the RUNX3 gene were assessed. We also investigated alteration of biologic behavior of esophageal carcinoma TE-1 cells. MTT assays showed 5-azaC inhibited the proliferation of TE-1 cells in a time and dose-dependent way. Although other genes could be demethylated after 5-azaC intervention, we focused on RUNX3 gene in this study. The expression level of RUNX3 mRNA increased significantly in TE-1 cells after treatment with 5-azaC at hypotoxic levels. RT-PCR showed 5-azaC at 50 μM had the highest RUNX3-induction activity. Methylation-specific PCR indicated that 5-azaC induced RUNX3 expression through demethylation. Migration and invasion of TE-1 cells were inhibited by 5-azaC, along with growth of Eca109 xenografts in nude mice. In conclusion, we demonstrate that the RUNX3 gene can be reactivated by the demethylation reagent 5-azaC, which inhibits the proliferation, migration and invasion of esophageal carcinoma TE-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China E-mail : wz620226@ hotmail.com
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85
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Wang S, Liu H, Wang Z, Chen HX. Effects of 5-azacytidine on RUNX3 gene expression and the biological behavior of esophageal carcinoma cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:1259-65. [PMID: 24535051 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.1945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of 5-azacytidine (5-azaC) on the expression level of the human runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) gene and the biological behavior of esophageal carcinoma Eca109 cells. The effect of the demethylation reagent 5-azaC on the viability of Eca109 cells was detected by the MTT assay, which demonstrated that 5-azaC inhibited the viability of Eca109 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Although demethylation of other genes may occur following treatment with 5-azaC, we focused on the RUNX3 gene. When treated with 5-azaC at hypoxic levels, the expression of RUNX3 increased and the methylation degree of the RUNX3 gene was decreased significantly in Eca109 cells. 5-azaC at 50 µM demonstrated the highest RUNX3-induction activity, inducing RUNX3 mRNA and protein expression, and decreasing the degree of methylation of the RUNX3 gene. Methylation specific PCR indicated that 5-azaC induced RUNX3 expression through demethylation. The abilities of migration and invasion of Eca109 cells were inhibited by 5-azaC. The growth of Eca109 cells treated with 5-azaC in vivo was detected by a tumorigenesis experiment. 5-azaC inhibited the growth of Eca109 xenografts in nude mice. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that the RUNX3 gene is hypermethylated in Eca109 cells and that 5-azaC induces the expression of the RUNX3 gene by demethylation, which inhibits the proliferation, migration and invasion of Eca109 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Zhou Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Hua-Xia Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
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86
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BCL-2 family proteins as 5-Azacytidine-sensitizing targets and determinants of response in myeloid malignancies. Leukemia 2014; 28:1657-65. [PMID: 24451410 PMCID: PMC4131248 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Synergistic molecular vulnerabilities enhancing hypomethylating agents in myeloid malignancies have remained elusive. RNA-interference drug modifier screens identified antiapoptotic BCL-2 family members as potent 5-Azacytidine-sensitizing targets. In further dissecting BCL-XL, BCL-2 and MCL-1 contribution to 5-Azacytidine activity, siRNA silencing of BCL-XL and MCL-1, but not BCL-2, exhibited variable synergy with 5-Azacytidine in vitro. The BCL-XL, BCL-2 and BCL-w inhibitor ABT-737 sensitized most cell lines more potently compared with the selective BCL-2 inhibitor ABT-199, which synergized with 5-Azacytidine mostly at higher doses. Ex vivo, ABT-737 enhanced 5-Azacytidine activity across primary AML, MDS and MPN specimens. Protein levels of BCL-XL, BCL-2 and MCL-1 in 577 AML patient samples showed overlapping expression across AML FAB subtypes and heterogeneous expression within subtypes, further supporting a concept of dual/multiple BCL-2 family member targeting consistent with RNAi and pharmacologic results. Consequently, silencing of MCL-1 and BCL-XL increased the activity of ABT-199. Functional interrogation of BCL-2 family proteins by BH3 profiling performed on patient samples significantly discriminated clinical response versus resistance to 5-Azacytidine-based therapies. On the basis of these results, we propose a clinical trial of navitoclax (clinical-grade ABT-737) combined with 5-Azacytidine in myeloid malignancies, as well as to prospectively validate BH3 profiling in predicting 5-Azacytidine response.
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87
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Neri P, Bahlis NJ. Genomic instability in multiple myeloma: mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2013; 13 Suppl 1:S69-82. [PMID: 23782016 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2013.814637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Clonal plasma cells in multiple myeloma (MM) are typified by their nearly universal aneuploidy and the presence of recurrent chromosomal aberrations reflecting their chromosomal instability. Multiple myeloma is also recognized to be heterogeneous with distinct molecular subgroups. Deep genome sequencing studies have recently revealed an even wider heterogeneity and genomic instability with the identification of a complex mutational landscape and a branching pattern of clonal evolution. AREAS COVERED Despite the lack of full understanding of the exact mechanisms driving the genomic instability in MM, recent observations have correlated these abnormalities with impairments in the DNA damage repair machinery as well as epigenetic changes. These mechanisms and the resulting therapeutic implications will be the subject of this review. EXPERT OPINION By providing growth advantage of the fittest clone and promoting the acquisition of drug resistance, genomic instability is unarguably beneficial to MM cells, however, it may also well be its Achilles heal by creating exploitable vulnerabilities. As such, targeting presumptive DNA repair defects and other oncogenic addictions represent a promising area of clinical investigation. In particular, by inducing gene or pathway dependencies not present in normal cells, genomic instability can generate targets of contextual synthetic lethality in MM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Neri
- University of Calgary, Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant, Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N4N1, Canada
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88
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Tian E, Tang H, Xu R, Liu C, Deng H, Wang Q. Azacytidine induces necrosis of multiple myeloma cells through oxidative stress. Proteome Sci 2013; 11:24. [PMID: 23764212 PMCID: PMC3718702 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-11-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Azacytidine is an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase and is known to be an anti-leukemic agent to induce cancer cell apoptosis. In the present study, multiple myeloma cells were treated with azacytidine at clinically relevant concentrations to induce necrosis through oxidative stress. Necrotic myeloma cells exhibit unique characteristics, including enrichment of the cell-bound albumin and overexpression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)- and mitochondrial-specific chaperones, which were not observed in other necrotic cells, including HUH-7, A2780, A549, and Hoc1a. Proteomic analysis shows that HSP60 is the most abundant up-regulated mitochondrial specific chaperone, and azacytidine-induced overexpression of HSP60 is confirmed by western blot analysis. In contrast, expression levels of cytosolic chaperones such as HSP90 and HSP71 were down-regulated in azacytidine-treated myeloma cells, concomitant with an increase of these chaperones in the cell culture medium, suggesting that mitochondrial chaperones and cytosolic chaperones behave differently in necrotic myeloma cells; ER- and mitochondrial-chaperones being retained, and cytosolic chaperones being released into the cell culture medium through the ruptured cell membrane. Our data suggest that HSP60 is potentially a new target for multiple myeloma chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enbing Tian
- Beijing Chaoyang Hospital affiliated Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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89
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Misso G, Zappavigna S, Castellano M, De Rosa G, Di Martino MT, Tagliaferri P, Tassone P, Caraglia M. Emerging pathways as individualized therapeutic target of multiple myeloma. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2013; 13 Suppl 1:S95-109. [PMID: 23738692 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2013.807338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable plasma cell malignancy, which causes significant morbidity due to organ damage and bone tissue destruction. In recent years, novel drugs have become available for MM therapy thanks to the growing knowledge of disease pathobiology. AREAS COVERED Intrinsic genetic lesions, as well as the bone marrow microenvironment, contribute to the activation of proliferation and survival pathways, impairment of cell death mechanisms and drug resistance. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are the signaling pathways mainly involved in the MM development. In the last decade, several molecules interfering with growth and survival promoting signaling have been developed. EXPERT OPINION Despite the availability of novel therapeutics, MM still evolves into a drug-resistant phase and most patients die of progressive disease. Therefore, there is an urgent need of novel therapeutic strategies. Among a plethora of new investigational agents, microRNA (miRNA) represents the basis for the design of novel therapeutic strategies which basically rely on miRNA inhibition or miRNA replacement approaches and take benefit respectively from the use of miRNA inhibitors or synthetic miRNAs as well as from lipid-based nanoparticles as carriers for in vivo delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Misso
- Second University of Naples, Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Via S.M. Costantinopoli, 16, 80138 Naples, Italy
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90
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Boyd KD, Pawlyn C, Morgan GJ, Davies FE. Understanding the molecular biology of myeloma and its therapeutic implications. Expert Rev Hematol 2013; 5:603-17. [PMID: 23216592 DOI: 10.1586/ehm.12.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Myeloma develops due to the accumulation of multiple pathological genetic events, many of which have been defined. Hyperdiploidy and reciprocal translocations centered on the immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region constitute primary genetic lesions. These primary lesions co-operate with secondary genetic events including chromosomal deletions and gains, gene mutations and epigenetic modifiers such as DNA methylation to produce the malignant phenotype of myeloma. Some of these events have been linked with distinct clinical outcome and can be used to define patient groups. This review explores the molecular biology of myeloma and identifies how genetic lesions can be used to define high- and low-risk patient groups, and also defines potential targets for therapy. The authors also explore how this information can be used to guide therapeutic decision-making and the design and interpretation of clinical trials, both now and in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Boyd
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Brookes Lawley Building, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, UK
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91
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Orta ML, Calderón-Montaño JM, Domínguez I, Pastor N, Burgos-Morón E, López-Lázaro M, Cortés F, Mateos S, Helleday T. 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine causes replication lesions that require Fanconi anemia-dependent homologous recombination for repair. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:5827-36. [PMID: 23609537 PMCID: PMC3675485 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-azadC) is a DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitor increasingly used in treatments of hematological diseases and works by being incorporated into DNA and trapping DNMT. It is unclear what DNA lesions are caused by 5-azadC and if such are substrates for DNA repair. Here, we identify that 5-azadC induces DNA damage as measured by γ-H2AX and 53BP1 foci. Furthermore, 5-azadC induces radial chromosomes and chromatid breaks that depend on active replication, which altogether suggest that trapped DNMT collapses oncoming replication forks into double-strand breaks. We demonstrate that RAD51-mediated homologous recombination (HR) is activated to repair 5-azadC collapsed replication forks. Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder, and deaths are often associated with leukemia. Here, we show that FANCG-deficient cells fail to trigger HR-mediated repair of 5-azadC-induced lesions, leading to accumulation of chromatid breaks and inter-chromosomal radial fusions as well as hypersensitivity to the cytotoxic effects of 5-azadC. These data demonstrate that the FA pathway is important to protect from 5-azadC-induced toxicity. Altogether, our data demonstrate that cytotoxicity of the epigenetic drug 5-azadC can, at least in part, be explained by collapsed replication forks requiring FA-mediated HR for repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Luís Orta
- Department of Cell Biology, Cell Culture and Radiobiology Research Group, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
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92
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Maes K, Menu E, Van Valckenborgh E, Van Riet I, Vanderkerken K, De Bruyne E. Epigenetic modulating agents as a new therapeutic approach in multiple myeloma. Cancers (Basel) 2013; 5:430-61. [PMID: 24216985 PMCID: PMC3730337 DOI: 10.3390/cancers5020430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable B-cell malignancy. Therefore, new targets and drugs are urgently needed to improve patient outcome. Epigenetic aberrations play a crucial role in development and progression in cancer, including MM. To target these aberrations, epigenetic modulating agents, such as DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (DNMTi) and histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), are under intense investigation in solid and hematological cancers. A clinical benefit of the use of these agents as single agents and in combination regimens has been suggested based on numerous studies in pre-clinical tumor models, including MM models. The mechanisms of action are not yet fully understood but appear to involve a combination of true epigenetic changes and cytotoxic actions. In addition, the interactions with the BM niche are also affected by epigenetic modulating agents that will further determine the in vivo efficacy and thus patient outcome. A better understanding of the molecular events underlying the anti-tumor activity of the epigenetic drugs will lead to more rational drug combinations. This review focuses on the involvement of epigenetic changes in MM pathogenesis and how the use of DNMTi and HDACi affect the myeloma tumor itself and its interactions with the microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Maes
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Eline Menu
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Els Van Valckenborgh
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Ivan Van Riet
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department Clinical Hematology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Karin Vanderkerken
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Elke De Bruyne
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussel, Belgium
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93
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Zhao FY, Shao CP, Li Y, Ma WY, Tian N, Zheng JH. 5-Azacytidine induces early stage apoptosis and promotes in vitro maturation by changing chromosomal construction in murine oocytes. Reprod Toxicol 2013; 37:56-61. [PMID: 23395740 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
As an anticancer drug, 5-azacytidine (5-AzaC) has been widely used to treat various cancers. To investigate the effect of 5-AzaC on mouse oocytes cultured in vitro, we have performed morphological and molecular biology studies to examine the behavior of chromosomes and oocyte development. In 5-AzaC-treated oocytes, chromosomes were decondensed and unstable. The mRNA levels of Caspase3, Caspase8, and Caspase9 increased with the occurrence of early stage apoptosis in oocytes following 5-AzaC treatment. Furthermore, the mRNA levels of Gdf9 and Bmp15 also increased with the corresponding morphological changes in 5-AzaC-treated oocytes. In conclusion, 5-AzaC not only induced early apoptosis through both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways, but also had a positive effect on the developmental competence of mouse oocytes during in vitro maturation. These effects may be due to changes in chromosomal construction induced by DNA hypomethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Y Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.
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94
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Liu J, Xie YS, Wang FL, Zhang LJ, Zhang Y, Luo HS. Cytotoxicity of 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine against gastric cancer involves DNA damage in an ATM-P53 dependent signaling pathway and demethylation of P16(INK4A). Biomed Pharmacother 2013; 67:78-87. [PMID: 23201008 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA methylation inhibitor 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR) has increasingly attracted worldwide attention for its antineoplastic potential. The cytotoxitic mechanisms, however, especially, the relative contribution of silenced genes reactivation by demethylation and enzyme-DNA adduct formation to the efficacy of 5-Aza-CdR is still a crucial unresolved question. In this investigation, we demonstrated that 5-Aza-CdR treatment resulted in growth suppression in a concentration and time-dependent manner and G2 phrase arrest - hallmarks of a DNA damage response in gastric cancer AGS cells. Formation of DNA double-strand breaks, as monitored by comet assay was examined in an ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated)-dependent manner based on the fact that PI3K inhibitor Wortmannin abolished the action of cytotoxicity of 5-Aza-CdR. Upon treatment with 5-Aza-CdR, ATM activation was clearly associated with P53 phosphorylation at Ser(15), which was directly responsible for 5-Aza-CdR modified P21(Waf1/Cip1) expression. Further exploration revealed that demethylation of P16(INK4A) correlated with the strikingly down-regulated expressions of DNA methyltransferase 3A as well as 3B was, at least in part, attributed to the cytotoxicity of 5-Aza-CdR in AGS cells. Conclusively, these results greatly enhance our understanding of the mechanisms of cytotoxicity of 5-Aza-CdR and strongly provide the preclinical rationale for an assessment of 5-Aza-CdR to ameliorate patient outcome with gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang District, Wuhan, PR China
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95
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Amodio N, Leotta M, Bellizzi D, Di Martino MT, D'Aquila P, Lionetti M, Fabiani F, Leone E, Gullà AM, Passarino G, Caraglia M, Negrini M, Neri A, Giordano A, Tagliaferri P, Tassone P. DNA-demethylating and anti-tumor activity of synthetic miR-29b mimics in multiple myeloma. Oncotarget 2012; 3:1246-58. [PMID: 23100393 PMCID: PMC3717964 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant DNA methylation plays a relevant role in multiple myeloma (MM) pathogenesis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that recently emerged as master regulator of gene expression by targeting protein-coding mRNAs. However, miRNAs involvement in the regulation of the epigenetic machinery and their potential use as therapeutics in MM remain to be investigated. Here, we provide evidence that the expression of de novo DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) is deregulated in MM cells. Moreover, we show that miR-29b targets DNMT3A and DNMT3B mRNAs and reduces global DNA methylation in MM cells. In vitro transfection of MM cells with synthetic miR-29b mimics significantly impairs cell cycle progression and also potentiates the growth-inhibitory effects induced by the demethylating agent 5-azacitidine. Most importantly, in vivo intratumor or systemic delivery of synthetic miR-29b mimics, in two clinically relevant murine models of human MM, including the SCID-synth-hu system, induces significant anti-tumor effects. All together, our findings demonstrate that aberrant DNMTs expression is efficiently modulated by tumor suppressive synthetic miR-29b mimics, indicating that methyloma modulation is a novel matter of investigation in miRNA-based therapy of MM.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Azacitidine/pharmacology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Biomimetics
- Blotting, Western
- Bone Marrow/metabolism
- Bone Marrow/pathology
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Cycle
- Cell Proliferation
- Cellular Microenvironment/drug effects
- DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases/antagonists & inhibitors
- DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases/genetics
- DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases/metabolism
- DNA Methylation
- DNA Methyltransferase 3A
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Leukemia, Plasma Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Plasma Cell/pathology
- Leukemia, Plasma Cell/prevention & control
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- MicroRNAs/chemical synthesis
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- Multiple Myeloma/genetics
- Multiple Myeloma/pathology
- Multiple Myeloma/prevention & control
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- DNA Methyltransferase 3B
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Amodio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University
and Medical Oncology Unit, T. Campanella Cancer Center, Salvatore Venuta University Campus,
Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Marzia Leotta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University
and Medical Oncology Unit, T. Campanella Cancer Center, Salvatore Venuta University Campus,
Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Dina Bellizzi
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Calabria, Cosenza
| | - Maria Teresa Di Martino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University
and Medical Oncology Unit, T. Campanella Cancer Center, Salvatore Venuta University Campus,
Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Marta Lionetti
- Department of Medical Sciences University of Milan, Hematology 1, IRCCS
Policlinico Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Fernanda Fabiani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University
and Medical Oncology Unit, T. Campanella Cancer Center, Salvatore Venuta University Campus,
Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Emanuela Leone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University
and Medical Oncology Unit, T. Campanella Cancer Center, Salvatore Venuta University Campus,
Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Gullà
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University
and Medical Oncology Unit, T. Campanella Cancer Center, Salvatore Venuta University Campus,
Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Second University of Naples,
Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Negrini
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Diagnostics, University of
Ferrara
| | - Antonino Neri
- Department of Medical Sciences University of Milan, Hematology 1, IRCCS
Policlinico Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for
Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pierosandro Tagliaferri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University
and Medical Oncology Unit, T. Campanella Cancer Center, Salvatore Venuta University Campus,
Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Pierfrancesco Tassone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University
and Medical Oncology Unit, T. Campanella Cancer Center, Salvatore Venuta University Campus,
Catanzaro, Italy
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for
Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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96
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Datta J, Ghoshal K, Motiwala T, Jacob ST. Novel Insights into the Molecular Mechanism of Action of DNA Hypomethylating Agents: Role of Protein Kinase C δ in Decitabine-Induced Degradation of DNA Methyltransferase 1. Genes Cancer 2012; 3:71-81. [PMID: 22893792 DOI: 10.1177/1947601912452665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated proteasomal degradation of DNMT1 in mammalian cells following treatment with several DNA hypomethylating agents. Here, we demonstrate dose-dependent degradation of Dnmt1 in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells expressing catalytic site mutant (cys-ser), confirming that the covalent bond formation between Dnmt1 and decitabine-incorporated DNA is not essential for this process. DNMT1o, the oocyte-specific isoform that lacks the N-terminal 118-amino acid domain, did not undergo decitabine-mediated degradation, which further proves the requirement of multiple domains including nuclear localization signal, KEN box, and BAH domains for this process. Analysis of glycerol density gradient fractions of micrococcal nuclease-digested nuclei showed that both nucleosomal and nucleoplasmic DNMT1 are degraded upon decitabine treatment. Among different inhibitors tested, the inhibitors of the proteasomal pathway and several protein kinases impeded decitabine-induced DNMT1 degradation. The maximal effect caused by inhibiting protein kinase C (PKC) persuaded us to investigate further its role in decitabine-mediated DNMT1 degradation. Blockage of the degradation process after treatment with rottlerin, an inhibitor of PKCδ, or after siRNA-mediated depletion of PKCδ, indicated that this protein kinase is involved in decitabine-mediated depletion of DNMT1. PKCδ interacted with and phosphorylated DNMT1 in vitro. Moreover, rottlerin inhibited both basal and decitabine-induced phosphorylation of DNMT1. These studies provide substantial evidence that decitabine-induced degradation of the maintenance methyltransferase DNMT1 does not require covalent bond formation with the substrate and also elucidate its underlying molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jharna Datta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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97
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Thakur S, Feng X, Qiao Shi Z, Ganapathy A, Kumar Mishra M, Atadja P, Morris D, Riabowol K. ING1 and 5-azacytidine act synergistically to block breast cancer cell growth. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43671. [PMID: 22916295 PMCID: PMC3423394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibitor of Growth (ING) proteins are epigenetic "readers" that recognize trimethylated lysine 4 of histone H3 (H3K4Me3) and target histone acetyl transferase (HAT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) complexes to chromatin. METHODS AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we asked whether dysregulating two epigenetic pathways with chemical inhibitors showed synergistic effects on breast cancer cell line killing. We also tested whether ING1 could synergize better with chemotherapeutics that target the same epigenetic mechanism such as the HDAC inhibitor LBH589 (Panobinostat) or a different epigenetic mechanism such as 5-azacytidine (5azaC), which inhibits DNA methyl transferases. Simultaneous treatment of breast cancer cell lines with LBH589 and 5azaC did not show significant synergy in killing cells. However, combination treatment of ING1 with either LBH589 or 5azaC did show synergy. The combination of ING1b with 5azaC, which targets two distinct epigenetic mechanisms, was more effective at lower doses and enhanced apoptosis as determined by Annexin V staining and cleavage of caspase 3 and poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP). ING1b plus 5azaC also acted synergistically to increase γH2AX staining indicating significant levels of DNA damage were induced. Adenoviral delivery of ING1b with 5azaC also inhibited cancer cell growth in a murine xenograft model and led to tumor regression when viral concentration was optimized in vivo. CONCLUSIONS These data show that targeting distinct epigenetic pathways can be more effective in blocking cancer cell line growth than targeting the same pathway with multiple agents, and that using viral delivery of epigenetic regulators can be more effective in synergizing with a chemical agent than using two chemotherapeutic agents. This study also indicates that the ING1 epigenetic regulator may have additional activities in the cell when expressed at high levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satbir Thakur
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xiaolan Feng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zhong Qiao Shi
- Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine and Oncology, University of Calgary, Tom Baker Cancer Center, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amudha Ganapathy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Manoj Kumar Mishra
- Department of Oncology and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Peter Atadja
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Don Morris
- Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine and Oncology, University of Calgary, Tom Baker Cancer Center, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Karl Riabowol
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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98
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Concomitant inhibition of DNA methyltransferase and BCL-2 protein function synergistically induce mitochondrial apoptosis in acute myelogenous leukemia cells. Ann Hematol 2012; 91:1861-70. [PMID: 22893484 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-012-1537-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation and BLC-2 are potential therapeutic targets in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We investigated pharmacologic interaction between the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-azacytidine (5-AZA) and the BCL-2 inhibitor ABT-737. Increased BCL-2 expression determined by reverse phase protein analysis was associated with poor survival in AML patients with unfavorable cytogenetics (n = 195). We found that 5-AZA, which itself has modest apoptotic activity, acts synergistically with ABT-737 to induce apoptosis. The 5-AZA/ABT-737 combination enhanced mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, as evidenced by effective conformational activation of BAX and ∆ψ(m) loss. Although absence of p53 limited apoptotic activities of 5-AZA and ABT-737 as single agents, the combination synergistically induced apoptosis independent of p53 expression. 5-AZA down-regulated MCL-1, known to mediate resistance to ABT-737, in a p53-independent manner. The 5-AZA/ABT-737 combination synergistically induced apoptosis in AML cells in seven of eight patients. 5-AZA significantly reduced MCL-1 levels in two of three samples examined. Our data provide a molecular rationale for this combination strategy in AML therapy.
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99
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Vijayaraghavalu S, Peetla C, Lu S, Labhasetwar V. Epigenetic modulation of the biophysical properties of drug-resistant cell lipids to restore drug transport and endocytic functions. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:2730-42. [PMID: 22817326 DOI: 10.1021/mp300281t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In our recent studies exploring the biophysical characteristics of resistant cell lipids, and the role they play in drug transport, we demonstrated the difference of drug-resistant breast cancer cells from drug-sensitive cells in lipid composition and biophysical properties, suggesting that cancer cells acquire a drug-resistant phenotype through the alteration of lipid synthesis to inhibit intracellular drug transport to protect from cytotoxic effect. In cancer cells, epigenetic changes (e.g., DNA hypermethylation) are essential to maintain this drug-resistant phenotype. Thus, altered lipid synthesis may be linked to epigenetic mechanisms of drug resistance. We hypothesize that reversing DNA hypermethylation in resistant cells with an epigenetic drug could alter lipid synthesis, changing the cell membrane's biophysical properties to facilitate drug delivery to overcome drug resistance. Herein we show that treating drug-resistant breast cancer cells (MCF-7/ADR) with the epigenetic drug 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (decitabine) significantly alters cell lipid composition and biophysical properties, causing the resistant cells to acquire biophysical characteristics similar to those of sensitive cell (MCF-7) lipids. Following decitabine treatment, resistant cells demonstrated increased sphingomyelinase activity, resulting in a decreased sphingomyelin level that influenced lipid domain structures, increased membrane fluidity, and reduced P-glycoprotein expression. Changes in the biophysical characteristics of resistant cell lipids facilitated doxorubicin transport and restored endocytic function for drug delivery with a lipid-encapsulated form of doxorubicin, enhancing the drug efficacy. In conclusion, we have established a new mechanism for efficacy of an epigenetic drug, mediated through changes in lipid composition and biophysical properties, in reversing cancer drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivakumar Vijayaraghavalu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, United States
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100
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Toor AA, Payne KK, Chung HM, Sabo RT, Hazlett AF, Kmieciak M, Sanford K, Williams DC, Clark WB, Roberts CH, McCarty JM, Manjili MH. Epigenetic induction of adaptive immune response in multiple myeloma: sequential azacitidine and lenalidomide generate cancer testis antigen-specific cellular immunity. Br J Haematol 2012; 158:700-11. [PMID: 22816680 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2012.09225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Patients with multiple myeloma (MM) undergoing high dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (SCT) remain at risk for disease progression. Induction of the expression of highly immunogenic cancer testis antigens (CTA) in malignant plasma cells in MM patients may trigger a protective immune response following SCT. We initiated a phase II clinical trial of the DNA hypomethylating agent, azacitidine (Aza) administered sequentially with lenalidomide (Rev) in patients with MM. Three cycles of Aza and Rev were administered and autologous lymphocytes were collected following the 2nd and 3rd cycles of Aza-Rev and cryopreserved. Subsequent stem cell mobilization was followed by high-dose melphalan and SCT. Autologous lymphocyte infusion (ALI) was performed in the second month following transplantation. Fourteen patients have completed the investigational therapy; autologous lymphocytes were collected from all of the patients. Thirteen patients have successfully completed SCT and 11 have undergone ALI. Six patients tested have demonstrated CTA up-regulation in either unfractionated bone marrow (n = 4) or CD138+ cells (n = 2). CTA (CTAG1B)-specific T cell response has been observed in all three patients tested and persists following SCT. Epigenetic induction of an adaptive immune response to cancer testis antigens is safe and feasible in MM patients undergoing SCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir A Toor
- Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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