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Zhong L, Liu Y, Wang K, He Z, Gong Z, Zhao Z, Yang Y, Gao X, Li F, Wu H, Zhang S, Chen L. Biomarkers: paving stones on the road towards the personalized precision medicine for oral squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:911. [PMID: 30241505 PMCID: PMC6151070 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4806-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional therapeutics have encountered a bottleneck caused by diagnosis delay and subjective and unreliable assessment. Biomarkers can overcome this bottleneck and guide us toward personalized precision medicine for oral squamous cell carcinoma. To achieve this, it is important to efficiently and accurately screen out specific biomarkers from among the huge number of molecules. Progress in omics-based high-throughput technology has laid a solid foundation for biomarker discovery. With credible and systemic biomarker models, more precise and personalized diagnosis and assessment would be achieved and patients would be more likely to be cured and have a higher quality of life. However, this is not straightforward owing to the complexity of molecules involved in tumorigenesis. In this context, there is a need to focus on tumor heterogeneity and homogeneity, which are discussed in detail. In this review, we aim to provide an understanding of biomarker discovery and application for precision medicine of oral squamous cell carcinoma, and have a strong belief that biomarker will pave the road toward future precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Yutong Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijing He
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaojian Gong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhili Zhao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaocheng Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofei Gao
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangjie Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanjiang Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China.
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52
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Foy JP, Bertolus C, Ortiz-Cuaran S, Albaret MA, Williams WN, Lang W, Destandau S, Souza GD, Sohier E, Kielbassa J, Thomas E, Deneuve S, Goudot P, Puisieux A, Viari A, Mao L, Caux C, Lippman SM, Saintigny P. Immunological and classical subtypes of oral premalignant lesions. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1496880. [PMID: 30524889 PMCID: PMC6279331 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1496880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a major cause of cancer-associated morbidity and mortality and may develop from oral premalignant lesions (OPL). An improved molecular classification of OPL may help refining prevention strategies. We identified two main OPL gene-expression subtypes, named immunological and classical, in 86 OPL (discovery dataset). A gene expression-based score was then developed to classify OPL samples from three independent datasets, including 17 (GSE30784),13 (GSE10174) and 15 (GSE85195) OPLs, into either one of the two gene-expression subtypes. Using the single sample gene set enrichment analysis, enrichment scores for immune-related pathways were different between the two OPL subtypes. In OPL from the discovery set, loss of heterozygosities (LOH) at 3p14, 17p13, TP53, 9p21 and 8p22 and miRNA gene expression profiles were analyzed. Deconvolution of the immune infiltrate was performed using the Microenvironment Cell Populations-counter tool. A multivariate analysis revealed that decreased miRNA-142-5p expression (P = 0.0484) and lower T-cell, monocytic and myeloid dendritic cells (MDC) immune infiltration (T-cells, P = 0.0196; CD8 T cells, P = 0.0129; MDC, P = 0.0481; and monocytes, P = 0.0212) were associated with oral cancer development in the immunological subtype only. In contrast, LOH at 3p14 (P = 0.0241), 17p13 (P = 0.0348) and TP53 (P = 0.004) were associated with oral cancer development in the classical subtype only. In conclusion, we identified 2 subtypes of OPLs, namely immune and classical, which may benefit from different and specific personalized prevention interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Foy
- Univ Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Lyon, France.,Department of Translational Research and Innovation, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Pierre Marie Curie-Paris 6, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Chloé Bertolus
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Pierre Marie Curie-Paris 6, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Sandra Ortiz-Cuaran
- Univ Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Lyon, France.,Department of Translational Research and Innovation, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Alexandra Albaret
- Univ Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Lyon, France.,Department of Translational Research and Innovation, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - William N Williams
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology at the University of Texas M. D., Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wenhua Lang
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology at the University of Texas M. D., Houston, TX, USA
| | - Solène Destandau
- Univ Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Lyon, France.,Department of Translational Research and Innovation, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Geneviève De Souza
- Univ Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Lyon, France.,Department of Translational Research and Innovation, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Emilie Sohier
- Department of Translational Research and Innovation, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.,Synergie Lyon Cancer-Platform of Bioinformatics Gilles Thomas, Lyon, France
| | - Janice Kielbassa
- Department of Translational Research and Innovation, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.,Synergie Lyon Cancer-Platform of Bioinformatics Gilles Thomas, Lyon, France
| | - Emilie Thomas
- Department of Translational Research and Innovation, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.,Synergie Lyon Cancer-Platform of Bioinformatics Gilles Thomas, Lyon, France
| | | | - Patrick Goudot
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Pierre Marie Curie-Paris 6, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Alain Puisieux
- Univ Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Lyon, France
| | - Alain Viari
- Department of Translational Research and Innovation, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Li Mao
- Lung Cancer Center, Johnson & Johnson China
| | - Christophe Caux
- Univ Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Lyon, France
| | - S M Lippman
- UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - P Saintigny
- Univ Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Lyon, France.,Department of Translational Research and Innovation, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.,Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
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53
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Villa A, Sonis S. Oral leukoplakia remains a challenging condition. Oral Dis 2018; 24:179-183. [PMID: 29480606 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Crispian Scully had many interests in the realm of oral diseases. But oral leukoplakia was one that piqued his curiosity when he was still an academic neophyte and remained a topic which he studied throughout his enormously productive career. It is easy to understand why. While the clinical manifestations of oral leukoplakia are common, we still do not fully understand why one version of the condition is benign, while another, similar in appearance, progresses to a malignancy. The diagnosis of oral leukoplakia is based on expert clinical and histopathological examamination. Management and treatment of leukoplakia remain challenging especially for large lesions and the proliferative subtype. This review aims to provide a general overview on leukoplakia, explore current challenges in its diagnosis and management and discuss the opportunities to better understand the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Villa
- Division of Oral Medicine and Dentistry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Oral Medicine Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Sonis
- Division of Oral Medicine and Dentistry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Oral Medicine Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Biomodels LLC, Watertown, MA, USA
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54
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Xiao M, Zhang J, Chen W, Chen W. M1-like tumor-associated macrophages activated by exosome-transferred THBS1 promote malignant migration in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2018; 37:143. [PMID: 29986759 PMCID: PMC6038304 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0815-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment strategies targeting tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) have been proposed in cancer areas. The functional alterations of macrophages in the microenvironment during the tumorigenesis of human epithelial cancer remain poorly understood. Here, we explored phenotypic alteration of macrophages during the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). METHODS Conditioned media (CM) and exosome supernatants were harvested from normal oral epithelium, oral leukoplakia cells and OSCC cells. We measured phenotypic alteration of macrophages using flow cytometry, luminex assays, and quantitative real-time PCR assay. Intracellular signaling pathway analysis, mass spectrometry proteomics, western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunohistochemical staining, and bioinformatics analysis were performed to uncover the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS THP-1-derived and PBMCs derived macrophages exhibited an M1-like phenotype but not M2-like phenotype, when treated with CM from OSCC cells but not with the CM from normal epithelium or leukoplakia cells. Further investigations revealed that macrophages were activated by taking up exosomes released from OSCC cells through p38, Akt, and SAPK/JNK signaling at the early phase. We further provided evidences that THBS1 derived from OSCC exosomes participated in the polarization of macrophages to an M1-like phenotype. Reciprocally, CM from exosomes induced M1-like TAMs and significantly promoted migration of OSCC cells. CONCLUSIONS We proposed a novel paracrine loop between cancer cells and macrophages based on exosomes from OSCC. Therefore, target management of M1-like TAMs polarized by exosomes shows great potential as a therapeutic target for the control of cancerous migration in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xiao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639, Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011 China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011 China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639, Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011 China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011 China
| | - Wanjun Chen
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Wantao Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639, Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011 China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011 China
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55
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Rybarski M, Schmitz L, Novak B, Dirschka T. Daylight photodynamic therapy for field cancerization: lessons from molecular biology. GIORN ITAL DERMAT V 2018; 153:806-810. [PMID: 29683291 DOI: 10.23736/s0392-0488.18.06015-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Actinic keratoses (AKs) represent in-situ squamous cell carcinomas that potentially invade subepidermal structures and may metastasize. Until now, it is unpredictable to determine which AK lesions show this aggressive behavior. As AKs usually occur in large sun exposed areas, field-directed treatments have become the standard treatment regimen. Among these, conventional photodynamic therapy (cPDT) with 5-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) or methyl-aminolevulinate (MAL) using red light is particularly effective in the treatment of AKs, but acceptance of the therapy is impaired by severe pain during treatment. Daylight PDT (dPDT) has demonstrated to be an equally effective alternative treatment option which is less painful. Recent attempts to determine the risk of AKs that demonstrate particular aggressive biological behavior by implementation of clinical and histological characteristics of AKs have not lead to conclusive results. Therefore, a look at the molecular biology of AKs could serve as a useful tool to develop a risk profiling for separation of those patients that are of particular risk to develop invasive tumor and, by this, to facilitate a more effective and adapted treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Rybarski
- Department of Animal Physiology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lutz Schmitz
- Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ben Novak
- Department of Animal Physiology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Dirschka
- CentroDerm GmbH, Wuppertal, Germany - .,Faculty of Health, University Witten-Herdecke, Witten, Germany
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56
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Liu Y, Li Y, Fu Y, Liu T, Liu X, Zhang X, Fu J, Guan X, Chen T, Chen X, Sun Z. Quantitative prediction of oral cancer risk in patients with oral leukoplakia. Oncotarget 2018; 8:46057-46064. [PMID: 28545021 PMCID: PMC5542248 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exfoliative cytology has been widely used for early diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma. We have developed an oral cancer risk index using DNA index value to quantitatively assess cancer risk in patients with oral leukoplakia, but with limited success. In order to improve the performance of the risk index, we collected exfoliative cytology, histopathology, and clinical follow-up data from two independent cohorts of normal, leukoplakia and cancer subjects (training set and validation set). Peaks were defined on the basis of first derivatives with positives, and modern machine learning techniques were utilized to build statistical prediction models on the reconstructed data. Random forest was found to be the best model with high sensitivity (100%) and specificity (99.2%). Using the Peaks-Random Forest model, we constructed an index (OCRI2) as a quantitative measurement of cancer risk. Among 11 leukoplakia patients with an OCRI2 over 0.5, 4 (36.4%) developed cancer during follow-up (23 ± 20 months), whereas 3 (5.3%) of 57 leukoplakia patients with an OCRI2 less than 0.5 developed cancer (32 ± 31 months). OCRI2 is better than other methods in predicting oral squamous cell carcinoma during follow-up. In conclusion, we have developed an exfoliative cytology-based method for quantitative prediction of cancer risk in patients with oral leukoplakia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- Department of Oral Medicine, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yicheng Li
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yue Fu
- Department of Oral Medicine, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Oral Medicine, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyong Liu
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyan Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Dental Research, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Fu
- Department of Oral Medicine, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobing Guan
- Department of Oral Medicine, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Chen
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Xiaoxin Chen
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zheng Sun
- Department of Oral Medicine, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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57
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Polverini PJ, D'Silva NJ, Lei YL. Precision Therapy of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Dent Res 2018; 97:614-621. [PMID: 29649374 DOI: 10.1177/0022034518769645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Precision medicine is an approach to disease prevention and treatment that takes into account genetic variability and environmental and lifestyle influences that are unique to each patient. It facilitates stratification of patient populations that vary in their susceptibility to disease and response to therapy. Shared databases and the implementation of new technology systems designed to advance the integration of this information will enable health care providers to more accurately predict and customize prevention and treatment strategies for patients. Although precision medicine has had a limited impact in most areas of medicine, it has been shown to be an increasingly successful approach to cancer therapy. Despite early promising results targeting aberrant signaling pathways or inhibitors designed to block tumor-driven processes such as angiogenesis, limited success emphasizes the need to discover new biomarkers and treatment targets that are more reliable in predicting response to therapy and result in better health outcomes. Recent successes in the use of immunity-inducing antibodies have stimulated increased interest in the use of precision immunotherapy of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Using next-generation sequencing, the precise profiling of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes has great promise to identify hypoimmunogenic cancer that would benefit from a rationally designed combinatorial approach. Continued interrogation of tumors will reveal new actionable targets with increasing therapeutic efficacy and fulfill the promise of precision therapy of head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Polverini
- 1 Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Division of Oral Medicine, Pathology, and Radiology, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,2 Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,3 Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - N J D'Silva
- 1 Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Division of Oral Medicine, Pathology, and Radiology, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,2 Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,3 Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Y L Lei
- 1 Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Division of Oral Medicine, Pathology, and Radiology, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,3 Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,4 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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58
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Orosz E, Gombos K, Riedling T, Afiakurue P, Kiss I, Pytel J, Gerlinger I, Szanyi I. Comparative miRNA Expression Profile Analysis of Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Peritumoral Mucosa from the Meso- and Hypopharynx. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2018. [PMID: 28647702 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The role of microRNAs (miRNA) in carcinogenesis is related to their genome-regulatory function. The aim of the present study was to identify and compare miRNA expression signatures of meso- and hypopharynx squamous cell cancers in consideration of the cancer field hypothesis. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirteen snap-frozen biopsy series of tumors and peritumoral tissues from the meso- and hypopharynx were analyzed regarding their miRNA expression with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS Significant miRNA expression changes of miR-21, -27a, -34a, -143 and -146a were found in peritumoral tissues that were dependent from the tumor location and the distance from the primary tumor site. CONCLUSION miRNA expression analysis was found to be appropriate for molecular segregation of tumor location and peritumoral tissue segments, and appears to be a promising marker for cancer field characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Orosz
- PTE KK Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Katalin Gombos
- PTE ÁOK Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamas Riedling
- PTE ÁOK Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pécs, Hungary
| | | | - Istvan Kiss
- PTE ÁOK Department of Public Health Medicine, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Jozsef Pytel
- PTE KK Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Imre Gerlinger
- PTE KK Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Istvan Szanyi
- PTE KK Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Pécs, Hungary
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Schomberg J, Ziogas A, Anton-Culver H, Norden-Krichmar T. Identification of a gene expression signature predicting survival in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma using Monte Carlo cross validation. Oral Oncol 2018; 78:72-79. [PMID: 29496061 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to identify a robust signature that performs well in predicting overall survival across tumor phenotypes and treatment strata, and validates the application of Monte Carlo cross validation (MCCV) as a means of identifying molecular signatures when utilizing small and highly heterogeneous datasets. MATERIALS AND METHODS RNA sequence gene expression data for 264 patient tumors were acquired from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). 100 iterations of Monte Carlo cross validation were applied to differential expression and Cox model validation. The association between the gene signature risk score and overall survival was measured using Kaplan-Meier survival curves, univariate, and multivariable Cox regression analyses. RESULTS Pathway analysis findings indicate that ligand-gated ion channel pathways are the most significantly enriched with the genes in the aggregated signature. The aggregated signature described in this study is predictive of overall survival in oral cancer patients across demographic and treatment strata. CONCLUSION This study reinforces previous findings supporting the role of ion channel gating, interleukin, calcitonin receptor, and keratinization pathways in tumor progression and treatment response in oral cancer. These results strengthen the argument that differential expression of genes within these pathways reduces tumor susceptibility to treatment. Conducting differential gene expression (DGE) with Monte Carlo cross validation, as this study describes, offers a potential solution to decreasing the variability in DGE results across future studies that are reliant upon highly heterogeneous datasets. This improves the ability of studies reliant upon similarly structured datasets to reach results that are reproducible.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Schomberg
- Department of Epidemiology School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, United States
| | - Argyrios Ziogas
- Department of Epidemiology School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, United States
| | - Hoda Anton-Culver
- Department of Epidemiology School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, United States.
| | - Trina Norden-Krichmar
- Department of Epidemiology School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, United States
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60
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Saintigny P, William WN, Foy JP, Papadimitrakopoulou V, Lang W, Zhang L, Fan YH, Feng L, Kim ES, El-Naggar AK, Lee JJ, Mao L, Hong WK, Lingen MW, Lippman SM. Met Receptor Tyrosine Kinase and Chemoprevention of Oral Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2018; 110:4243526. [PMID: 29617836 PMCID: PMC5946820 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djx186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously shown that gene expression profiles of oral leukoplakia (OL) may improve the prediction of oral cancer (OC) risk. To identify new targets for prevention, we performed a systematic survey of transcripts associated with an increased risk of oral cancer and overexpressed in OC vs normal mucosa (NM). Methods We used gene expression profiles of 86 patients with OL and available outcomes from a chemoprevention trial of OC and NM. MET expression was evaluated using immunohistochemistry in 120 OL patients, and its association with OC development was tested in multivariable analysis. Sensitivity to pharmacological Met inhibition was tested invitro in premalignant and OC cell lines (n = 33) and invivo using the 4-NQO model of oral chemoprevention (n = 20 mice per group). All statistical tests were two-sided. Results The overlap of 693 transcripts associated with an increased risk of OC with 163 transcripts overexpressed in OC compared with NM led to the identification of 23 overlapping transcripts, including MET. MET overexpression in OL was associated with a hazard ratio of 3.84 (95% confidence interval = 1.59 to 9.27, P = .003) of developing OC. Met activation was found in OC and preneoplastic cell lines. Crizotinib activity in preneoplastic and OC cell lines was comparable. ARQ 197 was more active in preneoplastic compared with OC cell lines. In the 4-NQO model, squamous cell carcinoma, dysplasia, and hyperkeratosis were observed in 75.0%, 15.0%, and 10.0% in the control group, and in 25.0%, 70.0%, and 5.0% in the crizotinib group (P < .001). Conclusion Together, these data suggest that MET activation may represent an early driver in oral premalignancy and a target for chemoprevention of OC.
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MESH Headings
- 4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide/toxicity
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/prevention & control
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Proliferation
- Crizotinib/pharmacology
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genomics
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/metabolism
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/pathology
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Humans
- Leukoplakia, Oral/metabolism
- Leukoplakia, Oral/pathology
- Leukoplakia, Oral/prevention & control
- Male
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Middle Aged
- Mouth Mucosa/drug effects
- Mouth Mucosa/metabolism
- Mouth Mucosa/pathology
- Mouth Neoplasms/metabolism
- Mouth Neoplasms/pathology
- Mouth Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Precancerous Conditions/metabolism
- Precancerous Conditions/pathology
- Precancerous Conditions/prevention & control
- Prognosis
- Prospective Studies
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met/metabolism
- Pyrrolidinones/pharmacology
- Quinolines/pharmacology
- Quinolones/toxicity
- Survival Rate
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Saintigny
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, UMR INSERM 1052-CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
- Department of Medicine, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - William N William
- Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jean-Philippe Foy
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, UMR INSERM 1052-CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
- Department of Medicine, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | | | - Wenhua Lang
- Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Li Zhang
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - You Hong Fan
- Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Lei Feng
- Biostatistics, Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Edward S Kim
- Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, NC
| | - Adel K El-Naggar
- Biostatistics, Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - J Jack Lee
- Biostatistics, Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Li Mao
- Oncology and Diagnostic Science, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD
| | - Waun Ki Hong
- Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Mark W Lingen
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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61
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Namani A, Matiur Rahaman M, Chen M, Tang X. Gene-expression signature regulated by the KEAP1-NRF2-CUL3 axis is associated with a poor prognosis in head and neck squamous cell cancer. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:46. [PMID: 29306329 PMCID: PMC5756380 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3907-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background NRF2 is the key regulator of oxidative stress in normal cells and aberrant expression of the NRF2 pathway due to genetic alterations in the KEAP1 (Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1)-NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2 like 2)-CUL3 (cullin 3) axis leads to tumorigenesis and drug resistance in many cancers including head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC). The main goal of this study was to identify specific genes regulated by the KEAP1-NRF2-CUL3 axis in HNSCC patients, to assess the prognostic value of this gene signature in different cohorts, and to reveal potential biomarkers. Methods RNA-Seq V2 level 3 data from 279 tumor samples along with 37 adjacent normal samples from patients enrolled in the The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-HNSCC study were used to identify upregulated genes using two methods (altered KEAP1-NRF2-CUL3 versus normal, and altered KEAP1-NRF2-CUL3 versus wild-type). We then used a new approach to identify the combined gene signature by integrating both datasets and subsequently tested this signature in 4 independent HNSCC datasets to assess its prognostic value. In addition, functional annotation using the DAVID v6.8 database and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis using the STRING v10 database were performed on the signature. Results A signature composed of a subset of 17 genes regulated by the KEAP1-NRF2-CUL3 axis was identified by overlapping both the upregulated genes of altered versus normal (251 genes) and altered versus wild-type (25 genes) datasets. We showed that increased expression was significantly associated with poor survival in 4 independent HNSCC datasets, including the TCGA-HNSCC dataset. Furthermore, Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, and PPI analysis revealed that most of the genes in this signature are associated with drug metabolism and glutathione metabolic pathways. Conclusions Altogether, our study emphasizes the discovery of a gene signature regulated by the KEAP1-NRF2-CUL3 axis which is strongly associated with tumorigenesis and drug resistance in HNSCC. This 17-gene signature provides potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for HNSCC cases in which the NRF2 pathway is activated. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-017-3907-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhileshwar Namani
- Department of Biochemistry, University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Md Matiur Rahaman
- Department of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiuwen Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
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62
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Foy JP, Tortereau A, Caulin C, Le Texier V, Lavergne E, Thomas E, Chabaud S, Perol D, Lachuer J, Lang W, Hong WK, Goudot P, Lippman SM, Bertolus C, Saintigny P. The dynamics of gene expression changes in a mouse model of oral tumorigenesis may help refine prevention and treatment strategies in patients with oral cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 7:35932-35945. [PMID: 27027432 PMCID: PMC5094973 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of the dynamics of molecular changes occurring during the early stages of oral tumorigenesis may help refine prevention and treatment strategies. We generated genome-wide expression profiles of microdissected normal mucosa, hyperplasia, dysplasia and tumors derived from the 4-NQO mouse model of oral tumorigenesis. Genes differentially expressed between tumor and normal mucosa defined the “tumor gene set” (TGS), including 4 non-overlapping gene subsets that characterize the dynamics of gene expression changes through different stages of disease progression. The majority of gene expression changes occurred early or progressively. The relevance of these mouse gene sets to human disease was tested in multiple datasets including the TCGA and the Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer project. The TGS was able to discriminate oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) from normal oral mucosa in 3 independent datasets. The OSCC samples enriched in the mouse TGS displayed high frequency of CASP8 mutations, 11q13.3 amplifications and low frequency of PIK3CA mutations. Early changes observed in the 4-NQO model were associated with a trend toward a shorter oral cancer-free survival in patients with oral preneoplasia that was not seen in multivariate analysis. Progressive changes observed in the 4-NQO model were associated with an increased sensitivity to 4 different MEK inhibitors in a panel of 51 squamous cell carcinoma cell lines of the aerodigestive tract. In conclusion, the dynamics of molecular changes in the 4-NQO model reveal that MEK inhibition may be relevant to prevention and treatment of a specific molecularly-defined subgroup of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Foy
- INSERM U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Pierre Marie Curie-Paris 6, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Antonin Tortereau
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, UPSP 2011-03-101, ICE, Marcy-l'Étoile, France
| | - Carlos Caulin
- Head and Neck Surgery at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Emilie Lavergne
- Department of Biostatistics, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Emilie Thomas
- Department of Bioinformatics, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Sylvie Chabaud
- Department of Biostatistics, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - David Perol
- Department of Biostatistics, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Joël Lachuer
- INSERM U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,ProfileXpert, SFR-Est, CNRS UMR-S3453, INSERM US7, Lyon, France
| | - Wenhua Lang
- Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Waun Ki Hong
- Division of Cancer Medicine at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Patrick Goudot
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Pierre Marie Curie-Paris 6, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | - Chloé Bertolus
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Pierre Marie Curie-Paris 6, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Saintigny
- INSERM U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Departments of Medicine and Translational Research and Innovation, Centre Leon Berard, Lyon, France.,Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
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63
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Gao J, Tian G, Han X, Zhu Q. Twenty‑four signature genes predict the prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma with high accuracy and repeatability. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:2982-2990. [PMID: 29257303 PMCID: PMC5783517 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the sixth most common type cancer worldwide, with poor prognosis. The present study aimed to identify gene signatures that could classify OSCC and predict prognosis in different stages. A training data set (GSE41613) and two validation data sets (GSE42743 and GSE26549) were acquired from the online Gene Expression Omnibus database. In the training data set, patients were classified based on the tumor‑node‑metastasis staging system, and subsequently grouped into low stage (L) or high stage (H). Signature genes between L and H stages were selected by disparity index analysis, and classification was performed by the expression of these signature genes. The established classification was compared with the L and H classification, and fivefold cross validation was used to evaluate the stability. Enrichment analysis for the signature genes was implemented by the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integration Discovery. Two validation data sets were used to determine the precise of classification. Survival analysis was conducted followed each classification using the package 'survival' in R software. A set of 24 signature genes was identified based on the classification model with the Fi value of 0.47, which was used to distinguish OSCC samples in two different stages. Overall survival of patients in the H stage was higher than those in the L stage. Signature genes were primarily enriched in 'ether lipid metabolism' pathway and biological processes such as 'positive regulation of adaptive immune response' and 'apoptotic cell clearance'. The results provided a novel 24‑gene set that may be used as biomarkers to predict OSCC prognosis with high accuracy, which may be used to determine an appropriate treatment program for patients with OSCC in addition to the traditional evaluation index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Gao
- Department of Stomatology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Gang Tian
- Department of Stomatology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Xu Han
- Department of Stomatology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Department of Stomatology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
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64
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Tonella L, Giannoccaro M, Alfieri S, Canevari S, De Cecco L. Gene Expression Signatures for Head and Neck Cancer Patient Stratification: Are Results Ready for Clinical Application? Curr Treat Options Oncol 2017; 18:32. [PMID: 28474265 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-017-0472-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth leading cancer by incidence worldwide and considering the recent EUROCARE-5 population-based study the 5-year survival rate of HNSCC patients in Europe ranges between 69% in localized cases and 34% in patients with regional involvement. The development of high-throughput gene expression assays in the last two decades has provided the invaluable opportunity to improve our knowledge on cancer biology and to identify predictive signatures in the most deeply analyzed malignancies, such as hematological and breast cancers. At variance, till 2010, the number of reliable reports referring gene expression data related to HSNCC biology and prediction was quite limited. A critical revision of the literature reporting gene expression data in HNSCC indicated that in the last 6 years, there were new important studies with a relevant increase in the sample size and a more accurate selection of cases, the publication of a growing number of studies applying a computational integration (meta-analysis) of different microarray datasets addressing similar clinical/biological questions, the increased use of molecular sub-classification of tumors according to their gene expression, and the release of the publicly available largest dataset in HNSCC by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) consortium. Overall, also for this disease, it become evident that the expression analysis of the entire transcriptome has been enabling to achieve the identification of promising molecular signatures for (i) disclosure of the biology behind carcinogenesis with special focus on the HPV-related one, (ii) prediction of tumor recurrence or metastasis development, (iii) identification of subgroups of tumors with different biology and associated prognosis, and (iv) prediction of outcome and/or response to therapy. The increasing awareness of the relevance of strict collaboration among clinicians and translational researchers would in a near future enable the application of a personalized HNSCCs patients' treatment in the clinical practice based also on gene expression signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Tonella
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Giannoccaro
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Alfieri
- Head and Neck Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvana Canevari
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Loris De Cecco
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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65
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The promising impact of molecular profiling on treatment strategies in oral cancers. JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY, ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2017; 118:242-247. [PMID: 28576460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jormas.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a major cause of cancer-associated morbidity and mortality. Although OSCC may develop from easily accessible oral preneoplastic lesions (OPLs), no intervention has been reported so far that reduces the rate of malignant transformation. A comprehensive molecular characterization of oral carcinogenesis may help refining treatment strategies both in patients with OPLs and OSCC. Herein, we review main molecular alterations occurring at different steps during oral carcinogenesis and show how molecularly-based medicine and surgery may impact the outcome of OSCC in the future.
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66
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Makarev E, Schubert AD, Kanherkar RR, London N, Teka M, Ozerov I, Lezhnina K, Bedi A, Ravi R, Mehra R, Hoque MO, Sloma I, Gaykalova DA, Csoka AB, Sidransky D, Zhavoronkov A, Izumchenko E. In silico analysis of pathways activation landscape in oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral leukoplakia. Cell Death Discov 2017; 3:17022. [PMID: 28580171 PMCID: PMC5439156 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2017.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A subset of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the most common subtype of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), harbor dysplastic lesions (often visually identified as leukoplakia) prior to cancer diagnosis. Although evidence suggest that leukoplakia represents an initial step in the progression to cancer, signaling networks driving this progression are poorly understood. Here, we applied in silico Pathway Activation Network Decomposition Analysis (iPANDA), a new bioinformatics software suite for qualitative analysis of intracellular signaling pathway activation using transcriptomic data, to assess a network of molecular signaling in OSCC and pre-neoplastic oral lesions. In tumor samples, our analysis detected major conserved mitogenic and survival signaling pathways strongly associated with HNSCC, suggesting that some of the pathways identified by our algorithm, but not yet validated as HNSCC related, may be attractive targets for future research. While pathways activation landscape in the majority of leukoplakias was different from that seen in OSCC, a subset of pre-neoplastic lesions has demonstrated some degree of similarity to the signaling profile seen in tumors, including dysregulation of the cancer-driving pathways related to survival and apoptosis. These results suggest that dysregulation of these signaling networks may be the driving force behind the early stages of OSCC tumorigenesis. While future studies with larger leukoplakia data sets are warranted to further estimate the values of this approach for capturing signaling features that characterize relevant lesions that actually progress to cancers, our platform proposes a promising new approach for detecting cancer-promoting pathways and tailoring the right therapy to prevent tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Makarev
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University at Eastern, B301, 1101 33rd Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Adrian D Schubert
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Cancer Research, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Nyall London
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Cancer Research, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mahder Teka
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University at Eastern, B301, 1101 33rd Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Ivan Ozerov
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University at Eastern, B301, 1101 33rd Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Ksenia Lezhnina
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University at Eastern, B301, 1101 33rd Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Atul Bedi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Cancer Research, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rajani Ravi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Cancer Research, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rannee Mehra
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mohammad O Hoque
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Cancer Research, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ido Sloma
- R&D, Champions Oncology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daria A Gaykalova
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Cancer Research, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Antonei B Csoka
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - David Sidransky
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Cancer Research, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alex Zhavoronkov
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University at Eastern, B301, 1101 33rd Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.,D. Rogachev Federal Research and Clinical Center for Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Samory Mashela 1, Moscow 117997, Russia.,The Biogerontology Research Foundation, 2354 Chynoweth House, Trevissome Park, Truro TR4 8UN, UK
| | - Evgeny Izumchenko
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Cancer Research, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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67
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Conway C, Graham JL, Chengot P, Daly C, Chalkley R, Ross L, Droop A, Rabbitts P, Stead LF. Elucidating drivers of oral epithelial dysplasia formation and malignant transformation to cancer using RNAseq. Oncotarget 2016; 6:40186-201. [PMID: 26515596 PMCID: PMC4741888 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a prevalent cancer with poor prognosis. Most OSCC progresses via a non-malignant stage called dysplasia. Effective treatment of dysplasia prior to potential malignant transformation is an unmet clinical need. To identify markers of early disease, we performed RNA sequencing of 19 matched HPV negative patient trios: normal oral mucosa, dysplasia and associated OSCC. We performed differential gene expression, principal component and correlated gene network analysis using these data. We found differences in the immune cell signatures present at different disease stages and were able to distinguish early events in pathogenesis, such as upregulation of many HOX genes, from later events, such as down-regulation of adherens junctions. We herein highlight novel coding and non-coding candidates for involvement in oral dysplasia development and malignant transformation, and speculate on how our findings may guide further translational research into the treatment of oral dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Conway
- Precancer Genomics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.,Stratified Medicine (Oncology), School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Co. Londonderry, BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Jennifer L Graham
- Precancer Genomics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Preetha Chengot
- Precancer Genomics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Catherine Daly
- Precancer Genomics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Rebecca Chalkley
- Precancer Genomics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Lisa Ross
- Precancer Genomics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Alastair Droop
- Precancer Genomics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Pamela Rabbitts
- Precancer Genomics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Lucy F Stead
- Precancer Genomics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
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68
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Monteiro de Oliveira Novaes JA, William WN. Prognostic factors, predictive markers and cancer biology: the triad for successful oral cancer chemoprevention. Future Oncol 2016; 12:2379-86. [PMID: 27329013 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2016-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinomas represent a significant cancer burden worldwide. Unfortunately, chemoprevention strategies investigated to date have failed to produce an agent considered standard of care to prevent oral cancers. Nonetheless, recent advances in clinical trial design may streamline drug development in this setting. In this manuscript, we review some of these improvements, including risk prediction tools based on molecular markers that help select patients most suitable for chemoprevention. We also discuss the opportunities that novel preclinical models and modern molecular profiling techniques will bring to the prevention field in the near future, and propose a clinical trials framework that incorporates molecular prognostic factors, predictive markers and cancer biology as a roadmap to improve chemoprevention strategies for oral cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William N William
- Department of Thoracic/Head & Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 432, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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69
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Gao W, Li JZH, Chen SQ, Chu CY, Chan JYW, Wong TS. Decreased brain-expressed X-linked 4 (BEX4) expression promotes growth of oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2016; 35:92. [PMID: 27297407 PMCID: PMC4906687 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0355-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brain-expressed X-linked (BEX) 4 is a member of BEX family. The functional role of BEX4 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains unknown. Methods Expression level of BEX family members (BEX1-5) in OSCC tissues and the paired normal epithelial were examined. Functions of epigenetic changes (DNA methylation and histone modifications) on BEX4 suppression in OSCC were examined by zebularine and trichostatin A (TSA) treatment on OSCC cell lines. Lentivector containing full-length BEX4 was used to generate OSCC cell lines with stable BEX4 expression. Effects of BEX4 expression on OSCC proliferation were monitored with xCELLigence RTCA real-time cell analyzer. BEX4-overexpressing CAL27 was implanted into nude mice to evaluate the effects on tumor growth in vivo. The signaling pathways regulated by BEX4 in OSCC was explored using human whole-transcript expression microarray. Results Among the 5 BEX family members, BEX1 and BEX4 showed significant down-regulation in OSCC (P < 0.001). BEX3, in comparison, was overexpressed in the primary tumor. BEX4 expression in OSCC cell lines was re-activated after zebularine and TSA treatment. High BEX4 expression could suppress proliferation of OSCC in vitro. Subcutaneous tumor volume of BEX4-overexpressing CAL27 was remarkably reduced in nude mice. Microarray experiment showed that S100A family members (S100A7, S100A7A, S100A8, S100A9 & S100A12) might be the downstream targets of BEX4 in OSCC. Conclusions BEX4 functions as tumor suppressor by inhibiting proliferation and growth of oral cancer. Decreased BEX4 contributes to the increased proliferative propensity of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - John Zeng-Hong Li
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Si-Qi Chen
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chiao-Yun Chu
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jimmy Yu-Wai Chan
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Thian-Sze Wong
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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70
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Reckenbeil J, Kraus D, Probstmeier R, Allam JP, Novak N, Frentzen M, Martini M, Wenghoefer M, Winter J. Cellular Distribution and Gene Expression Pattern of Metastasin (S100A4), Calgranulin A (S100A8), and Calgranulin B (S100A9) in Oral Lesions as Markers for Molecular Pathology. Cancer Invest 2016; 34:246-54. [PMID: 27294692 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2016.1186172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyze cellular localization and expression levels of oncologic relevant members of the S100 family in common oral lesions.Biopsies of various oral lesions were analyzed. S100A4 showed a higher expression rate in leukoplakias and oral squamous cell carcinomas. Transcript levels of S100A8 and S100A9 were significantly decreased in malignant OSCCs. A correlation could be drawn between the expression levels of these genes and the pathological characteristics of the investigated lesions. S100A4, A8, and A9 proteins represent promising marker genes to evaluate the risk potential of suspicious oral lesions in molecular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Reckenbeil
- a Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry , University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
| | - Dominik Kraus
- b Department of Prosthodontics, Preclinical Education, and Material Science , University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
| | - Rainer Probstmeier
- c Neuro- and Tumor Cell Biology Group, Department of Nuclear Medicine , University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
| | - Jean-Pierre Allam
- d Department of Dermatology and Allergy , University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
| | - Natalija Novak
- d Department of Dermatology and Allergy , University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
| | - Matthias Frentzen
- a Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry , University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
| | - Markus Martini
- e Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery , University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
| | - Matthias Wenghoefer
- e Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery , University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
| | - Jochen Winter
- a Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry , University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
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Firmino N, Martinez VD, Rowbotham DA, Enfield KSS, Bennewith KL, Lam WL. HPV status is associated with altered PIWI-interacting RNA expression pattern in head and neck cancer. Oral Oncol 2016; 55:43-48. [PMID: 26852287 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES As HPV-induced cases of oral malignancy increase, it is important to understand the molecular differences between HPV positive and negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs aberrantly expressed in cancer. We analyzed global piRNA expression patterns to define the HNSCC piRNA transcriptome and assess whether HPV infection status associates with changes in piRNA levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 498 HNSCC small RNA sequencing libraries were acquired from the Cancer Genomics Hub (cgHUB) Data Repository and a custom sequence analysis pipeline was developed to deduce piRNA expression from raw sequencing data. Expression matrices were aligned to clinicopathological features in order to analyze piRNA expression patterns across different HNSCC groups. The association of a piRNA signature with HPV-positive patient survival was evaluated using a Cox proportional hazard model. RESULTS Analysis of piRNA levels between HNSCC and non-malignant tissues revealed distinct expression patterns, with 87 piRNAs exclusively expressed in tumor samples. HPV infection status affected the expression of 41 of these piRNAs. Eleven (26.8%) piRNAs were significantly downregulated in HPV16/18 tumors compared to other HPV types. Remarkably, expression of a combination of five-piRNAs in HPV-positive HNSCC tumors was associated with worse overall survival. CONCLUSION The expression of specific piRNAs is deregulated in HNSCC, and changes with both HPV status and type. Importantly, a five-piRNA signature is able to delineate a subset of HPV-positive HNSCC patients with poor outcome, highlighting the potential utility of piRNAs in patient management.
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72
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Kourou K, Exarchos KP, Papaloukas C, Fotiadis DI. A Bayesian Network-based approach for discovering oral cancer candidate biomarkers. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2016; 2015:7663-6. [PMID: 26738067 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2015.7320167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Oral cancer can arise in the head and neck region. Due to the aggressive nature of the disease, which often leads to poor prognosis, Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) constitutes the 8(th) most common neoplasms in humans. In the present work we formulate gene interaction network from oral cancer genomic data using Dynamic Bayesian Networks (DBNs). Four modules were extracted after applying a clustering technique to the network. We consequently explore them by applying topological and functional analysis methods in order to identify significant network nodes. Our analysis revealed that these important nodes may correspond to candidate biomarkers of the disease.
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73
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Wang D, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Li Z, Yuan C, Zhang W, Yuan H, Ye J, Yang J, Jiang H, Cheng J. The pluripotency factor LIN28B is involved in oral carcinogenesis and associates with tumor aggressiveness and unfavorable prognosis. Cancer Cell Int 2015; 15:99. [PMID: 26478718 PMCID: PMC4608152 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-015-0252-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective LIN28B is a conserved RNA-binding protein critically involved in development, cellular metabolism and tumorigenesis. It is frequently overexpressed in human cancers and correlates with tumor aggressiveness as well as unfavorable prognosis. However, the expression pattern and oncogenic roles of LIN28B during oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) development and progression has not been well established yet. Here, we sought to determine the expression of LIN28B and its clinical significance using chemical-induced OSCC animal model, cell lines and primary specimens. Method The OSCC animal model was induced using 7,12-dimethyl-1,2-bezan-tracene (DMBA) painting in the hamster buccal pouch. Buccal lesions from animals were obtained from different time points and subjected to routine histological analyses and immunohistochemical staining of LIN28B. The mRNA, protein abundance and subcellular localization of LIN28B was determined in a panel of OSCC cell lines by real-time RT-PCR, western blot and immunofluorescence. The expression levels of LIN28B in human primary OSCC samples were further evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. Moreover, the relationship between LIN28B and several clinicopathological parameters as well as patients’ prognosis were also assessed. Results Our results revealed that negative or low LIN28B expression was commonly observed in normal epithelial, whereas more LIN28B abundance was identified in epithelial dysplasia and invasive SCC in the DMBA-induced OSCC animal model. Overexpression of LIN28B was identified in a major fraction of OSCC samples(39/58) and significantly associated with tumor size (P = 0.049) and advanced clinical stages (P = 0.0286). Patients with increased LIN28B had markedly reduced overall survival as compared to those with low LIN28B. Multivariate survival analyses further indicated that LIN28B abundance served as an independent prognostic factor for patients’ overall survival. Conclusions Our findings reveal that LIN28B is critically involved in OSCC initiation and progression and aberrantly overexpressed in human OSCC. It might represent a novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmiao Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Yuming Zhu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Yanling Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Zhongwu Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Chunping Yuan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Hua Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Jinhai Ye
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Jianrong Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Hongbing Jiang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
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Foy JP, Pickering CR, Papadimitrakopoulou VA, Jelinek J, Lin SH, William WN, Frederick MJ, Wang J, Lang W, Feng L, Zhang L, Kim ES, Fan YH, Hong WK, El-Naggar AK, Lee JJ, Myers JN, Issa JP, Lippman SM, Mao L, Saintigny P. New DNA methylation markers and global DNA hypomethylation are associated with oral cancer development. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 8:1027-35. [PMID: 26342026 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
DNA promoter methylation of tumor suppressor genes and global DNA hypomethylation are common features of head and neck cancers. Our goal was to identify early DNA methylation changes in oral premalignant lesions (OPL) that may serve as predictive markers of developing oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Using high-throughput DNA methylation profiles of 24 OPLs, we found that the top 86 genes differentially methylated between patients who did or did not develop OSCC were simultaneously hypermethylated, suggesting that a CpG island methylation phenotype may occur early during OSCC development. The vast majority of the 86 genes were nonmethylated in normal tissues and hypermethylated in OSCC versus normal mucosa. We used pyrosequencing in a validation cohort of 44 patients to evaluate the degree of methylation of AGTR1, FOXI2, and PENK promoters CpG sites that were included in the top 86 genes and of LINE1 repetitive element methylation, a surrogate of global DNA methylation. A methylation index was developed by averaging the percent methylation of AGTR1, FOXI2, and PENK promoters; patients with a high methylation index had a worse oral cancer-free survival (P = 0.0030). On the other hand, patients with low levels of LINE1 methylation had a significantly worse oral cancer-free survival (P = 0.0153). In conclusion, AGTR1, FOXI2, and PENK promoter methylation and LINE1 hypomethylation may be associated with an increased risk of OSCC development in patients with OPLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Foy
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, UMR INSERM 1052-CNRS 5286, Lyon, France. Department of Translational Research and Innovation, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France. Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Curtis R Pickering
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Jaroslav Jelinek
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Steven H Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - William N William
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mitchell J Frederick
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Wenhua Lang
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lei Feng
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Edward S Kim
- Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Health Care System, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - You H Fan
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Waun K Hong
- Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Adel K El-Naggar
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - J Jack Lee
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jeffrey N Myers
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jean-Pierre Issa
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Li Mao
- Oncology and Diagnostic Science, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Pierre Saintigny
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, UMR INSERM 1052-CNRS 5286, Lyon, France. Department of Translational Research and Innovation, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France. Department of Medicine, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France. Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.
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75
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Maresso KC, Tsai KY, Brown PH, Szabo E, Lippman S, Hawk ET. Molecular cancer prevention: Current status and future directions. CA Cancer J Clin 2015; 65:345-83. [PMID: 26284997 PMCID: PMC4820069 DOI: 10.3322/caac.21287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneity and complexity of advanced cancers strongly support the rationale for an enhanced focus on molecular prevention as a priority strategy to reduce the burden of cancer. Molecular prevention encompasses traditional chemopreventive agents as well as vaccinations and therapeutic approaches to cancer-predisposing conditions. Despite challenges to the field, we now have refined insights into cancer etiology and early pathogenesis; successful risk assessment and new risk models; agents with broad preventive efficacy (eg, aspirin) in common chronic diseases, including cancer; and a successful track record of more than 10 agents approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of precancerous lesions or cancer risk reduction. The development of molecular preventive agents does not differ significantly from the development of therapies for advanced cancers, yet it has unique challenges and special considerations given that it most often involves healthy or asymptomatic individuals. Agents, biomarkers, cohorts, overall design, and endpoints are key determinants of molecular preventive trials, as with therapeutic trials, although distinctions exist for each within the preventive setting. Progress in the development and evolution of molecular preventive agents has been steadier in some organ systems, such as breast and skin, than in others. In order for molecular prevention to be fully realized as an effective strategy, several challenges to the field must be addressed. Here, the authors provide a brief overview of the context for and special considerations of molecular prevention along with a discussion of the results from major randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Colbert Maresso
- Program Manager, Division of Cancer Prevention & Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Kenneth Y Tsai
- Assistant Professor, Department of Dermatology, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Powel H Brown
- Chair, Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Eva Szabo
- Chair, Lung and Upper Aerodigestive Cancer Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Scott Lippman
- Director, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Ernest T Hawk
- Vice President and Division Head, Boone Pickens Distinguished Chair for Early Prevention of Cancer, Division of Cancer Prevention & Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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Kaddi CD, Coulter WH, Wang MD. Developing Robust Predictive Models for Head and Neck Cancer across Microarray and RNA-seq Data. ACM-BCB ... ... : THE ... ACM CONFERENCE ON BIOINFORMATICS, COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOMEDICINE. ACM CONFERENCE ON BIOINFORMATICS, COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOMEDICINE 2015; 2015:393-402. [PMID: 29568818 PMCID: PMC5859557 DOI: 10.1145/2808719.2808760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Increased understanding of the transcriptomic patterns underlying head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) can facilitate earlier diagnosis and better treatment outcomes. Integrating knowledge from multiple studies is necessary to identify fundamental, consistent gene expression signatures that distinguish HNSCC patient samples from disease-free samples, and particularly for detecting HNSCC at an early pathological stage. This study utilizes feature integration and heterogeneous ensemble modeling techniques to develop robust models for predicting HNSCC disease status in both microarray and RNAseq datasets. Several alternative models demonstrated good performance, with MCC and AUC values exceeding 0.8. These models were also applied to discriminate between early pathological stage HNSCC and normal RNA-seq samples, showing encouraging results. The predictive modeling workflow was integrated into a software tool with a graphical user interface. This tool enables HNSCC researchers to harness frequently observed transcriptomic features and ensembles of previously developed models when investigating new HNSCC gene expression datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanchala D Kaddi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA 1-404-385-5059
| | - Wallace H Coulter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA 1-404-385-5059
| | - May D Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA 1-404-385-5059
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Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a multistep process which is modulated by several endogenous and environmental factors. Epigenetic changes have been found to be equally responsible for OSCC as genetic changes. A plethora of genes showing hypermethylation have been discovered in OSCC. Since these changes are reversible, a lot of emphasis is on using the natural compounds for their ability to cause demethylation which could lead to reactivation of the inactivated tumor suppressor genes. This review encompasses the promoter hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes in OSCC and its possible reversal using natural compounds. In addition, new compounds which could be screened for their demethylating ability have also been proposed.
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Quantitative risk stratification of oral leukoplakia with exfoliative cytology. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126760. [PMID: 25978541 PMCID: PMC4433206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exfoliative cytology has been widely used for early diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Test outcome is reported as “negative”, “atypical” (defined as abnormal epithelial changes of uncertain diagnostic significance), and “positive” (defined as definitive cellular evidence of epithelial dysplasia or carcinoma). The major challenge is how to properly manage the “atypical” patients in order to diagnose OSCC early and prevent OSCC. In this study, we collected exfoliative cytology data, histopathology data, and clinical data of normal subjects (n=102), oral leukoplakia (OLK) patients (n=82), and OSCC patients (n=93), and developed a data analysis procedure for quantitative risk stratification of OLK patients. This procedure involving a step called expert-guided data transformation and reconstruction (EdTAR) which allows automatic data processing and reconstruction and reveals informative signals for subsequent risk stratification. Modern machine learning techniques were utilized to build statistical prediction models on the reconstructed data. Among the several models tested using resampling methods for parameter pruning and performance evaluation, Support Vector Machine (SVM) was found to be optimal with a high sensitivity (median>0.98) and specificity (median>0.99). With the SVM model, we constructed an oral cancer risk index (OCRI) which may potentially guide clinical follow-up of OLK patients. One OLK patient with an initial OCRI of 0.88 developed OSCC after 40 months of follow-up. In conclusion, we have developed a statistical method for qualitative risk stratification of OLK patients. This method may potentially improve cost-effectiveness of clinical follow-up of OLK patients, and help design clinical chemoprevention trial for high-risk populations.
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79
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Zhu G, He Y, Yang S, Chen B, Zhou M, Xu XJ. Identification of Gene and MicroRNA Signatures for Oral Cancer Developed from Oral Leukoplakia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:841956. [PMID: 26064958 PMCID: PMC4433644 DOI: 10.1155/2015/841956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In clinic, oral leukoplakia (OLK) may develop into oral cancer. However, the mechanism underlying this transformation is still unclear. In this work, we present a new pipeline to identify oral cancer related genes and microRNAs (miRNAs) by integrating both gene and miRNA expression profiles. In particular, we find some network modules as well as their miRNA regulators that play important roles in the development of OLK to oral cancer. Among these network modules, 91.67% of genes and 37.5% of miRNAs have been previously reported to be related to oral cancer in literature. The promising results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our proposed approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Zhu
- Department of Mathematics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yuan He
- Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Science and Translational Medicine, School of Stomatology, Tongji University, Middle Yanchang Road 399, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Shaofang Yang
- Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Science and Translational Medicine, School of Stomatology, Tongji University, Middle Yanchang Road 399, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Beimin Chen
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Middle Yanchang Road 30, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Science and Translational Medicine, School of Stomatology, Tongji University, Middle Yanchang Road 399, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Xin-Jian Xu
- Department of Mathematics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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Prediction of recurrence-free survival using a protein expression-based risk classifier for head and neck cancer. Oncogenesis 2015; 4:e147. [PMID: 25893634 PMCID: PMC4491610 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2015.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Loco-regional recurrence in 50% of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients poses major challenge for oncologists. Lack of biomarkers that can predict disease aggressiveness and recurrence risk makes the scenario more dismal. On the basis of our earlier global proteomic analyses we identified five differentially expressed proteins in OSCC. This study aimed to develop protein biomarkers-based prognostic risk prediction model for OSCC. Sub-cellular expression of five proteins, S100A7, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteinK (hnRNPK), prothymosin α (PTMA), 14-3-3ζ and 14-3-3σ was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in test set (282 Indian OSCCs and 209 normal tissues), correlated with clinic-pathological parameters and clinical outcome over 12 years to develop a risk model for prediction of recurrence-free survival. This risk classifier was externally validated in 135 Canadian OSCC and 96 normal tissues. Biomarker signature score based on PTMA, S100A7 and hnRNPK was associated with recurrence free survival of OSCC patients (hazard ratio=1.11; 95% confidence interval 1.08, 1.13, P<0.001, optimism-corrected c-statistic=0.69) independent of clinical parameters. Biomarker signature score stratified OSCC patients into high- and low-risk groups with significant difference for disease recurrence. The high-risk group had median survival 14 months, and 3-year survival rate of 30%, whereas low-risk group survival probability did not reach 50%, and had 3-year survival rate of 71%. As a powerful predictor of 3-year recurrence-free survival in OSCC patients, the newly developed biomarkers panel risk classifier will facilitate patient counseling for personalized treatment.
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81
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Whole genome expression profiling in chewing-tobacco-associated oral cancers: a pilot study. Med Oncol 2015; 32:60. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-015-0483-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Martinez VD, MacAulay CE, Guillaud M, Lam WL, Zhang L, Corbett KK, Rosin MP. Targeting of chemoprevention to high-risk potentially malignant oral lesions: challenges and opportunities. Oral Oncol 2014; 50:1123-30. [PMID: 25240917 PMCID: PMC4539364 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, oral cancer is responsible for 170,000 deaths per year. Intervention to prevent this disease is a long sought after goal. Chemoprevention studies have focused on clinicopathological features of potentially malignant lesions (PML) in an effort to prevent their progression to cancer. However, prediction of future behavior for such lesions is difficult and remains a major challenge to such intervention. Different approaches to this problem have been tested in the past 20years. Early genetic progression models identified critical regions of allelic imbalance at 3p and 9p, and provided the basis for molecular markers to identify progressing PMLs. Subsequently, technological advances, such as genome-wide high-throughput array platforms, computer imaging, visualization technology and next generation sequencing, have broadened the scope for marker development and have the potential of further improving our ability to identify high-risk lesions in the near future either alone or in combination. In this article, we examine the milestones in the development of markers for PML progression. We emphasize the critical importance of networks among scientists, health professionals and community to facilitate the validation and application of putative markers into clinical practice. With a growing number of new agents to validate, it is necessary to coordinate the design and implementation of strategies for patient recruitment, integration of marker assessment, and the final translation of such approaches into clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor D Martinez
- BC Cancer Research Centre, Department of Integrative Oncology, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Calum E MacAulay
- BC Cancer Research Centre, Department of Integrative Oncology, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Martial Guillaud
- BC Cancer Research Centre, Department of Integrative Oncology, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Wan L Lam
- BC Cancer Research Centre, Department of Integrative Oncology, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Lewei Zhang
- Faculty of Dentistry, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kitty K Corbett
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Miriam P Rosin
- BC Cancer Research Centre, Department of Cancer Control Research, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
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Mayr A, Binder H, Gefeller O, Schmid M. The evolution of boosting algorithms. From machine learning to statistical modelling. Methods Inf Med 2014; 53:419-27. [PMID: 25112367 DOI: 10.3414/me13-01-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The concept of boosting emerged from the field of machine learning. The basic idea is to boost the accuracy of a weak classifying tool by combining various instances into a more accurate prediction. This general concept was later adapted to the field of statistical modelling. Nowadays, boosting algorithms are often applied to estimate and select predictor effects in statistical regression models. OBJECTIVES This review article attempts to highlight the evolution of boosting algorithms from machine learning to statistical modelling. METHODS We describe the AdaBoost algorithm for classification as well as the two most prominent statistical boosting approaches, gradient boosting and likelihood-based boosting for statistical modelling. We highlight the methodological background and present the most common software implementations. RESULTS Although gradient boosting and likelihood-based boosting are typically treated separately in the literature, they share the same methodological roots and follow the same fundamental concepts. Compared to the initial machine learning algorithms, which must be seen as black-box prediction schemes, they result in statistical models with a straight-forward interpretation. CONCLUSIONS Statistical boosting algorithms have gained substantial interest during the last decade and offer a variety of options to address important research questions in modern biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mayr
- Andreas Mayr, Institut für Medizininformatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen- Nürnberg (FAU), Waldstr. 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany, E-mail:
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84
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Orosz E, Gombos K, Révész P, Kiss I, Pytel J, Gerlinger I, Szanyi I. [MicroRNA expression profiles in squamous cell carcinomas of the meso- and hypopharynx]. Orv Hetil 2014; 155:1063-70. [PMID: 24974841 DOI: 10.1556/oh.2014.29945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION MicroRNAs play a role in carcinogenesis through their genome regulatory function. AIM The aim of the authors was to identify and compare microRNA expression signatures of meso- and hypopharynx squamous cell cancers on the basis of the cancer field hypothesis. METHOD Using standard mapping biopsy (tumour tissue and macroscopically normal tissues obtained 1, 2 and 3 cm from margin) 13 snap frozen sample series were analysed for microRNA expression with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS MiR-221 was significantly overexpressed in mesopharynx cancers, whole miR-21, miR-143 and miR-155 showed significant overexpression in hypopharynx cancers. CONCLUSIONS Using microRNA expression profiles the authors were able to distinguish peritumoural tissues according to distance from the primary tumour site. Future application of the method may prove to be useful in early detection of the altered epigenetic regulation in tissue fields representing normal phenotype. This may be helpful in cancer risk assessment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Orosz
- Pécsi Tudományegyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar Fül-Orr-Gégészeti és Fej-Nyaksebészeti Klinika, Klinikai Központ Pécs Munkácsy M. u. 2. 7621
| | - Katalin Gombos
- Pécsi Tudományegyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar Orvosi Népegészségtani Intézet Pécs
| | - Péter Révész
- Pécsi Tudományegyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar Fül-Orr-Gégészeti és Fej-Nyaksebészeti Klinika, Klinikai Központ Pécs Munkácsy M. u. 2. 7621
| | - István Kiss
- Pécsi Tudományegyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar Orvosi Népegészségtani Intézet Pécs
| | - József Pytel
- Pécsi Tudományegyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar Fül-Orr-Gégészeti és Fej-Nyaksebészeti Klinika, Klinikai Központ Pécs Munkácsy M. u. 2. 7621
| | - Imre Gerlinger
- Pécsi Tudományegyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar Fül-Orr-Gégészeti és Fej-Nyaksebészeti Klinika, Klinikai Központ Pécs Munkácsy M. u. 2. 7621
| | - István Szanyi
- Pécsi Tudományegyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar Fül-Orr-Gégészeti és Fej-Nyaksebészeti Klinika, Klinikai Központ Pécs Munkácsy M. u. 2. 7621
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High-dimensional additive hazards regression for oral squamous cell carcinoma using microarray data: a comparative study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:393280. [PMID: 24982876 PMCID: PMC4055233 DOI: 10.1155/2014/393280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Microarray technology results in high-dimensional and low-sample size data sets. Therefore, fitting sparse models is substantial because only a small number of influential genes can reliably be identified. A number of variable selection approaches have been proposed for high-dimensional time-to-event data based on Cox proportional hazards where censoring is present. The present study applied three sparse variable selection techniques of Lasso, smoothly clipped absolute deviation and the smooth integration of counting, and absolute deviation for gene expression survival time data using the additive risk model which is adopted when the absolute effects of multiple predictors on the hazard function are of interest. The performances of used techniques were evaluated by time dependent ROC curve and bootstrap .632+ prediction error curves. The selected genes by all methods were highly significant (P < 0.001). The Lasso showed maximum median of area under ROC curve over time (0.95) and smoothly clipped absolute deviation showed the lowest prediction error (0.105). It was observed that the selected genes by all methods improved the prediction of purely clinical model indicating the valuable information containing in the microarray features. So it was concluded that used approaches can satisfactorily predict survival based on selected gene expression measurements.
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86
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Puttipanyalears C, Subbalekha K, Mutirangura A, Kitkumthorn N. Alu hypomethylation in smoke-exposed epithelia and oral squamous carcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 14:5495-501. [PMID: 24175848 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.9.5495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alu elements are one of the most common repetitive sequences that now constitute more than 10% of the human genome and potential targets for epigenetic alterations. Correspondingly, methylation of these elements can result in a genome-wide event that may have an impact in cancer. However, studies investigating the genome-wide status of Alu methylation in cancer remain limited. OBJECTIVES Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) presents with high incidence in South-East Asia and thus the aim of this study was to evaluate the Alu methylation status in OSCCs and explore with the possibility of using this information for diagnostic screening. We evaluated Alu methylation status in a) normal oral mucosa compared to OSCC; b) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of normal controls comparing to oral cancer patients; c) among oral epithelium of normal controls, smokers and oral cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Alu methylation was detected by combined bisulfite restriction analysis (COBRA) at 2 CpG sites. The amplified products were classified into three patterns; hypermethylation ((m)C(m)C), partial methylation (uC(m)C+(m)C(u)C), and hypomethylation ((u)C(u)C). RESULTS The results demonstrate that the %(m)C(m)C value is suitable for differentiating normal and cancer in oral tissues (p=0.0002), but is not significantly observe in PBMCs. In addition, a stepwise decrease in this value was observed in the oral epithelium from normal, light smoker, heavy smoker, low stage and high stage OSCC (p=0.0003). Furthermore, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses demonstrated the potential of combined %mC or %(m)C(m)C values as markers for oral cancer detection with sensitivity and specificity of 86.7% and 56.7%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Alu hypomethylation is likely to be associated with multistep oral carcinogenesis, and might be developed as a screening tool for oral cancer detection.
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Promoter region hypermethylation and mRNA expression of MGMT and p16 genes in tissue and blood samples of human premalignant oral lesions and oral squamous cell carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:248419. [PMID: 24991542 PMCID: PMC4058681 DOI: 10.1155/2014/248419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Promoter methylation and relative gene expression of O(6)-methyguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) and p16 genes were examined in tissue and blood samples of patients with premalignant oral lesions (PMOLs) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methylation-specific PCR and reverse transcriptase PCR were performed in 146 tissue and blood samples from controls and patients with PMOLs and OSCC. In PMOL group, significant promoter methylation of MGMT and p16 genes was observed in 59% (P = 0.0010) and 57% (P = 0.0016) of tissue samples, respectively, and 39% (P = 0.0135) and 33% (P = 0.0074) of blood samples, respectively. Promoter methylation of both genes was more frequent in patients with OSCC, that is, 76% (P = 0.0001) and 82% (P = 0.0001) in tissue and 57% (P = 0.0002) and 70% (P = 0.0001) in blood, respectively. Significant downregulation of MGMT and p16 mRNA expression was observed in both tissue and blood samples from patients with PMOLs and OSCC. Hypermethylation-induced transcriptional silencing of MGMT and p16 genes in both precancer and cancer suggests important role of these changes in progression of premalignant state to malignancy. Results support use of blood as potential surrogate to tissue samples for screening or diagnosing PMOLs and early OSCC.
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88
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Dionne KR, Warnakulasuriya S, Zain RB, Cheong SC. Potentially malignant disorders of the oral cavity: current practice and future directions in the clinic and laboratory. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:503-15. [PMID: 24482244 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Revised: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite commendable progress in the prevention, detection, and treatment of a wide variety of solid tumor types, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains a significant health burden across the globe. OSCC carcinogenesis involves accumulation of genetic alterations that coincide with the multistep malignant transformation of normal oral epithelium. OSCC is often first diagnosed at late stages of the disease (advanced regional disease and/or metastasis). Delayed diagnosis precludes successful treatment and favorable outcomes. In clinical practice, opportunities exist to identify patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs), which precede the development of cancer. This review addresses the current status of laboratory and clinical research on OPMDs, with emphasis on leukoplakia and erythroplakia. OSF is also presented, though there is a paucity of published studies on this disorder. We focus on findings that could translate into earlier diagnosis and more efficacious treatment of those lesions with significant malignant potential. We explore how markers of OPMD malignant transformation might be implemented into current diagnostic practice to help clinicians objectively stratify patients into treatment/follow-up groups according to relative risk. We provide an overview of recently concluded and ongoing OPMD chemoprevention trials. We describe laboratory OPMD models that can be used to not only to reveal the genetic and molecular intricacies of oral cancer but also to develop novel screening methods and therapeutic approaches. Finally, we call for targeted screening programs of at-risk populations in order to facilitate diagnosis and treatment of OPMD and early OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalen R Dionne
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral Cancer Research and Co-ordinating Centre (OCRCC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Oral Cancer Research Team, Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation (CARIF), Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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Wirth LJ. Chemoprevention of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: no time to lose momentum. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2014; 7:279-82. [PMID: 24441671 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-13-0437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The prospects for chemoprevention to reduce the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) are great. The tissue at risk for harboring disease is relatively accessible for examination and biopsy. Patients appropriate for study can be easily identified by their risk factors and the presence of premalignant lesions. Our understanding of the pathogenesis of SCCHN is ever increasing, and offers new opportunities to explore strategies for prevention therapies. In this issue of Cancer Prevention Research, Saba and colleagues report on a phase Ib trial of celecoxib plus erlotinib to prevent progression to higher-grade dysplasia or invasive carcinoma in patients with oral premalignant lesions. The overall response rate was 57%, though by the time of last analysis, 85% of patients relapsed. In this commentary, challenges to the success of chemoprevention clinical trials for SCCHN, such as pitfalls in using surrogate biomarkers and reversal of histologic premalignant changes as study endpoints, are discussed. In addition, strategies to help ensure further development in the field of head and neck cancer prevention are reviewed. These include focusing efforts on tobacco cessation and human papillomavirus vaccination, targeting key molecular drivers of head and neck carcinogenesis, and focusing on combination strategies that have the potential to eradicate premalignant clones, even if some toxicity is encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori J Wirth
- Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Yawkey 7B, Boston, MA 02114.
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Téllez-Gabriel M, Arroyo-Solera I, León X, Gallardo A, López M, Céspedes MV, Casanova I, López-Pousa A, Quer M, Mangues MA, Barnadas A, Mangues R, Pavón MA. High RAB25 expression is associated with good clinical outcome in patients with locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Med 2013; 2:950-63. [PMID: 24403269 PMCID: PMC3892400 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently there are no molecular markers able to predict clinical outcome in locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). In a previous microarray study, RAB25 was identified as a potential prognostic marker. The aim of this study was to analyze the association between RAB25 expression and clinical outcome in patients with locally advanced HNSCC treated with standard therapy. In a retrospective immunohistochemical study (n = 97), we observed that RAB25-negative tumors had lower survival (log-rank, P = 0.01) than patients bearing positive tumors. In an independent prospective mRNA study (n = 117), low RAB25 mRNA expression was associated with poor prognosis. Using classification and regression tree analysis (CART) we established two groups of patients according to their RAB25 mRNA level and their risk of death. Low mRNA level was associated with poor local recurrence-free (log-rank, P = 0.005), progression-free (log-rank, P = 0.002) and cancer-specific (log-rank, P < 0.001) survival. Multivariate Cox model analysis showed that low expression of RAB25 was an independent poor prognostic factor for survival (hazard ratio: 3.84, 95% confidence interval: 1.93-7.62, P < 0.001). Patients whose tumors showed high RAB25 expression had a low probability of death after treatment. We also found lower RAB25 expression in tumors than in normal tissue (Mann-Whitney U, P < 0.001). Moreover, overexpression of RAB25 in the UM-SCC-74B HNSCC cell line increased cisplatin sensitivity, and reduced cell migration and invasion. Our findings support a tumor suppressor role for RAB25 in HNSCC and its potential use to identify locally advanced patients with a high probability of survival after genotoxic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Téllez-Gabriel
- Grup d'Oncogènesi i Antitumorals (GOA), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
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91
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Abdulmajeed AA, Farah CS. Gene expression profiling for the purposes of biomarker discovery in oral potentially malignant lesions: a systematic review. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-ONCOLOGY 2013; 7:279-90. [PMID: 24250244 PMCID: PMC3825664 DOI: 10.4137/cmo.s12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Early and accurate diagnosis of oral potentially malignant lesions (OPML) is of critical importance in preventing malignant transformation. Although histopathological interpretation of the degree of epithelial dysplasia is considered the gold standard for diagnosis, this method is subjective and lacks sensitivity. Therefore, many attempts have been made to identify objective molecular biomarkers to improve diagnosis. Microarray technology has the advantage of screening the expression of the whole genome making it one of the best tools for searching for novel biomarkers. However, microarray studies of OPMLs are limited, and no review has been published to highlight and compare their findings. In this paper, we systematically review all studies that have incorporated microarray analyses in the investigation of gene profile alterations in OPMLs and suggest a set of commonly dysregulated genes across multiple gene expression profile studies. This list of common genes may help focus selection of markers for further analysis regarding their importance in the diagnosis and prognosis of OPMLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad A Abdulmajeed
- The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia. ; The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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92
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Yan B, Broek RV, Saleh AD, Mehta A, Van Waes C, Chen Z. Signaling Networks of Activated Oncogenic and Altered Tumor Suppressor Genes in Head and Neck Cancer. JOURNAL OF CARCINOGENESIS & MUTAGENESIS 2013; Suppl 7:4. [PMID: 25587491 PMCID: PMC4289631 DOI: 10.4172/2157-2518.s7-004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) arises from the upper aerodigestive tract and is the six most common cancers worldwide. HNSCC is associated with high morbidity and mortality, as standard surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy can cause significant disfigurement and only provide 5-year survival rates of ~50-60%. The heterogeneity of HNSCC subsets with different potentials for recurrence and metastasis challenges the traditional pathological classification system, thereby increasing demand for the development of new diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic tools based on global molecular signatures of HNSCC. Historically, using classical biological techniques, it has been extremely difficult and time-consuming to survey hundreds or thousands of genes in a given disease. However, the development of high throughput technologies and high-powered computation throughout the last two decades has enabled us to investigate hundreds or thousands of genes simultaneously. Using high throughput technologies, our laboratory has identified the gene signatures and protein networks, which significantly affect HNSCC malignant phenotypes, including TP53/p63/p73 family members, IL-1/TNF-β/NF-κB, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, IL-6/IL-6R/JAK/STAT3, EGFR/MAPK/AP1, HGF/cMET/EGR1, and TGFβ/TGFβR/TAK1/SMAD pathways. This review summarizes the results from high-throughput technological assays conducted on HNSCC samples, including microarray, DNA methylation, miRNA profiling, and protein array, using primarily experimental data and conclusions generated in our own laboratory. The use of bioinformatics and integrated analyses of data sets from different platforms, as well as meta-analysis of large datasets pulled from multiple publicly available studies, provided significantly higher statistical power to extract biologically relevant information. The data suggested that the heterogeneity of HNSCC genotype and phenotype are much more complex than we previously thought. Understanding of global molecular signatures and disease classification for specific subsets of HNSCC will be essential to provide accurate diagnoses for targeted therapy and personalized treatment, which is an important effort toward improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yan
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Robert Vander Broek
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA
- NIH Medical Research Scholars Program, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Anthony D Saleh
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Arpita Mehta
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Carter Van Waes
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Zhong Chen
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA
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93
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Foy JP, Bertolus C, William WN, Saintigny P. Oral premalignancy: the roles of early detection and chemoprevention. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2013; 46:579-97. [PMID: 23910471 DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Premalignancy and chemoprevention studies in head and neck cancer typically focus on the oral cavity. Avoiding or cessation of alcohol and smoking, early detection of potentially malignant disorders or cancer, and early detection of recurrent and/or second primary tumor form the basis of prevention of oral cancer. Analysis of tissue prospectively collected in evaluation of retinoids for chemoprevention trials allowed identification of molecular biomarkers of risk to develop oral cancer, loss of heterozygosity being the most validated one. Improving risk assessment and identification of new targets for chemoprevention represent the main challenges in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Foy
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 47-83 boulevard de l' Hôpital, Paris 75013, France
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94
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Yedida GR, Nagini S, Mishra R. The importance of oncogenic transcription factors for oral cancer pathogenesis and treatment. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013; 116:179-88. [PMID: 23619350 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current experimental evidence shows that most important risk factors for oral cancer include tobacco use and excessive alcohol consumption and less well-defined risks include viral infection and a diet deficient in antioxidants. The positive correlation between various risk/etiologic factors of oral cancer and the activation of various transcription factors (TFs) has been reported in the literature. Although initially, TFs were considered to be very difficult targets for use in clinical treatment, recent technological advances have provided the ability to control these factors of cancer progression. This review focuses on the role of oncogenic transcription factors in oral cancer, their modes of activation through various biological pathways, the promises and pitfalls in viewing them as potent oncotargets, the way they can be controlled based on the current understanding, and the future research to be done in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govinda Raju Yedida
- Centre for Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
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95
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Exarchos KP, Goletsis Y, Fotiadis DI. A multiscale and multiparametric approach for modeling the progression of oral cancer. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2012; 12:136. [PMID: 23173873 PMCID: PMC3560119 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6947-12-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In this work, we propose a multilevel and multiparametric approach in order to model the growth and progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) after remission. OSCC constitutes the major neoplasm of the head and neck region, exhibiting a quite aggressive nature, often leading to unfavorable prognosis. Methods We formulate a Decision Support System assembling a multitude of heterogeneous data sources (clinical, imaging tissue and blood genomic), aiming to capture all manifestations of the disease. Our primary aim is to identify the factors that dictate OSCC progression and subsequently predict potential relapses of the disease. The discrimination potential of each source of data is initially explored separately, and afterwards the individual predictions are combined to yield a consensus decision achieving complete discrimination between patients with and without a disease relapse. Moreover, we collect and analyze gene expression data from circulating blood cells throughout the follow-up period in consecutive time-slices, in order to model the temporal dimension of the disease. For this purpose a Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN) is employed which is able to capture in a transparent manner the underlying mechanism dictating the disease evolvement, and employ it for monitoring the status and prognosis of the patients after remission. Results By feeding as input to the DBN data from the baseline visit we achieve accuracy of 86%, which is further improved to complete discrimination when data from the first follow-up visit are also employed. Conclusions Knowing in advance the progression of the disease, i.e. identifying groups of patients with higher/lower risk of reoccurrence, we are able to determine the subsequent treatment protocol in a more personalized manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos P Exarchos
- Unit of Medical Technology and Intelligent Information Systems, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, GR45110 Ioannina, Greece.
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96
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Abstract
This perspective examines the report by Zhang and colleagues in this issue of the journal (beginning on page 1081) on the validation and refinement of a set of risk markers for oral premalignant lesion progression that incorporates loss of heterozygosity markers. The perspective also discusses some of the challenges and opportunities of incorporating predictive biomarkers into monitoring and refined enrollment criteria for prevention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Lingen
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Ave, MC 6101, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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97
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Feng Z, Xu Q, Chen W. Epigenetic and genetic alterations-based molecular classification of head and neck cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2012; 12:279-90. [PMID: 22468818 DOI: 10.1586/erm.12.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The long-term survival rates for patients diagnosed with advanced head and neck cancer (HNC) remain poor. Many perplexing factors, including etiology and comorbidity, lead to different molecular malfunctions of HNC cells and determine the prognosis of the disease. Traditional diagnostic methods are limited in that they fail to provide an effective classification diagnosis, such as a more precise prediction of prognosis and decisions for personalized treatment regimens. Recently, molecular biology techniques, especially epigenetic and genetic techniques, have been developed that have enabled us to gain a greater insight into the molecular pathways underlying the cancers. Translating the research into a format that will facilitate effective molecular classification, support personalized treatment and determine prognosis remains a challenge. In this review, the authors provide an overview of cancer epigenetic and genetic alterations, tissue banks, and several promising biomarkers or candidates that may ultimately prove to be beneficial in a clinical setting for patients with HNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhien Feng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
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98
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To discuss the recent advances in oral cancer risk prediction, as well as agents that have been or are currently being tested in clinical trials, to treat oral premalignant lesions (OPLs) and prevent oral cancers. RECENT FINDINGS Multiple predictive markers of OPL malignant transformation have been identified in retrospective or correlative studies involving patients enrolled in chemoprevention clinical trials, including chromosomal allelic imbalances, polysomy, p53, overexpression of podoplanin, p63 or epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), increased EGFR gene copy number, cyclin D1 polymorphisms, specific gene expression profiles, and specific DNA methylation profiles. Of these, loss of heterozygosity at specific chromosomal sites stands out as the most consistent and extensively characterized molecular marker of oral cancer risk described to date. This biomarker is now being prospectively integrated in chemoprevention clinical trials. Agents that have been or are currently being tested in patients with OPLs include retinoids, epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, green tea extract, and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ agonists. SUMMARY Despite extensive clinical investigations, a standard systemic therapy for patients with OPLs is yet to be developed. Integration of biomarkers of cancer risk into clinical trials using novel agents will hopefully streamline head and neck cancer chemoprevention research.
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Mascolo M, Siano M, Ilardi G, Russo D, Merolla F, De Rosa G, Staibano S. Epigenetic disregulation in oral cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:2331-2353. [PMID: 22408457 PMCID: PMC3292026 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13022331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral region (OSCC) is one of the most common and highly aggressive malignancies worldwide, despite the fact that significant results have been achieved during the last decades in its detection, prevention and treatment. Although many efforts have been made to define the molecular signatures that identify the clinical outcome of oral cancers, OSCC still lacks reliable prognostic molecular markers. Scientific evidence indicates that transition from normal epithelium to pre-malignancy, and finally to oral carcinoma, depends on the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations in a multistep process. Unlike genetic alterations, epigenetic changes are heritable and potentially reversible. The most common examples of such changes are DNA methylation, histone modification, and small non-coding RNAs. Although several epigenetic changes have been currently linked to OSCC initiation and progression, they have been only partially characterized. Over the last decade, it has been demonstrated that especially aberrant DNA methylation plays a critical role in oral cancer. The major goal of the present paper is to review the recent literature about the epigenetic modifications contribution in early and later phases of OSCC malignant transformation; in particular we point out the current evidence of epigenetic marks as novel markers for early diagnosis and prognosis as well as potential therapeutic targets in oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Mascolo
- Department of Biomorphological and Functional Sciences, Pathology Section, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples 80131, Italy; E-Mails: (M.M.); (M.S.); (G.I.); (D.R.); (F.M.); (G.D.R.)
| | - Maria Siano
- Department of Biomorphological and Functional Sciences, Pathology Section, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples 80131, Italy; E-Mails: (M.M.); (M.S.); (G.I.); (D.R.); (F.M.); (G.D.R.)
| | - Gennaro Ilardi
- Department of Biomorphological and Functional Sciences, Pathology Section, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples 80131, Italy; E-Mails: (M.M.); (M.S.); (G.I.); (D.R.); (F.M.); (G.D.R.)
| | - Daniela Russo
- Department of Biomorphological and Functional Sciences, Pathology Section, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples 80131, Italy; E-Mails: (M.M.); (M.S.); (G.I.); (D.R.); (F.M.); (G.D.R.)
| | - Francesco Merolla
- Department of Biomorphological and Functional Sciences, Pathology Section, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples 80131, Italy; E-Mails: (M.M.); (M.S.); (G.I.); (D.R.); (F.M.); (G.D.R.)
| | - Gaetano De Rosa
- Department of Biomorphological and Functional Sciences, Pathology Section, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples 80131, Italy; E-Mails: (M.M.); (M.S.); (G.I.); (D.R.); (F.M.); (G.D.R.)
- Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Basilicata (C.R.O.B.) Oncology Research Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Potenza 85028, Italy
| | - Stefania Staibano
- Department of Biomorphological and Functional Sciences, Pathology Section, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples 80131, Italy; E-Mails: (M.M.); (M.S.); (G.I.); (D.R.); (F.M.); (G.D.R.)
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100
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Walk EL, Weed SA. Recently identified biomarkers that promote lymph node metastasis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:747-72. [PMID: 24212639 PMCID: PMC3756388 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3010747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a heterogeneous cancer that arises in the upper aerodigestive tract. Despite advances in knowledge and treatment of this disease, the five-year survival rate after diagnosis of advanced (stage 3 and 4) HNSCC remains approximately 50%. One reason for the large degree of mortality associated with late stage HNSCC is the intrinsic ability of tumor cells to undergo locoregional invasion. Lymph nodes in the cervical region are the primary sites of metastasis for HNSCC, occurring before the formation of distant metastases. The presence of lymph node metastases is strongly associated with poor patient outcome, resulting in increased consideration being given to the development and implementation of anti-invasive strategies. In this review, we focus on select proteins that have been recently identified as promoters of lymph node metastasis in HNSCC. The discussed proteins are involved in a wide range of critical cellular functions, and offer a more comprehensive understanding of the factors involved in HNSCC metastasis while additionally providing increased options for consideration in the design of future therapeutic intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyse L Walk
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Program in Cancer Cell Biology, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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