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Dai X, Zhang D, Wang C, Wu Z, Liang C. The Pivotal Role of Thymus in Atherosclerosis Mediated by Immune and Inflammatory Response. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:1555-1563. [PMID: 30443178 PMCID: PMC6216065 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.27238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one kind of chronic inflammatory disease, in which multiple types of immune cells or factors are involved. Data from experimental and clinical studies on atherosclerosis have confirmed the key roles of immune cells and inflammation in such process. The thymus as a key organ in T lymphocyte ontogenesis has an important role in optimizing immune system function throughout the life, and dysfunction of thymus has been proved to be associated with severity of atherosclerosis. Based on previous research, we begin with the hypothesis that low density lipoprotein or cholesterol reduces the expression of the thymus transcription factor Foxn1 via low density lipoprotein receptors on the membrane surface and low density lipoprotein receptor related proteins on the cell surface, which cause the thymus function decline or degradation. The imbalance of T cell subgroups and the decrease of naive T cells due to thymus dysfunction cause the increase or decrease in the secretion of various inflammatory factors, which in turn aggravates or inhibits atherosclerosis progression and cardiovascular events. Hence, thymus may be the pivotal role in coronary heart disease mediated by atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events and it can imply a novel treatment strategy for the clinical management of patients with atherosclerosis in addition to different commercial drugs. Modulation of immune system by inducing thymus function may be a therapeutic approach for the prevention of atherosclerosis. Purpose of this review is to summarize and discuss the recent advances about the impact of thymus function on atherosclerosis by the data from animal or human studies and the potential mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianliang Dai
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.,Department of Cardiology, 101 Hospital of PLA, Wuxi, Jiangsu province 214041, China
| | - Danfeng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Chaoqun Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.,Department of Endocrinology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Zonggui Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Chun Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
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Role of the Cysteinyl Leukotrienes in the Pathogenesis and Progression of Cardiovascular Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:2432958. [PMID: 28932020 PMCID: PMC5592403 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2432958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are potent lipid inflammatory mediators synthesized from arachidonic acid, through the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway. Owing to their properties, CysLTs play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of inflammation; therefore, CysLT modifiers as synthesis inhibitors or receptor antagonists, central in asthma management, may become a potential target for the treatment of other inflammatory diseases such as the cardiovascular disorders. 5-LO pathway activation and increased expression of its mediators and receptors are found in cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, the cardioprotective effects observed by using CysLT modifiers are promising and contribute to elucidate the link between CysLTs and cardiovascular disease. The aim of this review is to summarize the state of present research about the role of the CysLTs in the pathogenesis and progression of atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction.
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Madeshiya AK, Singh S, Dwivedi S, Konwar R, Natu SM, Ghatak A. Association of IL-10 gene (-1082A>G, -819C>T and -592C>A) polymorphism and its serum level with metabolic syndrome of north Indian subjects. J Genet 2017; 96:53-64. [PMID: 28360390 DOI: 10.1007/s12041-016-0738-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is an inflammatory disorder, in which various cytokines play important role in tilting balance towards disease state. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an important antiinflammatory cytokine, but its genetic polymorphisms and serum levels in Indian MetS subjects are unknown. Three IL-10 gene polymorphisms (-1082A>G (rs1800896), -819C>T (rs1800872) and -592C>A (rs1800871)) were genotyped with PCR-RFLP in MetS subjects (n = 384) and age/sex matched control subjects (n = 386). Serum IL-10 was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Serum IL-10 level was significantly low in MetS subject and significantly correlated with clinicobiochemical parameters of MetS. Of three investigated promoter polymorphisms, IL-10 -819C> T and -592C>A were significantly associated with risk of MetS. The mutant alleles -819T and -592A of IL-10 gene polymorphism were significantly higher in MetS subjects compared to controls. Of the four different haplotypes obtained, common ACC haplotype and rare GTA haplotype of IL-10 polymorphisms were associated with MetS. The mean of fasting insulin and HOMA-IR were significantly different between the genotypes of both -819 C>T and -592C>A polymorphisms of IL-10 in MetS subjects. These results suggested that polymorphisms in IL-10 gene (-819C>T and -592C>A), haplotypes (ACC and GTA) and serum level are significantly associated with risk of MetS. IL- 10 -819C>T and -592C>A polymorphic variants are also significantly associated with insulin level and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance in north Indian MetS subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Madeshiya
- Department of Physiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow 226 003, India.
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IL-27R signaling controls myeloid cells accumulation and antigen-presentation in atherosclerosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2255. [PMID: 28536468 PMCID: PMC5442117 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01828-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cells, key players in atherosclerosis, take up and present antigens, leading to systemic and local T cell activation. The recruitment and activation of immune cells to the aorta in atherosclerosis is regulated by adhesion molecules, chemokines and cytokines. IL-27R is an immunoregulatory signaling nod in autoimmune and infectious pathologies. IL-27R was shown to suppress T cells activation in atherosclerosis, however it’s possible role in myeloid cell accumulation and activation is not understood. Here we demonstrate that Apoe−/−Il27ra−/− mice fed with “Western Diet” for 7 or 18 weeks developed significantly more atherosclerosis compared to Apoe−/−Il27ra+/− controls. Accelerated disease was driven by enhanced expression of adhesion molecules and chemokines causing the accumulation of immune cells. Myeloid cells produced more inflammatory cytokines and upregulated MHCII. Multiphoton microscopy revealed more efficient interactions between aortic myeloid cells and CD4+ T cells. Overall, we show that IL-27R signaling controls endothelial cells activation and myeloid cell recruitment at early and advanced stages of atherosclerosis. In the absence of IL-27R myeloid cells become hyperactivated, produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and act as more potent antigen presenting cells. Enhanced interactions between Il27ra−/− APC and CD4+ T cells in the aortic wall contribute to T cells re-activation and pro-atherogenic cytokine production.
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, both in the general population and among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). In most cases, the underlying cause of the cardiovascular event is atherosclerosis - a chronic inflammatory disease. CKD accelerates atherosclerosis via augmentation of inflammation, perturbation of lipid metabolism, and other mechanisms. In the artery wall, subendothelial retention of plasma lipoproteins triggers monocyte-derived macrophages and T helper type 1 (TH1) cells to form atherosclerotic plaques. Inflammation is initiated by innate immune reactions to modified lipoproteins and is perpetuated by TH1 cells that react to autoantigens from the apolipoprotein B100 protein of LDL. Other T cells are also active in atherosclerotic lesions; regulatory T cells inhibit pathological inflammation, whereas TH17 cells can promote plaque fibrosis. The slow build-up of atherosclerotic plaques is asymptomatic, but plaque rupture or endothelial erosion can induce thrombus formation, leading to myocardial infarction or ischaemic stroke. Targeting risk factors for atherosclerosis has reduced mortality, but a need exists for novel therapies to stabilize plaques and to treat arterial inflammation. Patients with CKD would likely benefit from such preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Gisterå
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran K Hansson
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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Fatkhullina AR, Peshkova IO, Koltsova EK. The Role of Cytokines in the Development of Atherosclerosis. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 81:1358-1370. [PMID: 27914461 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916110134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis contributes to the development of many cardiovascular diseases, which remain the leading cause of death in developed countries. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of large and medium-sized arteries. It is caused by dyslipidemia and mediated by both innate and adaptive immune responses. Inflammation is a key factor at all stages of atherosclerosis progression. Cells involved in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis were shown to be activated by soluble factors, cytokines, that strongly influence the disease development. Pro-inflammatory cytokines accelerate atherosclerosis progression, while anti-inflammatory cytokines ameliorate the disease. In this review, we discuss the latest findings on the role of cytokines in the development and progression of atherosclerosis.
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Xue-Mei L, Jie C, Xuan D, Xiao-Xing L, Chun-Lin H, Yu-Jie L. Changes in CD4 +CD25 + Tregs in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in ApoE -/- mice. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:918-925. [PMID: 28114815 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216689826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to observe the pathological characteristics of atherosclerotic plaques in the aortic walls of ApoE-/- and C57BL/6J mice and the changes of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in atherosclerotic mice. Twenty ApoE-/- mice were split into high-fat diet (AH) and normal diet (AN) groups and 10 C57BL/6J male mice were designated as the control group (BN). The serum concentrations of IL-10 and TGF-β1 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; paraffin sections of the aorta were stained with hematoxylin & eosin, and morphometric parameters were measured using the Image Pro Plus 6.0 system. Verhoeff stain was used to observe the distribution of elastic fibers, and immunohistochemical staining was performed to verify the phenotype of the forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3+) CD25+ cells in the atherosclerotic tissue. The proportion of CD4+CD25+ Tregs in the spleen was calculated by flow cytometry. The thickness of the intima, the intima/media ratio, the plaque area, and the plaque/lumen ratio of mice in AN group were significantly larger than those of mice in BN group. The thickness of the intima, the plaque area, and the plaque/lumen ratio of the mice in AH group were significantly increased compared with those of the AN group mice. The serum concentrations of IL-10 and TGF-β1 and the percentage of splenic CD4+CD25+ Tregs in AN group mice were significantly decreased compared with the control group. The serum concentrations of IL-10 and TGF-β1 and the percentage of splenic CD4+CD25+ Tregs in the mice in AH group were significantly decreased compared with those in AN group. The proportions of Foxp3+ and CD25+ cells within the total lymphocyte population were significantly decreased in AH group mice compared with those in AN group mice. Atherosclerosis in an experimental mouse model was correlated with Treg depletion in the lymphoid tissues and plaques, indicating the important antiatherosclerotic role of CD4+CD25+ Tregs. Impact statement In this article, we conclude that Tregs decreased with atherosclerosis (AS) as determined in ApoE knockout mice fed a high fat diet. It is an important matter for understanding the AS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xue-Mei
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Chen Jie
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Dai Xuan
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Liao Xiao-Xing
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Hu Chun-Lin
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Li Yu-Jie
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Systemic application of 3-methyladenine markedly inhibited atherosclerotic lesion in ApoE -/- mice by modulating autophagy, foam cell formation and immune-negative molecules. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2498. [PMID: 27906187 PMCID: PMC5260998 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence demonstrates that autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved intracellular degradation process, is involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and has become a potential therapeutic target. Here we tested the effect of two inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-chromone (LY294002), commonly used as inhibitors of autophagy, in atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E−/− mice. Systemic application of 3-MA but not LY294002 markedly reduced the size of atherosclerotic plaque and increased the stability of lesions in high-fat diet-fed mice as compared with controls. Furthermore, 3-MA had multiple atheroprotective effects, including modulating macrophage autophagy and foam cell formation and altering the immune microenvironment. Long-term treatment with 3-MA promoted oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-induced macrophage autophagy and suppressed foam cell formation and cell viability in vitro. Furthermore, systemic application of 3-MA promoted lipid droplet breakdown and decreased apoptosis, most likely associated with autophagy. 3-MA treatment strikingly enhanced the expression of immune-negative molecules such as interleukin 10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor β and IL-35, as well as forkhead box P3 (Foxp3), the specific transcriptional factor for regulatory T cells, but did not affect the level of proinflammatory cytokines in the arterial wall. We provide strong evidence for the potential therapeutic benefit of 3-MA in inhibiting atherosclerosis development and improving plaque stability.
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Cheng HY, Gaddis DE, Wu R, McSkimming C, Haynes LD, Taylor AM, McNamara CA, Sorci-Thomas M, Hedrick CC. Loss of ABCG1 influences regulatory T cell differentiation and atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:3236-46. [PMID: 27482882 DOI: 10.1172/jci83136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1) promotes cholesterol accumulation and alters T cell homeostasis, which may contribute to progression of atherosclerosis. Here, we investigated how the selective loss of ABCG1 in T cells impacts atherosclerosis in LDL receptor-deficient (LDLR-deficient) mice, a model of the disease. In LDLR-deficient mice fed a high-cholesterol diet, T cell-specific ABCG1 deficiency protected against atherosclerotic lesions. Furthermore, T cell-specific ABCG1 deficiency led to a 30% increase in Treg percentages in aorta and aorta-draining lymph nodes (LNs) of these mice compared with animals with only LDLR deficiency. When Abcg1 was selectively deleted in Tregs of LDLR-deficient mice, we observed a 30% increase in Treg percentages in aorta and aorta-draining LNs and reduced atherosclerosis. In the absence of ABCG1, intracellular cholesterol accumulation led to downregulation of the mTOR pathway, which increased the differentiation of naive CD4 T cells into Tregs. The increase in Tregs resulted in reduced T cell activation and increased IL-10 production by T cells. Last, we found that higher ABCG1 expression in Tregs was associated with a higher frequency of these cells in human blood samples. Our study indicates that ABCG1 regulates T cell differentiation into Tregs, highlighting a pathway by which cholesterol accumulation can influence T cell homeostasis in atherosclerosis.
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Vargas-Alarcón G, Juárez-Cedillo E, Martínez-Rodríguez N, Fragoso JM, García-Hernández N, Juárez-Cedillo T. Association of interleukin-10 polymorphisms with risk factors of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias (SADEM study). Immunol Lett 2016; 177:47-52. [PMID: 27474414 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Some studies have reported a genetic association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter region of Interleukin (IL) 10 and Alzheimer's disease (AD), with conflicting results. To further investigate the proposed association and to clarify the role of cytokines as a potential cause for AD susceptibility, we analyzed genotypes, allele distributions and haplotypes of IL-10 promoter polymorphisms -1082 (rs1800896) and -819 (rs1800871) in a Mexican population: 986 normal controls and 221 cases divided as follows: 122 with Alzheimer disease (AD), 67 with (VaD) and 32 with mixed dementia (AD/VaD). Patients with dementia showed increased frequency of "ATA, CTG, and CTA" haplotypes when compared to controls. We identified two risk haplotypes: ATA (OR=3.56, 95%CI=2.84-4.45, p<0.0001), and CTA (OR=1.90, 95%CI=1.38-2.62, p<0.0001), and four protection haplotypes: ATG (OR=0.60, 95%CI=0.45-0.82, p=0.0012), CTG (OR=0.38, 95%CI=0.23-0.62, p<0.0001), ACG (OR=0.01, 95%CI=0.002-1.13, p<0.0001), and CCG (OR=0.02, 95%CI=0.004-0.203, p<0.0001). In summary, this is the first study in Mexican population that considers the analysis of IL-10 in patients with AD, VaD and AD/VaD. Our results showed the relevance of the role that IL-10 plays in the pathological mechanisms that result in the development of dementia. In addition, in our study, it was possible to distinguish two protective and two risk haplotypes for the development of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Vargas-Alarcón
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Enrique Juárez-Cedillo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nancy Martínez-Rodríguez
- Community Health Research, Department, Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gomez, Ministry of Health (SSA), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Fragoso
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Normand García-Hernández
- Medical Research Unit in Human Genetics, Pediatric Hospital, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Teresa Juárez-Cedillo
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Unit, Dr. Carlos McGregor Sánchez Regional General Hospital No. 1, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Mexico City, Mexico; Faculty of High Studies (FES) Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Sardella G, De Luca L, Francavilla V, Accapezzato D, Di Roma A, Gianoglio O, Colantonio R, Mancone M, Fedele F, Paroli M. Effect of Coronary Percutaneous Revascularization on Interferon-γ and Interleukin-10 Producing CD4+ T Cells during Acute Myocardial Infarction. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 20:791-9. [DOI: 10.1177/039463200702000415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes play an important role in the induction and progression of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). To gain insight into how different T cell subsets can influence ACS, we analyzed the frequencies of circulating CD4+T cells producing either pro-inflammatory interferon(IFN)-γ or anti-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-10 in subjects presenting with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The effect of coronary bare metal (BS) and paclitaxel-eluting stent (PES) on the balance between CD4+IFN-γ+ and CD4+IL-10+ lymphocytes was also investigated. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated from 38 consecutive patients with STEMI before and 48 hrs or 6 days after implantation of either BS or PES. Twenty patients with no history of coronary artery disease were included as basal controls. PBMC were stimulated in vitro with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies, and CD4+IFN-γ+ or CD4+IL-10+ T cells were detected by flow cytometry intracellular staining. The frequency of peripheral CD4+IL-10+ T cells was significantly higher in STEMI patients as compared with controls. Conversely, the frequency of CD4+IFN-γ+ T lymphocytes did not differ between STEMI and subjects without history of coronary artery disease. Six days after the revascularization procedure, the percentage of CD4+IL-10+ T cells was significantly decreased in BS but not in the PES group, whereas the relative percentage of CD4+IFN-γ+ T lymphocytes were diminished in both groups as compared with baseline levels. Our data indicate that STEMI is associated with a peripheral expansion of CD4+IL-10+T lymphocytes, and that primary coronary revascularization with implantation of either BS or PES is followed by a reduction in circulating CD4+IFN-γ+ T lymphocytes. PES implantation, however, appears to inhibit the relative decrease of the IL-10 producing lymphocyte as observed in BS implanted patients, shifting the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory T cell populations in favor of the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L. De Luca
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, European Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - V. Francavilla
- Department of Internal Medicine, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - D. Accapezzato
- Department of Internal Medicine, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - O. Gianoglio
- Department of Internal Medicine, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - M. Paroli
- Department of Internal Medicine, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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Chan IH, Van Hoof D, Abramova M, Bilardello M, Mar E, Jorgensen B, McCauley S, Bal H, Oft M, Van Vlasselaer P, Mumm JB. PEGylated IL-10 Activates Kupffer Cells to Control Hypercholesterolemia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156229. [PMID: 27299860 PMCID: PMC4907428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a multifunctional cytokine that exerts potent context specific immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive effects. We have investigated the mechanism by which PEGylated rIL-10 regulates plasma cholesterol in mice and humans. In agreement with previous work on rIL-10, we report that PEGylated rIL-10 harnesses the myeloid immune system to control total plasma cholesterol levels. We have discovered that PEG-rMuIL-10’s dramatic lowering of plasma cholesterol is dependent on phagocytotic cells. In particular, PEG-rHuIL-10 enhances cholesterol uptake by Kupffer cells. In addition, removal of phagocytotic cells dramatically increases plasma cholesterol levels, suggesting for the first time that immunological cells are implicitly involved in regulating total cholesterol levels. These data suggest that treatment with PEG-rIL-10 potentiates endogenous cholesterol regulating cell populations not currently targeted by standard of care therapeutics. Furthermore, we show that IL-10’s increase of Kupffer cell cholesterol phagocytosis is concomitant with decreases in liver cholesterol and triglycerides. This leads to the reversal of early periportal liver fibrosis and facilitates the restoration of liver health. These data recommend PEG-rIL-10 for evaluation in the treatment of fatty liver disease and preventing its progression to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. In direct confirmation of our in vivo findings in the treatment of hypercholesterolemic mice with PEG-rMuIL-10, we report that treatment of hypercholesterolemic cancer patients with PEG-rHuIL-10 lowers total plasma cholesterol by up to 50%. Taken together these data suggest that PEG-rIL-10’s cholesterol regulating biology is consistent between mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan H. Chan
- ARMO BioSciences, Inc., 575 Chesapeake Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, United States of America
| | - Dennis Van Hoof
- ARMO BioSciences, Inc., 575 Chesapeake Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, United States of America
| | - Marina Abramova
- ARMO BioSciences, Inc., 575 Chesapeake Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, United States of America
| | - Melissa Bilardello
- ARMO BioSciences, Inc., 575 Chesapeake Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, United States of America
| | - Elliot Mar
- ARMO BioSciences, Inc., 575 Chesapeake Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, United States of America
| | - Brett Jorgensen
- ARMO BioSciences, Inc., 575 Chesapeake Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, United States of America
| | - Scott McCauley
- ARMO BioSciences, Inc., 575 Chesapeake Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, United States of America
| | - Harminder Bal
- ARMO BioSciences, Inc., 575 Chesapeake Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, United States of America
| | - Martin Oft
- ARMO BioSciences, Inc., 575 Chesapeake Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, United States of America
| | - Peter Van Vlasselaer
- ARMO BioSciences, Inc., 575 Chesapeake Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, United States of America
| | - John B. Mumm
- ARMO BioSciences, Inc., 575 Chesapeake Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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63
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Frodermann V, van Duijn J, van Puijvelde GHM, van Santbrink PJ, Lagraauw HM, de Vries MR, Quax PHA, Bot I, Foks AC, de Jager SCA, Kuiper J. Heat-killed Staphylococcus aureus reduces atherosclerosis by inducing anti-inflammatory macrophages. J Intern Med 2016; 279:592-605. [PMID: 26914137 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus cell wall components can induce IL-10 responses by immune cells, which may be atheroprotective. Therefore, in this study, we investigated whether heat-killed S. aureus (HK-SA) could inhibit the development of atherosclerosis. METHODS Atherosclerosis-susceptible LDL receptor-deficient mice were administered intraperitoneal HK-SA twice weekly and fed a Western-type diet for 6 weeks. RESULTS HK-SA administration resulted in a 1.6-fold increase in IL-10 production by peritoneal macrophages and splenocytes, and a 12-fold increase in serum IL-10 levels. Moreover, aortic plaque ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and CCL2 expression levels were significantly downregulated by on average 40%. HK-SA-treated mice had reduced numbers of inflammatory Ly-6C(hi) monocytes as well as Th1 and Th17 cells in the circulation and spleen, respectively. Attenuated leucocyte recruitment resulted in a significant inhibition of macrophage and T cell infiltration in atherosclerotic plaques, culminating in a significant 34% reduction in the development of atherosclerosis. To determine the effects of intraperitoneal HK-SA treatment, we stimulated macrophages with HK-SA in vitro. This resulted in a significant toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-dependent increase in IL-10, arginase-1, iNOS, TNF-α, PD-L1, CCL22 and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression. It was found that phosphoinositide 3-kinase crucially determined the balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory gene expression. The HK-SA-induced macrophage phenotype resembled M2b-like immunoregulatory macrophages. CONCLUSIONS We have shown that HK-SA treatment induces strong anti-inflammatory IL-10 responses by macrophages, which are largely dependent on TLR2 and PI3K, and protects against the development of atherosclerosis. Commensalism with S. aureus could thus reduce cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Frodermann
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J van Duijn
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - G H M van Puijvelde
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - P J van Santbrink
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - H M Lagraauw
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M R de Vries
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - P H A Quax
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - I Bot
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A C Foks
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - S C A de Jager
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Laboratory for Experimental Cardiology and Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Kuiper
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Kamaly N, Fredman G, Fojas JJR, Subramanian M, Choi W, Zepeda K, Vilos C, Yu M, Gadde S, Wu J, Milton J, Leitao RC, Fernandes LR, Hasan M, Gao H, Nguyen V, Harris J, Tabas I, Farokhzad OC. Targeted Interleukin-10 Nanotherapeutics Developed with a Microfluidic Chip Enhance Resolution of Inflammation in Advanced Atherosclerosis. ACS NANO 2016; 10:5280-92. [PMID: 27100066 PMCID: PMC5199136 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b01114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is an essential protective biological response involving a coordinated cascade of signals between cytokines and immune signaling molecules that facilitate return to tissue homeostasis after acute injury or infection. However, inflammation is not effectively resolved in chronic inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis and can lead to tissue damage and exacerbation of the underlying condition. Therapeutics that dampen inflammation and enhance resolution are currently of considerable interest, in particular those that temper inflammation with minimal host collateral damage. Here we present the development and efficacy investigations of controlled-release polymeric nanoparticles incorporating the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10) for targeted delivery to atherosclerotic plaques. Nanoparticles were nanoengineered via self-assembly of biodegradable polyester polymers by nanoprecipitation using a rapid micromixer chip capable of producing nanoparticles with retained IL-10 bioactivity post-exposure to organic solvent. A systematic combinatorial approach was taken to screen nanoparticles, resulting in an optimal bioactive formulation from in vitro and ex vivo studies. The most potent nanoparticle termed Col-IV IL-10 NP22 significantly tempered acute inflammation in a self-limited peritonitis model and was shown to be more potent than native IL-10. Furthermore, the Col-IV IL-10 nanoparticles prevented vulnerable plaque formation by increasing fibrous cap thickness and decreasing necrotic cores in advanced lesions of high fat-fed LDLr(-/-) mice. These results demonstrate the efficacy and pro-resolving potential of this engineered nanoparticle for controlled delivery of the potent IL-10 cytokine for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazila Kamaly
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Harvard Medical School, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Gabrielle Fredman
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Cell Biology, and Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Jhalique Jane R. Fojas
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Harvard Medical School, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Manikandan Subramanian
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Cell Biology, and Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Won Choi
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Harvard Medical School, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Center for Convergence Bioceramic Materials, Convergence R&D Division, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, 101, Soho-ro, Jinj-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 52851, Republic of Korea
| | - Katherine Zepeda
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Harvard Medical School, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Cristian Vilos
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Harvard Medical School, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Facultad de Medicina, Center for Integrative and Innovative Science, Universidad Andres Bello, Echaurren 183, Santiago 8370071, Chile
| | - Mikyung Yu
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Harvard Medical School, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Suresh Gadde
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Harvard Medical School, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jun Wu
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Harvard Medical School, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jaclyn Milton
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Harvard Medical School, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Renata Carvalho Leitao
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Harvard Medical School, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Livia Rosa Fernandes
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Harvard Medical School, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Moaraj Hasan
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Harvard Medical School, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Huayi Gao
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Harvard Medical School, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Vance Nguyen
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Harvard Medical School, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jordan Harris
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Harvard Medical School, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Ira Tabas
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Cell Biology, and Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Corresponding Authors: .
| | - Omid C. Farokhzad
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Harvard Medical School, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding Authors: .
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65
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Prognostic performance of interleukin-10 in patients with chest pain and mild to moderate coronary artery lesions-an 8-year follow-up study. JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC CARDIOLOGY : JGC 2016; 13:244-51. [PMID: 27103920 PMCID: PMC4826895 DOI: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin (IL)-10, IL-6 and their ratio (IL-6/IL-10) play an important role in the risk of developing coronary artery disease, and may correlate with its outcomes. Few clinical trials have investigated the prognostic impact of these factors on long-term cardiovascular events in patients presented with chest pain. METHODS A prospective study was performed on 566 patients admitted with chest pain and identified mild to moderate coronary artery lesions. IL-10, IL-6 and IL-6/IL-10 were measured. RESULTS A total of 511 patients completed the follow-up. The median follow-up time was 74 months. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated a clear increase of the incidence of major adverse cardiac events during the follow-up period in patients with below-median levels of IL-10 (P = 0.006) and above-median levels of IL-6/IL-10 (P = 0.012). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis indicated the IL-10 levels to be strong independent predictors after adjustment for underlying confounders. CONCLUSIONS Elevated IL-10 levels are associated with a more favorable long-term prognosis in patients with chest pain and mild to moderate coronary artery lesions. IL-10 could be used for early risk assessment of long-term prognosis.
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66
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Yin Q, Tai T, Ji JZ, Mi QY, Zhang MR, Huang WJ, Cao CC, Xie HG. Interleukin-10 does not modulate clopidogrel platelet response in mice. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:596-605. [PMID: 26712119 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED ESSENTIALS: It is unclear whether interleukin-10 (IL-10) could affect clopidogrel metabolism and response. The bioactivation of and response to clopidogrel were determined between mice with or without IL-10. Maximum clopidogrel active metabolite levels were the major driver of platelet response to clopidogrel. IL-10 did not modulate maximum levels of clopidogrel active metabolite and its antiplatelet effects. SUMMARY BACKGROUND Elevated plasma interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels were observed in patients who responded less to clopidogrel (a prodrug that is required for further metabolic bioactivation in the liver). However, no data are currently available suggesting whether there is such an association. OBJECTIVE To systematically explore possible differences in the formation of and response to clopidogrel active metabolite (CAM) in mice with or without IL-10 gene expression. METHODS A single oral dose of clopidogrel (10 mg kg(-1)) was given to IL-10 knockout (KO) mice and wild-type (WT) control mice, respectively, and pharmacokinetic parameters of clopidogrel and CAM were calculated. Moreover, adenosine diphosphate-induced whole-blood platelet aggregation was measured in mice receiving 0, 5, 10, or 20 mg kg(-1) of clopidogrel, respectively. RESULTS Compared with IL-10 KO mice, WT mice had significantly lower area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of CAM as a result of a shorter mean elimination half-life but had significantly higher AUC of clopidogrel due to slower systemic clearance and smaller volume of distribution. Although AUC of CAM was significantly lower in WT mice than in KO mice, antiplatelet effects of clopidogrel did not differ significantly between the two mouse groups, as their maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax ) of CAM were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS IL-10 expression level affects AUC rather than Cmax of CAM, but the Cmax of CAM is the major driver of antiplatelet effects of clopidogrel in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Yin
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - T Tai
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J-Z Ji
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Q-Y Mi
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - M-R Zhang
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - W-J Huang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - C-C Cao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - H-G Xie
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University School of Pharmacy, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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67
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Peshkova IO, Schaefer G, Koltsova EK. Atherosclerosis and aortic aneurysm – is inflammation a common denominator? FEBS J 2016; 283:1636-52. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iuliia O. Peshkova
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program Fox Chase Cancer Center Philadephia PA USA
| | - Giulia Schaefer
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program Fox Chase Cancer Center Philadephia PA USA
| | - Ekaterina K. Koltsova
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program Fox Chase Cancer Center Philadephia PA USA
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68
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Abstract
Inflammation is essential in the initial development and progression of many cardiovascular diseases involving innate and adaptive immune responses. The role of CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) regulatory T (TREG) cells in the modulation of inflammation and immunity has received increasing attention. Given the important role of TREG cells in the induction and maintenance of immune homeostasis and tolerance, dysregulation in the generation or function of TREG cells can trigger abnormal immune responses and lead to pathology. A wealth of evidence from experimental and clinical studies has indicated that TREG cells might have an important role in protecting against cardiovascular disease, in particular atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysm. In this Review, we provide an overview of the roles of TREG cells in the pathogenesis of a number of cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, ischaemic stroke, abdominal aortic aneurysm, Kawasaki disease, pulmonary arterial hypertension, myocardial infarction and remodelling, postischaemic neovascularization, myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy, and heart failure. Although the exact molecular mechanisms underlying the cardioprotective effects of TREG cells are still to be elucidated, targeted therapies with TREG cells might provide a promising and novel future approach to the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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69
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Lind KF, Østerud B, Hansen E, Jørgensen TØ, Andersen JH. The immunomodulatory effects of barettin and involvement of the kinases CAMK1α and RIPK2. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2015; 37:458-64. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2015.1082584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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70
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Jiang Y, Gao Q, Wang L, Guo C, Zhu F, Wang B, Wang Q, Gao F, Chen Y, Zhang L. Deficiency of programmed cell death 4 results in increased IL-10 expression by macrophages and thereby attenuates atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic mice. Cell Mol Immunol 2015; 13:524-34. [PMID: 26166769 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death 4 (Pdcd4) is a newly defined inhibitor of transcription and translation and a tumor suppressor. Recent studies have suggested that Pdcd4 may also be involved in some inflammatory diseases. However, its role in atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammation of the arterial wall, remains to be investigated. Here, we found that Pdcd4 deficiency in mice increased the expression of IL-10 in macrophages and decreased the expression of IL-17 in T cells in the presence of an atherosclerosis-associated stimulator in vitro and in high fat-induced atherosclerotic plaques. Importantly, knocking out Pdcd4 led to a decrease in atherosclerotic lesions in Apoe(-/-) mice fed a high fat diet. This effect could be partly reversed by blocking IL-10 with a neutralizing antibody but not by the application of exogenous IL-17. Further mechanistic studies revealed that Pdcd4 negatively regulated the expression of IL-10 in an ERK1/2- and p38-dependent manner. These results demonstrate that Pdcd4 deficiency attenuates atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic mice in part through the upregulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. This indicates that endogenous Pdcd4 promotes atherosclerosis and therefore represents a potential therapeutic target for patients with atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Hematology, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qi Gao
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Provincial Hospital affiliated with Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Liyang Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chun Guo
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Faliang Zhu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fei Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Youhai Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lining Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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71
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Demir B, Önal B, Özyazgan S, Kandaz C, Uzun H, Açıksarı G, Uygun T, Opan S, Karakaya O, Akkan AG. Does Inflammation Have a Role in the Pathogenesis of Cardiac Syndrome X? A Genetic-Based Clinical Study With Assessment of Multiple Cytokine Levels. Angiology 2015; 67:355-63. [DOI: 10.1177/0003319715590057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We compared Turkish patients with cardiac syndrome X (CSX) and controls with respect to serum pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels, as well as the single-nucleotide polymorphisms located in the promoter regions of their related genes. This study included 111 consecutive patients angiographically diagnosed with CSX and 111 healthy controls with similar demographic characteristics. Serum interleukin (IL) 6, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and IL-10 levels were measured, and the genotypes of the patients and controls were determined using standard methods. Serum IL-6 and IL-10 levels were significantly higher in the CSX group than in the control group ( P < .01, respectively). Serum TNF-α level was lower in the CSX group than in the control group ( P < .001). On the other hand, participants with CSX and healthy controls were not significantly different with respect to the genotype distributions of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 genes. As a result of our study, both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines may play a role in the pathogenesis of CSX. In contrast, the studied gene polymorphisms did not influence CSX pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bülent Demir
- Department of Cardiology, Bakırköy Dr Sadi Konuk Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burak Önal
- Medical Pharmacology Department, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sibel Özyazgan
- Medical Pharmacology Department, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cemre Kandaz
- Medical Pharmacology Department, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hafize Uzun
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gönül Açıksarı
- Department of Cardiology, Istinye State Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Turgut Uygun
- Department of Cardiology, Bakırköy Dr Sadi Konuk Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selçuk Opan
- Department of Cardiology, Bakırköy Dr Sadi Konuk Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Osman Karakaya
- Department of Cardiology, Bakırköy Dr Sadi Konuk Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Gökhan Akkan
- Medical Pharmacology Department, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
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Ng HP, Zhu X, Harmon EY, Lennartz MR, Nagarajan S. Reduced Atherosclerosis in apoE-inhibitory FcγRIIb-Deficient Mice Is Associated With Increased Anti-Inflammatory Responses by T Cells and Macrophages. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:1101-12. [PMID: 25792447 PMCID: PMC4409543 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.305290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) are classified as activating (FcγRI, III, and IV) and inhibitory (FcγRII) receptors. We have reported that deletion of activating FcγRs in apolipoprotein E (apoE) single knockout mice attenuated atherosclerosis. In this report, we investigated the hypothesis that deficiency of inhibitory FcγRIIb exacerbates atherosclerosis. APPROACH AND RESULTS ApoE-FcγRIIb double knockout mice, congenic to the C57BL/6 (apoE-FcγRIIbB6 (-/-)), were generated and atherosclerotic lesions were assessed. In contrary to our hypothesis, when compared with apoE single knockout mice, arterial lesions were significantly decreased in apoE-FcγRIIbB6 (-/-) male and female mice fed chow or high-fat diets. Chimeric mice generated by transplanting apoE-FcγRIIbB6 (-/-) marrow into apoE single knockout mice also developed reduced lesions. CD4(+) T cells from apoE-FcγRIIbB6 (-/-) mice produced higher levels of interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-β than their apoE single knockout counterparts. As our findings conflict with a previous report using apoE-FcγRIIb129/B6 (-/-) mice on a mixed genetic background, we investigated whether strain differences contributed to the anti-inflammatory response. Macrophages from FcγRIIb129/B6 (-/-) mice on a mixed genetic background produced more interleukin-1β and MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) in response to immune complexes, whereas congenic FcγRIIbB6 (-/-) mice generated more interleukin-10 and significantly less interleukin-1β. Interestingly, the expression of lupus-associated slam genes, located in proximity to fcgr2b in mouse chromosome 1, is upregulated only in mixed FcγRIIb129/B6 (-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate a detrimental role for FcγRIIb signaling in atherosclerosis and the contribution of anti-inflammatory cytokine responses in the attenuated lesions observed in apoE-FcγRIIbB6 (-/-) mice. As 129/sv genome-derived lupus-associated genes have been implicated in lupus phenotype in FcγRIIb129/B6 (-/-) mice, our findings suggest possible epistatic mechanism contributing to the decreased lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Pong Ng
- From the Department of Pathology, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, PA (H.P.N., X.Z., S.N.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology (H.P.N., S.N.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock; and Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, NY (E.Y.H., M.R.L.)
| | - Xinmei Zhu
- From the Department of Pathology, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, PA (H.P.N., X.Z., S.N.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology (H.P.N., S.N.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock; and Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, NY (E.Y.H., M.R.L.)
| | - Erin Y Harmon
- From the Department of Pathology, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, PA (H.P.N., X.Z., S.N.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology (H.P.N., S.N.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock; and Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, NY (E.Y.H., M.R.L.)
| | - Michelle R Lennartz
- From the Department of Pathology, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, PA (H.P.N., X.Z., S.N.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology (H.P.N., S.N.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock; and Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, NY (E.Y.H., M.R.L.)
| | - Shanmugam Nagarajan
- From the Department of Pathology, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, PA (H.P.N., X.Z., S.N.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology (H.P.N., S.N.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock; and Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, NY (E.Y.H., M.R.L.).
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73
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Arponen O, Muuronen A, Taina M, Sipola P, Hedman M, Jäkälä P, Vanninen R, Pulkki K, Mustonen P. Acute phase IL-10 plasma concentration associates with the high risk sources of cardiogenic stroke. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120910. [PMID: 25923658 PMCID: PMC4414573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Etiological assessment of stroke is essential for accurate treatment decisions and for secondary prevention of recurrence. There is evidence that interleukin-10 (IL-10) associates with ischemic stroke. The aim of this prospective study was to assess the levels of IL-10 in ischemic stroke with unknown or suspected cardiogenic etiology, and evaluate the correlation between IL-10 plasma concentration and the number of diagnosed high risk sources for cardioembolism. Methods A total of 141 patients (97 males; mean age 61±11 years) with acute ischemic stroke with unknown etiology or suspected cardiogenic etiology other than known atrial fibrillation (AF) underwent imaging investigations to assess high risk sources for cardioembolic stroke established by the European Association of Echocardiography (EAE). IL-10 was measured on admission to the hospital and on a three month follow-up visit. Results Acute phase IL-10 concentration was higher in patients with EAE high risk sources, and correlated with their number (p<0.01). In patients with no risk sources (n = 104), the mean IL-10 concentration was 2.7±3.1 ng/L (range 0.3–16.3 ng/L), with one risk source (n = 26) 3.7±5.5 ng/L (0.3–23.6 ng/L), with two risk sources (n = 10) 7.0±10.0 ng/L (1.29–34.8 ng/L) and with three risk sources (n = 1) 37.2 ng/L. IL-10 level was not significantly associated with cerebral infarct volume, presence of previous or recent myocardial infarction, carotid/vertebral artery atherosclerosis, paroxysmal AF registered on 24-hour ECG Holter monitoring or given intravenous thrombolytic treatment. Conclusion IL-10 plasma concentration correlates independently with the number of EAE cardioembolic risk sources in patients with acute stroke. IL-10 may have potential to improve differential diagnostics of stroke with unknown etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otso Arponen
- Kuopio University Hospital, Diagnostic Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Radiology, Kuopio, Finland
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Unit of Radiology, Kuopio, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Antti Muuronen
- Kuopio University Hospital, Diagnostic Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Radiology, Kuopio, Finland
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Unit of Radiology, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Taina
- Kuopio University Hospital, Diagnostic Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Radiology, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petri Sipola
- Kuopio University Hospital, Diagnostic Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Radiology, Kuopio, Finland
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Unit of Radiology, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marja Hedman
- Kuopio University Hospital, Diagnostic Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Radiology, Kuopio, Finland
- Heart Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pekka Jäkälä
- NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland, and Unit of Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ritva Vanninen
- Kuopio University Hospital, Diagnostic Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Radiology, Kuopio, Finland
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Unit of Radiology, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kari Pulkki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Eastern Finland Laboratory Centre, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pirjo Mustonen
- Keski-Suomi Central Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Jyväskylä, Finland
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74
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Xia M, Chen D, Endresz V, Lantos I, Szabo A, Kakkar V, Lu X. Modulation of recombinant antigenic constructs containing multi-epitopes towards effective reduction of atherosclerotic lesion in B6;129S-Ldlr(tm1Her)Apob(tm2Sgy)/J mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123393. [PMID: 25830298 PMCID: PMC4382319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is increasingly recognized as a complex chronic inflammatory disease. Many more studies have extended vaccination against atherosclerosis by using epitopes from self-antigens or beyond and demonstrated that vaccination with antigens or derivatives could reduce the extent of the lesions in atherosclerosis-prone mice. Our previous study has demonstrated that construct AHHC [ApoB100688-707 + hHSP60303-312 + hHSP60153-163 + Cpn derived peptide (C)] significantly reduced atherosclerotic lesion. The aim of this study was to investigate whether AHHC can be modulated towards increased lesion reduction in mice by creating two other derivatives with a sequential epitope-substitution named RHHC in which A was replaced by an "R" (C5aR1-31) and RPHC with a further "H" (hHSP60303-312) conversion into "P" (protease-activated receptor-142-55) in mice. Antigenic epitopes were incorporated into a dendroaspin scaffold. Immunization of B6;129S-Ldlrtm1HerApobtm2Sgy/J mice with three constructs elicited production of high levels of antibodies against each epitope (apart from hHSP60153-163 and P which induced a low antibody response). Histological analyses demonstrated that the mice immunized with either RPHC or RHHC showed significant reductions in the size of atherosclerostic lesions compared to those with AHHC (69.5±1.1% versus 55.7±3.4%, P<0.01 or 65.6±1.3% versus 55.7±3.4%, P<0.01). Reduction of plaque size in the aortic sinus and descending aorta correlated with alterations in cellular immune responses when compared with controls. We conclude that a recombinant construct RPHC may provide new antigenic and structural features which are favorable for significant reduction in atherosclerotic lesion formation. This approach offers a novel strategy for developing anti-atherosclerotic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xia
- The Mary and Garry Weston Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Thrombosis Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daxin Chen
- The Mary and Garry Weston Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Thrombosis Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Valeria Endresz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ildiko Lantos
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Andrea Szabo
- Institute of Surgical Research, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Vijay Kakkar
- The Mary and Garry Weston Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Thrombosis Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Thrombosis Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Xinjie Lu
- The Mary and Garry Weston Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Thrombosis Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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75
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Armingohar Z, Jørgensen JJ, Kristoffersen AK, Schenck K, Dembic Z. Polymorphisms in the interleukin-10 gene and chronic periodontitis in patients with atherosclerotic and aortic aneurysmal vascular diseases. J Oral Microbiol 2015; 7:26051. [PMID: 25700628 PMCID: PMC4336353 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v7.26051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic periodontitis (CP), atherosclerotic and aortic aneurysmal vascular diseases (VD) are chronic inflammatory conditions with multifactorial etiologies, including involvement of predisposing genetic factors. In a previous study, polymorphisms in the gene for the anti-inflammatory interleukin-1 receptor antagonist were associated with CP in patients with VD. Objective This study investigates whether polymorphisms in the gene for the anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 (IL10) could be related to CP in the same manner. Methods Seventy-two patients with VD of whom 35 had CP were genotyped for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IL10 −592 (rs1800872), −819 (rs1800871), and −1,082 (rs1800896) gene by Taqman rtPCR method and by DNA sequencing. Results The C alleles and C/C genotypes of IL10 −592 and IL10 −819 frequencies were significantly higher, while the frequencies of the IL10 −592 (C/A) and IL10 −819 (C/T) heterozygote genotypes were significantly lower in the VD group with CP compared to those without CP. The IL10 haplotype ATA frequency (−1,082, −819, −592) showed a trend to a significant difference between the two groups indicating protection against CP. Conclusions Taken together, our findings suggest an independent association of genetic polymorphisms in the IL-10 gene locus with CP in patients with VD. Development of CP and the implications on vascular disease emphasize the importance of early detection and adequate treatment of periodontitis among these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Armingohar
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway;
| | | | - Anne K Kristoffersen
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karl Schenck
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Zlatko Dembic
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Goldberg
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL.
| | - D Rader
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
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Akbar N, Nanda S, Belch J, Cohen P, Khan F. An important role for A20-binding inhibitor of nuclear factor-kB-1 (ABIN1) in inflammation-mediated endothelial dysfunction: an in vivo study in ABIN1 (D485N) mice. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:22. [PMID: 25648164 PMCID: PMC4342941 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0543-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The link between cardiovascular disease (CVD) and patients with chronic inflammation is not clearly understood. We examined a knock-in mouse expressing a poly-ubiquitin-binding-defective mutant of the protein ABIN1 (ABIN1(D485N)), which develops a systemic lupus erythematosus-like autoimmune disease because of the hyperactivation of IκB kinases (IκKs) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). These mice were used to determine the potential role of these signaling pathways in inflammation-mediated CVD development. Methods Laser Doppler imaging in combination with the iontophoresis of vasoactive chemicals were used to assess endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in vivo in ABIN1 (D485N)) mutant defective (n = 29) and wild-type (WT) control (n = 26) mice. Measurements were made at baseline, and animals were subdivided to receive either chow or a proatherogenic diet for 4 weeks, after which, follow-up assessments were made. Paired and unpaired t tests, and ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni correction were used for statistical significance at P <0.05. Results Endothelium-dependent vasodilatation to acetylcholine was attenuated at 4 weeks in ABIN1(D485N)-chow-fed mice compared with age-matched WT-chow-fed mice (P <0.05). The magnitude of attenuation was similar to that observed in WT-cholesterol-fed animals (versus WT-chow, P <0.01). ABIN1(D485N)-cholesterol-fed mice had the poorest endothelium-dependent responses compared with other groups (P <0.001). ABIN1(D485N)-chow-fed mice had increased plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels (versus WT-chow, P <0.001), and this was further elevated in ABIN1(D485N)-cholesterol-fed mice (versus ABIN1(D485N)-chow; P <0.05). IL-1α was significantly greater in all groups compared with WT-chow (P <0.01). ABIN1(D485N) mice showed significant cardiac hypertrophy (P <0.05). Conclusions The ABIN(D485N) mice display endothelial dysfunction and cardiac hypertrophy, which is possibly mediated through IL-6 and, to a lesser degree, IL-1α. These results suggest that the ABIN1-mediated hyperactivation of IKKs and MAPKs might mediate chronic inflammation and CVD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Akbar
- Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases Research Unit, Medical Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK.
| | - Sambit Nanda
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Sir James Black Centre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
| | - Jill Belch
- Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases Research Unit, Medical Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK.
| | - Philip Cohen
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Sir James Black Centre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
| | - Faisel Khan
- Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases Research Unit, Medical Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK.
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Role of vascular inflammation in coronary artery disease: potential of anti-inflammatory drugs in the prevention of atherothrombosis. Inflammation and anti-inflammatory drugs in coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2015; 15:1-11. [PMID: 25369900 DOI: 10.1007/s40256-014-0094-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are inflammatory pathologies, involving interleukins (ILs), such as IL-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and acute phase proteins production, such as for C reactive protein (CRP). The process begins with retention of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and its oxidation inside the intima, with the formation of the "foam cells." Toll-like receptors and inflamassomes participate in atherosclerosis formation, as well as in the activation of the complement system. In addition to innate immunity, adaptive immunity is also associated with atherosclerosis through antigen-presenting cells, T and B lymphocytes. AMI also increases the expression of some ILs and promotes macrophage and lymphocyte accumulation. Reperfusion increases the expression of anti-inflammatory ILs (such as IL-10) and generates oxygen free radicals. Although CAD and AMI are inflammatory disorders, the only drugs with anti-inflammatory effect so far widely used in ischemic heart disease are aspirin and statins. Some immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive promising therapies, such as cyclosporine and colchicine, may have benefits in CAD. Methotrexate also has potential cardioprotective anti-inflammatory effects, through increased adenosine levels. The TETHYS trial (The Effects of mETHotrexate Therapy on ST Segment Elevation MYocardial InfarctionS trial) will evaluate low-dose methotrexate in ST elevation AMI. The CIRT (Cardiovascular Inflammation Reduction Trial), in turn, will evaluate low-dose methotrexate in patients with a high prevalence of subclinical vascular inflammation. The CANTOS (The Canakinumab Antiinflammatory Thrombosis Outcomes Study) will evaluate canakinumab in patients with CAD and persistently elevated CRP. The blockage of other potential targets, such as the IL-6 receptor, CC2 chemokine receptor and CD20, could bring benefits in CAD.
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the vessel wall characterized by activation of the innate immune system, with macrophages as the main players, as well as the adaptive immune system, characterized by a Th1-dominant immune response. Cytokines play a major role in the initiation and regulation of inflammation. In recent years, many studies have investigated the role of these molecules in experimental models of atherosclerosis. While some cytokines such as TNF or IFNγ clearly had atherogenic effects, others such as IL-10 were found to be atheroprotective. However, studies investigating the different cytokines in experimental atherosclerosis revealed that the cytokine system is complex with both disease stage-dependent and site-specific effects. In this review, we strive to provide an overview of the main cytokines involved in atherosclerosis and to shed light on their individual role during atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal J H Kusters
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, L01-146.1, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilians University (LMU), Munich, Germany.
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Moraitis AG, Freeman LA, Shamburek RD, Wesley R, Wilson W, Grant CM, Price S, Demosky S, Thacker SG, Zarzour A, Hornung RL, Pucino F, Csako G, Yarboro C, McInnes IB, Kuroiwa T, Boumpas D, Rao VK, Illei GG, Remaley AT. Elevated interleukin-10: a new cause of dyslipidemia leading to severe HDL deficiency. J Clin Lipidol 2015; 9:81-90. [PMID: 25670364 PMCID: PMC5513489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is a risk factor for coronary artery disease. Investigating mechanisms underlying acquired severe HDL deficiency in noncritically ill patients ("disappearing HDL syndrome") could provide new insights into HDL metabolism. OBJECTIVE To determine the cause of low HDL-C in patients with severe acquired HDL deficiency. METHODS AND RESULTS Patients with intravascular large B-cell lymphoma (n = 2), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (n = 1), and autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (n = 1) presenting with markedly decreased HDL-C, low low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and elevated triglycerides were identified. The abnormal lipoprotein profile returned to normal after therapy in all 4 patients. All patients were found to have markedly elevated serum interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels that also normalized after therapy. In a cohort of autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome patients (n = 93), IL-10 showed a strong inverse correlation with HDL-C (R(2) = 0.3720, P < .0001). A direct causal role for increased serum IL-10 in inducing the observed changes in lipoproteins was established in a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of recombinant human IL-10 in psoriatic arthritis patients (n = 18). Within a week of initiating subcutaneous recombinant human IL-10 injections, HDL-C precipitously decreased to near-undetectable levels. LDL-C also decreased by more than 50% (P < .0001) and triglycerides increased by approximately 2-fold (P < .005). All values returned to baseline after discontinuing IL-10 therapy. CONCLUSION Increased IL-10 causes severe HDL-C deficiency, low LDL-C, and elevated triglycerides. IL-10 is thus a potent modulator of lipoprotein levels, a potential new biomarker for B-cell disorders, and a novel cause of disappearing HDL syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas G Moraitis
- Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Endocrine Oncology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lita A Freeman
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert D Shamburek
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert Wesley
- Hospital Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wyndham Wilson
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cliona M Grant
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Susan Price
- ALPS Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephen Demosky
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Seth G Thacker
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Abdalrahman Zarzour
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ronald L Hornung
- Clinical Services Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Frank Pucino
- National Institutes of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gyorgy Csako
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cheryl Yarboro
- National Institutes of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Iain B McInnes
- National Institutes of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; College of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Takashi Kuroiwa
- National Institutes of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dimitrios Boumpas
- National Institutes of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Medical School University of Athens, Affiliate Member IMBB, Heraklion and BRFAA Athens, Greece
| | - V Koneti Rao
- ALPS Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gabor G Illei
- National Institutes of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Shah PK, Chyu KY, Dimayuga PC, Nilsson J. Vaccine for Atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 64:2779-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Yu GI, Jun SE, Cho HC, Park KO, Chung JH, Shin DH, Chung IS. Association of interleukin-10 promoter region polymorphisms with risk factors of Atherosclerosis. Int J Immunogenet 2014; 42:31-7. [PMID: 25421362 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is considered as an inflammatory disease, and carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) and carotid plaque are generally used as intermediated phenotype of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether carotid IMT and plaque are associated with promoter region polymorphisms of interleukin 10 (IL-10) gene. We recruited 135 subjects from a rural area of south-eastern part of South Korea. Three polymorphisms in the promoter region of IL-10 (-1082 A/G, -819 T/C and -592 A/C) were genotyped by pyrosequencing. Carotid IMT was measured at common carotid arteries, and carotid bulbs and cardiovascular risk factors such as cholesterol, blood pressure, uric acid and homocysteine were measured using blood samples. Subjects with the minor allele (C) of -819 T/C or the minor allele (C) of -592 A/C showed lower values in carotid IMT than those with major allele homozygote of each polymorphism (P = 0.018 and P = 0.031, respectively). Subjects with carotid plaque were significantly older and showed higher values in carotid IMT, uric acid and homocysteine than those without plaque (P < 0.01, respectively). In conclusion, the promoter region polymorphisms of IL-10 gene associate with carotid IMT and plaque. Further studies with larger samples are needed to provide stronger evidence to justify anti-atheromatous properties of IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- G I Yu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
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Han X, Boisvert WA. Interleukin-10 protects against atherosclerosis by modulating multiple atherogenic macrophage function. Thromb Haemost 2014; 113:505-12. [PMID: 25373619 DOI: 10.1160/th14-06-0509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is primarily a disorder of lipid metabolism, but there is also a prominent chronic inflammatory component that drives the atherosclerotic lesion progression in the artery wall. During hyperlipidaemic conditions, there is a rapid influx of circulating monocytes into the atherosclerosis-prone areas of the arterial intima. These infiltrated monocytes differentiate into macrophages and take up the atherogenic lipoproteins in the intima of the vessel wall that have been modified within the lesion environment. Interleukin (IL)-10 is a prototypic anti-inflammatory cytokine made primarily by the macrophages and Th2 subtype T lymphocytes. In terms of atherosclerosis its major roles include inhibition of macrophage activation as well as inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase, pro-inflammatory cytokines and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in lipid-loaded and activated macrophage foam cells. Recent discoveries suggest another important role of IL-10 in atherosclerosis: its ability to alter lipid metabolism in macrophages. The current review will highlight the present knowledge on multiple ways in which IL-10 mediates atherosclerosis. As macrophages play a critical role in all stages of atherosclerosis, the review will concentrate on how IL-10 regulates the activities of macrophages that are especially important in the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William A Boisvert
- William A. Boisvert, Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA, Tel.: +1 808 692 1567, Fax: +1 808 692 1973, E-mail:
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TSLPR deficiency attenuates atherosclerotic lesion development associated with the inhibition of TH17 cells and the promotion of regulator T cells in ApoE-deficient mice. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 76:33-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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85
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Mangge H, Almer G, Stelzer I, Reininghaus E, Prassl R. Laboratory medicine for molecular imaging of atherosclerosis. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 437:19-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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86
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Baicalin and geniposide attenuate atherosclerosis involving lipids regulation and immunoregulation in ApoE−/− mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 740:488-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Halvorsen B, Holm S, Yndestad A, Scholz H, Sagen EL, Nebb H, Holven KB, Dahl TB, Aukrust P. Interleukin-10 increases reverse cholesterol transport in macrophages through its bidirectional interaction with liver X receptor α. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:1525-30. [PMID: 25035925 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-10 is a prototypical anti-inflammatory cytokine that has been shown to attenuate atherosclerosis development. In addition to its anti-inflammatory properties, the anti-atherogenic effect of IL-10 has recently also been suggested to reflect a complex effect of IL-10 on lipid metabolism in macrophages. In the present study we examined the effects of IL-10 on cholesterol efflux mechanism in lipid-loaded THP-1 macrophages. Our main findings were: (i) IL-10 significantly enhanced cholesterol efflux induced by fetal-calf serum, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)2 and apolipoprotein A-1. (ii) The IL-10-mediated effects on cholesterol efflux were accompanied by an increased IL-10-mediated expression of the ATP-binding cassette transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1, that was further enhanced when the cells were co-activated with the liver X receptor (LXR)α agonist (22R)-hydroxycholesterol. (iii) The effect of LXRα activation on the IL-10-mediated effects on the ATP-binding cassette transporters seems to include enhancing effects on the IL-10 receptor 1 (IL10R1) expression and interaction with STAT-3 signaling. (iv) These enhancing effects on ABCA1 and ABCG1 was not seen when the cells were stimulated with the IL-10 family members IL-22 and IL-24. This study suggests that the anti-atherogenic properties of IL-10 may include enhancing effects on cholesterol efflux mechanism that involves cross-talk with LXRα activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente Halvorsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Sverre Holm
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arne Yndestad
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hanne Scholz
- Section for Transplantation, Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ellen Lund Sagen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hilde Nebb
- Department of Nutrition, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten B Holven
- Department of Nutrition, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tuva B Dahl
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Yilmaz MI, Solak Y, Saglam M, Cayci T, Acikel C, Unal HU, Eyileten T, Oguz Y, Sari S, Carrero JJ, Stenvinkel P, Covic A, Kanbay M. The relationship between IL-10 levels and cardiovascular events in patients with CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 9:1207-16. [PMID: 24789549 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.08660813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in patients with CKD. IL-10 is considered an antiatherosclerotic cytokine. However, previous studies have failed to observe an association between IL-10 and cardiovascular disease in CKD. This study aimed to evaluate whether serum IL-10 levels were associated with the risk of cardiovascular events in CKD patients. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS Four hundred three patients with stages 1-5 CKD were followed for a mean of 38 (range=2-42) months for fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events. IL-10 and IL-6 were measured at baseline together with surrogates of endothelial function (flow-mediated dilatation) and proinflammatory markers (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and pentraxin-3). The association between IL-10 and flow-mediated dilatation through linear regression analyses was evaluated. The association between IL-10 and the risk of cardiovascular events was assessed with Cox regression analysis. RESULTS IL-10, IL-6, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and pentraxin-3 levels were higher among participants with lower eGFR. Both fatal (25 of 200 versus 6 of 203 patients) and combined fatal and nonfatal (106 of 200 versus 23 of 203 patients) cardiovascular events were more common in patients with IL-10 concentration above the median. Flow-mediated dilatation was significantly lower in patients with higher serum IL-10 levels, but IL-10 was not associated with flow-mediated dilatation in multivariate analysis. Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that patients with IL-10 below the median value (<21.5 pg/ml) had higher cumulative survival compared with patients who had IL-10 levels above the median value (log-rank test, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS IL-10 levels increase along with the reduction of kidney function. Higher serum IL-10 levels were associated with the risk of cardiovascular events during follow-up. We speculate that higher IL-10 levels in this context signify an overall proinflammatory milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yalcin Solak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Karaman State Hospital, Karaman, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Juan Jesus Carrero
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Medicine andCentres for Molecular Medicine and Gender Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Adrian Covic
- Nephrology Clinic, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Center, C.I. PARHON University Hospital and Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine, Iasi, Romania; and
| | - Mehmet Kanbay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, İstanbul Medeniyet University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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89
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Spoto B, Zoccali C. Spleen IL-10, a key player in obesity-driven renal risk. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013; 28:1061-4. [PMID: 23674834 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gft094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Spoto
- CNR-IBIM & Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
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90
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Immunological aspects of atherosclerosis. Semin Immunopathol 2013; 36:73-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-013-0402-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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91
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Xie G, Myint PK, Zaman MJS, Li Y, Zhao L, Shi P, Ren F, Wu Y. Relationship of serum interleukin-10 and its genetic variations with ischemic stroke in a Chinese general population. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74126. [PMID: 24040186 PMCID: PMC3770660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Anti-inflammatory cytokine and its genetic variations may play an important role in the process of atherosclerosis. We assessed whether serum interleukin-10 (IL-10) and its genetic variations are associated with ischemic stroke in a Chinese general population. METHODS An epidemiological survey on cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors was carried in a general population in Beijing in 2005. Serum IL-10, IL-6, p-selectin, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and C-reactive protein were analyzed using ELISA kits, while three IL-10 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) (rs1800872, rs1554286 and rs3021094) were genotyped in 1475 participants. RESULTS A high serum IL-10 (top tertile) was significantly associated with ischemic stroke (multivariable adjusted odds ratio (OR) =0.50; 95%CI 0.31-0.81). Rs1800872 (AA vs. AC+CC genotype, OR=1.60; 1.06-2.39), rs1554286(TT vs. CT+CC genotype, OR=1.59; 1.06-2.39), and rs3021094 (CC/CA vs. AA genotype, OR=1.64; 1.04-2.60) were all significantly associated with ischemic stroke even after controlling for age, sex, smoking, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, glucose, body mass index and serum IL-10. The SNP score (a summary index of these SNPs) and IL-10 (top tertile) together significantly improved the discriminative power in predicting ischemic stroke by 3.3% (95%CI: 0.2-6.4, p=0.0398) compared to predictions based on conventional risk factors alone. CONCLUSIONS The lower serum IL-10 concentration and its selected genetic variations were significantly associated with an increased likelihood of ischemic stroke in this cross-sectional study. Our results suggest that more prospective studies should be conducted to provide stronger evidence justifying the use of IL-10 and its SNPs as new biomarkers to identify a predisposition towards ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoqiang Xie
- Peking University Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Phyo Kyaw Myint
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Norwich Research Park Cardiovascular Research Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Clinical Gerontology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Stroke Research Group, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - M. Justin S. Zaman
- Norwich Research Park Cardiovascular Research Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiology, James Paget University Hospital, Great Yarmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Ying Li
- Cardiovascular Institute and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liancheng Zhao
- Cardiovascular Institute and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Shi
- Shijingshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fuxiu Ren
- Shijingshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yangfeng Wu
- Peking University Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- The George Institute, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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92
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Electronegative LDL: a circulating modified LDL with a role in inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:181324. [PMID: 24062611 PMCID: PMC3766570 DOI: 10.1155/2013/181324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronegative low density lipoprotein (LDL(−)) is a minor modified fraction of LDL found in blood. It comprises a heterogeneous population of LDL particles modified by various mechanisms sharing as a common feature increased electronegativity. Modification by oxidation is one of these mechanisms. LDL(−) has inflammatory properties similar to those of oxidized LDL (oxLDL), such as inflammatory cytokine release in leukocytes and endothelial cells. However, in contrast with oxLDL, LDL(−) also has some anti-inflammatory effects on cultured cells. The inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties ascribed to LDL(−) suggest that it could have a dual biological effect.
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93
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Inflammatory biomarkers for predicting cardiovascular disease. Clin Biochem 2013; 46:1353-71. [PMID: 23756129 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pathology of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is complex; multiple biological pathways have been implicated, including, but not limited to, inflammation and oxidative stress. Biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress may serve to help identify patients at risk for CVD, to monitor the efficacy of treatments, and to develop new pharmacological tools. However, due to the complexities of CVD pathogenesis there is no single biomarker available to estimate absolute risk of future cardiovascular events. Furthermore, not all biomarkers are equal; the functions of many biomarkers overlap, some offer better prognostic information than others, and some are better suited to identify/predict the pathogenesis of particular cardiovascular events. The identification of the most appropriate set of biomarkers can provide a detailed picture of the specific nature of the cardiovascular event. The following review provides an overview of existing and emerging inflammatory biomarkers, pro-inflammatory cytokines, anti-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, oxidative stress biomarkers, and antioxidant biomarkers. The functions of each biomarker are discussed, and prognostic data are provided where available.
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94
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Kunes P, Mandak J, Holubcova Z, Kolackova M, Krejsek J. The long pentraxin PTX3: a candidate anti-inflammatory mediator in cardiac surgery. Perfusion 2013; 28:377-89. [DOI: 10.1177/0267659113483799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is performed with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and cardioplegic arrest (CA) of the heart. The advantage of this technique, alternatively referred to as “on-pump” surgery, resides, for the surgeon, in relatively easy access to and manipulation with the non-beating, bloodless heart. However, the advantage that is, thereby, gained by the patient is paid off by an increased susceptibility to postoperative systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Under unfavorable conditions, the inflammatory syndrome may develop into life-threatening forms of MODS (multiple organ dysfunction syndrome) or even MOFS (multiple organ failure syndrome). Deliberate avoidance of CPB, also known as “off-pump” surgery, attenuates early postoperative inflammation throughout its trajectory of SIRS→MODS→MOFS, but, in the long run, there appears to be no substantial difference in the overall mortality rates. In the last years, our knowledge of the pathophysiology of surgical inflammation has increased considerably. Recent findings, highlighting the as yet rather obscure role of pentraxin 3 (PTX3) in these processes, are discussed in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kunes
- Deparment of Cardiac Surgery, Charles University in Prague, Medical School and University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - J Mandak
- Deparment of Cardiac Surgery, Charles University in Prague, Medical School and University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Z Holubcova
- Deparment of Cardiac Surgery, Charles University in Prague, Medical School and University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - M Kolackova
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Charles University in Prague, Medical School and University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - J Krejsek
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Charles University in Prague, Medical School and University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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95
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England RN, Preston KJ, Scalia R, Autieri MV. Interleukin-19 decreases leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions by reduction in endothelial cell adhesion molecule mRNA stability. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 305:C255-65. [PMID: 23596173 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00069.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cell (EC) inflammation is a key event in the pathogenesis of multiple vascular diseases. We tested the hypothesis that interleukin-19 (IL-19), an anti-inflammatory Th2 interleukin, could have a direct anti-inflammatory effect on ECs to decrease inflammation. IL-19 can significantly decrease tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-driven intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 mRNA and protein abundance in cultured human coronary artery ECs (P < 0.01). IL-19 treatment of ECs, but not monocytes, significantly reduced monocyte adhesion to EC monolayers (P < 0.01). In vivo, systemic administration of IL-19 could significantly reduce TNF-α-induced leukocyte rolling and adhesion in wild-type mice as assayed by intravital microscopy (P < 0.05). IL-19 does not reduce TNF-α-stimulated NF-κB activation in ECs but does decrease serine phosphorylation and cytoplasmic translocation of the mRNA stability factor HuR and significantly reduces stability of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 mRNA (P < 0.01). These data are the first to report that IL-19 can reduce leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion and the first to propose reduction in HuR-mediated mRNA stability of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 as a mechanism. Expression of IL-19 by ECs may represent a protective mechanism to promote resolution of the vascular response to inflammation. Function of IL-19 outside of the immune system is a novel concept, suggesting that resident vascular cells can adopt a Th2 phenotype, and has important ramifications for numerous inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross N England
- Department of Physiology, Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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96
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Detection of TCD4+ subsets in human carotid atheroma. Cytokine 2013; 62:131-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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97
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Cardilo-Reis L, Gruber S, Schreier SM, Drechsler M, Papac-Milicevic N, Weber C, Wagner O, Stangl H, Soehnlein O, Binder CJ. Interleukin-13 protects from atherosclerosis and modulates plaque composition by skewing the macrophage phenotype. EMBO Mol Med 2013; 4:1072-86. [PMID: 23027612 PMCID: PMC3491837 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201201374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic lesions are characterized by the accumulation of oxidized LDL (OxLDL) and the infiltration of macrophages and T cells. Cytokine expression in the microenvironment of evolving lesions can profoundly contribute to plaque development. While the pro-atherogenic effect of T helper (Th) 1 cytokines, such as IFN-γ, is well established, the role of Th2 cytokines is less clear. Therefore, we characterized the role of the Th2 cytokine interleukin (IL)-13 in murine atherosclerosis. Here, we report that IL-13 administration favourably modulated the morphology of already established atherosclerotic lesions by increasing lesional collagen content and reducing vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1)-dependent monocyte recruitment, resulting in decreased plaque macrophage content. This was accompanied by the induction of alternatively activated (M2) macrophages, which exhibited increased clearance of OxLDL compared to IFN-γ-activated (M1) macrophages in vitro. Importantly, deficiency of IL-13 results in accelerated atherosclerosis in LDLR−/− mice without affecting plasma cholesterol levels. Thus, IL-13 protects from atherosclerosis and promotes a favourable plaque morphology, in part through the induction of alternatively activated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Cardilo-Reis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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98
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Liu XF, Wang L, Qu Y, Zhong DW, Miao XY, Yao HL. Effect of the PA-MSHA vaccine on septic serum-induced inflammatory response. Mol Med Rep 2013; 7:1350-4. [PMID: 23440442 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is defined as a complex clinical syndrome caused by a serious infection followed by an amplified and deregulated inflammatory response. The complex syndrome is associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality, despite substantial clinical advances. A vaccine derived from the outer membrane proteins of the Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA-MSHA) has been demonstrated to exhibit immune modulatory properties. In the present study, the effect of the PA-MSHA vaccine on the inflammatory response induced by serum from septic patients in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was determined. It was observed that PA-MSHA pretreatment inhibits the production of septic serum-induced tumor necrosis factor-α. In addition, PA-MSHA treatment increases interleukin-10 levels and promotes the generation of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells. Thus, the results of the current study provide mechanistic insight relevant to the potential application of PA-MSHA in the treatment of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Feng Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
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99
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Perry HM, Bender TP, McNamara CA. B cell subsets in atherosclerosis. Front Immunol 2012; 3:373. [PMID: 23248624 PMCID: PMC3518786 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the underlying cause of heart attacks and strokes, is a chronic inflammatory disease of the artery wall. Immune cells, including lymphocytes modulate atherosclerotic lesion development through interconnected mechanisms. Elegant studies over the past decades have begun to unravel a role for B cells in atherosclerosis. Recent findings provide evidence that B cell effects on atherosclerosis may be subset-dependent. B-1a B cells have been reported to protect from atherosclerosis by secretion of natural IgM antibodies. Conventional B-2 B cells can promote atherosclerosis through less clearly defined mechanism that may involve CD4 T cells. Yet, there may be other populations of B cells within these subsets with different phenotypes altering their impact on atherosclerosis. Additionally, the role of B cell subsets in atherosclerosis may depend on their environmental niche and/or the stage of atherogenesis. This review will highlight key findings in the evolving field of B cells and atherosclerosis and touch on the potential and importance of translating these findings to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Perry
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Charlottesville, VA, USA ; Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia Health System Charlottesville, VA, USA
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100
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Almer G, Frascione D, Pali-Schöll I, Vonach C, Lukschal A, Stremnitzer C, Diesner SC, Jensen-Jarolim E, Prassl R, Mangge H. Interleukin-10: an anti-inflammatory marker to target atherosclerotic lesions via PEGylated liposomes. Mol Pharm 2012; 10:175-86. [PMID: 23176185 PMCID: PMC3558023 DOI: 10.1021/mp300316n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) causes cardiovascular disease, which leads to fatal clinical end points like myocardial infarction or stroke, the most prevalent causes of death in developed countries. An early, noninvasive method of detection and diagnosis of atherosclerotic lesions is necessary to prevent and treat these clinical end points. Working toward this goal, we examined recombinant interleukin-10 (IL-10), stealth liposomes with nanocargo potency for NMRI relevant contrast agents, and IL-10 coupled to stealth liposomes in an ApoE-deficient mouse model using confocal laser-scanning microscopy (CLSM). Through ex vivo incubation and imaging with CLSM, we showed that fluorescently labeled IL-10 is internalized by AS plaques, and a low signal is detected in both the less injured aortic surfaces and the arteries of wild-type mice. In vivo experiments included intravenous injections of (i) fluorescent IL-10, (ii) IL-10 targeted carboxyfluorescin (CF-) labeled stealth liposomes, and (iii) untargeted CF-labeled stealth liposomes. Twenty-four hours after injection the arteries were dissected and imaged ex vivo. Compared to free IL-10, we observed a markedly stronger fluorescence intensity with IL-10 targeted liposomes at AS plaque regions. Moreover, untargeted CF-labeled liposomes showed only weak, unspecific binding. Neither free IL-10 nor IL-10 targeted liposomes showed significant immune reaction when injected into wild-type mice. Thus, the combined use of specific anti-inflammatory proteins, high payloads of contrast agents, and liposome particles should enable current imaging techniques to better recognize and visualize AS plaques for research and prospective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunter Almer
- Institute of Biophysics and Nanosystems Research, Austrian Academy of Science, Graz, Austria
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