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Herrmann J, Rubin D, Häsler R, Helwig U, Pfeuffer M, Auinger A, Laue C, Winkler P, Schreiber S, Bell D, Schrezenmeir J. Isomer-specific effects of CLA on gene expression in human adipose tissue depending on PPARgamma2 P12A polymorphism: a double blind, randomized, controlled cross-over study. Lipids Health Dis 2009; 8:35. [PMID: 19689798 PMCID: PMC2754469 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-8-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma is a key regulator in adipose tissue. The rare variant Pro12Ala of PPARgamma2 is associated with a decreased risk of insulin resistance. Being dietary PPARgamma ligands, conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) received considerable attention because of their effects on body composition, cancer, atherosclerosis, diabetes, obesity and inflammation, although some effects were only demonstrated in animal trials and the results in human studies were not always consistent. In the present study effects of CLA supplementation on genome wide gene expression in adipose tissue biopsies from 11 Ala12Ala and 23 Pro12Pro men were investigated. Subjects underwent four intervention periods (4 wk) in a randomized double blind cross-over design receiving 4.25 g/d of either cis-9, trans-11 CLA, trans-10,cis-12 CLA, 1:1 mixture of both isomers or a reference linoleic acid oil preparation. After each intervention biopsies were taken, whole genome expression microarrays were applied, and genes of interest were verified by realtime PCR. RESULTS The following genes of lipid metabolism were regulated by CLA: LDLR, FASN, SCD, FADS1 and UCP2 were induced, while ABCA1, CD36 and CA3 were repressed. Transcription factors PPARgamma, NFAT5, CREB5 and EBF1, the adipokine NAMPT, members of the insulin signaling cascade SORBS1 and IGF1 and IL6ST were repressed, while the adipokine THBS1 and GLUT4 involved in insulin signaling were induced. Compared to trans-10,cis-12 CLA and the CLA mixture the cis-9, trans-11 CLA isomer exerted weaker effects. Only CD36 (-1.2 fold) and THBS1 (1.5 fold) were regulated. The CLA effect on expression of PPARgamma and leptin genes depends on the PPARgamma2 genotype. CONCLUSION The data suggest that the isomer specific influence of CLA on glucose and lipid metabolism is genotype dependent and at least in part mediated by PPARgamma. TRIAL REGISTRATION http://www.controlled-trials.com: ISRCTN91188075.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Herrmann
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Karlsruhe and Kiel, Germany.
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Kanapuru B, Ershler WB. Inflammation, coagulation, and the pathway to frailty. Am J Med 2009; 122:605-13. [PMID: 19559159 PMCID: PMC5999023 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Revised: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 01/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There are inevitable physiologic changes associated with advancing age, yet for some people these changes are exaggerated, and as a result a phenotype emerges recognized as "frailty." Why some people become frail and others do not remains incompletely understood. Although chronic illnesses are common among frail elderly persons, some will develop all of the phenotypic features without a diagnosed underlying disease. It has been recognized that certain proinflammatory cytokines and coagulation factors are elevated to a greater extent in those who are frail than in age-matched nonfrail individuals. In this review, we provide an overview of current research in the biology of frailty with particular emphasis on the role of inflammatory pathways and disordered coagulation in its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindu Kanapuru
- Clinical Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Meshkani R, Adeli K. Hepatic insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. Clin Biochem 2009; 42:1331-46. [PMID: 19501581 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2009.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2009] [Revised: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The metabolic syndrome is a constellation of common metabolic disorders that is associated with cardiovascular disease. Insulin resistance has a central role in the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome. RECENT ADVANCES It is now commonly accepted that chronic inflammation associated with visceral obesity induces insulin resistance in the liver. Chronic inflammation is characterized by the production of abnormal adipokines and cytokines such as TNF-alpha, FFA, IL-1, IL-6, leptin and resistin. These factors inhibit insulin signalling in hepatocytes by activating SOCS proteins, several kinases such as JNK, IKK-beta and PKC and protein tyrosine phosphatases such as PTP1B and PTEN, that in turn impair insulin signalling at insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate (IRS) level. Hepatic insulin resistance in turn causes impaired suppression of glucose production by insulin in hepatocytes leading to hyperglycemia. An important and early complication of hepatic insulin resistance is the induction of hepatic VLDL production, via changes in the rate of apoB synthesis and degradation and de novo lipogenesis, or increased FFA flux from adipose tissue into the liver. Insulin resistance also stimulates the production of CRP and PAI-1, both markers of an inflammatory state. All metabolic abnormalities related to hepatic insulin resistance have been shown to directly or indirectly promote atherosclerosis. Hyperglycemia induces a series of alterations including endothelial dysfunction, cellular proliferation, changes in extracellular matrix conformation and impairment of LDL receptor-mediated uptake decreasing the in vivo clearance of LDL. Small dense LDLs associated with high circulating VLDL have higher affinity to the intimal proteoglycans leading to the penetration of more LDL particles into the arterial wall. CRP can also accelerate atherosclerosis by increasing the expression of PAI-1 and adhesion molecules in endothelial cells, inhibition of nitric oxide formation and increasing LDL uptake into macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Overall, growing evidence suggests that hepatic insulin resistance is sufficient to induce several components of the metabolic syndrome and promote progression to cardiovascular disease. Many unresolved questions remain however on the molecular and cellular mechanisms that trigger hepatic insulin resistance and promote the development of clinical metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Meshkani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Chung CL, Sheu JR, Liu HE, Chang SC, Chou YC, Chen WL, Chou DS, Hsiao G. Dynasore, a Dynamin Inhibitor, Induces PAI-1 Expression in MeT-5A Human Pleural Mesothelial Cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009; 40:692-700. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0087oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Lafontan M, Girard J. Impact of visceral adipose tissue on liver metabolism. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2008; 34:317-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 04/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Sarecka B, Zak I, Krauze J. Synergistic effects of the polymorphisms in the PAI-1 and IL-6 genes with smoking in determining their associated risk with coronary artery disease. Clin Biochem 2008; 41:467-73. [PMID: 18307986 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Revised: 01/18/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the relationship between IL-6 and PAI-1 polymorphisms and coronary artery disease (CAD) and to observe the interactions between these polymorphic variants and smoking in the CAD risk. DESIGN AND METHOD The study population consisted of 178 patients with angiographically documented CAD and 202 blood donors. The analyses of genetic polymorphisms were performed using the PCR-RFLP method. RESULTS The frequency of PAI-1 5G allele was higher in the entire CAD group than in control group (p=0.04, OR=1.35). Also the 5G allele carriers (4G5G+5G5G) were more frequent in patients than in controls (p=0.03, OR=1.93). The number of women carrying 5G allele was again significantly higher among patients (OR=10.95 p=0.0075). The IL-6 C allele frequency was higher only in the CAD male subgroup (p=0.035, OR=1.44). We found synergistic and cumulative effects between specific genotype patterns and smoking in determining the risk of CAD, especially between PAI-1(4G5G+5G5G)+IL-6(CC) and smoking (SIM=4.18 and p=0.0005, OR=9.20, respectively). CONCLUSIONS There are synergistic and cumulative effects of 5G allele of PAI-1 polymorphism and C allele of IL-6 polymorphism with smoking in determining their associated risk with CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Sarecka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Medical University of Silesia, Medykow Str 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland.
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Chen C, Nan B, Lin P, Yao Q. C-reactive protein increases plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression in human endothelial cells. Thromb Res 2007; 122:125-33. [PMID: 17949793 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2007.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2007] [Revised: 07/25/2007] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is an inflammatory marker which predicts cardiovascular disease. However, it is not fully understood whether CRP has direct effects on endothelial functions and gene expression. The purpose of current study was to determine the effects and molecular mechanisms of CRP on the expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in human endothelial cells. Human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) were treated with CRP at clinically relevant concentrations for different durations. PAI-1 mRNA, protein and enzyme activities were studied. The effects of CRP on MAPK p38 phosphorylation was also studied by Bio-Plex luminex immunoassay. In addition, other types of human endothelial cells isolated from umbilical vein, skin, and lung microvessels were tested. CRP significantly increased PAI-1 mRNA levels in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. The protein level and enzyme activity of PAI-1 in the supernatant of CRP-treated HCAEC cultures were significantly increased. Anti-CD32 antibody effectively blocked CRP-induced PAI-1 mRNA expression. In addition, CRP significantly increased CD32 mRNA levels and enhanced phosphorylation of MAPK p38. Furthermore, antioxidant curcumin dramatically inhibited CRP-induced PAI-1 mRNA expression. The effect of CRP on PAI-1 expression was also confirmed in other types of human endothelial cells. In conclusion, CRP significantly increased the expression of PAI-1 in HCAEC and other human endothelial cells. CRP also increased its receptor CD32 expression which may further enhance its action. CRP-induced PAI-1 expression may be mediated by oxidative stress and p38 signal pathway as antioxidant effectively blocks the effect of CRP on HCAEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyi Chen
- The Molecular Surgeon Research Center, Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
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Pretorius M, Donahue BS, Yu C, Greelish JP, Roden DM, Brown NJ. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 as a predictor of postoperative atrial fibrillation after cardiopulmonary bypass. Circulation 2007; 116:I1-7. [PMID: 17846288 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.106.677906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative atrial fibrillation (AF), leading to significant morbidity and prolongation of hospital stay, complicates 20% to 40% of surgical procedures requiring cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). This study tests the hypothesis that biomarkers predict the development of postoperative AF. METHODS AND RESULTS We enrolled 253 adult patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery requiring CPB and who were in sinus rhythm at the time of surgery. Blood samples were obtained for measurement of 21 biomarkers immediately after separation from CPB and administration of protamine. Patients who developed postoperative AF (67 subjects, 26.5%) were significantly older (P<0.001), more likely to have a remote history of AF (P<0.001), and tended to be more likely to have had valve surgery (P=0.082). Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (P=0.014), interleukin (IL)-6 (P=0.019), and N-terminal prohormone brain natriuretic peptide (P=0.028) concentrations were significantly higher in the blood of patients who developed postoperative AF. Logistic regression identified age (P<0.001), remote history of AF (P=0.001), and postoperative PAI-1 (P=0.036) as independent predictors of postoperative AF. When preoperative PAI-1 antigen concentrations were included in the model age (P<0.001), remote history of AF (P<0.001) and preoperative PAI-1 (P=0.015) were identified as independent predictors of postoperative AF. The Chi-squared Automatic Interaction Detection (CHAID) model indicated that age was the primary determinant for the development of postoperative AF (17% in age < or = 67.3 years versus 49% in age > 67.3 years). Within younger patients (age < or = 67.3 years) without remote history of AF, postoperative PAI-1 antigen concentration next determined risk of AF (13% if PAI-1 < or = 28.5 ng/mL versus 46% if PAI-1 > 28.5 ng/mL). CONCLUSION An elevated preoperative or postoperative PAI-1 antigen concentration is an independent predictor for development of AF after CPB. Studies are needed to determine whether drugs that reduce PAI-1 concentrations can also reduce the risk of postoperative AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mias Pretorius
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Demyanets S, Kaun C, Rychli K, Rega G, Pfaffenberger S, Afonyushkin T, Bochkov VN, Maurer G, Huber K, Wojta J. The inflammatory cytokine oncostatin M induces PAI-1 in human vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro via PI 3-kinase and ERK1/2-dependent pathways. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H1962-8. [PMID: 17604327 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01366.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of the fibrinolytic system and in the modulation of extracellular proteolysis. Increased PAI-1 was found in atherosclerotic lesions, and high PAI-1 plasma levels were associated with coronary heart disease. Smooth muscle cells (SMC) are a major source of PAI-1 within the vascular wall, and PAI-1 was implicated in SMC migration, proliferation, and apoptosis. We treated human coronary artery SMC (HCASMC) and human aortic SMC (HASMC) with the glycoprotein 130 (gp130) ligands cardiotrophin-1, interleukin-6 (IL-6), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), or oncostatin M (OSM). Only OSM increased PAI-1 antigen and activity production significantly in these cells up to 20-fold. OSM upregulated mRNA specific for PAI-1 up to 4.5-fold in these cells. HCASMC and HASMC express gp130, OSM receptor, IL-6 receptor, and LIF receptor. OSM induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and Akt phosphorylations in HASMC. A phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor and a mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase inhibitor reduced Akt and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, respectively, and abolished OSM-induced PAI-1 upregulation. A janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription inhibitor, a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor, or c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase inhibitor I did not inhibit the OSM-dependent PAI-1 induction. OSM enhanced proliferation of both HCASMC and HASMC by 77 and 90%, respectively. We hypothesize that, if the effect of OSM on PAI-1 expression in smooth muscle cells is operative in vivo, it could, via modulation of fibrinolysis and extracellular proteolysis, be involved in the development of vascular pathologies such as plaque progression, destabilization and subsequent thrombus formation, and restenosis and neointima formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svitlana Demyanets
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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60
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Rega G, Kaun C, Demyanets S, Pfaffenberger S, Rychli K, Hohensinner PJ, Kastl SP, Speidl WS, Weiss TW, Breuss JM, Furnkranz A, Uhrin P, Zaujec J, Zilberfarb V, Frey M, Roehle R, Maurer G, Huber K, Wojta J. Vascular endothelial growth factor is induced by the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 and oncostatin m in human adipose tissue in vitro and in murine adipose tissue in vivo. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:1587-95. [PMID: 17525365 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.107.143081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It is believed that adipose tissue acts as an endocrine organ by producing inflammatory mediators and thereby contributes to the increased cardiovascular risk seen in obesity. A link between adipose tissue mass and angiogenesis has been suggested. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) seems to be implicated in this process. Members of the glycoprotein (gp)130 ligand family regulate VEGF expression in other cells. METHODS AND RESULTS We used tissue explants as well as primary cultures of preadipocytes and adipocytes from human subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue to investigate whether the gp130 ligands oncostatin M (OSM), interleukin-6 (IL-6), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1) regulate VEGF expression in human adipose tissue. Human subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue responded to treatment with IL-6 and OSM with a significant increase in VEGF production. Human preadipocytes were isolated from subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue. Adipocyte-differentiation was induced by hormone-supplementation. All cell types responded to IL-6 and OSM with a robust increase in VEGF protein production and a similar increase in VEGF-specific mRNA. Furthermore, IL-1beta synergistically enhanced the effect of OSM on VEGF production. AG-490, a JAK/STAT inhibitor, abolished the OSM-dependent VEGF induction almost completely. In mice, IL-6 and OSM increased serum levels of VEGF and VEGF mRNA and vessel density in adipose tissue. CONCLUSION We speculate that the inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and OSM might support angiogenesis during adipose tissue growth by upregulating VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rega
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Goralski KB, Sinal CJ. Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: getting to the fat of the matterThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled Young Investigators' Forum. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2007; 85:113-32. [PMID: 17487251 DOI: 10.1139/y06-092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The increasing national prevalence of obesity is a major public health concern and a substantial burden on the health care resources of Canada. In addition to the direct health impact of obesity, this condition is a well-established risk factor for the development of various prevalent comorbidities including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Historically, adipose tissue has been regarded primarily as an organ for energy storage. However, the discovery of leptin in the mid 1990’s revolutionized our understanding of this tissue and has focused attention on the endocrine function of adipose tissue as a source of secreted bioactive peptides. These compounds, collectively termed adipokines, regulate a number of biological functions including appetite and energy balance, insulin sensitivity, lipid metabolism, blood pressure, and inflammation. The physiological importance of adipokines has led to the hypothesis that changes in the synthesis and secretion of these compounds in the obese are a causative factor contributing to the development of obesity and obesity-related diseases in these individuals. Following from this it has been proposed that pharmacologic manipulation of adipokine levels may provide novel effective therapeutic strategies to treat and prevent obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry B Goralski
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada
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Song HY, Kim MR, Lee MJ, Jeon ES, Bae YC, Jung JS, Kim JH. Oncostatin M decreases adiponectin expression and induces dedifferentiation of adipocytes by JAK3- and MEK-dependent pathways. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2006; 39:439-49. [PMID: 17081797 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2006.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2006] [Revised: 07/26/2006] [Accepted: 07/31/2006] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Adiponectin, an adipokine secreted from adipocytes, plays a crucial role in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. In the present study, we examine the role of the IL-6 family of cytokines in the expression of adiponectin in human adipocytes derived from human adipose tissue-derived stromal cells. Oncostatin M (OSM), but not IL-6, attenuated the expression level of adiponectin dose- and time-dependently, and the inhibitory effect of OSM on adiponectin expression was as potent as that of TNF-alpha. The OSM-induced down-regulation of adiponectin expression was correlated with the down-regulation of PPARgamma2 and lipoprotein lipase, markers for adipogenic differentiation, and depletion of intracellular lipid droplets, suggesting dedifferentiation of adipocytes in response to OSM. OSM induced phosphorylation of STAT1, and treatment of adipocytes with JAK3 inhibitor WHI-P131 or MEK inhibitor U0126, but not with JAK2 inhibitor AG490, prevented the activation of STAT1. Furthermore, the OSM-induced suppression of adiponectin expression and dedifferentiation of adipocytes were ameliorated by WHI-P131 or U0126, but not by AG490. These results suggest that OSM inhibits adiponectin expression by inducing dedifferentiation of adipocytes through signaling pathways involving JAK3 and MEK, but not JAK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Young Song
- Medical Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration & Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 602-739, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
The link between plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 and the metabolic syndrome with obesity was established many years ago. Increased PAI-1 level can be now considered a true component of the syndrome. The metabolic syndrome is associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease, and PAI-1 overexpression may participate in this process. The mechanisms of PAI-1 overexpression during obesity are complex, and it is conceivable that several inducers are involved at the same time at several sites of synthesis. Interestingly, recent in vitro and in vivo studies showed that besides its role in atherothrombosis, PAI-1 is also implicated in adipose tissue development and in the control of insulin signaling in adipocytes. These findings suggest PAI-1 inhibitors serve in the control of atherothrombosis and insulin resistance.
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Kralisch S, Klein J, Lossner U, Blüher M, Paschke R, Stumvoll M, Fasshauer M. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression and secretion are stimulated by growth hormone and interleukin-6 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2006; 253:56-62. [PMID: 16713670 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2006.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2005] [Revised: 04/21/2006] [Accepted: 04/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Various adipocytokines have been described which influence insulin sensitivity and vascular function profoundly and might, therefore, potentially link obesity, insulin resistance, and atherosclerosis. Among those, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 is an adipose-secreted factor upregulated in obesity and insulin resistance that inhibits fibrinolysis. Furthermore, recent studies in knockout mice suggest that PAI-1 directly impairs insulin sensitivity. In the current study, the impact of growth hormone (GH) and interleukin (IL)-6 on PAI-1 mRNA synthesis and secretion was determined in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Interestingly, 500 ng/ml GH and 30 ng/ml IL-6 increased PAI-1 secretion five-fold and 3.6-fold, respectively. Furthermore, GH and IL-6 induced PAI-1 mRNA by up to 7.3-fold, and 3.6-fold, respectively, in a time-dependent fashion with significant stimulation seen at concentrations as low as 5 ng/ml GH and 10 ng/ml IL-6. Other insulin resistance-inducing hormones which stimulated PAI-1 synthesis included insulin, TNFalpha, and dexamethasone. Studies using pharmacological inhibitors suggested that basal and GH-induced PAI-1 synthesis were at least in part mediated by p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase but not janus kinase 2 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Taken together, our results show a differential regulation of PAI-1 mRNA by insulin resistance-inducing hormones including GH and IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Kralisch
- University of Leipzig, Department of Internal Medicine III, Ph.-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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65
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Crandall DL, Quinet EM, El Ayachi S, Hreha AL, Leik CE, Savio DA, Juhan-Vague I, Alessi MC. Modulation of adipose tissue development by pharmacological inhibition of PAI-1. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26:2209-15. [PMID: 16825598 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000235605.51400.9d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effect of a novel small molecule plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) inhibitor on adipose tissue physiology was investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS In human preadipocyte cultures, PAI-039 inhibited both basal and glucose-stimulated increases in active PAI-1 antigen, yet had no effect on PAI-1 mRNA, suggesting a direct inactivation of PAI-1. Differentiation of human preadipocytes to adipocytes was associated with leptin synthesis, which was significantly reduced in the presence of PAI-039, together with an atypical adipocyte morphology characterized by a reduction in the size and number of lipid containing vesicles. In a model of diet-induced obesity, pair-fed C57 Bl/6 mice administered PAI-039 in a high-fat diet exhibited a dose-dependent reduction in body weight, epididymal adipose tissue weight, adipocyte volume, and circulating plasma active PAI-1. Plasma glucose, triglycerides, and leptin were also significantly reduced in drug-treated mice, and concentrations of PAI-039 associated with these physiological effects were near the in vitro IC50 for the inhibition of PAI-1. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that a small molecule inactivator of PAI-1 can neutralize glucose-stimulated increases in PAI-1 in human preadipocyte cultures, reduce adipocyte differentiation, and prevent the development of diet-induced obesity. These data suggest the pharmacological inhibition of PAI-1 could be beneficial in diseases associated with expansion of adipose tissue mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Crandall
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Research, Wyeth Research, N2265A, PO Box 42528, Philadelphia, PA 19101, USA.
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Tsuda T, Ueno Y, Yoshikawa T, Kojo H, Osawa T. Microarray profiling of gene expression in human adipocytes in response to anthocyanins. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 71:1184-97. [PMID: 16483547 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2005] [Revised: 12/23/2005] [Accepted: 12/23/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adipocyte dysfunction is strongly associated with the development of obesity and insulin resistance. It is accepted that the regulation of adipocytokine secretion or the adipocyte specific gene expression is one of the most important targets for the prevention of obesity and amelioration of insulin sensitivity. Recently, we demonstrated that anthocyanins, which are pigments widespread in the plant kingdom, have the potency of anti-obesity in mice and the enhancement adipocytokine secretion and its gene expression in adipocytes. In this study, we have shown the gene expression profile in human adipocytes treated with anthocyanins (cyanidin 3-glucoside; C3G or cyanidin; Cy). The human adipocytes were treated with 100 microM C3G, Cy or vehicle for 24 h. The total RNA from the adipocytes was isolated and carried out GeneChip microarray analysis. Based on the gene expression profile, we demonstrated the significant changes of adipocytokine expression (up-regulation of adiponectin and down-regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and interleukin-6). Some of lipid metabolism related genes (uncoupling protein2, acylCoA oxidase1 and perilipin) also significantly induced in both common the C3G or Cy treatment groups. These studies have provided an overview of the gene expression profiles in human adipocytes treated with anthocyanins and demonstrated that anthocyanins can regulate adipocytokine gene expression to ameliorate adipocyte function related with obesity and diabetes that merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Tsuda
- Research Center for Biomarkers of Preventive Medicine, Doshisha University, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
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Demyanets S, Kaun C, Maurer G, Huber K, Wojta J. Statins modulate expression of components of the plasminogen activator/plasmin system in human cardiac myocytes in vitro. J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4:476-9. [PMID: 16420585 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.01747.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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