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Haymet AB, Bartnikowski N, Wood ES, Vallely MP, McBride A, Yacoub S, Biering SB, Harris E, Suen JY, Fraser JF. Studying the Endothelial Glycocalyx in vitro: What Is Missing? Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:647086. [PMID: 33937360 PMCID: PMC8079726 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.647086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
All human cells are coated by a surface layer of proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and plasma proteins, called the glycocalyx. The glycocalyx transmits shear stress to the cytoskeleton of endothelial cells, maintains a selective permeability barrier, and modulates adhesion of blood leukocytes and platelets. Major components of the glycocalyx, including syndecans, heparan sulfate, and hyaluronan, are shed from the endothelial surface layer during conditions including ischaemia and hypoxia, sepsis, atherosclerosis, diabetes, renal disease, and some viral infections. Studying mechanisms of glycocalyx damage in vivo can be challenging due to the complexity of immuno-inflammatory responses which are inextricably involved. Previously, both static as well as perfused in vitro models have studied the glycocalyx, and have reported either imaging data, assessment of barrier function, or interactions of blood components with the endothelial monolayer. To date, no model has simultaneously incorporated all these features at once, however such a model would arguably enhance the study of vasculopathic processes. This review compiles a series of current in vitro models described in the literature that have targeted the glycocalyx layer, their limitations, and potential opportunities for further developments in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Haymet
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicole Bartnikowski
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, QLD, Australia.,Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Emily S Wood
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael P Vallely
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Angela McBride
- Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom.,Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Africa Asia Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Sophie Yacoub
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Africa Asia Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Scott B Biering
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jacky Y Suen
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - John F Fraser
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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Oshima K, King SI, McMurtry SA, Schmidt EP. Endothelial Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans in Sepsis: The Role of the Glycocalyx. Semin Thromb Hemost 2021; 47:274-282. [PMID: 33794552 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1725064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing recognition of the importance of the endothelial glycocalyx and its in vivo manifestation, the endothelial surface layer, in vascular homeostasis. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are a major structural constituent of the endothelial glycocalyx and serve to regulate vascular permeability, microcirculatory tone, leukocyte and platelet adhesion, and hemostasis. During sepsis, endothelial HSPGs are shed through the induction of "sheddases" such as heparanase and matrix metalloproteinases, leading to loss of glycocalyx integrity and consequent vascular dysfunction. Less well recognized is that glycocalyx degradation releases HSPG fragments into the circulation, which can shape the systemic consequences of sepsis. In this review, we will discuss (1) the normal, homeostatic functions of HSPGs within the endothelial glycocalyx, (2) the pathological changes in HSPGs during sepsis and their consequences on the local vascular bed, and (3) the systemic consequences of HSPG degradation. In doing so, we will identify potential therapeutic targets to improve vascular function during sepsis as well as highlight key areas of uncertainty that require further mechanistic investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Oshima
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Samantha I King
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Sarah A McMurtry
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Eric P Schmidt
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, Colorado
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53
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Metabolic Glycoengineering in hMSC-TERT as a Model for Skeletal Precursors by Using Modified Azide/Alkyne Monosaccharides. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062820. [PMID: 33802220 PMCID: PMC7999278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic glycoengineering enables a directed modification of cell surfaces by introducing target molecules to surface proteins displaying new features. Biochemical pathways involving glycans differ in dependence on the cell type; therefore, this technique should be tailored for the best results. We characterized metabolic glycoengineering in telomerase-immortalized human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSC-TERT) as a model for primary hMSC, to investigate its applicability in TERT-modified cell lines. The metabolic incorporation of N-azidoacetylmannosamine (Ac4ManNAz) and N-alkyneacetylmannosamine (Ac4ManNAl) into the glycocalyx as a first step in the glycoengineering process revealed no adverse effects on cell viability or gene expression, and the in vitro multipotency (osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation potential) was maintained under these adapted culture conditions. In the second step, glycoengineered cells were modified with fluorescent dyes using Cu-mediated click chemistry. In these analyses, the two mannose derivatives showed superior incorporation efficiencies compared to glucose and galactose isomers. In time-dependent experiments, the incorporation of Ac4ManNAz was detectable for up to six days while Ac4ManNAl-derived metabolites were absent after two days. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the successful metabolic glycoengineering of immortalized hMSC resulting in transient cell surface modifications, and thus present a useful model to address different scientific questions regarding glycosylation processes in skeletal precursors.
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54
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Nieuwenhuijs-Moeke GJ, Bosch DJ, Leuvenink HG. Molecular Aspects of Volatile Anesthetic-Induced Organ Protection and Its Potential in Kidney Transplantation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052727. [PMID: 33800423 PMCID: PMC7962839 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is inevitable in kidney transplantation and negatively impacts graft and patient outcome. Reperfusion takes place in the recipient and most of the injury following ischemia and reperfusion occurs during this reperfusion phase; therefore, the intra-operative period seems an attractive window of opportunity to modulate IRI and improve short- and potentially long-term graft outcome. Commonly used volatile anesthetics such as sevoflurane and isoflurane have been shown to interfere with many of the pathophysiological processes involved in the injurious cascade of IRI. Therefore, volatile anesthetic (VA) agents might be the preferred anesthetics used during the transplantation procedure. This review highlights the molecular and cellular protective points of engagement of VA shown in in vitro studies and in vivo animal experiments, and the potential translation of these results to the clinical setting of kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertrude J. Nieuwenhuijs-Moeke
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-631623075
| | - Dirk J. Bosch
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Henri G.D. Leuvenink
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands;
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Jo H, Manning K, Tarbell JM. Special Issue on Professor John M. Tarbell's Contribution to Cardiovascular Engineering. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2021; 12:1-8. [PMID: 33415700 PMCID: PMC7790314 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-020-00516-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanjoong Jo
- Wallace H. Coulter Distinguished Faculty Chair Professor, Wallace. H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, 1760 Haygood Drive, Health Sciences Research Bldg E170, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Keefe Manning
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Surgery, Schreyer Honors College, The Pennsylvania State University, 122 CBE Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - John M Tarbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
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Taghavi S, Abdullah S, Duchesne J, Pociask D, Kolls J, Jackson-Weaver O. Interleukin 22 mitigates endothelial glycocalyx shedding after lipopolysaccharide injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2021; 90:337-345. [PMID: 33502147 PMCID: PMC7872437 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endothelial glycocalyx (EG) on the luminal surface of endothelial cells contributes to the permeability barrier of vessels and prevents activation of the coagulation cascade. Endothelial glycocalyx damage, which occurs in the shock state, results in endotheliopathy. Interleukin (IL)-22 is a cytokine with both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties, and how IL-22 affects the EG has not been studied. We hypothesized that IL-22:Fc, a recombinant fusion protein with human IL-22 and the Fc portion of human immunoglobulin G1 (which extends the protein half-life), would not affect EG shedding in endothelium after injury. METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to 1 μg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Lipopolysaccharide-injured cells (n = 284) were compared with HUVECs with LPS injury plus 0.375 μg/mL of IL-22:Fc treatment (n = 293) for 12 hours. These two cohorts were compared with control HUVECs (n = 286) and HUVECs exposed to IL-22:Fc alone (n = 269). Cells were fixed and stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled wheat germ agglutinin to quantify EG. Total RNA was collected, and select messenger RNAs were quantified by real time - quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) using SYBR green fluorescence. RESULTS Exposure of HUVECs to LPS resulted in degradation of the EG compared with control (5.86 vs. 6.09 arbitrary unit [AU], p = 0.01). Interleukin-22:Fc alone also resulted in degradation of EG (5.08 vs. 6.09 AU, p = 0.01). Treatment with IL-22:Fc after LPS injury resulted in less degradation of EG compared with LPS injury alone (5.86 vs. 5.08 AU, p = 0.002). Expression of the IL-22Ra1 receptor was not different for IL-22:Fc treated compared with LPS injury only (0.69 vs. 0.86 relative expression, p = 0.10). Treatment with IL-22:Fc after LPS injury resulted in less matrix metalloproteinase 2 (0.79 vs. 1.70 relative expression, p = 0.005) and matrix metalloproteinase 14 (0.94 vs. 2.04 relative expression, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Interleukin-22:Fc alone induces EG degradation. However, IL-22:Fc treatment after LPS injury appears to mitigate EG degradation. This protective effect appears to be mediated via reduced expression of metalloproteinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharven Taghavi
- From the Department of Surgery (S.T., S.A., J.D., O.J.-W.), and Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation (D.P., J.K.), Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
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57
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Moore KH, Murphy HA, George EM. The glycocalyx: a central regulator of vascular function. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 320:R508-R518. [PMID: 33501896 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00340.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx is a specialized extracellular matrix that covers the apical side of vascular endothelial cells, projecting into the lumen of blood vessels. The composition of the glycocalyx has been studied in great detail, and it is known to be composed of a mixture of proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, and glycoproteins. Although this structure was once believed to be a passive physical barrier, it is now recognized as a multifunctional and dynamic structure that participates in many vascular processes, including but not limited to vascular permeability, inflammation, thrombosis, mechanotransduction, and cytokine signaling. Because of its participation in many physiological and pathophysiological states, comprehensive knowledge of the glycocalyx will aid future vascular biologists in their research. With that in mind, this review discusses the biochemical structure of the glycocalyx and its function in many vascular physiological processes. We also briefly review a more recent discovery in glycocalyx biology, the placental glycocalyx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle H Moore
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Hayley A Murphy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Eric M George
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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58
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Brandt R, Timm S, Gorenflos López JL, Kwame Abledu J, Kuebler WM, Hackenberger CPR, Ochs M, Lopez-Rodriguez E. Metabolic Glycoengineering Enables the Ultrastructural Visualization of Sialic Acids in the Glycocalyx of the Alveolar Epithelial Cell Line hAELVi. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:614357. [PMID: 33520965 PMCID: PMC7841390 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.614357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycocalyx—a plethora of sugars forming a dense layer that covers the cell membrane—is commonly found on the epithelial surface of lumen forming tissue. New glycocalyx specific properties have been defined for various organs in the last decade. However, in the lung alveolar epithelium, its structure and functions remain almost completely unexplored. This is partly due to the lack of physiologically relevant, cost effective in vitro models. As the glycocalyx is an essential but neglected part of the alveolar epithelial barrier, understanding its properties holds the promise to enhance the pulmonary administration of drugs and delivery of nanoparticles. Here, using air-liquid-interface (ALI) cell culture, we focus on combining metabolic glycoengineering with glycan specific electron and confocal microscopy to visualize the glycocalyx of a recently immortalized human alveolar epithelial cell line (hAELVi). For this purpose, we applied different bioorthogonal labeling approaches to visualize sialic acid—an amino sugar that provides negative charge to the lung epithelial glycocalyx—using both fluorescence and gold-nanoparticle labeling. Further, we compared mild chemical fixing/freeze substitution and standard cytochemical electron microscopy embedding protocols for their capacity of contrasting the glycocalyx. In our study, we established hAELVi cells as a convenient model for investigating human alveolar epithelial glycocalyx. Transmission electron microscopy revealed hAELVi cells to develop ultrastructural features reminiscent of alveolar epithelial type II cells (ATII). Further, we visualized extracellular uni- and multilamellar membranous structures in direct proximity to the glycocalyx at ultrastructural level, indicating putative interactions. The lamellar membranes were able to form structures of higher organization, and we report sialic acid to be present within those. In conclusion, combining metabolite specific glycoengineering with ultrastructural localization presents an innovative method with high potential to depict the molecular distribution of individual components of the alveolar epithelial glycocalyx and its interaction partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Brandt
- Institute of Functional Anatomy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sara Timm
- Core Facility Electron Microscopy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jacob L Gorenflos López
- Department Chemical Biology, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang M Kuebler
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian P R Hackenberger
- Department Chemical Biology, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Ochs
- Institute of Functional Anatomy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Core Facility Electron Microscopy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Berlin, Germany
| | - Elena Lopez-Rodriguez
- Institute of Functional Anatomy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Glycan-to-Glycan Binding: Molecular Recognition through Polyvalent Interactions Mediates Specific Cell Adhesion. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020397. [PMID: 33451117 PMCID: PMC7828597 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycan-to-glycan binding was shown by biochemical and biophysical measurements to mediate xenogeneic self-recognition and adhesion in sponges, stage-specific cell compaction in mice embryos, and in vitro tumor cell adhesion in mammals. This intermolecular recognition process is accepted as the new paradigm accompanying high-affinity and low valent protein-to-protein and protein-to-glycan binding in cellular interactions. Glycan structures in sponges have novel species-specific sequences. Their common features are the large size >100 kD, polyvalency >100 repeats of the specific self-binding oligosaccharide, the presence of fucose, and sulfated and/or pyruvylated hexoses. These structural and functional properties, different from glycosaminoglycans, inspired their classification under the glyconectin name. The molecular mechanism underlying homophilic glyconectin-to-glyconectin binding relies on highly polyvalent, strong, and structure-specific interactions of small oligosaccharide motifs, possessing ultra-weak self-binding strength and affinity. Glyconectin localization at the glycocalyx outermost cell surface layer suggests their role in the initial recognition and adhesion event during the complex and multistep process. In mammals, Lex-to-Lex homophilic binding is structure-specific and has ultra-weak affinity. Cell adhesion is achieved through highly polyvalent interactions, enabled by clustering of small low valent structure in plasma membranes.
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60
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Nian K, Harding IC, Herman IM, Ebong EE. Blood-Brain Barrier Damage in Ischemic Stroke and Its Regulation by Endothelial Mechanotransduction. Front Physiol 2020; 11:605398. [PMID: 33424628 PMCID: PMC7793645 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.605398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, a major cause of mortality in the United States, often contributes to disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB along with its supportive cells, collectively referred to as the “neurovascular unit,” is the brain’s multicellular microvasculature that bi-directionally regulates the transport of blood, ions, oxygen, and cells from the circulation into the brain. It is thus vital for the maintenance of central nervous system homeostasis. BBB disruption, which is associated with the altered expression of tight junction proteins and BBB transporters, is believed to exacerbate brain injury caused by ischemic stroke and limits the therapeutic potential of current clinical therapies, such as recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. Accumulating evidence suggests that endothelial mechanobiology, the conversion of mechanical forces into biochemical signals, helps regulate function of the peripheral vasculature and may similarly maintain BBB integrity. For example, the endothelial glycocalyx (GCX), a glycoprotein-proteoglycan layer extending into the lumen of bloods vessel, is abundantly expressed on endothelial cells of the BBB and has been shown to regulate BBB permeability. In this review, we will focus on our understanding of the mechanisms underlying BBB damage after ischemic stroke, highlighting current and potential future novel pharmacological strategies for BBB protection and recovery. Finally, we will address the current knowledge of endothelial mechanotransduction in BBB maintenance, specifically focusing on a potential role of the endothelial GCX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqing Nian
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ian C Harding
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ira M Herman
- Department of Development, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, United States.,Center for Innovations in Wound Healing Research, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Eno E Ebong
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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Korakas E, Ikonomidis I, Markakis K, Raptis A, Dimitriadis G, Lambadiari V. The Endothelial Glycocalyx as a Key Mediator of Albumin Handling and the Development of Diabetic Nephropathy. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2020; 18:619-631. [PMID: 31889495 DOI: 10.2174/1570161118666191224120242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx is a complex mesh of proteoglycans, glycoproteins and other soluble components, which cover the vascular endothelium. It plays an important role in many physiological processes including vascular permeability, transduction of shear stress and interaction of blood cells and other molecules with the vascular wall. Its complex structure makes its precise assessment challenging, and many different visualization techniques have been used with varying results. Diabetes, one of the main disease models where disorders of the glycocalyx are present, causes degradation of the glycocalyx through a variety of molecular pathways and especially through oxidative stress due to the action of reactive oxygen species. As the glycocalyx has been primarily studied in the glomerular endothelium, more evidence points towards a vital role in albumin handling and, consequently, in diabetic nephropathy. Therefore, the maintenance or restoration of the integrity of the glycocalyx seems a promising therapeutic target. In this review, we consider the structural and functional capacities of the endothelial glycocalyx, the available methods for its evaluation, the mechanisms through which diabetes leads to glycocalyx degradation and albuminuria, and possible treatment options targeting the glycocalyx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Korakas
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ignatios Ikonomidis
- Second Cardiology Department, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Markakis
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Raptis
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Dimitriadis
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vaia Lambadiari
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Dehlinger A, Seim C, Stiel H, Twamley S, Ludwig A, Kördel M, Grötzsch D, Rehbein S, Kanngießer B. Laboratory Soft X-Ray Microscopy with an Integrated Visible-Light Microscope-Correlative Workflow for Faster 3D Cell Imaging. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2020; 26:1124-1132. [PMID: 33023699 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927620024447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory transmission soft X-ray microscopy (L-TXM) has emerged as a complementary tool to synchrotron-based TXM and high-resolution biomedical 3D imaging in general in recent years. However, two major operational challenges in L-TXM still need to be addressed: a small field of view and a potentially misaligned rotation stage. As it is not possible to alter the magnification during operation, the field of view in L-TXM is usually limited to a few tens of micrometers. This complicates locating areas and objects of interest in the sample. Additionally, if the rotation axis of the sample stage cannot be adjusted prior to the experiments, an efficient workflow for tomographic imaging cannot be established, as refocusing and sample repositioning will become necessary after each recorded projection. Both these limitations have been overcome with the integration of a visible-light microscope (VLM) into the L-TXM system. Here, we describe the calibration procedure of the goniometer sample stage and the integrated VLM and present the resulting 3D imaging of a test sample. In addition, utilizing this newly integrated VLM, the extracellular matrix of cryofixed THP-1 cells (human acute monocytic leukemia cells) was visualized by L-TXM for the first time in the context of an ongoing biomedical research project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Dehlinger
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Hardenbergstraße 36, Berlin10623, Germany
- Berlin Laboratory for Innovative X-ray technologies (BLiX), Hardenbergstraße 36, Berlin10623, Germany
| | - Christian Seim
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Hardenbergstraße 36, Berlin10623, Germany
- Berlin Laboratory for Innovative X-ray technologies (BLiX), Hardenbergstraße 36, Berlin10623, Germany
| | - Holger Stiel
- Berlin Laboratory for Innovative X-ray technologies (BLiX), Hardenbergstraße 36, Berlin10623, Germany
- Max-Born-Institut (MBI) im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V., Max-Born-Straße 2A, Berlin12489, Germany
| | - Shailey Twamley
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Medizinische Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117Berlin, Germany
| | - Antje Ludwig
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Medizinische Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik für Radiologie, Charitéplatz 1, 10117Berlin, Germany
| | - Mikael Kördel
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology/Albanova, Stockholm106 91, Sweden
| | - Daniel Grötzsch
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Hardenbergstraße 36, Berlin10623, Germany
- Berlin Laboratory for Innovative X-ray technologies (BLiX), Hardenbergstraße 36, Berlin10623, Germany
| | - Stefan Rehbein
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen Campus, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, Berlin12489, Germany
| | - Birgit Kanngießer
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Hardenbergstraße 36, Berlin10623, Germany
- Berlin Laboratory for Innovative X-ray technologies (BLiX), Hardenbergstraße 36, Berlin10623, Germany
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63
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Chia PY, Teo A, Yeo TW. Overview of the Assessment of Endothelial Function in Humans. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:542567. [PMID: 33117828 PMCID: PMC7575777 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.542567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelium is recognized to play an important role in various physiological functions including vascular tone, permeability, anticoagulation, and angiogenesis. Endothelial dysfunction is increasingly recognized to contribute to pathophysiology of many disease states, and depending on the disease stimuli, mechanisms underlying the endothelial dysfunction may be markedly different. As such, numerous techniques to measure different aspects of endothelial dysfunction have been developed and refined as available technology improves. Current available reviews on quantifying endothelial dysfunction generally concentrate on a single aspect of endothelial function, although diseases may affect more than one aspect of endothelial function. Here, we aim to provide an overview on the techniques available for the assessment of the different aspects of endothelial function in humans, human tissues or cells, namely vascular tone modulation, permeability, anticoagulation and fibrinolysis, and the use of endothelial biomarkers as predictors of outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po Ying Chia
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andrew Teo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine and Radiology and Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, VIC, Australia
| | - Tsin Wen Yeo
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
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64
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Dong C, Choi YK, Lee J, Zhang XF, Honerkamp-Smith A, Widmalm G, Lowe-Krentz LJ, Im W. Structure, Dynamics, and Interactions of GPI-Anchored Human Glypican-1 with Heparan Sulfates in a Membrane. Glycobiology 2020; 31:593-602. [PMID: 33021626 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glypican-1 and its heparan sulfate (HS) chains play important roles in modulating many biological processes including growth factor signaling. Glypican-1 is bound to a membrane surface via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor. In this study, we used all-atom molecular modeling and simulation to explore the structure, dynamics, and interactions of GPI-anchored glypican-1, three HS chains, membranes, and ions. The folded glypican-1 core structure is stable, but has substantial degrees of freedom in terms of movement and orientation with respect to the membrane due to the long unstructured C-terminal region linking the core to the GPI-anchor. With unique structural features depending on the extent of sulfation, high flexibility of HS chains can promote multi-site interactions with surrounding molecules near and above the membrane. This study is a first step toward all-atom molecular modeling and simulation of the glycocalyx, as well as its modulation of interactions between growth factors and their receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuqiao Dong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanicss, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, United States
| | - Yeol Kyo Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, United States
| | - Jumin Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, United States
| | - X Frank Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanicss, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, United States
| | | | - Göran Widmalm
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda J Lowe-Krentz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, United States
| | - Wonpil Im
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, United States
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65
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Mensah SA, Nersesyan AA, Ebong EE. Endothelial Glycocalyx-Mediated Intercellular Interactions: Mechanisms and Implications for Atherosclerosis and Cancer Metastasis. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2020; 12:72-90. [PMID: 33000443 PMCID: PMC7904750 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-020-00487-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The endothelial glycocalyx (GCX) plays a critical role in the health of the vascular system. Degradation of the GCX has been implicated in the onset of diseases like atherosclerosis and cancer because it disrupts endothelial cell (EC) function that is meant to protect from atherosclerosis and cancer. Examples of such EC function include interendothelial cell communication via gap junctions and receptor-mediated interactions between endothelial and tumor cells. This review focuses on GCX-dependent regulation of these intercellular interactions in healthy and diseased states. The ultimate goal is to build new knowledge that can be applied to developing GCX regeneration strategies that can control intercellular interaction in order to combat the progression of diseases such as atherosclerosis and cancer. Methods In vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to determine the baseline expression of GCX in physiologically relevant conditions. Chemical and mechanical GCX degradation approaches were employed to degrade the GCX. The impact of intact versus degraded GCX on intercellular interactions was assessed using cytochemistry, histochemistry, a Lucifer yellow dye transfer assay, and confocal, intravital, and scanning electron microscopy techniques. Results Relevant to atherosclerosis, we found that GCX stability determines the expression and functionality of Cx43 in gap junction-mediated EC-to-EC communication. Relevant to cancer metastasis, we found that destabilizing the GCX through either disturbed flow-induced or enzyme induced GCX degradation results in increased E-selectin receptor-mediated EC-tumor cell interactions. Conclusion Our findings lay a foundation for future endothelial GCX-targeted therapy, to control intercellular interactions and limit the progression of atherosclerosis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon A Mensah
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Alina A Nersesyan
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eno E Ebong
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 335 Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering Complex, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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66
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The Glycocalyx and Its Role in Vascular Physiology and Vascular Related Diseases. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2020; 12:37-71. [PMID: 32959164 PMCID: PMC7505222 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-020-00485-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose In 2007 the two senior authors wrote a review on the structure and function of the endothelial glycocalyx layer (Weinbaum in Annu Rev Biomed Eng 9:121–167, 2007). Since then there has been an explosion of interest in this hydrated gel-like structure that coats the luminal surface of endothelial cells that line our vasculature due to its important functions in (A) basic vascular physiology and (B) vascular related diseases. This review will highlight the major advances that have occurred since our 2007 paper. Methods A literature search mainly focusing on the role of the glycocalyx in the two major areas described above was performed using electronic databases. Results In part (A) of this review, the new formulation of the century old Starling principle, now referred to as the Michel–Weinbaum glycoclayx model or revised Starling hypothesis, is described including new subtleties and physiological ramifications. New insights into mechanotransduction and release of nitric oxide due to fluid shear stress sensed by the glycocalyx are elaborated. Major advances in understanding the organization and function of glycocalyx components, and new techniques for measuring both its thickness and spatio-chemical organization based on super resolution, stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) are presented. As discussed in part (B) of this review, it is now recognized that artery wall stiffness associated with hypertension and aging induces glycocalyx degradation, endothelial dysfunction and vascular disease. In addition to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases, the glycocalyx plays an important role in lifestyle related diseases (e.g., diabetes) and cancer. Infectious diseases including sepsis, Dengue, Zika and Corona viruses, and malaria also involve the glycocalyx. Because of increasing recognition of the role of the glycocalyx in a wide range of diseases, there has been a vigorous search for methods to protect the glycocalyx from degradation or to enhance its synthesis in disease environments. Conclusion As we have seen in this review, many important developments in our basic understanding of GCX structure, function and role in diseases have been described since the 2007 paper. The future is wide open for continued GCX research.
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Dunkel B. Science-in-brief: The role of the glycocalyx in critically ill patients with reference to the horse. Equine Vet J 2020; 52:790-793. [PMID: 32786127 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Dunkel
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
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68
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Saknite I, Zhao Z, Patrinely JR, Byrne M, Jagasia M, Tkaczyk ER. Individual cell motion in healthy human skin microvasculature by reflectance confocal video microscopy. Microcirculation 2020; 27:e12621. [PMID: 32304109 PMCID: PMC7554192 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe upper dermal microvasculature of healthy human skin in terms of density and size of cutaneous blood vessels, leukocyte velocity, and leukocyte interactions with the endothelium. METHODS We used a reflectance confocal microscope, the VivaScope 1500, to acquire videos of individual cell motion. RESULTS We found no rolling leukocytes in the upper microvasculature of ten healthy subjects. We observed "paused" leukocytes, that is, leukocytes that temporarily stop, coinciding with the simultaneous stopping of the rest of the blood flow. We imaged more paused (median: 1.0 per subject) and adherent (1.5) leukocytes in the forearm than in the chest (median 0 paused and 0 adherent per subject) per 5 minutes of videos per body site. Leukocytes were paused for a median of 7 seconds in the forearm and 3 seconds in the chest, and we found no correlation between this parameter and the blood vessel or leukocyte size. We visualized blood flow change direction. Flowing leukocyte velocities followed a lognormal distribution and were on average higher in the chest (117 µm/s) than in the forearm (66 µm/s). CONCLUSION The proposed method and reported values in healthy skin provide new insights into intact human skin microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Saknite
- Vanderbilt Dermatology Translational Research Clinic,
Department of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN,
USA
| | - Zijun Zhao
- Vanderbilt Dermatology Translational Research Clinic,
Department of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN,
USA
- Dermatology Service and Research Service, Tennessee Valley
Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN,
USA
| | - J. Randall Patrinely
- Vanderbilt Dermatology Translational Research Clinic,
Department of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN,
USA
- Dermatology Service and Research Service, Tennessee Valley
Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN,
USA
| | - Michael Byrne
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Madan Jagasia
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eric R. Tkaczyk
- Vanderbilt Dermatology Translational Research Clinic,
Department of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN,
USA
- Dermatology Service and Research Service, Tennessee Valley
Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt
University, Nashville, TN, USA
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69
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Hempel C, Kapishnikov S, Perez-Berna AJ, Werner S, Guttmann P, Pereiro E, Qvortrup K, Andresen TL. The need to freeze-Dehydration during specimen preparation for electron microscopy collapses the endothelial glycocalyx regardless of fixation method. Microcirculation 2020; 27:e12643. [PMID: 32542908 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The endothelial glycocalyx covers the luminal surface of the endothelium and plays key roles in vascular function. Despite its biological importance, ideal visualization techniques are lacking. The current study aimed to improve the preservation and subsequent imaging quality of the endothelial glycocalyx. METHODS In mice, the endothelial glycocalyx was contrasted with a mixture of lanthanum and dysprosium (LaDy). Standard chemical fixation was compared with high-pressure frozen specimens processed with freeze substitution. Also, isolated brain microvessels and cultured endothelial cells were high-pressure frozen and by transmission soft x-rays, imaged under cryogenic conditions. RESULTS The endothelial glycocalyx was in some tissues significantly more voluminous from chemically fixed specimens compared with high-pressure frozen specimens. LaDy labeling introduced excessive absorption contrast, which impeded glycocalyx measurements in isolated brain microvessels when using transmission soft x-rays. In non-contrasted vessels, the glycocalyx was not resolved. LaDy-contrasted, cultured brain endothelial cells allowed to assess glycocalyx volume in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Both chemical and cryogenic fixation followed by dehydration lead to substantial collapse of the glycocalyx. Cryogenic fixation without freeze substitution could be a way forward although transmission soft x-ray tomography based solely on amplitude contrast seems unsuitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper Hempel
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.,Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department for Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department for Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sergey Kapishnikov
- Department X-Ray microscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin, Germany.,Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Stephan Werner
- Department X-Ray microscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Guttmann
- Department X-Ray microscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva Pereiro
- MISTRAL Beamline-Experiments Division, ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Klaus Qvortrup
- Core Facility for Integrated Microscopy (CFIM), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Lars Andresen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Cheng MJ, Mitra R, Okorafor CC, Nersesyan AA, Harding IC, Bal NN, Kumar R, Jo H, Sridhar S, Ebong EE. Targeted Intravenous Nanoparticle Delivery: Role of Flow and Endothelial Glycocalyx Integrity. Ann Biomed Eng 2020; 48:1941-1954. [PMID: 32072383 PMCID: PMC8025840 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-020-02474-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Therapies for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease should target early disease stages and specific vascular sites where disease occurs. Endothelial glycocalyx (GCX) degradation compromises endothelial barrier function and increases vascular permeability. This initiates pro-atherosclerotic lipids and inflammatory cells to penetrate vessel walls, and at the same time this can be leveraged for targeted drug delivery. In prior cell culture studies, GCX degradation significantly increased endothelial cell uptake of nanoparticle vehicles that are designed for drug delivery, compared to the effects of intact GCX. The present study assessed if the cell culture findings translate to selective nanoparticle uptake in animal vessels. In mice, the left carotid artery (LCA) was partially ligated to disturb blood flow, which induces GCX degradation, endothelial dysfunction, and atherosclerosis. After ligation, the LCA vessel wall exhibited a loss of continuity of the GCX layer on the intima. 10-nm gold nanospheres (GNS) coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) were delivered intravenously. GCX degradation in the ligated LCA correlated to increased GNS infiltration of the ligated LCA wall. This suggests that GCX dysfunction, which coincides with atherosclerosis, can indeed be targeted for enhanced drug delivery, offering a new approach in cardiovascular disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming J Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 313 Snell Engineering Building, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Neurology, The Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- The NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ronodeep Mitra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 313 Snell Engineering Building, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Chinedu C Okorafor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 313 Snell Engineering Building, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alina A Nersesyan
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ian C Harding
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nandita N Bal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 313 Snell Engineering Building, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- R&D Biomedical Materials, Millipore Sigma (A Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Hanjoong Jo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Eno E Ebong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 313 Snell Engineering Building, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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71
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Son S, Takatori SC, Belardi B, Podolski M, Bakalar MH, Fletcher DA. Molecular height measurement by cell surface optical profilometry (CSOP). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:14209-14219. [PMID: 32513731 PMCID: PMC7322024 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1922626117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The physical dimensions of proteins and glycans on cell surfaces can critically affect cell function, for example, by preventing close contact between cells and limiting receptor accessibility. However, high-resolution measurements of molecular heights on native cell membranes have been difficult to obtain. Here we present a simple and rapid method that achieves nanometer height resolution by localizing fluorophores at the tip and base of cell surface molecules and determining their separation by radially averaging across many molecules. We use this method, which we call cell surface optical profilometry (CSOP), to quantify the height of key multidomain proteins on a model cell, as well as to capture average protein and glycan heights on native cell membranes. We show that average height of a protein is significantly smaller than its contour length, due to thermally driven bending and rotation on the membrane, and that height strongly depends on local surface and solution conditions. We find that average height increases with cell surface molecular crowding but decreases with solution crowding by solutes, both of which we confirm with molecular dynamics simulations. We also use experiments and simulations to determine the height of an epitope, based on the location of an antibody, which allows CSOP to profile various proteins and glycans on a native cell surface using antibodies and lectins. This versatile method for profiling cell surfaces has the potential to advance understanding of the molecular landscape of cells and the role of the molecular landscape in cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungmin Son
- Department of Bioengineering and Biophysics Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Sho C Takatori
- Department of Bioengineering and Biophysics Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Brian Belardi
- Department of Bioengineering and Biophysics Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Marija Podolski
- Department of Bioengineering and Biophysics Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Matthew H Bakalar
- Department of Bioengineering and Biophysics Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Daniel A Fletcher
- Department of Bioengineering and Biophysics Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;
- Division of Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158
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72
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Adibnia V, Mirbagheri M, Salimi S, De Crescenzo G, Banquy X. Nonspecific interactions in biomedical applications. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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73
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Hypoxia/reoxygenation decreases endothelial glycocalyx via reactive oxygen species and calcium signaling in a cellular model for shock. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2020; 87:1070-1076. [PMID: 31658237 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000002427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) has been shown to cause endothelial glycocalyx (EG) damage.Whether the hypoxic/ischemic insult or the oxidative and inflammatory stress of reperfusion plays a greater part in glycocalyx damage is not known. Furthermore, the mechanisms by which IRI causes EG damage have not been fully elucidated. The aims of this study were to determine if hypoxia alone or hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) caused greater damage to the glycocalyx, and if this damage was mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca signaling. METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were cultured to confluence and exposed to either normoxia (30 minutes), hypoxia (2% O2 for 30 minutes), or H/R (30 minutes hypoxia followed by 30 minutes normoxia). Some cells were pretreated with ROS scavengers TEMPOL, MitoTEMPOL, Febuxostat, or Apocynin, or with the Ca chelator BAPTA or Ca channel blockers 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, A967079, Pyr3, or ML204. Intracellular ROS was quantified for all groups. Endothelial glycocalyx was measured using fluorescently tagged wheat germ agglutinin and imaged with fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS Glycocalyx thickness was decreased in both hypoxia and H/R groups, with the decrease being greater in the H/R group. TEMPOL, MitoTEMPOL, BAPTA, and 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate prevented loss of glycocalyx in H/R. The ROS levels were likewise elevated compared with normoxia in both groups, but were increased in the H/R group compared with hypoxia alone. BAPTA did not prevent ROS production in either group. CONCLUSION In our cellular model for shock, we demonstrate that although hypoxia alone is sufficient to produce glycocalyx loss, H/R causes a greater decrease in glycocalyx thickness. Under both conditions damage is dependent on ROS and Ca signaling. Notably, we found that ROS are generated upstream of Ca, but that ROS-mediated damage to the glycocalyx is dependent on Ca.
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74
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Yooprasertchuti K, Dechadilok P. Effect of molecular shape of suspended colloids on an osmotic flow across a fibrous membrane. Chem Eng Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2020.115521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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75
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Ramnath RD, Butler MJ, Newman G, Desideri S, Russell A, Lay AC, Neal CR, Qiu Y, Fawaz S, Onions KL, Gamez M, Crompton M, Michie C, Finch N, Coward RJ, Welsh GI, Foster RR, Satchell SC. Blocking matrix metalloproteinase-mediated syndecan-4 shedding restores the endothelial glycocalyx and glomerular filtration barrier function in early diabetic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2020; 97:951-965. [PMID: 32037077 PMCID: PMC7184681 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx is a key component of the glomerular filtration barrier. We have shown that matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-mediated syndecan 4 shedding is a mechanism of glomerular endothelial glycocalyx damage in vitro, resulting in increased albumin permeability. Here we sought to determine whether this mechanism is important in early diabetic kidney disease, by studying streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes in DBA2/J mice. Diabetic mice were albuminuric, had increased glomerular albumin permeability and endothelial glycocalyx damage. Syndecan 4 mRNA expression was found to be upregulated in isolated glomeruli and in flow cytometry-sorted glomerular endothelial cells. In contrast, glomerular endothelial luminal surface syndecan 4 and Marasmium oreades agglutinin lectin labelling measurements were reduced in the diabetic mice. Similarly, syndecan 4 protein expression was significantly decreased in isolated glomeruli but increased in plasma and urine, suggesting syndecan 4 shedding. Mmp-2, 9 and 14 mRNA expression were upregulated in isolated glomeruli, suggesting a possible mechanism of glycocalyx damage and albuminuria. We therefore characterised in detail the activity of MMP-2 and 9 and found significant increases in kidney cortex, plasma and urine. Treatment with MMP-2/9 inhibitor I for 21 days, started six weeks after diabetes induction, restored endothelial glycocalyx depth and coverage and attenuated diabetes-induced albuminuria and reduced glomerular albumin permeability. MMP inhibitor treatment significantly attenuated glomerular endothelial and plasma syndecan 4 shedding and inhibited plasma MMP activity. Thus, our studies confirm the importance of MMPs in endothelial glycocalyx damage and albuminuria in early diabetes and demonstrate that this pathway is amenable to therapeutic intervention. Hence, treatments targeted at glycocalyx protection by MMP inhibition may be of benefit in diabetic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raina D Ramnath
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
| | - Matthew J Butler
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina Newman
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Desideri
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Russell
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail C Lay
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Chris R Neal
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Yan Qiu
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Fawaz
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Karen L Onions
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Monica Gamez
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Crompton
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Michie
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Finch
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Coward
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin I Welsh
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca R Foster
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Simon C Satchell
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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76
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Ochs M, Hegermann J, Lopez-Rodriguez E, Timm S, Nouailles G, Matuszak J, Simmons S, Witzenrath M, Kuebler WM. On Top of the Alveolar Epithelium: Surfactant and the Glycocalyx. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093075. [PMID: 32349261 PMCID: PMC7246550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gas exchange in the lung takes place via the air-blood barrier in the septal walls of alveoli. The tissue elements that oxygen molecules have to cross are the alveolar epithelium, the interstitium and the capillary endothelium. The epithelium that lines the alveolar surface is covered by a thin and continuous liquid lining layer. Pulmonary surfactant acts at this air-liquid interface. By virtue of its biophysical and immunomodulatory functions, surfactant keeps alveoli open, dry and clean. What needs to be added to this picture is the glycocalyx of the alveolar epithelium. Here, we briefly review what is known about this glycocalyx and how it can be visualized using electron microscopy. The application of colloidal thorium dioxide as a staining agent reveals differences in the staining pattern between type I and type II alveolar epithelial cells and shows close associations of the glycocalyx with intraalveolar surfactant subtypes such as tubular myelin. These morphological findings indicate that specific spatial interactions between components of the surfactant system and those of the alveolar epithelial glycocalyx exist which may contribute to the maintenance of alveolar homeostasis, in particular to alveolar micromechanics, to the functional integrity of the air-blood barrier, to the regulation of the thickness and viscosity of the alveolar lining layer, and to the defence against inhaled pathogens. Exploring the alveolar epithelial glycocalyx in conjunction with the surfactant system opens novel physiological perspectives of potential clinical relevance for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Ochs
- Institute of Functional Anatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 10117 Berlin, Germany; (M.W.); (W.M.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jan Hegermann
- Research Core Unit Electron Microscopy and Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Elena Lopez-Rodriguez
- Institute of Functional Anatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Sara Timm
- Core Facility Electron Microscopy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Geraldine Nouailles
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, and Division of Pulmonary Inflammation, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Jasmin Matuszak
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (J.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Szandor Simmons
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (J.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Martin Witzenrath
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 10117 Berlin, Germany; (M.W.); (W.M.K.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, and Division of Pulmonary Inflammation, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Wolfgang M. Kuebler
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 10117 Berlin, Germany; (M.W.); (W.M.K.)
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (J.M.); (S.S.)
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77
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Fan J, Sun Y, Xia Y, Tarbell JM, Fu BM. Endothelial surface glycocalyx (ESG) components and ultra-structure revealed by stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM). Biorheology 2020; 56:77-88. [PMID: 31045510 DOI: 10.3233/bir-180204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to play different roles in vascular functions as a mechanosensor to blood flows and as a barrier to transvascular exchange, the endothelial surface glycocalyx (ESG) should have an organized structure. Due to the limitations of optical and electron microscopy, the ultra-structure of ESG has not been revealed until the recent development of super-resolution optical microscopy, STORM. OBJECTIVES To investigate the ESG components and their organization on bEnd3 (mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells) monolayer. METHODS ESG was immunolabeled with anti-heparan sulfate (HS), followed by an ATTO488 conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG, and with biotinylated hyaluronic acid (HA) binding protein, followed by an AF647 conjugated anti-biotin. The ESG was then imaged by the STORM. RESULTS HA is a long molecule weaving into a network which covers the endothelial luminal surface. In contrast, HS is a shorter molecule, perpendicular to the cell surface. HA and HS are partially overlapped with each other at the endothelial luminal surface. We also quantified the length, diameter, orientation, and density of HS at the top, middle and bottom regions of the endothelial surface. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that HS plays a major role in mechanosensing and HA plays a major role in the molecular sieve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, \unskip\break New York, NY, USA
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yifan Xia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, \unskip\break New York, NY, USA
| | - John M Tarbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, \unskip\break New York, NY, USA
| | - Bingmei M Fu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, \unskip\break New York, NY, USA
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78
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Harding IC, Mitra R, Mensah SA, Nersesyan A, Bal NN, Ebong EE. Endothelial barrier reinforcement relies on flow-regulated glycocalyx, a potential therapeutic target. Biorheology 2020; 56:131-149. [PMID: 30988234 DOI: 10.3233/bir-180205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The onset of many disease processes depends on the function of the endothelial cell (EC) glycocalyx (GCX) which acts as a flow-dependent barrier to cellular infiltration and molecular transport across the blood vessel wall. OBJECTIVE This review aims to examine these processes with the potential end goal of implementing GCX repair to restore EC barrier function and slow the progression of disease. METHODS Cell and mouse studies were employed to examine the state of EC GCX in healthy versus disruptive flow conditions. Correlations of observations of the GCX with a number of EC functions were sought with an emphasis on studies of trans-endothelial barrier integrity against vessel wall infiltration of cells and molecules from the circulation. To demonstrate the importance of GCX as a regulator of trans-endothelial infiltration, assays were performed using ECs with an intact GCX and compared to assays of ECs with an experimentally degraded GCX. Studies were also conducted of ECs in which a degraded GCX was repaired. RESULTS In healthy flow conditions, the EC GCX was found to be thick and substantially covered the endothelial surface. GCX expression dropped significantly in complex flow conditions and coincided with a disease-like cellular and molecular accumulation in the endothelium or within the blood vessel wall. Therapeutic repair of the GCX abolished this accumulation. CONCLUSIONS Regenerating the degraded GCX reverses EC barrier dysfunction and may attenuate the progression of vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Harding
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ronodeep Mitra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Solomon A Mensah
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alina Nersesyan
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nandita N Bal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eno E Ebong
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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79
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Möckl L. The Emerging Role of the Mammalian Glycocalyx in Functional Membrane Organization and Immune System Regulation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:253. [PMID: 32351961 PMCID: PMC7174505 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
All cells in the human body are covered by a dense layer of sugars and the proteins and lipids to which they are attached, collectively termed the "glycocalyx." For decades, the organization of the glycocalyx and its interplay with the cellular state have remained enigmatic. This changed in recent years. Latest research has shown that the glycocalyx is an organelle of vital significance, actively involved in and functionally relevant for various cellular processes, that can be directly targeted in therapeutic contexts. This review gives a brief introduction into glycocalyx biology and describes the specific challenges glycocalyx research faces. Then, the traditional view of the role of the glycocalyx is discussed before several recent breakthroughs in glycocalyx research are surveyed. These results exemplify a currently unfolding bigger picture about the role of the glycocalyx as a fundamental cellular agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonhard Möckl
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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80
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Mensah SA, Nersesyan AA, Harding IC, Lee CI, Tan X, Banerjee S, Niedre M, Torchilin VP, Ebong EE. Flow-regulated endothelial glycocalyx determines metastatic cancer cell activity. FASEB J 2020; 34:6166-6184. [PMID: 32167209 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901920r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis and secondary tumor initiation largely depend on circulating tumor cell (CTC) and vascular endothelial cell (EC) interactions by incompletely understood mechanisms. Endothelial glycocalyx (GCX) dysfunction may play a significant role in this process. GCX structure depends on vascular flow patterns, which are irregular in tumor environments. This work presents evidence that disturbed flow (DF) induces GCX degradation, leading to CTC homing to the endothelium, a first step in secondary tumor formation. A 2-fold greater attachment of CTCs to human ECs was found to occur under DF conditions, compared to uniform flow (UF) conditions. These results corresponded to an approximately 50% decrease in wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)-labeled components of the GCX under DF conditions, vs UF conditions, with undifferentiated levels of CTC-recruiting E-selectin under DF vs UF conditions. Confirming the role of the GCX, neuraminidase induced the degradation of WGA-labeled GCX under UF cell culture conditions or in Balb/C mice and led to an over 2-fold increase in CTC attachment to ECs or Balb/C mouse lungs, respectively, compared to untreated conditions. These experiments confirm that flow-induced GCX degradation can enable metastatic CTC arrest. This work, therefore, provides new insight into pathways of secondary tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon A Mensah
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alina A Nersesyan
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ian C Harding
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Claire I Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xuefei Tan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Selina Banerjee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark Niedre
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Eno E Ebong
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.,Neuroscience Department, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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81
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Poller WC, Löwa N, Schleicher M, Münster-Wandowski A, Taupitz M, Stangl V, Ludwig A, Wiekhorst F. Initial interaction of citrate-coated iron oxide nanoparticles with the glycocalyx of THP-1 monocytes assessed by real-time magnetic particle spectroscopy and electron microscopy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3591. [PMID: 32107402 PMCID: PMC7046775 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60162-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Interaction with biological material can alter physicochemical parameters of magnetic nanoparticles and might thereby change their magnetic behavior with potentially important implications for various nanoparticle applications. Little is known about changes of the magnetic behavior that occur during the initial phase of cell binding and uptake. We investigate the magnetic behavior of very small superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles (VSOP) during initial contact with THP-1 monocytes. We combine real-time magnetic particle spectroscopy (MPS), a fast and sensitive method for specific detection of magnetic nanoparticles in biological specimen with high-pressure-freezing/freeze-substitution transmission electron microscopy (HPF/FS-TEM), enabling us to generate snapshots of the interaction of VSOP with the cellular glycocalyx. MPS reveals significant changes of the dynamic magnetic behavior within seconds after VSOP injection into monocyte suspensions that correlate with the formation of nanoparticle clusters in the glycocalyx. The combination of real-time MPS and HPF/FS-TEM provides an ideal platform to analyze magnetic behaviors of nanoparticles upon interaction with cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram C Poller
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Kardiologie und Angiologie, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany. .,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Norbert Löwa
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestr. 2-12, 10587, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Moritz Schleicher
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Kardiologie und Angiologie, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Münster-Wandowski
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institut für Integrative Neuroanatomie, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Taupitz
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institut für Radiologie, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Stangl
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Kardiologie und Angiologie, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antje Ludwig
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Kardiologie und Angiologie, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institut für Radiologie, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Wiekhorst
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestr. 2-12, 10587, Berlin, Germany
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82
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Wu ZL, Person AD, Zou Y, Burton AJ, Singh R, Burroughs B, Fryxell D, Tatge TJ, Manning T, Wu G, Swift KAD, Kalabokis V. Differential distribution of N- and O-Glycans and variable expression of sialyl-T antigen on HeLa cells—Revealed by direct fluorescent glycan imaging. Glycobiology 2020; 30:454-462. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractCells are covered with glycans. The expression and distribution of specific glycans on the surface of a cell are important for various cellular functions. Imaging these glycans is essential to aid elucidation of their biological roles. Here, utilizing methods of direct fluorescent glycan imaging, in which fluorescent sialic acids are directly incorporated into substrate glycans via recombinant sialyltranferases, we report the differential distribution of N- and O-glycans and variable expression of sialyl-T antigen on HeLa cells. While the expression of N-glycans tends to be more peripheral at positions where cell–cell interaction occurs, O-glycan expression is more granular but relatively evenly distributed on positive cells. While N-glycans are expressed on all cells, sialyl-T antigen expression exhibits a wide spectrum of variation with some cells being strongly positive and some cells being almost completely negative. The differential distribution of N- and O-glycans on cell surface reflects their distinctive roles in cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengliang L Wu
- Bio-Techne, R&D Systems, Inc., 614 McKinley Place N.E., Minneapolis, MN 55413, USA, and
| | - Anthony D Person
- Bio-Techne, R&D Systems, Inc., 614 McKinley Place N.E., Minneapolis, MN 55413, USA, and
| | | | - Andrew J Burton
- Bio-Techne, Tocris Bioscience, The Watkins Building, Atlantic Road, Avonmouth, Bristol BS11 9QD, UK
| | - Ravinder Singh
- Bio-Techne, R&D Systems, Inc., 614 McKinley Place N.E., Minneapolis, MN 55413, USA, and
| | - Barbara Burroughs
- Bio-Techne, R&D Systems, Inc., 614 McKinley Place N.E., Minneapolis, MN 55413, USA, and
| | - Dan Fryxell
- Bio-Techne, R&D Systems, Inc., 614 McKinley Place N.E., Minneapolis, MN 55413, USA, and
| | - Timothy J Tatge
- Bio-Techne, R&D Systems, Inc., 614 McKinley Place N.E., Minneapolis, MN 55413, USA, and
| | - Timothy Manning
- Bio-Techne, R&D Systems, Inc., 614 McKinley Place N.E., Minneapolis, MN 55413, USA, and
| | - Guoping Wu
- Bio-Techne, R&D Systems, Inc., 614 McKinley Place N.E., Minneapolis, MN 55413, USA, and
| | - Karl A D Swift
- Bio-Techne, Tocris Bioscience, The Watkins Building, Atlantic Road, Avonmouth, Bristol BS11 9QD, UK
| | - Vassili Kalabokis
- Bio-Techne, R&D Systems, Inc., 614 McKinley Place N.E., Minneapolis, MN 55413, USA, and
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83
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Khandekar G, Llewellyn J, Kriegermeier A, Waisbourd-Zinman O, Johnson N, Du Y, Giwa R, Liu X, Kisseleva T, Russo PA, Theise ND, Wells RG. Coordinated development of the mouse extrahepatic bile duct: Implications for neonatal susceptibility to biliary injury. J Hepatol 2020; 72:135-145. [PMID: 31562906 PMCID: PMC7079197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The extrahepatic bile duct is the primary tissue initially affected by biliary atresia. Biliary atresia is a cholangiopathy which exclusively affects neonates. Current animal models suggest that the developing bile duct is uniquely susceptible to damage. In this study, we aimed to define the anatomical and functional differences between the neonatal and adult mouse extrahepatic bile ducts. METHODS We studied mouse passaged cholangiocytes, mouse BALB/c neonatal and adult primary cholangiocytes, as well as isolated extrahepatic bile ducts, and a collagen reporter mouse. The methods used included transmission electron microscopy, lectin staining, immunostaining, rhodamine uptake assays, bile acid toxicity assays, and in vitro modeling of the matrix. RESULTS The cholangiocyte monolayer of the neonatal extrahepatic bile duct was immature, lacking the uniform apical glycocalyx and mature cell-cell junctions typical of adult cholangiocytes. Functional studies showed that the glycocalyx protected against bile acid injury and that neonatal cholangiocyte monolayers were more permeable than adult monolayers. In adult ducts, the submucosal space was filled with collagen I, elastin, hyaluronic acid, and proteoglycans. In contrast, the neonatal submucosa had little collagen I and elastin, although both increased rapidly after birth. In vitro modeling of the matrix suggested that the composition of the neonatal submucosa relative to the adult submucosa led to increased diffusion of bile. A Col-GFP reporter mouse showed that cells in the neonatal but not adult submucosa were actively producing collagen. CONCLUSION We identified 4 key differences between the neonatal and adult extrahepatic bile duct. We showed that these features may have functional implications, suggesting the neonatal extrahepatic bile ducts are particularly susceptible to injury and fibrosis. LAY SUMMARY Biliary atresia is a disease that affects newborns and is characterized by extrahepatic bile duct injury and obstruction, resulting in liver injury. We identify 4 key differences between the epithelial and submucosal layers of the neonatal and adult extrahepatic bile duct and show that these may render the neonatal duct particularly susceptible to injury.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic/cytology
- Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic/diagnostic imaging
- Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic/embryology
- Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic/growth & development
- Biliary Atresia
- Cell Survival
- Cells, Cultured
- Collagen Type I/metabolism
- Collagen Type I, alpha 1 Chain
- Disease Models, Animal
- Elastin/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Female
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Hyaluronic Acid/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry
- Intercellular Junctions/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Mucous Membrane/metabolism
- Proteoglycans/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauri Khandekar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jessica Llewellyn
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alyssa Kriegermeier
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Orith Waisbourd-Zinman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Schneider Children's Hospital, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nicolette Johnson
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yu Du
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Roquibat Giwa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Surgery University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Pierre A Russo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Neil D Theise
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Rebecca G Wells
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Center for Engineering MechanoBiology, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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84
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Reiterer M, Branco CM. Endothelial cells and organ function: applications and implications of understanding unique and reciprocal remodelling. FEBS J 2019; 287:1088-1100. [PMID: 31736207 PMCID: PMC7155104 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The microvasculature is a heterogeneous, dynamic and versatile component of the systemic circulation, with a unique ability to locally self-regulate and to respond to organ demand and environmental stimuli. Endothelial cells from different organs display considerable variation, but it is currently unclear to what extent functional properties of organ-specific endothelial cells are intrinsic, acquired and/or reprogrammable. Vascular function is a fundamental pillar of homeostasis, and dysfunction results in systemic consequences for the organism. Additionally, vascular failure can occur downstream of organ disease or environmental stress, often driving an exacerbation of symptoms and pathologies originally independent of the local circulation. The understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying endothelial physiology and metabolism holds the promise to inform and improve diagnosis, prognosis and treatment options for a myriad of conditions as unrelated as cancer, neurodegeneration or pulmonary hypertension, and likely everything in between, if we consider that also treatments for such conditions are primarily distributed via the bloodstream. However, studying endothelial function has its challenges: the origin, isolation, culture conditions and preconditioning stimuli make this an extremely variable cell type to study and difficult to source. Animal models exist but are neither trivial to generate, nor necessarily adequately translatable to human disease. In this article, we aim to illustrate the breadth of microvascular functions in different environments, highlighting current and pioneering studies that have advanced our insight into the importance of the integrity of this tissue, as well as the limitations posed by its heterogeneity and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Reiterer
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, UK.,Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Cristina M Branco
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, UK
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85
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The protective effect of hydroxyethyl starch solution on the glycocalyx layer in an acute hemorrhage mouse model. J Anesth 2019; 34:36-46. [PMID: 31617003 PMCID: PMC6992552 DOI: 10.1007/s00540-019-02692-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fluid therapy focused on glycocalyx (GCX) protection in hemorrhagic shock is a current focus of research. Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) solution is commonly used for fluid resuscitation; however, its effects on the GCX remain unclear. The primary aim of this study was to explore the protective effect of HES130 in maintaining GCX thickness and reducing plasma syndecan-1 expression. METHODS An acute hemorrhage murine model with the dorsal skin chambers was used to measure GCX thickness and to evaluate vascular permeability. Groups of mice were treated with normal saline (NS), albumin (NS-A), HES130 (NS-V), or no exsanguination or infusion (C). We measured syndecan-1 plasma concentrations, performed blood gas analysis, and analyzed the 7-day cumulative mortality. RESULTS GCX thickness in NS mice was significantly reduced compared to that in group C, but no other groups showed a difference compared to group C. The plasma concentration of syndecan-1 was significantly higher in NS mice than in group C. There were no significant differences in the fluorescence intensity of dextran in the interstitial space. HES70 leakage was suppressed in NS-V mice compared to those in other groups. HES70 was localized to the inner vessel wall in C, NS, and NS-A mice, but not in group NS-V. Blood gas analysis indicated that pH and lactate showed the greatest improvements in NS-V mice. The 7-day cumulative mortality rate was the highest in group NS. CONCLUSION Resuscitation with HES130 protected the GCX and suppressed vascular permeability of HES70 during early stages of acute massive hemorrhage.
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Latreille PL, Adibnia V, Nour A, Rabanel JM, Lalloz A, Arlt J, Poon WCK, Hildgen P, Martinez VA, Banquy X. Spontaneous shrinking of soft nanoparticles boosts their diffusion in confined media. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4294. [PMID: 31541104 PMCID: PMC6754464 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12246-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving nanoparticles (NPs) transport across biological barriers is a significant challenge that could be addressed through understanding NPs diffusion in dense and confined media. Here, we report the ability of soft NPs to shrink in confined environments, therefore boosting their diffusion compared to hard, non-deformable particles. We demonstrate this behavior by embedding microgel NPs in agarose gels. The origin of the shrinking appears to be related to the overlap of the electrostatic double layers (EDL) surrounding the NPs and the agarose fibres. Indeed, it is shown that screening the EDL interactions, by increasing the ionic strength of the medium, prevents the soft particle shrinkage. The shrunken NPs diffuse up to 2 orders of magnitude faster in agarose gel than their hard NP counterparts. These findings provide valuable insights on the role of long range interactions on soft NPs dynamics in crowded environments, and help rationalize the design of more efficient NP-based transport systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Luc Latreille
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Vahid Adibnia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Antone Nour
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Injury Repair Recovery Program, Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopaedics, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Michel Rabanel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier Research Centre, 531, boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Augustine Lalloz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jochen Arlt
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, UK
| | - Wilson C K Poon
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, UK
| | - Patrice Hildgen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Vincent A Martinez
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, UK.
| | - Xavier Banquy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada.
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87
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The endothelial glycocalyx anchors von Willebrand factor fibers to the vascular endothelium. Blood Adv 2019; 2:2347-2357. [PMID: 30237293 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017013995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamic change from a globular conformation to an elongated fiber determines the ability of von Willebrand factor (VWF) to trap platelets. Fiber formation is favored by the anchorage of VWF to the endothelial cell surface, and VWF-platelet aggregates on the endothelium contribute to inflammation, infection, and tumor progression. Although P-selectin and ανβ3-integrins may bind VWF, their precise role is unclear, and additional binding partners have been proposed. In the present study, we evaluated whether the endothelial glycocalyx anchors VWF fibers to the endothelium. Using microfluidic experiments, we showed that stabilization of the endothelial glycocalyx by chitosan oligosaccharides or overexpression of syndecan-1 (SDC-1) significantly supports the binding of VWF fibers to endothelial cells. Heparinase-mediated degradation or impaired synthesis of heparan sulfate (HS), a major component of the endothelial glycocalyx, reduces VWF fiber-dependent platelet recruitment. Molecular interaction studies using flow cytometry and live-cell fluorescence microscopy provided further evidence that VWF binds to HS linked to SDC-1. In a murine melanoma model, we found that protection of the endothelial glycocalyx through the silencing of heparanase increases the number of VWF fibers attached to the wall of tumor blood vessels. In conclusion, we identified HS chains as a relevant binding factor for VWF fibers at the endothelial cell surface in vitro and in vivo.
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88
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Mensah SA, Harding IC, Zhang M, Jaeggli MP, Torchilin VP, Niedre MJ, Ebong EE. Metastatic cancer cell attachment to endothelium is promoted by endothelial glycocalyx sialic acid degradation. AIChE J 2019; 65. [PMID: 31367063 PMCID: PMC6668365 DOI: 10.1002/aic.16634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
While it is known that cancer cell interactions with vascular endothelial cells (ECs) drive metastatic cancer cell extravasation from blood vessels into secondary tumor sites, the mechanisms of action are still poorly understood. Here, we tested the hypothesis that neuraminidase‐induced degradation of EC surface glycocalyx (GCX), particularly the sialic acid (SA) residue components of the GCX, will substantially increase metastatic cancer cell attachment to ECs. To our knowledge, our study is the first to isolate the role of GCX SA residues in cancer cell attachment to the endothelium, which were found to be differentially affected by the presence of neuraminidase and to indeed regulate metastatic cancer cell homing to ECs. We hope that this work will eventually translate to identification of EC GCX‐based cancer markers that can be therapeutically targeted to hinder the progression of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon A. Mensah
- Bioengineering Department Northeastern University Boston Massachusetts
| | - Ian C. Harding
- Bioengineering Department Northeastern University Boston Massachusetts
| | - Michelle Zhang
- Chemical Engineering Department Northeastern University Boston Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Mark J. Niedre
- Bioengineering Department Northeastern University Boston Massachusetts
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Northeastern University Boston Massachusetts
| | - Eno E. Ebong
- Bioengineering Department Northeastern University Boston Massachusetts
- Chemical Engineering Department Northeastern University Boston Massachusetts
- Neuroscience Department Albert Einstein College of Medicine New York New York
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89
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Schmitz B, Niehues H, Lenders M, Thorwesten L, Klose A, Krüger M, Brand E, Brand SM. Effects of high-intensity interval training on microvascular glycocalyx and associated microRNAs. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 316:H1538-H1551. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00751.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been proposed to exert vasculoprotective effects. This study aimed to evaluate whether HIIT affects the microvasculature, including the endothelial glycocalyx barrier, and to identify associated microRNAs (miRNAs). Fifty healthy participants (23.1 ± 3.0 yr) performed a 4-wk 4 × 30-s all-out running HIIT. Sidestream dark-field imaging was performed at baseline and follow-up to detect changes of the sublingual microvasculature including the endothelial glycocalyx. Exercise parameters were determined by continuous running field test and documentation of high-intensity runs. miRNAs potentially associated with glycocalyx thickness were selected by structured literature search and blood samples for miRNA, and lactate measurements were drawn at baseline and follow-up HIIT. At baseline, a correlation between maximal exercise performance capacity and glycocalyx thickness (determined by perfused boundary region) was detected ( P = 0.045, r = 0.303). Increased exercise performance at follow-up also correlated with glycocalyx thickness ( P = 0.031, r = 0.416), and increased high-intensity sprinting speed was associated with an increased number of perfused vessels ( P = 0.0129, r = 0.449). Literature search identified miR-143, -96-5p, and -24, which were upregulated by HIIT already at baseline and showed an association with peak blood lactate levels after sprints (all P < 0.05). Moreover, increased baseline miR-143 levels predicted increased glycocalyx thickness at follow-up (AUCmiR-143 = 0.92, 95% confidence interval, 0.81–1.0, P = 0.0008). Elevated resting miR-126 levels after the intervention were associated with cell-free versican mRNA levels. We conclude that HIIT induces changes in the endothelial glycocalyx of the microvasculature. Associated miRNAs such as miR-143 may represent a tool for monitoring early vasculoprotective adaptations to physical activity. NEW & NOTEWORTHY High-intensity interval training is known to improve health-related fitness in general and in lifestyle-induced chronic diseases. To visualize microvasculature structure and to detect exercise-induced changes, sublingual sidestream dark-field imaging microscopy was used, and circulating miRNAs were measured. This study shows that exercise-induced changes correlate with associated circulating miRNA, which might be useful for monitoring vasculoprotective effects. Furthermore, sidestream dark-field imaging may represent a sensitive tool for the early detection of exercise-induced systemic vascular changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Schmitz
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Hannah Niehues
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Malte Lenders
- Internal Medicine D, Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Rheumatology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Lothar Thorwesten
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Andreas Klose
- Department of Physical Education and Sports History, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Michael Krüger
- Department of Physical Education and Sports History, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Eva Brand
- Internal Medicine D, Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Rheumatology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Stefan-Martin Brand
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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90
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Patel S, Kim J, Herrera M, Mukherjee A, Kabanov AV, Sahay G. Brief update on endocytosis of nanomedicines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 144:90-111. [PMID: 31419450 PMCID: PMC6986687 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The complexity of nanoscale interactions between biomaterials and cells has limited the realization of the ultimate vision of nanotechnology in diagnostics and therapeutics. As such, significant effort has been devoted to advancing our understanding of the biophysical interactions of the myriad nanoparticles. Endocytosis of nanomedicine has drawn tremendous interest in the last decade. Here, we highlight the ever-present barriers to efficient intracellular delivery of nanoparticles as well as the current advances and strategies deployed to breach these barriers. We also introduce new barriers that have been largely overlooked such as the glycocalyx and macromolecular crowding. Additionally, we draw attention to the potential complications arising from the disruption of the newly discovered functions of the lysosomes. Novel strategies of exploiting the inherent intracellular defects in disease states to enhance delivery and the use of exosomes for bioanalytics and drug delivery are explored. Furthermore, we discuss the advances in imaging techniques like electron microscopy, super resolution fluorescence microscopy, and single particle tracking which have been instrumental in our growing understanding of intracellular pathways and nanoparticle trafficking. Finally, we advocate for the push towards more intravital analysis of nanoparticle transport phenomena using the multitude of techniques available to us. Unraveling the underlying mechanisms governing the cellular barriers to delivery and biological interactions of nanoparticles will guide the innovations capable of breaching these barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Robertson Life Science Building, 2730 SW Moody Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Jeonghwan Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Robertson Life Science Building, 2730 SW Moody Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Marco Herrera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Robertson Life Science Building, 2730 SW Moody Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Anindit Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Robertson Life Science Building, 2730 SW Moody Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Alexander V Kabanov
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Laboratory of Chemical Design of Bionanomaterials, Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia.
| | - Gaurav Sahay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Robertson Life Science Building, 2730 SW Moody Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Robertson Life Science Building, 2730 SW Moody Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, USA.
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91
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Fang Y, Wu D, Birukov KG. Mechanosensing and Mechanoregulation of Endothelial Cell Functions. Compr Physiol 2019; 9:873-904. [PMID: 30873580 PMCID: PMC6697421 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) form a semiselective barrier for macromolecules and cell elements regulated by dynamic interactions between cytoskeletal elements and cell adhesion complexes. ECs also participate in many other vital processes including innate immune reactions, vascular repair, secretion, and metabolism of bioactive molecules. Moreover, vascular ECs represent a unique cell type exposed to continuous, time-dependent mechanical forces: different patterns of shear stress imposed by blood flow in macrovasculature and by rolling blood cells in the microvasculature; circumferential cyclic stretch experienced by the arterial vascular bed caused by heart propulsions; mechanical stretch of lung microvascular endothelium at different magnitudes due to spontaneous respiration or mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients. Accumulating evidence suggests that vascular ECs contain mechanosensory complexes, which rapidly react to changes in mechanical loading, process the signal, and develop context-specific adaptive responses to rebalance the cell homeostatic state. The significance of the interactions between specific mechanical forces in the EC microenvironment together with circulating bioactive molecules in the progression and resolution of vascular pathologies including vascular injury, atherosclerosis, pulmonary edema, and acute respiratory distress syndrome has been only recently recognized. This review will summarize the current understanding of EC mechanosensory mechanisms, modulation of EC responses to humoral factors by surrounding mechanical forces (particularly the cyclic stretch), and discuss recent findings of magnitude-specific regulation of EC functions by transcriptional, posttranscriptional and epigenetic mechanisms using -omics approaches. We also discuss ongoing challenges and future opportunities in developing new therapies targeting dysregulated mechanosensing mechanisms to treat vascular diseases. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:873-904, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Fang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA,Correspondence to
| | - David Wu
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Konstantin G. Birukov
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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92
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Abstract
The vascular endothelial surface is coated by the glycocalyx, a ubiquitous gel-like layer composed of a membrane-binding domain that contains proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycan side-chains, and plasma proteins such as albumin and antithrombin. The endothelial glycocalyx plays a critical role in maintaining vascular homeostasis. However, this component is highly vulnerable to damage and is also difficult to examine. Recent advances in analytical techniques have enabled biochemical, visual and computational investigation of this vascular component. The glycocalyx modulates leukocyte-endothelial interactions, thrombus formation and other processes that lead to microcirculatory dysfunction and critical organ injury in sepsis. It also acts as a regulator of vascular permeability and contains mechanosensors as well as receptors for growth factors and anticoagulants. During the initial onset of sepsis, the glycocalyx is damaged and circulating levels of glycocalyx components, including syndecans, heparan sulfate and hyaluronic acid, can be measured and are reportedly useful as biomarkers for sepsis. Also, a new methodology using side-stream dark-field imaging is now clinically available for assessing the glycocalyx. Multiple factors including hypervolemia and hyperglycemia are toxic to the glycocalyx, and several agents have been proposed as therapeutic modalities, although no single treatment has been proven to be clinically effective. In this article, we review the derangement of the glycocalyx in sepsis. Despite the accumulated knowledge regarding the important roles of the glycocalyx, the relationship between derangement of the endothelial glycocalyx and severity of sepsis or disseminated intravascular coagulation has not been adequately elucidated and further work is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Iba
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - J H Levy
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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93
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Harding IC, Mitra R, Mensah SA, Herman IM, Ebong EE. Pro-atherosclerotic disturbed flow disrupts caveolin-1 expression, localization, and function via glycocalyx degradation. J Transl Med 2018; 16:364. [PMID: 30563532 PMCID: PMC6299559 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1721-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial-dependent atherosclerosis develops in a non-random pattern in regions of vessel bending and bifurcations, where blood flow exhibits disturbed flow (DF) patterns. In contrast, uniform flow (UF), normal endothelium, and healthy vessel walls co-exist within straight vessels. In clarifying how flow protectively or atherogenically regulates endothelial cell behavior, involvement of the endothelial surface glycocalyx has been suggested due to reduced expression in regions of atherosclerosis development. Here, we hypothesized that pro-atherosclerotic endothelial dysfunction occurs as a result of DF-induced reduction in glycocalyx expression and subsequently impairs endothelial sensitivity to flow. Specifically, we propose that glycocalyx degradation can induce pro-atherosclerotic endothelial dysfunction through decreased caveolin-1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and localization. METHODS We studied endothelial cells in atherosclerotic-prone DF and atherosclerotic-resistant UF conditions in parallel plate flow culture and in C57Bl/6 mice. The effects of flow conditioning on endothelial cell behavior were quantified using immunocytochemistry. The glycocalyx was fluorescently labeled for wheat germ agglutinin, which serves as a general glycocalyx label, and heparan sulfate, a major glycocalyx component. Additionally, mechanosensitivity was assessed by immunocytochemical fluorescence expression and function of caveolin-1, the protein that forms the mechanosignaling caveolar invaginations on the endothelial surface, total endothelial-type nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), which synthesizes nitric oxide, and serine 1177 phosphorylated eNOS (eNOS-pS1177), which is the active form of eNOS. Caveolin function and eNOS expression and activation were correlated to glycocalyx expression. Heparinase III enzyme was used to degrade a major glycocalyx component, HS, to identify the role of the glycocalyx in caveoin-1 and eNOS-pS1177 regulation. RESULTS Results confirmed that DF reduces caveolin-1 expression and abolishes most of its subcellular localization preferences, when compared to the effect of UF. DF down-regulates caveolin-1 mechanosignaling, as indicated by its reduced colocalization with serine 1177 phosphorylated endothelial-type nitric oxide synthase (eNOS-pS1177), a vasoregulatory signaling molecule whose activity is regulated by its residence in caveolae. As expected, DF inhibited glycocalyx expression compared to UF. In the absence of heparan sulfate, a major glycocalyx component, UF-conditioned endothelial cells exhibited near DF-like caveolin-1 expression, localization, and colocalization with eNOS-pS1177. CONCLUSIONS This is the first demonstration of a flow-defined role of the glycocalyx in caveolae expression and function related to vasculoprotective endothelial mechanosensitivity that defends against atherosclerosis. The results suggest that a glycocalyx-based therapeutic targeted to areas of atherosclerosis development could prevent disease initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Harding
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ronodeep Mitra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Solomon A Mensah
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ira M Herman
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Innovations in Wound Healing Research, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eno E Ebong
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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94
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Fabre-Gray ACM, Down CJ, Neal CR, Foster RR, Satchell SC, Bills VL. Imaging the placental glycocalyx with transmission electron microscopy. Placenta 2018; 74:59-61. [PMID: 30616903 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
There is a significant glycocalyx present at the maternal-fetal interface of the human placenta, with increasing evidence to suggest it has an important role in placental function. Glycocalyx is adversely affected by traditional tissue processing and fixation techniques. Using transmission electron microscopy, we present methodologies for reliably imaging and measuring glycocalyx of both the syncytiotrophoblast and fetal capillary endothelium in term healthy placentae. These techniques can be used to study the role of the placental glycocalyx in both health and disease, including pre-eclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C M Fabre-Gray
- Department of Fetal Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Colin J Down
- Department of Fetal Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK.
| | - Christopher R Neal
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK; Wolfson Bioimaging Facility, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Rebecca R Foster
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Simon C Satchell
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Victoria L Bills
- Department of Fetal Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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95
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Henry
- Center for Kode Technology Innovation, School of Engineering, Computer & Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicolai V. Bovin
- Center for Kode Technology Innovation, School of Engineering, Computer & Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
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96
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LaRivière WB, Schmidt EP. The Pulmonary Endothelial Glycocalyx in ARDS: A Critical Role for Heparan Sulfate. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2018; 82:33-52. [PMID: 30360782 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx is a glycosaminoglycan-enriched endovascular layer that, with the development of novel fixation and in vivo microscopy techniques, has been increasingly recognized as a major contributor to vascular homeostasis. Sepsis-associated degradation of the endothelial glycocalyx mediates the onset of the alveolar microvascular dysfunction characteristic of sepsis-induced lung injury (such as the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, ARDS). Emerging evidence indicates that processes of glycocalyx reconstitution are necessary for endothelial repair and, as such, are promising therapeutic targets to accelerate lung injury recovery. This review discusses what has been learned about the homeostatic and pathophysiologic role of the pulmonary endothelial glycocalyx during lung health and injury, with the goal to identify promising new areas for future mechanistic investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wells B LaRivière
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Eric P Schmidt
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States.
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97
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Xia Y, Fu BM. Investigation of Endothelial Surface Glycocalyx Components and Ultrastructure by Single Molecule Localization Microscopy: Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy (STORM). THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 91:257-266. [PMID: 30258313 PMCID: PMC6153618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
On the luminal surface of our blood vessels, there is a thin layer called endothelial surface glycocalyx (ESG) which consists of proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and glycoproteins. The GAGs in the ESG are heparan sulfate (HS), hyaluronic acid (HA), chondroitin sulfate (CS), and sialic acid (SA). In order to play important roles in regulating vascular functions, such as being a mechanosensor and transducer for the endothelial cells (ECs) to sense the blood flow, a molecular sieve to maintain normal microvessel permeability and a barrier between the circulating cells and endothelial cells forming the vessel wall, the ESG should have an organized structure at the molecular level. Due to the limitations of conventional optical and electrical microscopy, the ultrastructure of ESG, in the order of 10 to 100 nanometers, has not been revealed until recent development of a super resolution fluorescence optical microscope, Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscope (STORM), which is one type of single molecule localization microscopy. This short review describes how the STORM can overcome the diffraction barrier in the conventional fluorescence microscopy to identify the chemical components of the ESG at a high spatial resolution. Examples of the organized ultrastructure of the ESG on the in vitro EC monolayer revealed by the Nikon-STORM system are given as well as how its components get lost during the onset of sepsis, a systemic inflammatory syndrome induced by bacterial infection, which demonstrate that this new technique can be applied to discover the structural and molecular mechanisms at nanometer scales in the native cellular environment for the cellular functions under normal and disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Xia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY
| | - Bingmei M. Fu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY
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98
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Yang H, Zhu L, Chao Y, Gu Y, Kong X, Chen M, Ye P, Luo J, Chen S. Hyaluronidase2 (Hyal2) modulates low shear stress-induced glycocalyx impairment via the LKB1/AMPK/NADPH oxidase-dependent pathway. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:9701-9715. [PMID: 30078213 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The endothelium glycocalyx layer (ECL), presents on the apical surface of endothelial cells, creates a barrier between circulating blood and the vessel wall. Low shear stress (LSS) may accelerate the degradation of the glycocalyx via hyaluronidase2 (Hyal2) and then alter the cell polarity. Yet the liver kinase B1 (LKB1) signaling pathway plays an important role in regulating cell polarity. However, the relationship between LKB1 and glycocalyx during LSS is not clear. In the current study, we demonstrate that LSS attenuates LKB1 and AMP-activated protein kinase activation as well as activated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (p47phox ) and Hyal2 in the human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC). Pretreatment with 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide1-β-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR), or diphenyleneiodonium (DPI chloride) and transfection with LKB1 overexpression vector and p47phox small interfering RNA downregulated LSS-induced Hyal2 activation. By coimmunoprecipitation, we discovered the existence of p47phox /Hyal2 complex. LSS induced the dissociation of p47phox /Hyal2 complex, which was inhibited by LKB1 overexpression and AICAR. Furthermore, knockdown of Hyal2 performed a positive feedback on LKB1 activity. In addition, we also show that LSS enhanced LKB1 translocation from the cytosol to the nucleus. Taken together, these data indicate that Hyal2 regulates LSS-induced injury of the glycocalyx via LKB1/AMPK/NADPH oxidase signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfeng Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Linlin Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuelin Chao
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Gu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangquan Kong
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingxing Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Peng Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shaoliang Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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99
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Brettner F, Darling J, Baeuml EC, Mannell H, Frank HG, Amini M, Hulde N, Kammerer T, Becker BF, Rehm M, Conzen P, Chappell D. Chances and limitations of isolated mouse heart models for investigating the endothelial glycocalyx1. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2018; 69:393-403. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-170327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Brettner
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Joshua Darling
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Edith-Cathrin Baeuml
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Hanna Mannell
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Frank
- Department of Anatomy II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Amini
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Nikolai Hulde
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Kammerer
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard F. Becker
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Rehm
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Conzen
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Chappell
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
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100
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Hedayati M, Kipper MJ. Atomic force microscopy of adsorbed proteoglycan mimetic nanoparticles: Toward new glycocalyx-mimetic model surfaces. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 190:346-355. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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