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Pinzon RT, Veronica V. Leukocyte Count and Neutrophil-To-Lymphocyte Ratio as Simple Hematologic Predictors of Stroke Severity and Functional Outcome in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients. Open Neurol J 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1874205x-v16-e2209280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
It has long been recognized that inflammation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. However, whether leukocyte count and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio are related to stroke severity and functional outcome is uncertain.
Objective:
This clinical study aimed to evaluate the association of leukocyte count and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio with stroke severity and functional outcome in acute ischemic stroke patients.
Methods:
This hospital-based, retrospective observational study included 112 subjects with acute ischemic stroke. All subjects had their demographic, clinical, and laboratory data obtained. The leukocyte count and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio were evaluated by stroke severity on admission and 3-month functional outcome. The severity of stroke at admission was measured using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), whereas the Barthel Index was used to measure 3-month functional outcome (BI). We conducted a regression analysis, adjusting for any confounding variables.
Results:
Higher leukocyte count was significantly associated with increased risk of stroke severity (odds ratio [OR] 1.391, 95% confidence intervals [CI], 1.121-1.725, p: 0.003) and unfavorable functional outcome (OR 1.434, 95% CI, 1.068-1.925, p: 0.017). Higher neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio was not significantly associated with increased risk of stroke severity (OR 1.181, 95% CI, 0.947-1.474, p: 0.140) and unfavorable functional outcome (OR 1.246, 95% CI, 0.905-1.716, p: 0.177).
Conclusion:
Our study indicates that leukocyte count is an independent predictor of stroke severity on admission and unfavorable functional outcome.
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Achón Buil B, Tackenberg C, Rust R. Editing a gateway for cell therapy across the blood-brain barrier. Brain 2022; 146:823-841. [PMID: 36397727 PMCID: PMC9976985 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapy has been shown to improve stroke outcomes in animal models and is currently advancing towards clinical practice. However, uncertainty remains regarding the optimal route for cell delivery to the injured brain. Local intracerebral injections are effective in precisely delivering cells into the stroke cavity but carry the risk of damaging adjacent healthy tissue. Systemic endovascular injections, meanwhile, are minimally invasive, but most injected cells do not cross CNS barriers and become mechanically trapped in peripheral organs. Although the blood-brain barrier and the blood-CSF barrier tightly limit the entrance of cells and molecules into the brain parenchyma, immune cells can cross these barriers especially under pathological conditions, such as stroke. Deciphering the cell surface signature and the molecular mechanisms underlying this pathophysiological process holds promise for improving the targeted delivery of systemic injected cells to the injured brain. In this review, we describe experimental approaches that have already been developed in which (i) cells are either engineered to express cell surface proteins mimicking infiltrating immune cells; or (ii) cell grafts are preconditioned with hypoxia or incubated with pharmacological agents or cytokines. Modified cell grafts can be complemented with strategies to temporarily increase the permeability of the blood-brain barrier. Although these approaches could significantly enhance homing of stem cells into the injured brain, cell entrapment in off-target organs remains a non-negligible risk. Recent developments in safety-switch systems, which enable the precise elimination of transplanted cells on the administration of a drug, represent a promising strategy for selectively removing stem cells stuck in untargeted organs. In sum, the techniques described in this review hold great potential to substantially improve efficacy and safety of future cell therapies in stroke and may be relevant to other brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Achón Buil
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Tackenberg
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ruslan Rust
- Correspondence to: Ruslan Rust Institute for Regenerative Medicine Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren Zurich, Switzerland E-mail:
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Zou X, Gao S, Li J, Li C, Wu C, Cao X, Xia S, Shao P, Bao X, Yang H, Liu P, Xu Y. A monoamine oxidase B inhibitor ethyl ferulate suppresses microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and alleviates ischemic brain injury. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1004215. [PMID: 36313349 PMCID: PMC9608666 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1004215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident macrophages in the brain, which play a critical role in post-stroke neuroinflammation. Accordingly, targeting neuroinflammation could be a promising strategy to improve ischemic stroke outcomes. Ethyl ferulate (EF) has been confirmed to possess anti-inflammatory properties in several disease models, including acute lung injury, retinal damage and diabetes-associated renal injury. However, the effects of EF on microglial activation and the resolution of post-stroke neuroinflammation remains unknown. Here, we found that EF suppressed pro-inflammatory response triggered by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation in primary microglia and BV2 cell lines, as well as post-stroke neuroinflammation in an in vivo transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) stroke model in C57BL/6 mice, consequently ameliorating ischemic brain injury. Furthermore, EF could directly bind and inhibit the activity of monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) to reduce pro-inflammatory response. Taken together, our study identified a MAO-B inhibitor, Ethyl ferulate, as an active compound with promising potentials for suppressing post-stroke neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Zou
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shenghan Gao
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiangnan Li
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenggang Li
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuyu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Cao
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengnan Xia
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengfei Shao
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyu Bao
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pinyi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Pinyi Liu, ; Yun Xu,
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Discipline of Neurology, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Neurology Medical Center, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Pinyi Liu, ; Yun Xu,
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Zhang Y, Miao L, Peng Q, Fan X, Song W, Yang B, Zhang P, Liu G, Liu J. Parthenolide modulates cerebral ischemia-induced microglial polarization and alleviates neuroinflammatory injury via the RhoA/ROCK pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 105:154373. [PMID: 35947899 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia can be activated as proinflammatory (M1) phenotypes and anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes after stroke. Parthenolide (PTL) has anti-inflammatory and protective effects on neurological diseases, but until now, the exact mechanisms of these processes after stroke have been unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of PTL on microglial polarization after stroke and its target for inducing microglial polarization. METHODS Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, and neurological evaluation were performed in a focal transient cerebral ischemia rat model. The human microglia exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used for in vitro experiments. Microglial polarization was assessed by RT-PCR and immunostaining. Inflammatory cytokine assays and western blotting were used to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying PTL-mediated microglial polarization in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS PTL significantly reduced cerebral infarction and neuronal apoptosis in rats with cerebral ischemia, reduced the level of inflammatory factors and alleviated neurological deficits. PTL treatment decreased the expression of microglia/macrophage markers in M1 macrophages and increased the expression of microglia/macrophage markers in M2 macrophages after stroke, which induced the transformation of microglia cells from the M1 phenotype to the M2 phenotype. Furthermore, PTL significantly reduced RhoA/ROCK-NF-κB pathway activity and downregulated the effects of pentanoic acid (ROCK agonist). CONCLUSIONS PTL has been shown to mediate neuroinflammation and protect against ischemic brain injury by regulating microglial polarization via the RhoA/ROCK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehao Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing key Laboratory of pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Beijing 100091, PR China
| | - Lan Miao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing key Laboratory of pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Beijing 100091, PR China
| | - Qing Peng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing key Laboratory of pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Beijing 100091, PR China
| | - Xiaodi Fan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing key Laboratory of pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Beijing 100091, PR China
| | - Wenting Song
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing key Laboratory of pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Beijing 100091, PR China
| | - Bin Yang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing key Laboratory of pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Beijing 100091, PR China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing key Laboratory of pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Beijing 100091, PR China
| | - Guangyu Liu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing key Laboratory of pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Beijing 100091, PR China.
| | - Jianxun Liu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing key Laboratory of pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Beijing 100091, PR China; NICM, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
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Harding BN, Aguilar R, Espinosa A, Castaño-Vinyals G, Papantoniou K, Navarrete JM, Such Faro P, Torrejón A, Dobaño C, Moncunill G, Kogevinas M. Disruption of cellular immune response among male rotating night shift workers in Spain– The HORMONIT study. Front Immunol 2022; 13:776917. [PMID: 36119067 PMCID: PMC9478612 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.776917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Preliminary studies suggest that night shift work is associated with a desynchronization of rhythmic immune markers, possibly explaining the increased risk of infection, cardiometabolic disorders, and cancer in shift workers. Methods This study included 51 male rotating shift workers from a car industry in Barcelona, Spain, sampled twice toward the end of a 3-week night shift (22:00-06:00 h) and a 3-week day shift (06:00-14:00 h) rotation. We collected four blood samples per worker, at the start and end of each shift. We measured 27 cytokines, chemokines and growth factors in plasma samples by luminex using the Cytokine Human Magnetic 30-Plex Panel LHC6003M and applied linear mixed models to examine within-person associations between shift work and analytes’ concentrations, comparing samples taken at 06:00 h on a day and night shift. We also conducted a factor analysis using analyte concentrations from all 4 time points for each individual to identify common factors and determine if these factors were altered by shift work. Results We observed lower levels of 15 analytes in the night shift compared to the day shift including cytokines (pro-inflammatory TNF-α, IL-2R; anti-inflammatory IL1-RA; Th1 IL-2, Th2 IL-4 and Th17 Il-17), chemokines (IP-10, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, RANTES) and growth factors (EGF, G-CSF, HGF, VEGF, FGF). In a factor analysis, three factors were identified. The main factor (Factor 1), explaining 57% of the variance and including IL-1β, IL-12, IL-15, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, EGF and FGF; and another factor (Factor 3) explaining 10% of the variance and including the Th1 cytokine IL-12, were inversely associated with the night shift (coefficient: -0.17, 95%CI -0.32 to -0.01 and coefficient: -0.22, 95%CI -0.38, -0.06, for Factors 1 and 3, respectively). Our results indicate that night shift disrupts the levels of several immune markers, which could contribute to the increased risk of infections and cancer reported in night shift workers. Conclusion Night shift is associated with disruption of multiple immune response pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara N. Harding
- Department of Non-Communicable Diseases and Environment, Barcelona Institue of Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Barbara Harding,
| | - Ruth Aguilar
- Barcelona Institue of Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Espinosa
- Department of Non-Communicable Diseases and Environment, Barcelona Institue of Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Castaño-Vinyals
- Department of Non-Communicable Diseases and Environment, Barcelona Institue of Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kyriaki Papantoniou
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - José Maria Navarrete
- Health, Safety and Emergencies of SEAT, CUPRA and the Volkswagen Group Companies in Spain, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Such Faro
- Health, Safety and Emergencies of SEAT, CUPRA and the Volkswagen Group Companies in Spain, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Torrejón
- Health, Safety and Emergencies of SEAT, CUPRA and the Volkswagen Group Companies in Spain, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlota Dobaño
- Barcelona Institue of Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Moncunill
- Barcelona Institue of Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- Department of Non-Communicable Diseases and Environment, Barcelona Institue of Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
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Li G, Hao Y, Wang C, Wang S, Xiong Y, Zhao X. Association Between Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio/Lymphocyte-to-Monocyte Ratio and In-Hospital Clinical Outcomes in Ischemic Stroke Treated with Intravenous Thrombolysis. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:5567-5578. [PMID: 36185640 PMCID: PMC9518842 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s382876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Investigations on neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) in patients with ischemic stroke are insufficient. We aimed to investigate the relationship of NLR and LMR with in-hospital clinical outcomes at different time points in ischemic stroke patients treated with intravenous tissues plasminogen activator (IV tPA). Methods We retrospectively enrolled patients who received IV tPA therapy within 4.5 hours from symptoms onset. Demographics, clinical characteristics, imaging measures, and the in-hospital clinical outcomes including early neurological improvement (ENI, defined as NIHSS score reduction within 24 hours ≥4 points or decreased to the baseline) and favorable functional outcome (defined as modified Rankin scale 0–1) were collected. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to test whether NLR or LMR was an independent predictor for the in-hospital clinical outcomes. Results One hundred and two patients treated with IV tPA were included. NLR at 24 hours proved to be an independent predictor of ENI (adjusted OR=0.85, 95% CI=0.75–0.95, P=0.04). NLR at 48 hours and LMR at 48 hours proved to be independent predictors of mRS 0–1 at discharge (NLR at 48 hours: adjusted OR=0.64, 95% CI=0.49–0.83, P=0.01; LMR at 48 hours: adjusted OR=1.50, 95% CI=1.08–2.09, P=0.02). The AUC of NLR at 48 hours to predict favorable functional outcome at discharge was 0.79 (95% CI=0.70–0.88, P<0.001) and the optimal cut-off was 5.69 (sensitivity=0.52, specificity=0.63). Conclusion In our study, NLR at 24 hours was correlated with ENI. Both NLR and LMR at 48 hours were closely associated with favorable functional outcomes at discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangshuo Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yahui Hao
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuanying Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunyun Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Chinese Institute of Brain Research, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Yunyun Xiong, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, People’s Republic of China, Email
| | - Xingquan Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Xingquan Zhao, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 119 Nansihuanxilu, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, People’s Republic of China, Email
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Zhang F, Ran Y, Tahir M, Li Z, Wang J, Chen X. Regulation of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation in microglia-mediated inflammation and ischemic stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:955222. [PMID: 35990887 PMCID: PMC9386152 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.955222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant post-transcription modification, widely occurring in eukaryotic mRNA and non-coding RNA. m6A modification is highly enriched in the mammalian brain and is associated with neurological diseases like Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Ischemic stroke (IS) was discovered to alter the cerebral m6A epi-transcriptome, which might have functional implications in post-stroke pathophysiology. Moreover, it is observed that m6A modification could regulate microglia’s pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses. Given the critical regulatory role of microglia in the inflammatory processes in the central nervous system (CNS), we speculate that m6A modification could modulate the post-stroke microglial inflammatory responses. This review summarizes the vital regulatory roles of m6A modification in microglia-mediated inflammation and IS. Stroke is associated with a high recurrence rate, understanding the relationship between m6A modification and stroke may help stroke rehabilitation and develop novel therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Zhang
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Antiviral Drugs, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ran
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Muhammad Tahir
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Antiviral Drugs, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zihan Li
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Antiviral Drugs, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jianan Wang
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Antiviral Drugs, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xuechai Chen
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Antiviral Drugs, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xuechai Chen,
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Hu S, Lee H, Zhao H, Ding Y, Duan J. Inflammation and Severe Cerebral Venous Thrombosis. Front Neurol 2022; 13:873802. [PMID: 35937062 PMCID: PMC9353263 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.873802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a rare type of venous thromboembolism (VTE). It is an important cause of stroke in young adults and children. Severe CVT, which is characterized by cerebral venous infarction or hemorrhage, seizures, or disturbance of consciousness, has more severe clinical manifestations and a worse prognosis. It is commonly believed that the onset of severe CVT gave credit to venous return disorder, with the underlying pathogenesis remaining unclear. There is increasing evidence suggesting that an inflammatory response is closely associated with the pathophysiology of severe CVT. Preclinical studies have identified the components of neuroinflammation, including microglia, astrocytes, and neutrophils. After CVT occurrence, microglia are activated and secrete cytokines (e.g., interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α), which result in a series of brain injuries, including blood-brain barrier disruption, brain edema, and cerebral venous infarction. Additionally, astrocytes are activated at the initial CVT stage and may interact with microglia to exacerbate the inflammatory response. The extent of cerebral edema and neutrophil recruitment increases temporally in the acute phase. Further, there are also changes in the morphology of inflammatory cells, expression of inflammatory mediators, and inflammatory pathway molecules with CVT progression. Lately, some clinical research suggested that some inflammation-related biomarkers are of great value in assessing the course, severity, and prognosis of severe CVT. Moreover, basic and clinical research suggested that anti-inflammatory therapy might hold promise in severe CVT. This study reviews the current literature regarding the involvement of inflammation in the pathophysiology and anti-inflammatory interventions of severe CVT, which would contribute to informing the pathophysiology mechanism and laying a foundation for exploring novel severe CVT therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyuan Hu
- Department of Emergency, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology and Intracranial Hypertension and Cerebral Venous Disease Center, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hangil Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Haiping Zhao
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Jiangang Duan
- Department of Emergency, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology and Intracranial Hypertension and Cerebral Venous Disease Center, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jiangang Duan
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Ji Y, Xu X, Wu K, Sun Y, Wang H, Guo Y, Yang K, Xu J, Yang Q, Huang X, Zhou Z. Prognosis of Ischemic Stroke Patients Undergoing Endovascular Thrombectomy is Influenced by Systemic Inflammatory Index Through Malignant Brain Edema. Clin Interv Aging 2022; 17:1001-1012. [PMID: 35814350 PMCID: PMC9259057 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s365553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Patients and Methods Results Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachen Ji
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangjun Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kangfei Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yapeng Guo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junfeng Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianjun Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiming Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xianjun Huang; Zhiming Zhou, Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, 2# East Zheshan Road, Wuhu, 241000, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-25-80860124, Fax +86-25-84664563, Email ;
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Zhang Y, Zhang X, Meng Y, Xu X, Zuo D. The role of glycolysis and lactate in the induction of tumor-associated macrophages immunosuppressive phenotype. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:108994. [PMID: 35777265 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence highlights that glycolysis and tumor-derived lactate could skew tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) toward an immunosuppressive phenotype. However, the updated research has not been systematically summarized yet. TAMs are educated by the tumor microenvironment (TME) and exert immunosuppressive functions and tumorigenic effects via multiple biological processes. It is well known that lactate generated by aerobic glycolysis is significantly accumulated in TME and promotes tumor progression in solid tumors. Moreover, some recent research demonstrated that glycolysis is activated in TAMs to support M2-like polarization, which is absolutely in contrast with the metabolic profile of M2 macrophages in inflammation. Notably, lactate produced by high levels of glycolysis is not only a metabolic by-product but also an oncometabolite. TAMs could access the biological information delivered by lactate and further enhance protumor functions such as immunosuppression and angiogenesis. Here, we outline the connection between glycolysis and TAM phenotype to elucidate the metabolic characteristics of TAMs. Further, insights into the specific molecular mechanisms of lactate-induced TAM polarization and potential therapeutic targets are summarized. We sought to discuss the reciprocal interaction between tumor cells and TAMs mediated by lactate, which will lay a foundation for the research aiming to elucidate the complex functions of TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yuting Meng
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiaobo Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Daiying Zuo
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Cui Y, Zhang NN, Wang D, Meng WH, Chen HS. Modified Citrus Pectin Alleviates Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation via TLR4/NF-ĸB Signaling Pathway in Microglia. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:3369-3385. [PMID: 35706530 PMCID: PMC9191615 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s366927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Galectin-3 acts as a mediator of microglial inflammatory response following stroke injury. However, it remains unclear whether inhibiting galectin-3 protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. We aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of modified citrus pectin (MCP, a galectin-3 blocker) in ischemic stroke and underlying mechanisms. Methods The middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) model in C57BL/6J mice and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (ODG/R) model in neuronal (HT-22) and microglial (BV-2) cells were utilized in the following experiments: 1) the neuroprotective effects of MCP with different concentrations were evaluated in vivo and in vitro through measuring neurological deficit scores, brain water content, infarction volume, cell viability, and cell apoptosis; 2) the mechanisms of its neuroprotection were explored in mice and microglial cells through detecting the expression of NLRP3 (NOD-like receptor 3) inflammasome-related proteins by immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting analyses. Results Among the tested concentrations, 800 mg/kg/d MCP in mice and 4 g/L MCP in cells, respectively, showed in vivo and in vitro neuroprotective effects on all the tests, compared with vehicle group. First, MCP significantly reduced neurological deficit scores, brain water content and infarction volume, and alleviated cell injury in the cerebral cortex of MCAO/R model. Second, MCP increased cell viability and reduced cell apoptosis in the neuronal OGD/R model. Third, MCP blocked galectin-3 and decreased the expression of TLR4 (Toll-like receptor 4)/NF-κBp65 (nuclear factor kappa-B)/NLRP3/cleaved-caspase-1/IL-1β (interleukin-1β) in microglial cells. Conclusion This is the first report that MCP exerts neuroprotective effects in ischemic stroke through blocking galectin-3, which may be mediated by inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome via TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cui
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan-Nan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Hong Meng
- Department of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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Schädlich IS, Schnapauff O, Pöls L, Schrader J, Tolosa E, Rissiek B, Magnus T. Nt5e deficiency does not affect post-stroke inflammation and lesion size in a murine ischemia/reperfusion stroke model. iScience 2022; 25:104470. [PMID: 35692634 PMCID: PMC9184566 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular ATP released to the ischemic brain parenchyma is quickly metabolized by ectonucleotidases. Among them, the ecto-5′-nucleotidase CD73 encoded by Nt5e generates immunosuppressive adenosine. Genetic deletion of Nt5e led to increased infarct size in the murine photothrombotic stroke model. We aimed at validating this result using the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) stroke model that represents pathophysiological aspects of penumbra and reperfusion. Three days after tMACO, we did not detect a difference in stroke size between CD73-deficient (CD73−/−) and control mice. Consistent with this finding, CD73−/− and control mice showed comparable numbers and composition of brain-infiltrating leukocytes measured by flow cytometry. Using NanoString technology, we further demonstrated that CD73−/− and control mice do not differ regarding glia cell gene expression profiles. Our findings highlight the potential impact of stroke models on study outcome and the need for cross-validation of originally promising immunomodulatory candidates. Infarct volume on day 3 after tMCAO was comparable among CD73−/− and control mice Brain leukocyte infiltration on day 3 after tMCAO was similar in CD73−/− and control mice Glial RNA expression profile on day 3 after tMCAO was similar in CD73−/− and control mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Sophie Schädlich
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Oliver Schnapauff
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Lennart Pöls
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schrader
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eva Tolosa
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Rissiek
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Tim Magnus
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
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Wang D, Zhang M, Wu CJ, Liang Q, Wei DN, He L, Ye X. Effects of musk volatile compounds on attenuated nerve injury and improving post-cerebral ischemic exercise functions. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1932-1948. [PMID: 35619259 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220526154014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reperfusion Injury Acute ischemic stroke is increasing in people recently and Musk, as a commonly used Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), has been suggested as a potential agent against acute ischemic stroke, but the efficacies and underlying mechanisms of it remain unknown. OBJECTIVE This study was aimed to tested the hypotheses that volatile compounds of musk could attenuate nerve injury and identify the bioactive compounds and potential mechanisms of Musk. METHOD Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model in vivo in Sprague-Dawley rats (SD rats) was used to test this hypothesis. Collecting ingredients of Musk and their related targets were discerned from the Gas chromatography-olfactory mass spectrometry (GC-O-MS) experiment. Then the potential mechanisms and targets of the compounds were searched by network pharmacology techniques. Finally, the pathway was verified by Western Bolt (WB). RESULTS First, Musk treatment significantly up-regulated the relative levels of AKT1, PI3KA, and VEGFA in the hippocampus, and improved the sport functions in the post-MCAO ischemic rats in vivo. Next, twenty potential flavor active compounds were recognized by GC-O-MS. A total of 89 key targets including HIF-1, PIK3CA, TNF signaling pathway, and VEGF were identified. AKT1, HIF1A, PIK3CA, and VEGFA were viewed as the most important genes, which were validated by molecular docking simulation. CONCLUSION The Volatile compounds of musk can attenuate nerve injury and improving post-cerebral ischemic exercise functions by HIF1A pathways, and the combined data provide novel insight for Musk volatile compounds developed as new drug for improving reperfusion injury in acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Jie Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Neng Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin He
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, People's Republic of China
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Goulin Lippi Fernandes E, Ridwan S, Greeve I, Schäbitz WR, Grote A, Simon M. Clinical and Computerized Volumetric Analysis of Posterior Fossa Decompression for Space-Occupying Cerebellar Infarction. Front Neurol 2022; 13:840212. [PMID: 35645983 PMCID: PMC9133323 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.840212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and PurposeSurgical decompression of the posterior fossa is often performed in cases with a space-occupying cerebellar infarction to prevent coma and death. In this study, we analyzed our institutional experience with this condition. We specifically attempted to address timing issues and investigated the role of cerebellar necrosectomy using imaging data and conducting volumetric analyses.MethodsWe retrospectively studied pertinent clinical and imaging data, including computerized volumetric analyses (preoperative/postoperative infarction volume, necrosectomy volume, and posterior fossa volume), from all 49 patients who underwent posterior fossa decompression surgery for cerebellar infarction in our department from January 2012 to January 2021.ResultsThirty-five (71%) patients had a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) of 14–15 at admission vs. only 14 (29%) before vs. 41 (84%) following surgery. Seven (14%) patients had preventive surgery (initial GCS 14–15, preoperative GCS change ≤ 1). Only 18 (37%) patients had an mRS score of 0–3 at discharge. Estimated overall survival was 70.5% at 1 year. Interestingly, 18/20 (90%) surviving cases had a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) outcome of 0–3 (mRS 0–2: 12/20 [60%]) 1 year after surgery. Surgical timing, including preventive surgery and mass effect of the infarct, in the posterior fossa assessed semi-quantitatively (Kirollos grade) and with volumetric parameters that were not predictive of the patients' (functional) outcomes.ConclusionPosterior fossa decompression for cerebellar infarction is a life-saving procedure, but rapid recovery of the GCS after surgery does not necessarily translate into good functional outcome. Many patients died during follow-up, but long-term mRS outcomes of 4–5 are rare. Surgery should probably aim primarily at pressure relief, and our clinical as well as volumetric data suggest that the impact of removing an infarcted tissue may be limited. It is presumably relatively safe to initially withhold surgery in cases with a GCS of 14–15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Goulin Lippi Fernandes
- Department of Neurosurgery, Evangelisches Klinikum Bethel, University Hospital OWL, University Bielefeld, Campus Bielefeld-Bethel, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Sami Ridwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum Ibbenbüren, Ibbenbüren, Germany
| | - Isabell Greeve
- Department of Neurology, Evangelisches Klinikum Bethel, University Hospital OWL, University Bielefeld, Campus Bielefeld-Bethel, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Wolf-Rüdiger Schäbitz
- Department of Neurology, Evangelisches Klinikum Bethel, University Hospital OWL, University Bielefeld, Campus Bielefeld-Bethel, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Alexander Grote
- Department of Neurosurgery, Evangelisches Klinikum Bethel, University Hospital OWL, University Bielefeld, Campus Bielefeld-Bethel, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Matthias Simon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Evangelisches Klinikum Bethel, University Hospital OWL, University Bielefeld, Campus Bielefeld-Bethel, Bielefeld, Germany
- *Correspondence: Matthias Simon
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Tsai YR, Kim DS, Hsueh SC, Chen KY, Wu JCC, Wang JY, Tsou YS, Hwang I, Kim Y, Gil D, Jo EJ, Han BS, Tweedie D, Lecca D, Scerba MT, Selman WR, Hoffer BJ, Greig NH, Chiang YH. 3,6'- and 1,6'-Dithiopomalidomide Mitigate Ischemic Stroke in Rats and Blunt Inflammation. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:950. [PMID: 35631536 PMCID: PMC9146426 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14050950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: An important concomitant of stroke is neuroinflammation. Pomalidomide, a clinically available immunomodulatory imide drug (IMiD) used in cancer therapy, lowers TNF-α generation and thus has potent anti-inflammatory actions. Well-tolerated analogs may provide a stroke treatment and allow evaluation of the role of neuroinflammation in the ischemic brain. (2) Methods: Two novel pomalidomide derivatives, 3,6'-dithiopomalidomide (3,6'-DP) and 1,6'-dithiopomalidomide (1,6'-DP), were evaluated alongside pomalidomide in a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) stroke model, and their anti-inflammatory actions were characterized. (3) Results: Post-MCAo administration of all drugs lowered pro-inflammatory TNF-α and IL1-β levels, and reduced stroke-induced postural asymmetry and infarct size. Whereas 3,6'- and 1,6'-DP, like pomalidomide, potently bound to cereblon in cellular studies, 3,6'-DP did not lower Ikaros, Aiolos or SALL4 levels-critical intermediates mediating the anticancer/teratogenic actions of pomalidomide and IMiDs. 3,6'-DP and 1,6'-DP lacked activity in mammalian chromosome aberration, AMES and hERG channel assays -critical FDA regulatory tests. Finally, 3,6'- and 1,6'-DP mitigated inflammation across rat primary dopaminergic neuron and microglia mixed cultures challenged with α-synuclein and mouse LPS-challenged RAW 264.7 cells. (4) Conclusion: Neuroinflammation mediated via TNF-α plays a key role in stroke outcome, and 3,6'-DP and 1,6'-DP may prove valuable as stroke therapies and thus warrant further preclinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Rou Tsai
- Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (Y.-R.T.); (K.-Y.C.); (J.C.-C.W.); (J.-Y.W.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
| | - Dong Seok Kim
- Aevisbio Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA;
- Aevis Bio Inc., Daejeon 34141, Korea; (I.H.); (Y.K.); (D.G.); (E.J.J.)
| | - Shih-Chang Hsueh
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; (S.-C.H.); (D.T.); (D.L.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Kai-Yun Chen
- Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (Y.-R.T.); (K.-Y.C.); (J.C.-C.W.); (J.-Y.W.)
- The Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - John Chung-Che Wu
- Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (Y.-R.T.); (K.-Y.C.); (J.C.-C.W.); (J.-Y.W.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Yi Wang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (Y.-R.T.); (K.-Y.C.); (J.C.-C.W.); (J.-Y.W.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Syue Tsou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- The Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Inho Hwang
- Aevis Bio Inc., Daejeon 34141, Korea; (I.H.); (Y.K.); (D.G.); (E.J.J.)
| | - Yukyung Kim
- Aevis Bio Inc., Daejeon 34141, Korea; (I.H.); (Y.K.); (D.G.); (E.J.J.)
| | - Dayeon Gil
- Aevis Bio Inc., Daejeon 34141, Korea; (I.H.); (Y.K.); (D.G.); (E.J.J.)
| | - Eui Jung Jo
- Aevis Bio Inc., Daejeon 34141, Korea; (I.H.); (Y.K.); (D.G.); (E.J.J.)
| | - Baek-Soo Han
- Research Center for Biodefence, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Korea;
| | - David Tweedie
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; (S.-C.H.); (D.T.); (D.L.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Daniela Lecca
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; (S.-C.H.); (D.T.); (D.L.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Michael T. Scerba
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; (S.-C.H.); (D.T.); (D.L.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Warren R. Selman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (W.R.S.); (B.J.H.)
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Barry J. Hoffer
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (W.R.S.); (B.J.H.)
| | - Nigel H. Greig
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; (S.-C.H.); (D.T.); (D.L.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Yung-Hsiao Chiang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (Y.-R.T.); (K.-Y.C.); (J.C.-C.W.); (J.-Y.W.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- The Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
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Sharma D, Spring KJ, Bhaskar SMM. Role of Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio in the Prognosis of Acute Ischaemic Stroke After Reperfusion Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 2022; 14:11795735221092518. [PMID: 35492740 PMCID: PMC9052237 DOI: 10.1177/11795735221092518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation may mediate response to acute reperfusion therapy (RT) in acute
cerebral ischaemia. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), an inflammatory
biomarker, may play an important role in acute ischaemic stroke (AIS)
prognostication. Objective This meta-analysis sought to examine the effect of NLR on functional
outcomes, mortality and adverse outcomes in AIS patients receiving RT. Methods Individual studies were retrieved from PubMed/Medline, EMBASE and Cochrane
databases. Data were extracted using a standardised data sheet and
meta-analysis on association of admission (pre-RT) or delayed (post-RT) NLR
with clinical/safety outcomes after RT was conducted. Results Thirty-five studies (n = 10 308) were identified for the systematic review
with 27 (n = 8537) included in the meta-analyses. Lower admission NLR was
associated with good functional outcomes (GFOs), defined as 3-month modified
Rankin scale (mRS) 0–2 (SMD = −.46; 95% CI = −.62 to −.29; P < .0001),
mRS 0–1 (SMD = −.44; 95% CI = −.66 to −.22; P < .0001) and early
neurological improvement (ENI) (SMD = −.55; 95 %CI = −.84 to −.25; P <
.0001). Lower delayed admission NLR was also associated with GFOs (SMD =
−.80; 95%CI = −.91 to −.68; P < .0001). Higher admission NLR was
significantly associated with mortality (SMD = .49; 95%CI = .12 to .85; P =
.009), intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) (SMD = .34; 95% CI = .09 to .59; P =
.007), symptomatic ICH (sICH) (SMD = .48; 95% CI = .07 to .90; P = .022) and
stroke-associated infection or pneumonia (SMD = .85; 95% CI = .50, 1.19; P
< .0001). Higher delayed NLR was significantly associated with sICH (SMD
= 1.40; 95% CI = .60 to 2.19; P = .001), ICH (SMD = .94; 95% CI = .41 to
1.46; P < .0001) and mortality (SMD = 1.12; 95% CI = .57 to 1.67; P <
.0001). There were variations in outcomes across RT groups. Conclusion Higher admission or delayed NLR is significantly associated with worse
morbidity, mortality and safety outcomes in AIS patients receiving RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divyansh Sharma
- Global Health Neurology and Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Sydney and Neurovascular Imaging Laboratory, Clinical Sciences Stream, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- South-Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kevin J. Spring
- South-Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
- NSW Brain Clot Bank, NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Medical Oncology Group, Liverpool Clinical School, Western Sydney University and Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sonu M. M. Bhaskar
- Global Health Neurology and Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Sydney and Neurovascular Imaging Laboratory, Clinical Sciences Stream, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- South-Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
- NSW Brain Clot Bank, NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Neurology & Neurophysiology, Liverpool Hospital and South-Western Sydney Local Health District, Comprehensive Stroke Center, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Zhang J, Zhou R, Cao G, Zhang Y, Xu H, Yang H. Guhong Injection Prevents Ischemic Stroke-Induced Neuro-Inflammation and Neuron Loss Through Regulation of C5ar1. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:818245. [PMID: 35387346 PMCID: PMC8979065 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.818245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
C5ar1 (CD88) has been identified as an important potential therapeutic target for regulating inflammation in ischemic stroke. In this study, the neuroprotective effect of Guhong injection (GHI) on middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced reperfusion injury was assessed and the mechanism was explored by RNA-seq technology. GHI administered for 6 consecutive days significantly decreased body weight loss, infarction rate, neurological deficient scores, and neuron loss but improved rat survival percentage and regional cerebral blood flow after MCAO surgery. Furthermore, we identified inflammation as a vital process and C5AR1 as a vital target in GHI-mediated protection by using RNA-seq analysis. Further experiments confirmed that GHI decreased C5AR1, C5A, CASP3, 8-OHdG, and inflammatory factors such as IL-1β, TNF, IL6, ICAM-1, MMP9, and MCP-1, and enhanced the expression of TIMP1, JAM-A, and laminin. Furthermore, GHI and its major components hydroxysafflower yellow A (HSYA) and aceglutamide (AG) enhanced cell viability and reduced LDH level and C5AR1 expression in a C5A-induced Neuro-2a cell damage model. In general, this study elucidated the mechanism of GHI against ischemic stroke by inhibiting inflammation and highlighted the potential important role of C5AR1 in ischemic stroke. This research provided new insights into the mechanism of GHI in resisting ischemic stroke and benefits of its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangzhao Cao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - He Xu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjun Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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CX3CL1 inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome-induced microglial pyroptosis and improves neuronal function in mice with experimentally-induced ischemic stroke. Life Sci 2022; 300:120564. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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69
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Yu H, Cai Y, Zhong A, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Xu S. The "Dialogue" Between Central and Peripheral Immunity After Ischemic Stroke: Focus on Spleen. Front Immunol 2022; 12:792522. [PMID: 34975893 PMCID: PMC8717871 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.792522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response generated by the body after the incidence of ischemic stroke, runs through the comprehensive process of aftermath. During this process of ischemic stroke, the central neuroinflammation and peripheral immune response seriously affect the prognosis of patients, which has been the focus of research in recent years. As this research scenario progressed, the "dialogue" between central nervous inflammation and peripheral immune response after ischemic stroke has become more closely related. It's worth noting that the spleen, as an important peripheral immune organ, plays a pivotal role in this dialogue. Multiple mechanisms have previously been reported for brain-spleen crosstalk after ischemic stroke. Further, neuroinflammation in the brain can affect the peripheral immune state by activating/inhibiting spleen function. However, the activation of the peripheral immune inflammatory response can work reversibly in the spleen. It further affects intracerebral neuroinflammation through the injured blood-brain barrier. Therefore, paying close attention to the role of spleen as the pivot between central and peripheral immunity in ischemic stroke may help to provide a new target for immune intervention in the treatment of ischemic stroke. In the present review, we reviewed the important role of spleen in central neuroinflammation and peripheral immune response after ischemic stroke. We summarized the relevant studies and reports on spleen as the target of immune intervention which can provide new ideas for the clinical treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchen Yu
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yichen Cai
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Aiqin Zhong
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China
| | - Yunsha Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese, Tianjin, China
| | - Junping Zhang
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China
| | - Shixin Xu
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China
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Li TT, Wan Q, Zhang X, Xiao Y, Sun LY, Zhang YR, Liu XN, Yang WC. Stellate ganglion block reduces inflammation and improves neurological function in diabetic rats during ischemic stroke. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1991-1997. [PMID: 35142688 PMCID: PMC8848600 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.335162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is an independent risk factor for ischemic stroke. Both diabetes mellitus and stroke are linked to systemic inflammation that aggravates patient outcomes. Stellate ganglion block can effectively regulate the inflammatory response. Therefore, it is hypothesized that stellate ganglion block could be a potential therapy for ischemic stroke in diabetic subjects. In this study, we induced diabetes mellitus in rats by feeding them a high-fat diet for 4 successive weeks. The left middle cerebral artery was occluded to establish models of ischemic stroke in diabetic rats. Subsequently, we performed left stellate ganglion block with 1% lidocaine using the percutaneous posterior approach 15 minutes before reperfusion and again 20 and 44 hours after reperfusion. Our results showed that stellate ganglion block did not decrease the blood glucose level in diabetic rats with diabetes mellitus but did reduce the cerebral infarct volume and the cerebral water content. It also improved the recovery of neurological function, increased 28-day survival rate, inhibited Toll like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway and reduced inflammatory response in the plasma of rats. However, injection of Toll like receptor 4 agonist lipopolysaccharide 5 minutes before stellate ganglion block inhibited the effect of stellate ganglion block, whereas injection of Toll like receptor 4 inhibitor TAK242 had no such effect. We also found that stellate ganglion block performed at night had no positive effect on diabetic ischemic stroke. These findings suggest that stellate ganglion block is a potential therapy for diabetic ischemic stroke and that it may be mediated through the Toll like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway. We also found that the therapeutic effect of stellate ganglion block is affected by circadian rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Qiang Wan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yuan Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Li-Ying Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yu-Rong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xiang-Nan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Wan-Chao Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
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Zeng X, He G, Yang X, Xu G, Tang Y, Li H, Yu B, Wang Z, Xu W, Song K. Zebularine protects against blood-brain-barrier (BBB) disruption through increasing the expression of zona occludens-1 (ZO-1) and vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin. Bioengineered 2022; 13:4441-4454. [PMID: 35112992 PMCID: PMC8974047 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2024323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain-barrier (BBB) disruption is an important pathological characteristic of ischemic stroke (IS) and mainly results from dysfunction of brain vascular endothelial cells and tight junctions. Zebularine is a novel inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT). Here, we assessed its effects on BBB disruption in IS. Firstly, we reported that Zebularine maintained BBB integrity in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mice by increasing the expressions of zona occludens-1 (ZO-1) and vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin. Importantly, we found that Zebularine reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, attenuated brain edema, and improved neurological deficits. In in vitro experiments, the bEnd.3 brain endothelial cells were exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R), and the protective effects of Zebularine were assessed. Our findings demonstrated that Zebularine prevented OGD/R-induced cytotoxicity by reducing the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Additionally, Zebularine protected bEnd.3 cells against OGD/R-induced hyper-permeability and reduction of trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER). Notably, we found that treatment with Zebularine activated the Adenosine 5ʹ-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway by increasing the phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα). Blockage of AMPKα using its specific inhibitor compound C abolished the beneficial effects of Zebularine in mitigating endothelial hyper-permeability by reducing the expressions of ZO-1 and VE-cadherin. These findings suggest that the protective effects of Zebularine against OGD/R-induced endothelial hyper-permeability are mediated by the activation of AMPKα. In conclusion, our study sheds light on the potential application of Zebularine in the treatment of IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangliang Zeng
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Guohua He
- Department of Neurology, Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xirong Yang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Guoyao Xu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yidan Tang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Hanwen Li
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Neurology, Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kangping Song
- Department of Neurology, Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Henry N, Frank J, McLouth C, Trout AL, Morris A, Chen J, Stowe AM, Fraser JF, Pennypacker K. Short Chain Fatty Acids Taken at Time of Thrombectomy in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients Are Independent of Stroke Severity But Associated With Inflammatory Markers and Worse Symptoms at Discharge. Front Immunol 2022; 12:797302. [PMID: 35126360 PMCID: PMC8807638 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.797302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) are gut microbiota-derived metabolites that contribute to the gut-brain axis and may impact stroke outcomes following gut dysbiosis. We evaluated plasma SCFA concentrations against stroke severity parameters and identified SCFA-associated protein networks. Methods The Blood and Clot Thrombectomy Registry and Collaboration (BACTRAC), a continuously enrolling tissue bank, was used to obtain stroke samples. Arterial blood distal and proximal to the thrombus was obtained from Acute Ischemic Stroke (AIS) Patients (n=53) during thrombectomy. Patient demographics, stroke presentation and outcome parameters were reported. The SCFAs were isolated from proximal plasma via chemical derivatization UHPLC coupled tandem mass spectrometry using electrospray ionization and multiple reaction monitoring. Proteomic levels for 184 cardioembolic and inflammatory proteins was quantified from systemic and intracranial plasma by Olink. Arterial blood from cerebrovascular patients undergoing elective neurointerventional procedures was used as controls. Results Acetate positively correlated with time from last known normal (LKN) and was significantly lower in stroke patients compared to control. Isobutyrate, Butyrate and 2-Methylbutyrate negatively correlated with %ΔNIHSS. Isobutyrate and 2-Methylbutyrate positively correlated with NIHSS discharge. SCFA concentrations were not associated with NIHSS admission, infarct volume, or edema volume. Multiple SCFAs positively associated with systemic and pro-inflammatory cytokines, most notably IL-6, TNF-α, VCAM1, IL-17, and MCP-1. Conclusions Plasma SCFA concentrations taken at time of stroke are not associated with stroke severity at presentation. However, higher levels of SCFAs at the time of stroke are associated with increased markers of inflammation, less recovery from admission to discharge, and worse symptom burden at discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Henry
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Jacqueline Frank
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Center for Advanced Translational Stroke Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Christopher McLouth
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Amanda L. Trout
- Center for Advanced Translational Stroke Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Andrew Morris
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky, and Lexington Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Jianzhong Chen
- Oligonucleotide Bioanalysis Research - Chemistry, Dicerna Pharmaceuticals Inc., Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Ann M. Stowe
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Center for Advanced Translational Stroke Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Justin F. Fraser
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Center for Advanced Translational Stroke Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Keith Pennypacker
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Center for Advanced Translational Stroke Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- *Correspondence: Keith Pennypacker,
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Li Q, Gao X, Luo X, Wu Q, He J, Liu Y, Xue Y, Wu S, Rao F. Identification of Hub Genes Associated with Immune Infiltration in Cardioembolic Stroke by Whole Blood Transcriptome Analysis. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:8086991. [PMID: 35075378 PMCID: PMC8783710 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8086991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Cardioembolic stroke (CS) is the most common type of ischemic stroke in the clinic, leading to high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although many studies have been conducted, the molecular mechanism underlying CS has not been fully grasped. This study was aimed at exploring the molecular mechanism of CS using comprehensive bioinformatics analysis and providing new insights into the pathophysiology of CS. We downloaded the public datasets GSE58294 and GSE16561. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened via the limma package using R software. CIBERSORT was used to estimate the proportions of 22 immune cells based on the gene expression profiling of CS patients. Using weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) to cluster the genes into different modules and detect relationships between modules and immune cell types, hub genes were identified based on the intersection of the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis and WGCNA, and their clinical significance was then verified using another independent dataset GSE16561. Totally, 319 genes were identified as DEGs and 5413 genes were clustered into nine modules using WGCNA. The blue module, with the highest correlation coefficient, was identified as the key module associated with stroke, neutrophils, and B cells naïve. Based on the PPI analysis and WGCNA, five genes (MCEMP1, CLEC4D, GPR97, TSPAN14, and FPR2) were identified as hub genes. Correlation analysis indicated that hub genes had general association with infiltration-related immune cells. ROC analysis also showed they had potential clinical significance. The results were verified using another dataset, which were consistent with our analysis. Five crucial genes determined using integrative bioinformatics analysis might play significant roles in the pathophysiological mechanism in CS and be potential targets for pharmaceutic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoqiao Li
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, China
- Research Center of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xueping Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xueshan Luo
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, China
- Research Center of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qingrui Wu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, China
- Research Center of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jintao He
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, China
- Research Center of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yumei Xue
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shulin Wu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Fang Rao
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, China
- Research Center of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Zeng J, Bao T, Yang K, Zhu X, Wang S, Xiang W, Ge A, Zeng L, Ge J. The mechanism of microglia-mediated immune inflammation in ischemic stroke and the role of natural botanical components in regulating microglia: A review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1047550. [PMID: 36818470 PMCID: PMC9933144 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1047550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is one of the most fatal diseases. Neuroimmunity, inflammation, and oxidative stress play important roles in various complex mechanisms of IS. In particular, the early proinflammatory response resulting from the overactivation of resident microglia and the infiltration of circulating monocytes and macrophages in the brain after cerebral ischemia leads to secondary brain injury. Microglia are innate immune cells in the brain that constantly monitor the brain microenvironment under normal conditions. Once ischemia occurs, microglia are activated to produce dual effects of neurotoxicity and neuroprotection, and the balance of the two effects determines the fate of damaged neurons. The activation of microglia is defined as the classical activation (M1 type) or alternative activation (M2 type). M1 type microglia secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and neurotoxic mediators to exacerbate neuronal damage, while M2 type microglia promote a repairing anti-inflammatory response. Fine regulation of M1/M2 microglial activation to minimize damage and maximize protection has important therapeutic value. This review focuses on the interaction between M1/M2 microglia and other immune cells involved in the regulation of IS phenotypic characteristics, and the mechanism of natural plant components regulating microglia after IS, providing novel candidate drugs for regulating microglial balance and IS drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Zeng
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tingting Bao
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kailin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | | | - Shanshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Wang Xiang
- Department of Rheumatology, The First People's Hospital Changde City, Changde, Hunan, China
| | - Anqi Ge
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liuting Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Jinwen Ge
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China.,Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Liu H, Dai Q, Yang J, Zhang Y, Zhang B, Zhong L. Zuogui Pill Attenuates Neuroinflammation and Improves Cognitive Function in Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion-Injured Rats. Neuroimmunomodulation 2022; 29:143-150. [PMID: 34736255 DOI: 10.1159/000519010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cerebral ischemia and reperfusion (CI/R) injury is a devasting cerebrovascular disease, accompanied with ischemia stroke, cerebral infarction. Zuogui Pill (ZGP), as a Chinese traditional medicine, is proved to be effective in many diseases and cancers. Our study aimed to detect the roles of ZGP in CI/R injury. METHODS Neural stem cells were isolated from rats and induced by oxygen and glucose deprivation and recovery. CCK-8 and flow cytometry were applied to assess the function of ZGP on cell viability and apoptosis. Rat CI/R injury models were established by the middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion. The function of ZGP on CI/R injury was identified via evaluating modified neurological severity score, infarct area, and cognitive impairment. RESULTS Compared to the control, the cell viability was obviously decreased in the oxygen and glucose deprivation and recovery (OGD/R) group, while the adverse influence on cells was reversed by cultured plus 10% ZGP serum. Consistently, ZGP attenuated the influence of OGD/R on cell apoptosis. More importantly, ZGP could alleviate CI/R injury of rats by reducing neurological damage and infarct area and promoting cognitive function. CONCLUSION This study provided protective roles of ZGP on cell viability and apoptosis induced by OGD/R. In addition, ZGP played protective roles on neuroinflammation and cognitive function in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
- Postdoctoral Program, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Qiaomei Dai
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Lili Zhong
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
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Zhong Z, Xu P, Wen J, Li X, Zhang X. Enriched Environment Regulates Dendritic Cells to Alleviate Inflammation in Cerebral Infarction Lesions. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2021; 2021:1574109. [PMID: 34976103 PMCID: PMC8719993 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1574109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to investigate the role that enriched environment (EE) plays in the regulation of inflammation in cerebral infarction (CI) lesions and further explore the relationship between this regulation and dendritic cells (DCs). METHODS 72 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham operation group (CON group, n = 24) and CI model group (n = 48). On completion of the establishment of CI rat models by Longa's method, rats in the models group were further assigned to standard environment group (NC group, n = 24) and EE group (n = 24). HE staining was utilized for evaluation of neuronal injury in the lesions. The number of CD74- and integrin αE-positive cells was detected by immunofluorescence. The expression of the IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the brain tissue and serum of rats was measured by immunohistochemistry and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS In comparison with the CON group, the NC and EE groups showed significant increases in neuronal injury, CD74- and Integrin αE-positive cells, DC content, as well as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α expression in brain tissue and serum. According to the further comparison between the NC group and EE group, the latter showed decreases in each indicator, and these decreases were in a time-dependent manner. CONCLUSION EE avoids the accumulation of DCs in the lesions and reduces the contents of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, consequently promoting the recovery of CI. And better recovery results can be obtained through increasing the time to stay in EE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Zhong
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Changde City, Changde, Hunan, China 415000
| | - Ping Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Changde City, Changde, Hunan, China 415000
| | - Jun Wen
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Changde City, Changde, Hunan, China 415000
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Changde City, Changde, Hunan, China 415000
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Changde City, Changde, Hunan, China 415000
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Li Y, Chen D, Sun L, Chen Z, Quan W. Monocyte/High-Density Lipoprotein Ratio Predicts the Prognosis of Large Artery Atherosclerosis Ischemic Stroke. Front Neurol 2021; 12:769217. [PMID: 34912287 PMCID: PMC8666448 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.769217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Monocyte to high-density lipoprotein ratio is considered as a new inflammatory marker and has been used to predict the severity of coronary heart disease and the incidence of adverse cardiovascular events (ACEs). However, there is a lack of data relative to large artery atherosclerosis (LAA) ischemic stroke. We investigated whether the monocyte to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio (MHR) is related to the 3-month functional prognosis of LAA ischemic stroke. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 316 LAA ischemic stroke patients. The 3-month functional outcome was divided into good and poor according to the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the correlation between MHR and prognosis of ischemic stroke. Results: The MHR level of poor functional outcome group was higher than that of the good functional outcome group [0.44 (0.3, 0.55) vs. 0.38 (0.27, 0.5), P = 0.025]. Logistic stepwise multiple regression revealed that MHR [odds ratio (OR) 9.464, 95%CI 2.257–39.678, P = 0.002] was an independent risk factor for the 3-month poor outcome of LAA ischemic stroke. Compared to the lower MHR tertile, the upper MHR tertile had a 3.03-fold increase (95% CI 1.475–6.225, P = 0.003) in the odds of poor functional outcome after adjustment for potential confounders. Moreover, a multivariable-adjusted restricted cubic spline (RCS) showed a positive close to a linear pattern of this association. Conclusion: Elevated MHR was independently associated with an increased risk of poor 3-month functional outcome of patients with LAA ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyu Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Daqing Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Laifang Sun
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhibo Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Quan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Classification and Characteristics of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Its Potential Therapeutic Mechanisms and Applications against Ischemic Stroke. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:2602871. [PMID: 34795764 PMCID: PMC8595011 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2602871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a serious cerebral disease that often induces death and long-term disability. As a currently available therapy for recanalization after ischemic stroke, thrombolysis, including intravenous thrombolysis and endovascular therapy, still cannot be applicable to all patients due to the narrow time window. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation therapy, which can trigger neuronal regeneration and repair, has been considered as a significant advance in treatment of ischemic stroke. MSC transplantation therapy has exhibited its potential to improve the neurological function in ischemic stroke. Our review describes the current progress and future perspective of MSC transplantation therapy in ischemic stroke treatment, including cell types, transplantation approaches, therapeutic mechanisms, and preliminary clinical trials of MSC transplantation, for providing us an update role of MSC transplantation in ischemic stroke treatment.
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Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Exacerbate Ischemic Brain Damage. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 59:643-656. [PMID: 34748205 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02635-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Most acute strokes are ischemic, and subsequent neuroinflammation promotes further damage leading to cell death but also plays a beneficial role by promoting cellular repair. Neutrophils are forerunners to brain lesions after ischemic stroke and exert elaborate functions. While neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) possess a fundamental antimicrobial function within the innate immune system under physiological circumstances, increasing evidence indicates that NETosis, the release process of NETs, occurs in the pathogenic process of stroke. In this review, we focus on the processes of NET formation and clearance, the temporal and spatial alterations of neutrophils and NETs after ischemic damage, and how NETs are involved in several stroke-related phenomena. Generally, NET formation and release processes depend on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the activation of nuclear peptidylarginine deiminase-4 (PAD4). The acid-base environment, oxygen concentration, and iron ions around the infarct may also impact NET formation. DNase 1 has been identified as the primary degrader of NETs in serum, while reactive microglia are expected to inhibit the formation of NETs around ischemic lesions by phagocytosis of neutrophils. The neutrophils and NETs are present in the perivascular space ipsilateral to the infarct arising after ischemic damage, peaking between 1 and 3 days postischemia, but their location in the brain parenchyma remains controversial. After the ischemic injury, NETs are involved in the destruction of neurological function primarily by disrupting the blood-brain barrier and promoting thrombosis. The potential effects of NETs on various ischemic nerve cells need to be further investigated, especially in the chronic ischemic phase.
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Sharma D, Spring KJ, Bhaskar SMM. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio in acute ischemic stroke: Immunopathology, management, and prognosis. Acta Neurol Scand 2021; 144:486-499. [PMID: 34190348 DOI: 10.1111/ane.13493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is an ongoing need for accurate prognostic biomarkers in the milieu of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) receiving reperfusion therapy. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been implicated in emergency medicine and acute stroke setting as an important biomarker in the prognosis of patients. However, there are ongoing questions around its accuracy and translation into clinical practice given suboptimal sensitivity and specificity results, as well as varying thresholds and lack of clarity around which NLR time points are most clinically indicative. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the role of NLR in AIS patients receiving reperfusion therapy and perspectives on areas of future research. NLR may be an important biomarker in risk stratifying patients in AIS to identify and select those who are more likely to benefit from reperfusion therapy. Appropriate clinical decision-making tools and models are required to harness the predictive value of NLR, which could be useful in identifying and monitoring high-risk patients to guide early treatment and achieve improved outcomes. Our understanding of the role of NLR in the immunopathogenesis of AIS is also suboptimal, which hinders the ability to translate this into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divyansh Sharma
- Neurovascular Imaging Laboratory Clinical Sciences Stream Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research Sydney NSW Australia
- South Western Sydney Clinical School University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Kevin J. Spring
- South Western Sydney Clinical School University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney NSW Australia
- NSW Health Pathology NSW Brain Clot Bank Sydney NSW Australia
- Medical Oncology Group Liverpool Clinical School Western Sydney University & Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Sonu Menachem Maimonides Bhaskar
- Neurovascular Imaging Laboratory Clinical Sciences Stream Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research Sydney NSW Australia
- NSW Health Pathology NSW Brain Clot Bank Sydney NSW Australia
- Department of Neurology & Neurophysiology Liverpool Hospital and South Western Sydney Local Health District (SWSLHD) Sydney NSW Australia
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81
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Huo K, Wei M, Zhang M, Wang Z, Pan P, Shaligram SS, Huang J, Prado LBD, Wong J, Su H. Reduction of neuroinflammation alleviated mouse post bone fracture and stroke memory dysfunction. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:2162-2173. [PMID: 33641516 PMCID: PMC8393305 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x21996177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tibia fracture (BF) enhances stroke injury and post-stroke memory dysfunction in mouse. Reduction of neuroinflammation by activation of α-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α-7 nAchR) reduced acute neuronal injury and sensorimotor dysfunction in mice with BF 1-day after stroke. We hypothesize that reduction of neuroinflammation by activation of α-7 nAchR improves long-term memory function of mice with BF 6-h before stroke. The mice were randomly assigned to saline, PHA-568487 (α-7 nAchR agonist) and methyllycaconitine (antagonist) treatment groups. The sensorimotor function was tested by adhesive removal and corner tests at 3 days, the memory function was tested by Y-maze test weekly for 8 weeks and novel objective recognition test at 8 weeks post-injuries. We found PHA-568487 treatment reduced, methyllycaconitine increased the number of CD68+ cells in the peri-infarct and hippocampal regions, neuronal injury in the infarct region, sensorimotor and long-term memory dysfunctions. PHA-568487 treatment also reduced, while methyllycaconitine treatment increased atrophy of hippocampal granule cell layer and white matter damage in the striatum. In addition, PHA-568487 treatment increased neuron proliferation in granule cell layer. Our data indicated that reduction of neuroinflammation through activation of α-7 nAchR decreased neuronal damage, sensorimotor and long-term memory dysfunction of mice with BF shortly before stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Huo
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Meng Wei
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Meng Zhang
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhanqiang Wang
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peipei Pan
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sonali S Shaligram
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jinhao Huang
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Leandro B Do Prado
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julia Wong
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hua Su
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Molecular Mechanisms of Neuroimmune Crosstalk in the Pathogenesis of Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179486. [PMID: 34502395 PMCID: PMC8431165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke disrupts the homeostatic balance within the brain and is associated with a significant accumulation of necrotic cellular debris, fluid, and peripheral immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Additionally, cells, antigens, and other factors exit the brain into the periphery via damaged blood–brain barrier cells, glymphatic transport mechanisms, and lymphatic vessels, which dramatically influence the systemic immune response and lead to complex neuroimmune communication. As a result, the immunological response after stroke is a highly dynamic event that involves communication between multiple organ systems and cell types, with significant consequences on not only the initial stroke tissue injury but long-term recovery in the CNS. In this review, we discuss the complex immunological and physiological interactions that occur after stroke with a focus on how the peripheral immune system and CNS communicate to regulate post-stroke brain homeostasis. First, we discuss the post-stroke immune cascade across different contexts as well as homeostatic regulation within the brain. Then, we focus on the lymphatic vessels surrounding the brain and their ability to coordinate both immune response and fluid homeostasis within the brain after stroke. Finally, we discuss how therapeutic manipulation of peripheral systems may provide new mechanisms to treat stroke injury.
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83
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Zhang Y, Wang S, Lu F, Zhang M, Kong H, Cheng J, Luo J, Zhao Y, Qu H. The neuroprotective effect of pretreatment with carbon dots from Crinis Carbonisatus (carbonized human hair) against cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:257. [PMID: 34454522 PMCID: PMC8399708 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00908-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral infarction and cerebral hemorrhage, also known as "stroke", is one of the leading cause of death. At present, there is no real specific medicine for stroke. Crinis Carbonisatus (named Xue-yu-tan in Chinese), produced from carbonized hair of healthy human, and has been widely applied to relieve pain and treat epilepsy, stroke and other diseases in China for thousands of years. RESULTS In this work, a new species of carbon dots derived from Crinis Carbonisatus (CrCi-CDs) were separated and identified. And the neuroprotective effect of carbon dots from CrCi were evaluated using the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. Neurological deficit score and infarction volume was assessed, evans blue content of ischemic hemispheres was measured, the concentrations of inflammatory factors, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the cortex were measured, and the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain were determined. Preconditioning of CrCi-CDs significantly reduced ischemic lesion volume and blood-brain-barrier (BBB) permeability, improved neurologic deficits, decreased the level of TNF-α and IL-6 in MCAO rats, inhibited excitatory neurotransmitters aspartate (Asp) and glutamate (Glu), and increased the level of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). The RNA-Sequencing results reveal that further potential mechanisms behind the activities may be related to the anti-inflammation effects and inhibition of neuroexcitatory toxicity. CONCLUSION CrCi-CDs performs neuroprotective effect on cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury, and the mechanisms may correlate with its anti-inflammatory action, which suggested that CrCi-CDs have potential value in clinical therapy on the acute apoplexy cases in combination with thrombolytic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Suna Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Lu
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Meiling Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Hui Kong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jinjun Cheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Juan Luo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Huihua Qu
- Center of Scientific Experiment, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
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84
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Andone S, Bajko Z, Motataianu A, Mosora O, Balasa R. The Role of Biomarkers in Atherothrombotic Stroke-A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22169032. [PMID: 34445740 PMCID: PMC8396595 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke represents the primary debilitating disease in adults and is the second-highest cause of death worldwide. Atherosclerosis, the most prevalent etiology for vascular conditions, is a continuous process that gradually creates and develops endothelial lesions known as atherosclerotic plaques. These lesions lead to the appearance of atherothrombotic stroke. In the last decades, the role of biological biomarkers has emerged as either diagnostic, prognostic, or therapeutic targets. This article aims to create a list of potential biomarkers related to atherothrombotic stroke by reviewing the currently available literature. We identified 23 biomarkers and assessed their roles as risk factors, detection markers, prognostic predictors, and therapeutic targets. The central aspect of these biomarkers is related to risk stratification, especially for patients who have not yet suffered a stroke. Other valuable data are focused on the predictive capabilities for stroke patients regarding short-term and long-term prognosis, including their influence over the acute phase treatment, such as rt-PA thrombolysis. Although the role of biomarkers is anticipated to be of extreme value in the future, they cannot yet compete with traditional stroke neuroimaging markers but could be used as additional tools for etiological diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Andone
- Doctoral School, ‘George Emil Palade’ University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; (S.A.); (R.B.)
- 1st Neurology Clinic, Mures County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania; (A.M.); (O.M.)
| | - Zoltan Bajko
- 1st Neurology Clinic, Mures County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania; (A.M.); (O.M.)
- Department of Neurology, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology Targu Mures, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Anca Motataianu
- 1st Neurology Clinic, Mures County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania; (A.M.); (O.M.)
- Department of Neurology, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology Targu Mures, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Oana Mosora
- 1st Neurology Clinic, Mures County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania; (A.M.); (O.M.)
| | - Rodica Balasa
- Doctoral School, ‘George Emil Palade’ University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; (S.A.); (R.B.)
- 1st Neurology Clinic, Mures County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania; (A.M.); (O.M.)
- Department of Neurology, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology Targu Mures, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
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Xu D, Kong T, Shao Z, Liu M, Zhang R, Zhang S, Kong Q, Chen J, Cheng B, Wang C. Orexin-A alleviates astrocytic apoptosis and inflammation via inhibiting OX1R-mediated NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166230. [PMID: 34358627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Orexin-A (OXA) is a neuropeptide with neuroprotective effect by reducing cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CIRI). Inflammation and apoptosis mediated by astrocyte activation are the key pathological mechanisms for CIRI. We thus attempted to confirm neuroprotective effects of OXA on astrocytic inflammation and apoptosis in CIRI and clarify the relative mechanisms. A middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R) rat model and U251 glioma cells model subjected to oxygen glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R) were established, with or without OXA treatment. Neurological deficit score was determined, and cerebral infarct volume was evaluated by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Western Blot was used to detect the expressions of NF-κB p65, p-p65, p-ERK, p-p38, GFAP, OX1R, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS, Bcl-2, Bax, CytC, cleaved caspase-9 and cleaved caspase-3 in vivo and in vitro. Pro-inflammatory cytokines in cell supernatant IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 were determined by ELISA. Hoechst 33342 staining was used to detect the apoptosis of astrocyte. Immunofluorescent staining was performed to assess the nuclear translocation of p65 and the expression of GFAP. The results showed that OXA significantly improved neurological deficit score and decreased the volume of infarct area in brain. OXA decreased inflammatory mediators, inhibited astrocyte activation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB and phosphorylation of NF-κB, MAPK/ERK and MAPK/p38. Besides, OXA suppressed apoptosis via upregulating the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax and downregulating cytochrome C, cleaved-caspase-9 and cleaved caspase-3. Overall, it was concluded that OXA exerts neuroprotective effect during CIRI through attenuating astrocytes apoptosis, astrocytes activation and pro-inflammatory cytokines production, by Inhibiting OX1R-mediated NF-κB, MAPK/ERK and MAPK/p38 signaling pathways. The progress in our study is helpful to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of OXA neuroprotection, which could lead to the development of new treatment strategies for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Xu
- Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | | | - Ziqi Shao
- Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Minghui Liu
- Basic Medical Sciences, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Rumin Zhang
- Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Qingxia Kong
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining 272029, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China; Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Baohua Cheng
- Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China.
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China.
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Hamblin MH, Lee JP. Neural Stem Cells for Early Ischemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147703. [PMID: 34299322 PMCID: PMC8306669 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical treatments for ischemic stroke are limited. Neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation can be a promising therapy. Clinically, ischemia and subsequent reperfusion lead to extensive neurovascular injury that involves inflammation, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, and brain cell death. NSCs exhibit multiple potentially therapeutic actions against neurovascular injury. Currently, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is the only FDA-approved clot-dissolving agent. While tPA’s thrombolytic role within the vasculature is beneficial, tPA’s non-thrombolytic deleterious effects aggravates neurovascular injury, restricting the treatment time window (time-sensitive) and tPA eligibility. Thus, new strategies are needed to mitigate tPA’s detrimental effects and quickly mediate vascular repair after stroke. Up to date, clinical trials focus on the impact of stem cell therapy on neuro-restoration by delivering cells during the chronic stroke stage. Also, NSCs secrete factors that stimulate endogenous repair mechanisms for early-stage ischemic stroke. This review will present an integrated view of the preclinical perspectives of NSC transplantation as a promising treatment for neurovascular injury, with an emphasis on early-stage ischemic stroke. Further, this will highlight the impact of early sub-acute NSC delivery on improving short-term and long-term stroke outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton H. Hamblin
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Correspondence: (M.H.H.); (J.-P.L.)
| | - Jean-Pyo Lee
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Correspondence: (M.H.H.); (J.-P.L.)
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Yang D, Huang H, Weng Y, Ren J, Yang C, Wang J, Gao B, Zeng T, Hu J, Pan W, Sun F, Zhou X, Chen G. Dynamic Decrease in Eosinophil After Intravenous Thrombolysis Predicts Poor Prognosis of Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Longitudinal Study. Front Immunol 2021; 12:709289. [PMID: 34305951 PMCID: PMC8293745 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.709289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Blood eosinophil counts are thought to be associated with atherosclerosis in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and AIS severity. We aimed to investigate 1): the temporal profile of eosinophil in AIS patients treated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (r-tPA); 2): The association between dynamic eosinophil and 3-month outcomes in different AIS etiologies; 3): incremental predictive ability of dynamic eosinophil adding to conventional model; and 4): the longitudinal change of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and compared its prognostic value with eosinophils. Methods A total of 623 AIS patients with intravenous thrombolysis in two hospitals were included. Blood samples were obtained on admission, within 24 h after an intravenous thrombolysis and on the seventh day. A multivariate logistic regression model with restricted cubic spline was performed to explore the association between dynamic eosinophil and a 3-month poor outcome. C-statistic, net reclassification improvement (NRI) and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) were adopted to explore the incremental predictive ability. Results Percent change in eosinophil counts after intravenous thrombolysis was median -25.00% (IQR -68.25%-+14.29%). Decrease in eosinophil >75% after intravenous thrombolysis was associated with 2.585 times risk for poor outcome and 13.836 times risk for death. However, the association were weak for patients outside of cardioembolic stroke. Adding eosinophil changes to a conventional model improved the discriminatory ability of poor outcome (NRI = 53.3%; IDI = 2.2%) and death (NRI = 101.0%; IDI = 6.9%). Conclusions Dynamic decrease in eosinophil after intravenous thrombolysis predicts a 3-month poor outcome and death in AIS patients with r-tPA treatment and improved the predictive ability of conventional model. However, this result needs to be interpreted carefully in non-cardioembolic AIS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehao Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Honghao Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yiyun Weng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Junli Ren
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chenguang Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianing Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Beibei Gao
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Tian Zeng
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jingyu Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Pan
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fangyue Sun
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinbo Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guangyong Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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88
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Fan C, Tian F, Zhao X, Sun Y, Yang X, Han H, Pu X. The Effect of Thymoquinone on the Characteristics of the Brain Extracellular Space in Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 43:1306-1314. [PMID: 32879204 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular space (ECS) is the space between the neurons and the capillaries in the brain. The volume fraction (α) and the tortuosity (λ) are the main parameters used to describe its characteristics. Thymoquinone has been proved to possess anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. In this study, we used a gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentacetate (Gd-DTPA)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system to determine the effects of thymoquinone on ECS parameters in transient middle cerebral artery occlusion rats (tMCAO) to prove the neuroprotective effect of thymoquinone on brain tissue damage caused by ischemic stroke. Neurological examinations, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining and assaying of ECS parameters using MRI were performed 24 h after surgery. We found that thymoquinone could improve the behavioural performance by neurological examinations. TTC staining indicated that thymoquinone significantly decreased the percentage of hemi-cerebral infarction. Also, H&E staining showed that thymoquinone could inhibit the neuron necrosis in the hippocampal CA1 region. We found that thymoquinone treatment could inhibit the changes in ECS diffusion parameters, which might prove that thymoquinone might protect brain tissue damage caused by ischemic stroke. Thymoquinone can protect the brain against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, effectively ameliorate abnormalities in characteristics of ECS and decrease cerebral infarction in tMCAO rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoxin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University
| | - Fang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University
| | - Xin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University
| | - Yi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University
| | - Xiaogai Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University
| | - Hongbin Han
- Beijing Key Lab. of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technology
| | - Xiaoping Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University
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89
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Progress in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Ischemic Stroke. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:9923566. [PMID: 34221026 PMCID: PMC8219421 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9923566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is a serious cerebrovascular disease with high morbidity and disability worldwide. Despite the great efforts that have been made, the prognosis of patients with IS remains unsatisfactory. Notably, recent studies indicated that mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) therapy is becoming a novel research hotspot with large potential in treating multiple human diseases including IS. The current article is aimed at reviewing the progress of MSC treatment on IS. The mechanism of MSCs in the treatment of IS involved with immune regulation, neuroprotection, angiogenesis, and neural circuit reconstruction. In addition, nutritional cytokines, mitochondria, and extracellular vesicles (EVs) may be the main mediators of the therapeutic effect of MSCs. Transplantation of MSCs-derived EVs (MSCs-EVs) affords a better neuroprotective against IS when compared with transplantation of MSCs alone. MSC therapy can prolong the treatment time window of ischemic stroke, and early administration within 7 days after stroke may be the best treatment opportunity. The deliver routine consists of intraventricular, intravascular, intranasal, and intraperitoneal. Furthermore, several methods such as hypoxic preconditioning and gene technology could increase the homing and survival ability of MSCs after transplantation. In addition, MSCs combined with some drugs or physical therapy measures also show better neurological improvement. These data supported the notion that MSC therapy might be a promising therapeutic strategy for IS. And the application of new technology will promote MSC therapy of IS.
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90
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Jin Z, Zhu Z. The role of TRIM proteins in PRR signaling pathways and immune-related diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 98:107813. [PMID: 34126340 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are a kind of recognition molecules mainly expressed on innate immune cells. PRRs recognize one or more kinds of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), inducing the production of interleukin (IL), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interferon (IFN) and other related cytokines to aggravate immune-related diseases. PPR signaling pathways play an important role in both innate and adaptive immune system, and they are easy to be activated or regulated. Tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins are a group of highly conserved proteins in structure. Most of TRIM proteins contain RING domain, which is thought to play a role in ubiquitination. TRIM proteins are involved in viral immunity, inflammatory response, autophagy, and tumor growth. In this review, we focus on the regulation of TRIM proteins on PRR signaling pathways and their roles in immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Jin
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern, Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
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91
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Gou X, Xu D, Li F, Hou K, Fang W, Li Y. Pyroptosis in stroke-new insights into disease mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. J Physiol Biochem 2021; 77:511-529. [PMID: 33942252 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-021-00817-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a common disease with high mortality and disability worldwide. Different forms of cell deaths, including apoptosis and necrosis, occur in ischemic or hemorrhagic brain tissue, among which pyroptosis, a newly discovered inflammation-related programmed cell death, is generally divided into two main pathways, the canonical inflammasome pathway and the non-canonical inflammasome pathway. Caspase-mediated pyroptosis requires the assembly of inflammasomes such as NLRP3, which leads to the release of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 through the pores formed in the plasma membrane by GSDMD followed by neuroinflammation. Recently, pyroptosis and its relationship with inflammation have attracted more and more attention in the study of cerebral ischemia or hemorrhage. In addition, many inhibitors of pyroptosis targeting caspase, NLRP3, and the upstream pathway have been found to reduce brain tissue damage after stroke. In this review, we mainly introduce the pathology of stroke, the molecular mechanism, and process of pyroptosis, as well as the pivotal roles of pyroptosis in stroke, in order to provide new insights for the treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Dan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Fengyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Kai Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weirong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Yunman Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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92
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Chen J, Wang L, Xu H, Wang Y, Liang Q. The lymphatic drainage system of the CNS plays a role in lymphatic drainage, immunity, and neuroinflammation in stroke. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 110:283-291. [PMID: 33884651 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5mr0321-632r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic drainage system of the central nervous system (CNS) plays an important role in maintaining interstitial fluid balance and regulating immune responses and immune surveillance. The impaired lymphatic drainage system of the CNS might be involved in the onset and progression of various neurodegenerative diseases, neuroinflammation, and cerebrovascular diseases. A significant immune response and brain edema are observed after stroke, resulting from disrupted homeostasis in the brain. Thus, understanding the lymphatic drainage system of the CNS in stroke may lead to the development of new approaches for therapeutic interventions in the future. Here, we review recent evidence implicating the lymphatic drainage system of the CNS in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinman Chen
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of theory and therapy of muscles and bones, Ministry of Education (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Shanghai, China
| | - Linmei Wang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of theory and therapy of muscles and bones, Ministry of Education (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Shanghai, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of theory and therapy of muscles and bones, Ministry of Education (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Shanghai, China
| | - Qianqian Liang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of theory and therapy of muscles and bones, Ministry of Education (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Shanghai, China
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93
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Zamproni LN, Mundim MTVV, Porcionatto MA. Neurorepair and Regeneration of the Brain: A Decade of Bioscaffolds and Engineered Microtissue. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:649891. [PMID: 33898443 PMCID: PMC8058361 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.649891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Repairing the human brain remains a challenge, despite the advances in the knowledge of inflammatory response to injuries and the discovery of adult neurogenesis. After brain injury, the hostile microenvironment and the lack of structural support for neural cell repopulation, anchoring, and synapse formation reduce successful repair chances. In the past decade, we witnessed the rise of studies regarding bioscaffolds’ use as support for neuro repair. A variety of natural and synthetic materials is available and have been used to replace damaged tissue. Bioscaffolds can assume different shapes and may or may not carry a diversity of content, such as stem cells, growth factors, exosomes, and si/miRNA that promote specific therapeutic effects and stimulate brain repair. The use of these external bioscaffolds and the creation of cell platforms provide the basis for tissue engineering. More recently, researchers were able to engineer brain organoids, neural networks, and even 3D printed neural tissue. The challenge in neural tissue engineering remains in the fabrication of scaffolds with precisely controlled topography and biochemical cues capable of directing and controlling neuronal cell fate. The purpose of this review is to highlight the existing research in the growing field of bioscaffolds’ development and neural tissue engineering. Moreover, this review also draws attention to emerging possibilities and prospects in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Zamproni
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mayara T V V Mundim
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marimelia A Porcionatto
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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94
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Chavda V, Madhwani K, Chaurasia B. Stroke and immunotherapy: Potential mechanisms and its implications as immune-therapeutics. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:4338-4357. [PMID: 33829590 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia or brain injuries are mostly associated with emergency admissions and huge mortality rates. Stroke is a fatal cerebrovascular malady and second top root of disability and death in both developing and developed countries with a projected rise of 24.9% (from 2010) by 2030. It's the most frequent cause of morbidities and systemic permanent morbidities due to its multi-organ systemic pathology. Brain edema or active immune response cause disturbed or abnormal systemic affects causing inflammatory damage leading to secondary infection and secondary immune response which leads to activation like pneumonia or urine tract infections. There are a variety of post stroke treatments available which claims their usefulness in reducing or inhibiting post stroke and recurrent stroke damage followed by heavy inflammatory actions. Stroke does change the quality of life and also ensures daily chronic rapid neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. The only approved therapies for stroke are alteplase and thrombectomy which is associated with adverse outcomes and are not a total cure for ischemic stroke. Stroke and immune response are reciprocal to the pathology and time of event and it progresses till untreated. The immune reaction during ischemia opens new doors for advanced targeted therapeutics. Nowadays stem cell therapy has shown better results in stroke-prone individuals. Few monoclonal antibodies like natalizumab have shown great impact on pre-clinical and clinical stroke trial studies. In this current review, we have explored an immunology of stroke, current therapeutic scenario and future potential targets as immunotherapeutic agents in stroke therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Chavda
- Division of Anesthesia, Sardar Women's Hospital, Ahmadabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Kajal Madhwani
- Department of Microbiology, Nirma University, Ahmadabad, Gujarat, India
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95
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Yu H, Xu Z, Qu G, Wang H, Lin L, Li X, Xie X, Lei Y, He X, Chen Y, Li Y. Hypoxic Preconditioning Enhances the Efficacy of Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Conditioned Medium in Switching Microglia toward Anti-inflammatory Polarization in Ischemia/Reperfusion. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:505-524. [PMID: 32424775 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00868-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Activation of pro-inflammatory microglia is an important mechanism of the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced neuronal injury and dysfunction. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) together with their paracrine factors demonstrated curative potential in immune disorders and inflammatory diseases, as well as in ischemic diseases. However, it remains unclear whether conditioned medium from MSCs could effectively regulate the activation and polarization of microglia exposed to I/R stimulation. In this study, we investigated the effects of conditioned medium from bone marrow MSCs (BMSCs-CM) on I/R-stimulated microglia and the potential mechanism involved, as well as the way to obtain more effective BMSCs-CM. First, cell model of oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) was established in microglia to mimic the I/R. BMSCs-CM from different culture conditions (normoxic: 21% O2; hypoxic: 1% O2; hypoxia preconditioning: preconditioning with 1% O2 for 24 h) was used to treat the microglia. Our results showed that BMSCs-CM effectively promoted the survival and alleviated the injury of microglia. Moreover, in microglia exposed to OGD/R, BMSCs-CM inhibited significantly the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), CD86 and inducible nitric oxide synthase, whereas upregulated the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10), CD206 and Arginase-1. These results suggested that BMSCs-CM promoted the polarization of anti-inflammatory microglia. In particular, BMSCs-CM from cultures with hypoxia preconditioning was more effective in alleviating cell injury and promoting anti-inflammatory microglia polarization than BMSCs-CM from normoxic cultures and from hypoxic cultures. Furthermore, inhibition of exosomes secretion could largely mitigate these effects of BMSCs-CM. In conclusion, our results suggested that hypoxia preconditioning of BMSCs could enhance the efficacy of BMSCs-CM in alleviating OGD/R-induced injury and in promoting the anti-inflammatory polarization of microglia, and these beneficial effects of BMSCs-CM owed substantially to exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yu
- Department of Pathophysiology & Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Xiangyang, Xiangyang, 441000, China
| | - Zhihong Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology & Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Gaojing Qu
- Department of Pathophysiology & Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Huimin Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology & Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Lulu Lin
- Department of Pathophysiology & Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xianyu Li
- Department of Pathophysiology & Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xiaolin Xie
- Department of Pathophysiology & Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yifeng Lei
- The Institute of Technological Sciences & School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiaohua He
- Department of Pathophysiology & Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yinping Li
- Department of Pathophysiology & Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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96
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Han B, Jiang W, Cui P, Zheng K, Dang C, Wang J, Li H, Chen L, Zhang R, Wang QM, Ju Z, Hao J. Microglial PGC-1α protects against ischemic brain injury by suppressing neuroinflammation. Genome Med 2021; 13:47. [PMID: 33771213 PMCID: PMC8004413 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00863-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation and immune responses occurring minutes to hours after stroke are associated with brain injury after acute ischemic stroke (AIS). PPARγ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), as a master coregulator of gene expression in mitochondrial biogenesis, was found to be transiently upregulated in microglia after AIS. However, the role of microglial PGC-1α in poststroke immune modulation remains unknown. METHODS PGC-1α expression in microglia from human and mouse brain samples following ischemic stroke was first determined. Subsequently, we employed transgenic mice with microglia-specific overexpression of PGC-1α for middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The morphology and gene expression profile of microglia with PGC-1α overexpression were evaluated. Downstream inflammatory cytokine production and NLRP3 activation were also determined. ChIP-Seq analysis was performed to detect PGC-1α-binding sites in microglia. Autophagic and mitophagic activity was further monitored by immunofluorescence staining. Unc-51-like autophagy activating kinase 1 (ULK1) expression was evaluated under the PGC-1α interaction with ERRα. Finally, pharmacological inhibition and genomic knockdown of ULK1 were performed to estimate the role of ULK1 in mediating mitophagic activity after ischemic stroke. RESULTS PGC-1α expression was shortly increased after ischemic stroke, not only in human brain samples but also in mouse brain samples. Microglia-specific PGC-1α overexpressing mice exhibited significantly decreased neurologic deficits after ischemic injury, with reduced NLRP3 activation and proinflammatory cytokine production. ChIP-Seq analysis and KEGG pathway analysis revealed that mitophagy was significantly enhanced. PGC-1α significantly promoted autophagic flux and induced autolysosome formation. More specifically, the autophagic clearance of mitochondria was enhanced by PGC-1α regulation, indicating the important role of mitophagy. Pharmacological inhibition or knockdown of ULK1 expression impaired autophagic/mitophagic activity, thus abolishing the neuroprotective effects of PGC-1α. CONCLUSIONS Mechanistically, in AIS, PGC-1α promotes autophagy and mitophagy through ULK1 and reduces NLRP3 activation. Our findings indicate that microglial PGC-1α may be a promising therapeutic target for AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Han
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Pan Cui
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Kai Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Chun Dang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - He Li
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Rongxin Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology and Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironments and Diseases of Educational Ministry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Qing Mei Wang
- Stroke Biological Recovery Laboratory, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, the teaching affiliate of Harvard Medical School Charlestown, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Zhenyu Ju
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Junwei Hao
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.
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97
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Denorme F, Martinod K, Vandenbulcke A, Denis CV, Lenting PJ, Deckmyn H, Vanhoorelbeke K, Meyer SFD. The von Willebrand Factor A1 domain mediates thromboinflammation, aggravating ischemic stroke outcome in mice. Haematologica 2021; 106:819-828. [PMID: 32107335 PMCID: PMC7927893 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.241042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
von Willebrand factor (VWF) plays an important role in ischemic stroke. However, the exact mechanism by which VWF mediates progression of ischemic stroke brain damage is not completely understood. Using flow cytometric analysis of single cell suspensions prepared from brain tissue and immunohistochemistry, we investigated the potential inflammatory mechanisms by which VWF contributes to ischemic stroke brain damage in a mouse model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Twenty-four hours after stroke, flow cytometric analysis of brain tissue revealed that overall white blood cell recruitment in the ipsilesional brain hemisphere of VWF KO mice was 2 times lower than WT mice. More detailed analysis showed a specific reduction of proinflammatory monocytes, neutrophils and T-cells in the ischemic brain of VWF KO mice compared to WT mice. Interestingly, histological analysis revealed a substantial number of neutrophils and T-cells still within the microcirculation of the stroke brain, potentially contributing to the no-reflow phenomenon. Specific therapeutic targeting of the VWF A1 domain in WT mice resulted in reduced immune cell numbers in the affected brain and protected mice from ischemic stroke brain damage. More specifically, recruitment of proinflammatory monocytes was reduced two-fold, neutrophil recruitment was reduced five-fold and T-cell recruitment was reduced two-fold in mice treated with a VWF A1-targeting nanobody compared to mice receiving a control nanobody. In conclusion, our data identify a potential role for VWF in the recruitment of proinflammatory monocytes, neutrophils and T-cells to the ischemic brain via a mechanism that is mediated by its A1 domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Denorme
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Kimberly Martinod
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Aline Vandenbulcke
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Cécile V. Denis
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, UMR_S 1176, Univ. Paris-Sud, Universite Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicetre, France
| | - Peter J. Lenting
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, UMR_S 1176, Univ. Paris-Sud, Universite Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicetre, France
| | - Hans Deckmyn
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Karen Vanhoorelbeke
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Simon F. De Meyer
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
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98
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Zhuang L, Kong Y, Yang S, Lu F, Gong Z, Zhan S, Liu M. Dynamic changes of inflammation and apoptosis in cerebral ischemia‑reperfusion injury in mice investigated by ferumoxytol‑enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:282. [PMID: 33604682 PMCID: PMC7905325 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.11921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory response and apoptosis are key factors in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. The severity of the inflammatory reaction and apoptosis has an important impact on the prognosis of stroke. The ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide particle has provided an effective magnetic resonance molecular imaging method for dynamic observation of the cell infiltration process in vivo. The aims of the present study were to investigate the inflammatory response of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice using ferumoxytol-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, and to observe the dynamic changes of inflammatory response and apoptosis. In the present study a C57BL/6n mouse cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model was established by blocking the right middle cerebral artery with an occluding suture. Subsequently, the mice were injected with ferumoxytol via the tail vein, and magnetic resonance scanning was performed at corresponding time points to observe the signal changes. Furthermore, blood samples were used to measure the level of serum inflammatory factors, and histological staining was performed to assess the number of iron-swallowing microglial cells and apoptotic cells. The present results suggested that there was no significant difference in the serum inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin 1β between the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and MCAO + ferumoxytol groups injected with ferumoxytol and physiological saline. The lowest signal ratio in the negative enhancement region was decreased 24 h after reperfusion in mice injected with ferumoxytol. The proportion of iron-swallowing microglial cells and TUNEL-positive cells were the highest at 24 h after reperfusion, and decreased gradually at 48 and 72 h after reperfusion. Therefore, the present results indicated that ferumoxytol injection of 18 mg Fe/kg does not affect the inflammatory response in the acute phase of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Ferumoxytol-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging can be used as an effective means to monitor the inflammatory response in the acute phase of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Furthermore, it was found that activation of the inflammatory response and apoptosis in the acute stage of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury is consistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Zhuang
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Yingnan Kong
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Shuohui Yang
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Fang Lu
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Zhigang Gong
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Songhua Zhan
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Mengxiao Liu
- MR Scientific Marketing, Siemens Healthcare, Shanghai 201318, P.R. China
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99
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Thinking outside the Ischemia Box: Advancements in the Use of Multiple Sclerosis Drugs in Ischemic Stroke. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10040630. [PMID: 33562264 PMCID: PMC7914575 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is a major cause of death and disability, despite early intervention. Thrombo-inflammation, the inflammatory process triggered by ischemia, is a concept that ties IS with multiple sclerosis (MS), under the wider ‘umbrella’ of neuroinflammation, i.e., the inflammation of the nervous tissue. Drawing from this, numerous studies have explored the potential of MS disease-modifying drugs in the setting of IS. In this review, we present the available studies and discuss their potential in ameliorating IS outcomes. Based on our search, the vast majority of the studies have been conducted on animals, yielding mostly positive results. Two clinical trials involving natalizumab showed that it does not confer any benefits, but four human studies regarding fingolimod have showcased its potential in improving recovery prospects. However, concerns on safety and other issues are raised, and basic questions still need to be answered.
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Liu L, Chen M, Lin K, Xiang X, Yang J, Zheng Y, Xiong X, Zhu S. TRPC6 Attenuates Cortical Astrocytic Apoptosis and Inflammation in Cerebral Ischemic/Reperfusion Injury. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:594283. [PMID: 33604333 PMCID: PMC7884618 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.594283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential canonical 6 (TRPC6) channel is an important non-selective cation channel with a variety of physiological roles in the central nervous system. Evidence has shown that TRPC6 is involved in the process of experimental stroke; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, the role of astrocytic TRPC6 was investigated in an oxygen-glucose deprivation cell model and middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mouse model of stroke. HYP9 (a selective TRPC6 agonist) and SKF96365 (SKF; a TRPC antagonist) were used to clarify the exact functions of TRPC6 in astrocytes after ischemic stroke. TRPC6 was significantly downregulated during ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury in cultured astrocytes and in cortices of MCAO mice. Application of HYP9 in vivo alleviated the brain infarct lesion, astrocytes population, apoptosis, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-1β release in mouse cortices after ischemia. HYP9 dose-dependently inhibited the downregulation of TRPC6 and reduced astrocytic apoptosis, cytotoxicity and inflammatory responses in IR insult, whereas SKF aggravated the damage in vitro. In addition, modulation of TRPC6 channel diminished IR-induced Ca2+ entry in astrocytes. Furthermore, decreased Ca2+ entry due to TRPC6 contributed to reducing nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) nuclear translocation and phosphorylation. Overexpression of astrocytic TRPC6 also attenuated apoptosis, cytotoxicity, inflammatory responses, and NF-κB phosphorylation in modeled ischemia in astrocytes. The results of the present study indicate that the TRPC6 channel can act as a potential target to reduce both inflammatory responses and apoptosis in astrocytes during IR injury, subsequently attenuating ischemic brain damage. In addition, we provide a novel view of stroke therapy by targeting the astrocytic TRPC6 channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Manli Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kun Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuwu Xiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yueying Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengmei Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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