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Tu C, Ng TSC, Sohi HK, Palko HA, House A, Jacobs RE, Louie AY. Receptor-targeted iron oxide nanoparticles for molecular MR imaging of inflamed atherosclerotic plaques. Biomaterials 2011; 32:7209-16. [PMID: 21742374 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In a number of literature reports iron oxide nanoparticles have been investigated for use in imaging atherosclerotic plaques and found to accumulate in plaques via uptake by macrophages, which are critical in the process of atheroma initiation, propagation, and rupture. However, the uptake of these agents is non-specific; thus the labeling efficiency for plaques in vivo is not ideal. We have developed targeted agents to improve the efficiency for labeling macrophage-laden plaques. These probes are based on iron oxide nanoparticles coated with dextran sulfate, a ligand of macrophage scavenger receptor type A (SR-A). We have sulfated dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (DIO) with sulfur trioxide, thereby targeting our nanoparticle imaging agents to SR-A. The sulfated DIO (SDIO) remained mono-dispersed and had an average hydrodynamic diameter of 62 nm, an r(1) relaxivity of 18.1 mM(-1) s(-1), and an r(2) relaxivity of 95.8 mM(-1) s(-1) (37 °C, 1.4 T). Cell studies confirmed that these nanoparticles were nontoxic and specifically targeted to macrophages. In vivo MRI after intravenous injection of the contrast agent into an atherosclerotic mouse injury model showed substantial signal loss on the injured carotid at 4 and 24 h post-injection of SDIO. No discernable signal decrease was seen at the control carotid and only mild signal loss was observed for the injured carotid post-injection of non-sulfated DIO, indicating preferential uptake of the SDIO particles at the site of atherosclerotic plaque. These results indicate that SDIO can facilitate MRI detection and diagnosis of vulnerable plaques in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuqiao Tu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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52
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Abstract
Molecular MRI plays an important role in studying molecular and cellular processes associated with heart disease. Targeted probes that recognize important biomarkers of atherosclerosis, apoptosis, necrosis, angiogenesis, thrombosis and inflammation have been developed. This review discusses the properties of chemically different contrast agents including iron oxide nanoparticles, gadolinium-based nanoparticles or micelles, discrete peptide conjugates and activatable probes. Numerous examples of contrast agents based on these approaches have been used in preclinical MRI of cardiovascular diseases. Clinical applications are still under investigation for some selected agents with highly promising initial results. Molecular MRI shows great potential for the detection and characterization of a wide range of cardiovascular diseases, as well as for monitoring response to therapy.
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53
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Goergen CJ, Sosnovik DE. From molecules to myofibers: multiscale imaging of the myocardium. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2011; 4:493-503. [PMID: 21643889 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-011-9284-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Pathology in the heart can be examined at several scales, ranging from the molecular to the macroscopic. Traditionally, fluorescence-based techniques such as flow cytometry have been used to study the myocardium at the molecular, cellular, and microscopic levels. Recent advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), however, have made it possible to image certain cellular and molecular events in the myocardium noninvasively in vivo. In addition, diffusion MRI has been used to image myocardial fiber architecture and microstructure in the intact heart. Diffusion MRI tractography, in particular, is providing novel insights into myocardial microsctructure in both health and disease. Recent developments have also been made in fluorescence imaging, making it possible to image fluorescent probes in the heart of small animals noninvasively in vivo. Moreover, techniques have been developed to perform in vivo fluorescence tomography of the mouse heart. These advances in MRI and fluorescence imaging allow events in the myocardium to be imaged at several scales linking molecular changes to alterations in microstructure and microstructural changes to gross function. A complete and integrated picture of pathophysiology in the myocardium is thus obtained. This multiscale approach has the potential to be of significant value not only in preclinical research but, ultimately, in the clinical arena as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig J Goergen
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Cattaneo AG, Gornati R, Sabbioni E, Chiriva-Internati M, Cobos E, Jenkins MR, Bernardini G. Nanotechnology and human health: risks and benefits. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 30:730-44. [PMID: 21117037 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is expected to be promising in many fields of medical applications, mainly in cancer treatment. While a large number of very attractive exploitations open up for the clinics, regulatory agencies are very careful in admitting new nanomaterials for human use because of their potential toxicity. The very active research on new nanomaterials that are potentially useful in medicine has not been counterbalanced by an adequate knowledge of their pharmacokinetics and toxicity. The different nanocarriers used to transport and release the active molecules to the target tissues should be treated as additives, with potential side effects of themselves or by virtue of their dissolution or aggregation inside the body. Only recently has a systematic classification of nanomaterials been proposed, posing the basis for dedicated modeling at the nanoscale level. The use of in silico methods, such as nano-QSAR and PSAR, while highly desirable to expedite and rationalize the following stages of toxicological research, are not an alternative, but an introduction to mandatory experimental work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Giulia Cattaneo
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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55
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Berry NC, Sosnovik DE. Cardiomyocyte death: insights from molecular and microstructural magnetic resonance imaging. Pediatr Cardiol 2011; 32:290-6. [PMID: 21298427 PMCID: PMC3078825 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-011-9894-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes can die via necrosis, apoptosis, and autophagy. Although the molecular signals and pathways underlying these processes have been well elucidated, the pathophysiology of cardiomyocyte death remains incompletely understood. This review describes the development and application of novel imaging techniques to detect and characterize cardiomyocyte death noninvasively in vivo. It focuses on molecular and microstructural magnetic resonance images (MRIs) and their respective abilities to image cellular events such as apoptosis, inflammation, and myofiber architecture. These in vivo imaging techniques have the potential to provide novel insights into the mechanisms of cardiomyocyte death and to help guide the development of novel cardioprotective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia C. Berry
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 5404, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA,Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 5404, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - David E. Sosnovik
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 5404, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA ,Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 5404, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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56
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Morishige K, Kacher DF, Libby P, Josephson L, Ganz P, Weissleder R, Aikawa M. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging enhanced with superparamagnetic nanoparticles measures macrophage burden in atherosclerosis. Circulation 2010; 122:1707-15. [PMID: 20937980 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.109.891804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages contribute to the progression and acute complications of atherosclerosis. Macrophage imaging may serve as a biomarker to identify subclinical inflamed lesions, to predict future risk, and to aid in the assessment of novel therapies. METHODS AND RESULTS To test the hypothesis that nanoparticle-enhanced, high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can measure plaque macrophage accumulation, we used 3-T MRI with a macrophage-targeted superparamagnetic nanoparticle preparation (monocrystalline iron oxide nanoparticles-47 [MION-47]) in cholesterol-fed New Zealand White rabbits 6 months after balloon injury. In vivo MRI visualized thickened abdominal aortas on both T1- and T2-weighted spin-echo images (T1 spin echo, 20 axial slices per animal; T2 spin echo, 28 slices per animal). Seventy-two hours after MION-47 injection, aortas exhibited lower T2 signal intensity compared with before contrast imaging (signal intensity ratio, aortic wall/muscle: before, 1.44 ± 0.26 versus after, 0.95 ± 0.22; 164 slices; P<0.01), whereas T1 spin echo images showed no significant change. MRI on ex vivo specimens provided similar results. Histological studies colocalized iron accumulation with immunoreactive macrophages in atheromata. The magnitude of signal intensity reduction on T2 spin echo in vivo images further correlated with macrophage areas in situ (150 slices; r=0.73). Treatment with rosuvastatin for 3 months yielded diminished macrophage content (P<0.05) and reversed T2 signal intensity changes (P<0.005). Signal changes in rosuvastatin-treated rabbits correlated with reduced macrophage burden (r=0.73). In vitro validation studies showed concentration-dependent MION-47 uptake by human primary macrophages. CONCLUSION The magnitude of T2 signal intensity reduction in high-resolution MRI after administration of superparamagnetic phagocytosable nanoparticles can assess macrophage burden in atheromata, providing a clinically translatable tool to identify inflamed plaques and to monitor therapy-mediated changes in plaque inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunio Morishige
- Donald W. Reynolds Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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57
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High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging enhanced with superparamagnetic nanoparticles measures macrophage burden in atherosclerosis. Circulation 2010. [PMID: 20937980 DOI: 10.1016/circulationaha.109.891804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages contribute to the progression and acute complications of atherosclerosis. Macrophage imaging may serve as a biomarker to identify subclinical inflamed lesions, to predict future risk, and to aid in the assessment of novel therapies. METHODS AND RESULTS To test the hypothesis that nanoparticle-enhanced, high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can measure plaque macrophage accumulation, we used 3-T MRI with a macrophage-targeted superparamagnetic nanoparticle preparation (monocrystalline iron oxide nanoparticles-47 [MION-47]) in cholesterol-fed New Zealand White rabbits 6 months after balloon injury. In vivo MRI visualized thickened abdominal aortas on both T1- and T2-weighted spin-echo images (T1 spin echo, 20 axial slices per animal; T2 spin echo, 28 slices per animal). Seventy-two hours after MION-47 injection, aortas exhibited lower T2 signal intensity compared with before contrast imaging (signal intensity ratio, aortic wall/muscle: before, 1.44 ± 0.26 versus after, 0.95 ± 0.22; 164 slices; P<0.01), whereas T1 spin echo images showed no significant change. MRI on ex vivo specimens provided similar results. Histological studies colocalized iron accumulation with immunoreactive macrophages in atheromata. The magnitude of signal intensity reduction on T2 spin echo in vivo images further correlated with macrophage areas in situ (150 slices; r=0.73). Treatment with rosuvastatin for 3 months yielded diminished macrophage content (P<0.05) and reversed T2 signal intensity changes (P<0.005). Signal changes in rosuvastatin-treated rabbits correlated with reduced macrophage burden (r=0.73). In vitro validation studies showed concentration-dependent MION-47 uptake by human primary macrophages. CONCLUSION The magnitude of T2 signal intensity reduction in high-resolution MRI after administration of superparamagnetic phagocytosable nanoparticles can assess macrophage burden in atheromata, providing a clinically translatable tool to identify inflamed plaques and to monitor therapy-mediated changes in plaque inflammation.
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58
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Leuschner F, Panizzi P, Chico-Calero I, Lee WW, Ueno T, Cortez-Retamozo V, Waterman P, Gorbatov R, Marinelli B, Iwamoto Y, Chudnovskiy A, Figueiredo JL, Sosnovik DE, Pittet MJ, Swirski FK, Weissleder R, Nahrendorf M. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition prevents the release of monocytes from their splenic reservoir in mice with myocardial infarction. Circ Res 2010; 107:1364-73. [PMID: 20930148 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.110.227454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Monocytes recruited to ischemic myocardium originate from a reservoir in the spleen, and the release from their splenic niche relies on angiotensin (Ang) II signaling. OBJECTIVE Because monocytes are centrally involved in tissue repair after ischemia, we hypothesized that early angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor therapy impacts healing after myocardial infarction partly via effects on monocyte traffic. METHODS AND RESULTS In a mouse model of permanent coronary ligation, enalapril arrested the release of monocytes from the splenic reservoir and consequently reduced their recruitment into the healing infarct by 45%, as quantified by flow cytometry of digested infarcts. Time-lapse intravital microscopy revealed that enalapril reduces monocyte motility in the spleen. In vitro migration assays and Western blotting showed that this was caused by reduced signaling through the Ang II type 1 receptor. We then studied the long-term consequences of blocked splenic monocyte release in atherosclerotic apolipoprotein (apo)E(-/-) mice, in which infarct healing is impaired because of excessive inflammation in the cardiac wound. Enalapril improved histologic healing biomarkers and reduced inflammation in infarcts measured by FMT-CT (fluorescence molecular tomography in conjunction with x-ray computed tomography) of proteolytic activity. ACE inhibition improved MRI-derived ejection fraction by 14% on day 21, despite initially comparable infarct size. In apoE(-/-) mice, ischemia/reperfusion injury resulted in larger infarct size and enhanced monocyte recruitment and was reversible by enalapril treatment. Splenectomy reproduced antiinflammatory effects of enalapril. CONCLUSION This study suggests that benefits of early ACE inhibition after myocardial infarction can partially be attributed to its potent antiinflammatory impact on the splenic monocyte reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Leuschner
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, USA
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59
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Molecular imaging of tumor angiogenesis using RGD-labeled iron oxide nanoparticles. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-010-4004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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60
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Abstract
Noninvasive cardiovascular imaging techniques are well-established for studying cardiovascular anatomy and physiology. Over the past decade contrast enhanced imaging techniques have been developed that are also able to characterize the molecular constituents of cardiovascular disease. In this regard, microbubble- and ultrasound-based techniques have the ability to assess a broad range of molecular components of cardiovascular pathology such as inflammation, recent ischemia, atherosclerosis, acute transplant rejection, angiogenesis, and thrombosis. The advantages of ultrasound- and microbubble-based approach include the ability to assess multiple molecular disease markers without exposure to ionizing radiation or prolonged imaging protocols. This review highlights the development of microbubble-based molecular imaging, describes successful experimental conditions in which they have been studied, and postulates the importance of translating this technique into the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Chadderdon
- Cardiovascular Division, UHN 62, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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61
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M1-activated macrophages migration, a marker of aortic atheroma progression: a preclinical MRI study in mice. Invest Radiol 2010; 45:262-9. [PMID: 20375846 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0b013e3181d78030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND M1-activated Macrophages (M1M) play a major role in atherosclerotic lesions of aortic arch, promoting proinflammatory response. In vivo trafficking of M1M in aortic plaques is therefore critical. METHODS M1M from bone marrow cell culture were magnetically labeled, using iron nanoparticles, intravenously injected and followed up with 3 day magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in mice developing macrophage-laden atheroma (ApoE2 knock-in mice). M1M recruitment in aortic arch lesions was assessed both by MRI and histology. RESULTS In all ApoE2 knock-in mice injected with labeled cells, high resolution MRI showed localized signal loss regions in the thickened aortic wall, with a maximal effect at day 2 (-34% +/- 7.3% P < 0.001 compared with baseline). This was confirmed with Prussian blue (iron) staining and corresponded to M1M (Major Histo-compatibility Complex II positive). Clear different intraplaque and adventitial dynamic distribution profiles of labeled cells were observed during the 3 days. CONCLUSION M1M dynamic MRI is a promising marker to noninvasively assess the macrophage trafficking underlying aortic arch plaque progression.
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62
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Kramer CM, Sinusas AJ, Sosnovik DE, French BA, Bengel FM. Multimodality imaging of myocardial injury and remodeling. J Nucl Med 2010; 51 Suppl 1:107S-121S. [PMID: 20395347 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.109.068221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in cardiovascular molecular imaging have come at a rapid pace over the last several years. Multiple approaches have been taken to better understand the structural, molecular, and cellular events that underlie the progression from myocardial injury to myocardial infarction (MI) and, ultimately, to congestive heart failure. Multimodality molecular imaging including SPECT, PET, cardiac MRI, and optical approaches is offering new insights into the pathophysiology of MI and left ventricular remodeling in small-animal models. Targets that are being probed include, among others, angiotensin receptors, matrix metalloproteinases, integrins, apoptosis, macrophages, and sympathetic innervation. It is only a matter of time before these advances are applied in the clinical setting to improve post-MI prognostication and identify appropriate therapies in patients to prevent the onset of congestive heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Kramer
- Departments of Medicine and Radiology, University of Virginia Health System, 1215 Lee St., Box 800170, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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63
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Development and use of iron oxide nanoparticles (Part 2): The application of iron oxide contrast agents in MRI. Biomed Imaging Interv J 2010. [DOI: 10.2349/biij.6.2.e13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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64
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Klink A, Lancelot E, Ballet S, Vucic E, Fabre JE, Gonzalez W, Medina C, Corot C, Mulder WJM, Mallat Z, Fayad ZA. Magnetic resonance molecular imaging of thrombosis in an arachidonic acid mouse model using an activated platelet targeted probe. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:403-10. [PMID: 20139362 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.198556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atherosclerotic plaque rupture leads to acute thrombus formation and may trigger serious clinical events such as myocardial infarction or stroke. Therefore, it would be valuable to identify atherothrombosis and vulnerable plaques before the onset of such clinical events. We sought to determine whether the noninvasive in vivo visualization of activated platelets was effective when using a target-specific MRI contrast agent to identify thrombi, hallmarks of vulnerable or high-risk atherosclerotic plaques. METHODS AND RESULTS Inflammatory thrombi were induced in mice via topical application of arachidonic acid on the carotid. Thrombus formation was imaged with intravital fluorescence microscopy and molecular MRI. To accomplish the latter, a paramagnetic contrast agent (P975) that targets the glycoprotein alpha(IIb)beta(3), expressed on activated platelets, was investigated. The specificity of P975 for activated platelets was studied in vitro. In vivo, high spatial-resolution MRI was performed at baseline and longitudinally over 2 hours after injecting P975 or a nonspecific agent. The contralateral carotid, a sham surgery group, and a competitive inhibition experiment served as controls. P975 showed a good affinity for activated platelets, with an IC(50) (concentration of dose that produces 50% inhibition) value of 2.6 micromol/L. In thrombosed animals, P975 produced an immediate and sustained increase in MRI signal, whereas none of the control groups revealed any significant increase in MRI signal 2 hours after injection. More important, the competitive inhibition experiment with an alpha(IIb)beta(3) antagonist suppressed the MRI signal enhancement, which is indicative for the specificity of P975 for the activated platelets. CONCLUSIONS P975 allowed in vivo target-specific noninvasive MRI of activated platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Klink
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Atran BM-24, Box 1234, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
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65
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Abstract
Although the clinical manifestations of cardiovascular disease (CVD), such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease, appear from middle age, the process of atherosclerosis can begin early in childhood. The early stage and progression of atherosclerosis in youth are influenced by risk factors that include obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and smoking, and by the presence of specific diseases, such as diabetes mellitus and Kawasaki disease (KD). The existing evidence indicates that primary prevention of atherosclerotic disease should begin in childhood. Identification of children at risk for atherosclerosis may allow early intervention to decrease the atherosclerotic process, thereby preventing or delaying CVD. This review will describe the origin and progression of atherosclerosis in childhood, and the identification and management of known risk factors for atherosclerotic CVD in children and young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Mi Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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66
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Huang S, Sosnovik DE. Molecular and Microstructural Imaging of the Myocardium. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING REPORTS 2010; 3:26-33. [PMID: 20689659 DOI: 10.1007/s12410-010-9007-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The past year has witnessed ongoing progress in the field of molecular MRI of the myocardium. In addition, several novel fluorescent agents have been introduced and used to image remodeling in the injured myocardium. New techniques to image myocardial microstructure, such as diffusion spectrum MRI, have also been introduced and have tremendous potential for integration and synergy with molecular MRI. In the current review we focus on these and other advances in the field that have occurred over the past year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuning Huang
- CNY, Massachusetts General Hospital, 5416, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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67
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Sosnovik DE, Wang R, Dai G, Reese TG, Wedeen VJ. Diffusion MR tractography of the heart. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2009; 11:47. [PMID: 19912654 PMCID: PMC2781805 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-11-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Histological studies have shown that the myocardium consists of an array of crossing helical fiber tracts. Changes in myocardial fiber architecture occur in ischemic heart disease and heart failure, and can be imaged non-destructively with diffusion-encoded MR. Several diffusion-encoding schemes have been developed, ranging from scalar measurements of mean diffusivity to a 6-dimensional imaging technique known as diffusion spectrum imaging or DSI. The properties of DSI make it particularly suited to the generation of 3-dimensional tractograms of myofiber architecture. In this article we review the physical basis of diffusion-tractography in the myocardium and the attributes of the available techniques, placing particular emphasis on DSI. The application of DSI in ischemic heart disease is reviewed, and the requisites for widespread clinical translation of diffusion MR tractography in the heart are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Sosnovik
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge MA, USA
| | - Ruopeng Wang
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
| | - Guangping Dai
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
| | - Timothy G Reese
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
| | - Van J Wedeen
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge MA, USA
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68
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Nahrendorf M, Sosnovik DE, French BA, Swirski FK, Bengel F, Sadeghi MM, Lindner JR, Wu JC, Kraitchman DL, Fayad ZA, Sinusas AJ. Multimodality cardiovascular molecular imaging, Part II. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2009; 2:56-70. [PMID: 19808565 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.108.839092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Nahrendorf
- Centers for Systems Biology and Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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69
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Sosnovik DE, Nahrendorf M, Panizzi P, Matsui T, Aikawa E, Dai G, Li L, Reynolds F, Dorn GW, Weissleder R, Josephson L, Rosenzweig A. Molecular MRI detects low levels of cardiomyocyte apoptosis in a transgenic model of chronic heart failure. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2009; 2:468-75. [PMID: 19920045 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.109.863779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to image cardiomyocyte (CM) apoptosis in heart failure could facilitate more accurate diagnostics and optimize targeted therapeutics. We thus aimed to develop a platform to image CM apoptosis quantitatively and specifically in heart failure in vivo. The myocardium in heart failure, however, is characterized by very low levels of CM apoptosis and normal vascular permeability, factors thought to preclude the use of molecular MRI. METHODS AND RESULTS Female mice with overexpression of Gaq were studied. Two weeks postpartum, these mice develop a cardiomyopathy characterized by low levels of CM apoptosis and minimal myocardial necrosis or inflammation. The mice were injected with the annexin-labeled nanoparticle (AnxCLIO-Cy5.5) or a control probe (CLIO-Cy5.5) and imaged in vivo at 9.4 T. Uptake of AnxCLIO-Cy5.5 occurred in isolated clusters, frequently in the subendocardium. Myocardial T2* was significantly lower (7.6+/-1.5 versus 16.8+/-2.7 ms, P<0.05) in the mice injected with AnxCLIO-Cy5.5 versus CLIO-Cy5.5, consistent with the uptake of AnxCLIO-Cy5.5 by apoptotic CMs. A strong correlation (r(2)=0.86, P<0.05) was seen between in vivo T2* (AnxCLIO-Cy5.5 uptake) and myocardial caspase-3 activity. CONCLUSIONS The ability of molecular MRI to image sparsely expressed targets in the myocardium is demonstrated in this study. Moreover, a novel platform for high-resolution and specific imaging of CM apoptosis in heart failure is established. In addition to providing novel insights into the pathogenesis of CM apoptosis, the developed platform could facilitate the development of novel antiapoptotic therapies in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Sosnovik
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, the Cardiology Division, and Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Masss, USA.
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Abu Assi E, Vidal Pérez R, González-Juanatey J. Aportaciones de las técnicas de imagen cardíaca en la valoración del paciente de alto riesgo cardiovascular. Rev Clin Esp 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2565(09)73257-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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71
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Dietrich T, Hucko T, Bourayou R, Jahnke C, Paetsch I, Atrott K, Stawowy P, Gräfe M, Klein C, Schnackenburg B, Fleck E, Graf K. High resolution magnetic resonance imaging in atherosclerotic mice treated with ezetimibe. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2009; 25:827-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s10554-009-9487-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Dave SR, Gao X. Monodisperse magnetic nanoparticles for biodetection, imaging, and drug delivery: a versatile and evolving technology. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 1:583-609. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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73
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Sosnovik DE. Will molecular MR imaging play a role in identification and treatment of patients with vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques? Radiology 2009; 251:309-10. [PMID: 19401565 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2512090268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although the translation of experimental molecular MR imaging agents is highly compelling, it is substantially more complex than the translation of radiolabeled imaging agents. The prognostic value, safety, and cost-effectiveness of molecular MR imaging for the detection of plaque inflammation will need to be demonstrated and will require a robust and collaborative effort among basic scientists, clinicians, epidemiologists, and industry. The well-conducted and valuable study reported by Amirbekian et al in this issue of Radiology adds further momentum to this important endeavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Sosnovik
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th St, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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74
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Sosnovik DE, Caravan P. Molecular MRI of Atherosclerotic Plaque With Targeted Contrast Agents. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING REPORTS 2009; 2:87-94. [PMID: 20019886 DOI: 10.1007/s12410-009-0012-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Molecular MRI of atherosclerosis involves the use of novel contrast agents to image cellular and molecular processes within atherosclerotic plaque. Agents to image plaque lipid content, inflammation, angiogenesis, and thrombosis have been developed and studied extensively in animal models of atherosclerosis and vascular injury. Selected agents have also been studied in humans, with highly promising initial results. In this brief review, recent advances as well as opportunities and challenges in the field are discussed.
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75
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Sosnovik DE, Wang R, Dai G, Wang T, Aikawa E, Novikov M, Rosenzweig A, Gilbert RJ, Wedeen VJ. Diffusion spectrum MRI tractography reveals the presence of a complex network of residual myofibers in infarcted myocardium. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2009; 2:206-12. [PMID: 19808594 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.108.815050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in myocardial microstructure are important components of the tissue response to infarction but are difficult to resolve with current imaging techniques. A novel technique, diffusion spectrum MRI tractography (DSI tractography), was thus used to image myofiber architecture in normal and infarcted myocardium. Unlike diffusion tensor imaging, DSI tractography resolves multiple myofiber populations per voxel, thus generating accurate 3D tractograms, which we present in the myocardium for the first time. METHODS AND RESULTS DSI tractography was performed at 4.7 T in excised rat hearts 3 weeks after left coronary artery ligation (n=4) and in 4 age-matched controls. Fiber architecture in the control hearts varied smoothly from endocardium to epicardium, producing a symmetrical array of crossing helical structures in which orthogonal myofibers were separated by fibers with intermediate helix angles. Fiber architecture in the infarcted hearts was severely perturbed. The infarct boundary in all cases was highly irregular and punctuated repeatedly by residual myofibers extending from within the infarct to the border zones. In all infarcts, longitudinal myofibers extending toward the basal-anterior wall and transversely oriented myofibers extending toward the septum lay in direct contact with each other, forming nodes of orthogonal myofiber intersection or contact. CONCLUSIONS DSI tractography resolves 3D myofiber architecture and reveals a complex network of orthogonal myofibers within infarcted myocardium. Meshlike networks of orthogonal myofibers in infarcted myocardium may resist mechanical remodeling but also probably increase the risk for lethal reentrant arrhythmias. DSI tractography thus provides a new and important readout of tissue injury after myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Sosnovik
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass., USA.
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76
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Bruns OT, Ittrich H, Peldschus K, Kaul MG, Tromsdorf UI, Lauterwasser J, Nikolic MS, Mollwitz B, Merkel M, Bigall NC, Sapra S, Reimer R, Hohenberg H, Weller H, Eychmüller A, Adam G, Beisiegel U, Heeren J. Real-time magnetic resonance imaging and quantification of lipoprotein metabolism in vivo using nanocrystals. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 4:193-201. [PMID: 19265850 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2008.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor quantum dots and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanocrystals have physical properties that are well suited for biomedical imaging. Previously, we have shown that iron oxide nanocrystals embedded within the lipid core of micelles show optimized characteristics for quantitative imaging. Here, we embed quantum dots and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanocrystals in the core of lipoproteins--micelles that transport lipids and other hydrophobic substances in the blood--and show that it is possible to image and quantify the kinetics of lipoprotein metabolism in vivo using fluorescence and dynamic magnetic resonance imaging. The lipoproteins were taken up by liver cells in wild-type mice and displayed defective clearance in knock-out mice lacking a lipoprotein receptor or its ligand, indicating that the nanocrystals did not influence the specificity of the metabolic process. Using this strategy it is possible to study the clearance of lipoproteins in metabolic disorders and to improve the contrast in clinical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver T Bruns
- IBM II: Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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77
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Sosnovik DE. Molecular Imaging of Myocardial Injury: A Magnetofluorescent Approach. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING REPORTS 2009; 2:33-39. [PMID: 20090858 DOI: 10.1007/s12410-009-0005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The role of molecular imaging in enhancing the understanding of myocardial injury and repair is rapidly expanding. Moreover, in recent years magnetic resonance and fluorescence-based approaches have been added to the molecular imaging armamentarium and have been used to image selected molecular and cellular targets in the myocardium. Apoptosis, necrosis, macrophage infiltration, myeloperoxidase activity, cathepsin activity, and type 1 collagen have all been imaged in vivo with a magnetofluorescent (MRI and/or fluorescence) approach. This review highlights the potential of these and other magnetofluorescent agents, with particular focus on their role in ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Sosnovik
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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78
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Sosnovik DE, Nahrendorf M, Weissleder R. Magnetic nanoparticles for MR imaging: agents, techniques and cardiovascular applications. Basic Res Cardiol 2009; 103:122-30. [PMID: 18324368 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-008-0710-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) are playing an increasingly important role in cardiovascular molecular imaging. These agents are superparamagnetic and consist of a central core of iron-oxide surrounded by a carbohydrate or polymer coat. The size, physical properties and pharmacokinetics of MNP make them highly suited to cellular and molecular imaging of atherosclerotic plaque and myocardial injury. MNP have a sensitivity in the nanomolar range and can be detected with T1, T2, T2*, off resonance and steady state free precession sequences. Targeted imaging with MNP is being actively explored and can be achieved through either surface modification or through the attachment of an affinity ligand to the nanoparticle. First generation MNP are already in clinical use and second generation agents, with longer blood half lives, are likely to be approved for routine clinical use in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Sosnovik
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
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79
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Abstract
Our understanding of the intricate inflammation biology underlying atherosclerosis is rapidly progressing. Molecular imaging strategies, harnessing this body of knowledge, have been developed to visualize some key cellular and molecular events in plaque evolution and vulnerability. Here, we discuss recent advances in magnetic resonance and fluorescence imaging of key biomarkers including adhesion molecules, inflammatory cells, and enzyme activity. We discuss strengths and limitations of respective imaging technologies, and comment on the potential of multi-modality imaging approaches.
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80
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Abstract
Recent pathophysiological findings have lead to new concepts to identify patients at risk for cardiovascular disease using systemic serum markers or new imaging methodology. New probe technology and progress in imaging techniques have set the base for development of molecular imaging concepts in the cardiovascular systems. The aim of these new imaging techniques is the detection of active biological processes in cardiovascular systems combining specific probes with contrast agents for MRI, SPECT or PET. There are promising strategies mostly in preclinical tests, which will prove clinical applicability in the near future.
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81
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Eog Kim
- Department of Neurology, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Korea. ,
| | - Sang-Wuk Jeong
- Department of Neurology, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Korea. ,
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82
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Shin MK, Kim SI, Kim SJ, Park SY, Hyun YH, Lee Y, Lee KE, Han SS, Jang DP, Kim YB, Cho ZH, So I, Spinks GM. Controlled magnetic nanofiber hydrogels by clustering ferritin. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:12107-12111. [PMID: 18847290 DOI: 10.1021/la802155a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We have fabricated biocompatible nanofiber hydrogels with diverse sizes of ferritin clusters according to the mixing temperature of solutions employing electrospinning. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) was used as a polymeric matrix for fabricating nanocomposites. By thermal means we controlled the interaction between the host PVA hydrogel and the protein shell on ferritin bionanoparticles to vary the size and concentration of ferritin clusters. The clustering of ferritin was based on the partial unfolding of a protein shell of ferritin. By studying the magnetic properties of the PVA/ferritin nanofibers according to the mixing temperature of the PVA/ferritin solutions, we confirmed that the clustering process of the ferritin was related to changes in the superparamagnetic properties and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast of the PVA/ferritin nanofibers. PVA/ferritin nanofiber hydrogels with diverse spatial distributions of ferritin nanoparticles are applicable as MRI-based noninvasive detectable cell culture scaffolds and as artificial muscles because of their improved superparamagnetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyoon Shin
- Center for Bio-Artificial Muscle and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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83
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Targeted imaging of myocardial damage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 5 Suppl 2:S63-70. [PMID: 18641609 DOI: 10.1038/ncpcardio1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Molecular imaging agents can be targeted to a specific receptor or protein on the cardiomyocyte surface, or to enzymes released into the interstitial space, such as cathepsins, matrix metalloproteinases and myeloperoxidase. Molecular imaging of the myocardium, however, requires the imaging agent to be small, sensitive (nanomolar levels or better), and able to gain access to the interstitial space. Several novel agents that fulfill these criteria have been used for targeted molecular imaging applications in the myocardium. Magnetic resonance, fluorescence, and single-photon emission CT have been used to image the molecular signals generated by these agents. The use of targeted imaging agents in the myocardium has the potential to provide valuable insights into the pathophysiology of myocardial injury and to facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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84
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Sun C, Lee JSH, Zhang M. Magnetic nanoparticles in MR imaging and drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60:1252-1265. [PMID: 18558452 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2008.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1378] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) possess unique magnetic properties and the ability to function at the cellular and molecular level of biological interactions making them an attractive platform as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and as carriers for drug delivery. Recent advances in nanotechnology have improved the ability to specifically tailor the features and properties of MNPs for these biomedical applications. To better address specific clinical needs, MNPs with higher magnetic moments, non-fouling surfaces, and increased functionalities are now being developed for applications in the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of malignant tumors, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disease. Through the incorporation of highly specific targeting agents and other functional ligands, such as fluorophores and permeation enhancers, the applicability and efficacy of these MNPs have greatly increased. This review provides a background on applications of MNPs as MR imaging contrast agents and as carriers for drug delivery and an overview of the recent developments in this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conroy Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jerry S H Lee
- Office of Technology and Industrial Relations, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Miqin Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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85
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von zur Muhlen C, von Elverfeldt D, Moeller J, Choudhury R, Paul D, Hagemeyer C, Olschewski M, Becker A, Neudorfer I, Bassler N, Schwarz M, Bode C, Peter K. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agent Targeted Toward Activated Platelets Allows In Vivo Detection of Thrombosis and Monitoring of Thrombolysis. Circulation 2008; 118:258-67. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.107.753657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Platelets are the key to thrombus formation and play a role in the development of atherosclerosis. Noninvasive imaging of activated platelets would be of great clinical interest. Here, we evaluate the ability of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent consisting of microparticles of iron oxide (MPIOs) and a single-chain antibody targeting ligand-induced binding sites (LIBS) on activated glycoprotein IIb/IIIa to image carotid artery thrombi and atherosclerotic plaques.
Methods and Results—
Anti-LIBS antibody or control antibody was conjugated to 1-μm MPIOs (LIBS MPIO/control MPIO). Nonocclusive mural thrombi were induced in mice with 6% ferric chloride. MRI (at 9.4 T) was performed once before and repeatedly in 12-minute-long sequences after LIBS MPIO/control MPIO injection. After 36 minutes, a significant signal void, corresponding to MPIO accumulation, was observed with LIBS MPIOs but not control MPIOs (
P
<0.05). After thrombolysis, in LIBS MPIO-injected mice, the signal void subsided, indicating successful thrombolysis. On histology, the MPIO content of the thrombus, as well as thrombus size, correlated significantly with LIBS MPIO-induced signal void (both
P
<0.01). After ex vivo incubation of symptomatic human carotid plaques, MRI and histology confirmed binding to areas of platelet adhesion/aggregation for LIBS MPIOs but not for control MPIOs.
Conclusions—
LIBS MPIOs allow in vivo MRI of activated platelets with excellent contrast properties and monitoring of thrombolytic therapy. Furthermore, activated platelets were detected on the surface of symptomatic human carotid plaques by ex vivo MRI. This approach represents a novel noninvasive technique allowing the detection and quantification of platelet-containing thrombi.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. von zur Muhlen
- From the Departments of Cardiology and Angiology (C.v.z.M., J.A.M., I.N., M.S., C.B.), Radiology/Medical Physics (D.v.E., D.P., A.B.), and Medical Biometry and Statistics (M.O.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (R.P.C.); and Baker Heart Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia (C.E.H., N.B., K.P.)
| | - D. von Elverfeldt
- From the Departments of Cardiology and Angiology (C.v.z.M., J.A.M., I.N., M.S., C.B.), Radiology/Medical Physics (D.v.E., D.P., A.B.), and Medical Biometry and Statistics (M.O.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (R.P.C.); and Baker Heart Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia (C.E.H., N.B., K.P.)
| | - J.A. Moeller
- From the Departments of Cardiology and Angiology (C.v.z.M., J.A.M., I.N., M.S., C.B.), Radiology/Medical Physics (D.v.E., D.P., A.B.), and Medical Biometry and Statistics (M.O.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (R.P.C.); and Baker Heart Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia (C.E.H., N.B., K.P.)
| | - R.P. Choudhury
- From the Departments of Cardiology and Angiology (C.v.z.M., J.A.M., I.N., M.S., C.B.), Radiology/Medical Physics (D.v.E., D.P., A.B.), and Medical Biometry and Statistics (M.O.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (R.P.C.); and Baker Heart Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia (C.E.H., N.B., K.P.)
| | - D. Paul
- From the Departments of Cardiology and Angiology (C.v.z.M., J.A.M., I.N., M.S., C.B.), Radiology/Medical Physics (D.v.E., D.P., A.B.), and Medical Biometry and Statistics (M.O.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (R.P.C.); and Baker Heart Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia (C.E.H., N.B., K.P.)
| | - C.E. Hagemeyer
- From the Departments of Cardiology and Angiology (C.v.z.M., J.A.M., I.N., M.S., C.B.), Radiology/Medical Physics (D.v.E., D.P., A.B.), and Medical Biometry and Statistics (M.O.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (R.P.C.); and Baker Heart Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia (C.E.H., N.B., K.P.)
| | - M. Olschewski
- From the Departments of Cardiology and Angiology (C.v.z.M., J.A.M., I.N., M.S., C.B.), Radiology/Medical Physics (D.v.E., D.P., A.B.), and Medical Biometry and Statistics (M.O.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (R.P.C.); and Baker Heart Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia (C.E.H., N.B., K.P.)
| | - A. Becker
- From the Departments of Cardiology and Angiology (C.v.z.M., J.A.M., I.N., M.S., C.B.), Radiology/Medical Physics (D.v.E., D.P., A.B.), and Medical Biometry and Statistics (M.O.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (R.P.C.); and Baker Heart Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia (C.E.H., N.B., K.P.)
| | - I. Neudorfer
- From the Departments of Cardiology and Angiology (C.v.z.M., J.A.M., I.N., M.S., C.B.), Radiology/Medical Physics (D.v.E., D.P., A.B.), and Medical Biometry and Statistics (M.O.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (R.P.C.); and Baker Heart Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia (C.E.H., N.B., K.P.)
| | - N. Bassler
- From the Departments of Cardiology and Angiology (C.v.z.M., J.A.M., I.N., M.S., C.B.), Radiology/Medical Physics (D.v.E., D.P., A.B.), and Medical Biometry and Statistics (M.O.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (R.P.C.); and Baker Heart Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia (C.E.H., N.B., K.P.)
| | - M. Schwarz
- From the Departments of Cardiology and Angiology (C.v.z.M., J.A.M., I.N., M.S., C.B.), Radiology/Medical Physics (D.v.E., D.P., A.B.), and Medical Biometry and Statistics (M.O.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (R.P.C.); and Baker Heart Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia (C.E.H., N.B., K.P.)
| | - C. Bode
- From the Departments of Cardiology and Angiology (C.v.z.M., J.A.M., I.N., M.S., C.B.), Radiology/Medical Physics (D.v.E., D.P., A.B.), and Medical Biometry and Statistics (M.O.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (R.P.C.); and Baker Heart Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia (C.E.H., N.B., K.P.)
| | - K. Peter
- From the Departments of Cardiology and Angiology (C.v.z.M., J.A.M., I.N., M.S., C.B.), Radiology/Medical Physics (D.v.E., D.P., A.B.), and Medical Biometry and Statistics (M.O.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (R.P.C.); and Baker Heart Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia (C.E.H., N.B., K.P.)
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86
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Larsen BA, Haag MA, Serkova NJ, Shroyer KR, Stoldt CR. Controlled aggregation of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for the development of molecular magnetic resonance imaging probes. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 19:265102. [PMID: 21828671 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/26/265102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A method for synthesizing superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) multi-nanoparticle aggregates as molecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents is described. The approach utilizes organic acid/base interactions in the colloid to induce highly controllable nanoparticle aggregation. Monodisperse aggregates with diameters as large as 100 nm are synthesized by manipulating the interfacial surface chemistry of the SPIO nanoparticles in tetrahydrofuran solvent. Subsequent phospholipid micelle encapsulation yields micellar multi-SPIO (mmSPIO) aggregates with enhanced T(2) relaxivity (368.0 s(-1) mmol(-1) Fe) as compared to micellar single particle SPIO (302.0 s(-1) mmol(-1) Fe). mmSPIO conjugated to anti-CA125 monoclonal antibodies were incubated with ovarian carcinoma cell lines to demonstrate targeted in vitro molecular MRI, resulting in a 66% shortening in T(2) time for CA125 positive NIH:OVCAR-3 cells and a less than 3% change in T(2) time for CA125 negative SK-OV-3 cells. The controllable aggregation of mmSPIO shows potential for the development of molecular MRI contrast agents with optimal sizes for specific diagnostic imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Larsen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0427, USA
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87
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is characterized by thickening of the walls of the arteries, a process that occurs slowly and 'silently' over decades. This prolonged course of disease provides a window of opportunity for diagnosis before symptoms occur. But, until recently, only advanced atherosclerotic disease could be observed. Now, developments in imaging technology offer many enticing prospects, including detecting atherosclerosis early, grouping individuals by the probability that they will develop symptoms of atherosclerosis, assessing the results of treatment and improving the current understanding of the biology of atherosclerosis.
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88
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Graf K, Dietrich T, Tachezy M, Scholle FD, Licha K, Stawowy P, Grafe M, Hauff P, Fleck E. Monitoring Therapeutical Intervention with Ezetimibe Using Targeted Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging in Experimental Atherosclerosis. Mol Imaging 2008. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2008.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Graf
- From the Department of Medicine-Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany; and Global Drug Discovery, Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thore Dietrich
- From the Department of Medicine-Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany; and Global Drug Discovery, Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Tachezy
- From the Department of Medicine-Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany; and Global Drug Discovery, Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank-Detlef Scholle
- From the Department of Medicine-Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany; and Global Drug Discovery, Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Licha
- From the Department of Medicine-Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany; and Global Drug Discovery, Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Stawowy
- From the Department of Medicine-Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany; and Global Drug Discovery, Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Grafe
- From the Department of Medicine-Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany; and Global Drug Discovery, Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Hauff
- From the Department of Medicine-Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany; and Global Drug Discovery, Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eckart Fleck
- From the Department of Medicine-Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany; and Global Drug Discovery, Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
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89
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Sosnovik DE. Molecular imaging in cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging: current perspective and future potential. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2008; 19:59-68. [PMID: 18690161 PMCID: PMC2597277 DOI: 10.1097/rmr.0b013e318176c57b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The development of novel imaging agents and techniques is allowing some biological events to be imaged in vivo with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at the cellular and subcellular level. In this paper, the use of novel gadolinium chelates and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for molecular MRI of the cardiovascular system is extensively reviewed. The physical properties of these imaging agents and the pulse sequences best suited to their visualization are extensively discussed. The application of molecular MRI in diseases of the vasculature and myocardium is then reviewed. The clinical experience to date, as well as the promise and potential impact of molecular MRI, is extensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Sosnovik
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
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90
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Nahrendorf M, Zhang H, Hembrador S, Panizzi P, Sosnovik DE, Aikawa E, Libby P, Swirski FK, Weissleder R. Nanoparticle PET-CT imaging of macrophages in inflammatory atherosclerosis. Circulation 2007; 117:379-87. [PMID: 18158358 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.107.741181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages participate centrally in atherosclerosis, and macrophage markers (eg, CD68, MAC-3) correlate well with lesion severity and therapeutic modulation. On the basis of the avidity of lesional macrophages for polysaccharide-containing supramolecular structures such as nanoparticles, we have developed a new positron emission tomography (PET) agent with optimized pharmacokinetics to allow in vivo imaging at tracer concentrations. METHODS AND RESULTS A dextranated and DTPA-modified magnetofluorescent 20-nm nanoparticle was labeled with the PET tracer 64Cu (1 mCi/0.1 mg nanoparticles) to yield a PET, magnetic resonance, and optically detectable imaging agent. Peak PET activity 24 hours after intravenous injection into mice deficient in apolipoprotein E with experimental atherosclerosis mapped to areas of high plaque load identified by computed tomography such as the aortic root and arch and correlated with magnetic resonance and optical imaging. Accumulated dose in apolipoprotein E-deficient aortas determined by gamma counting was 260% and in carotids 392% of respective wild-type organs (P<0.05 both). Autoradiography of aortas demonstrated uptake of the agent into macrophage-rich atheromata identified by Oil Red O staining of lipid deposits. The novel nanoagent accumulated predominantly in macrophages as determined by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry of cells dissociated from aortas. CONCLUSIONS This report establishes the capability of a novel trimodality nanoparticle to directly detect macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques. Advantages include improved sensitivity; direct correlation of PET signal with an established biomarker (CD68); ability to readily quantify the PET signal, perform whole-body vascular surveys, and spatially localize and follow the trireporter by microscopy; and clinical translatability of the agent given similarities to magnetic resonance imaging probes in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA
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91
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Fujii H. [Molecular imaging of reactive-oxygen species by EPR.MRI dual-imaging system]. Nihon Hoshasen Gijutsu Gakkai Zasshi 2007; 63:1172-1177. [PMID: 18187900 DOI: 10.6009/jjrt.63.1172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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92
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present article reviews the importance of classical and novel risk factors that present in childhood, track into adult life and contribute to arterial disease. The value of noninvasive techniques that can assist in characterization of preclinical atherosclerotic changes as intermediate phenotypes is also discussed. RECENT FINDINGS Noninvasive functional and structural techniques are now available and provide the opportunity to characterize early arterial disease long before cardiovascular complications present. By using these techniques, it has been possible to quantify the impact of conventional and novel cardiovascular risk factors seen in childhood on the development of preclinical atherosclerotic changes. Scientific interest has recently widened to include not only study of mechanisms and biomarkers of injury but also mechanisms that promote vascular repair. In this new field, characterization of endothelial progenitor cells has presented new opportunities for cardiovascular research. SUMMARY Atherosclerosis begins in early life. Primary prevention strategies for adult cardiovascular disease beginning in childhood have great potential as the disease process is most reversible at this stage. Several guidelines have recently been published for screening and implementation of appropriate therapeutic choices in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marietta Charakida
- Cardiac Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, UK
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93
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Cardiovascular medicine. Curr Opin Pediatr 2007; 19:601-6. [PMID: 17885483 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0b013e3282f12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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94
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The Following are Abstracts from the Second International Conference of the European Society for Molecular Imaging in Naples, Italy June 14-15, 2007. Mol Imaging 2007. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2007.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Broz P, Marsch S, Hunziker P. Targeting of Vulnerable Plaque Macrophages with Polymer-Based Nanostructures. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2007; 17:190-6. [PMID: 17662913 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2007] [Revised: 05/04/2007] [Accepted: 05/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are key cellular elements of atherosclerotic plaque pathogenesis and are a significant risk factor for plaque rupture. Current diagnostic techniques for the detection of plaque macrophages are often limited by insufficient sensitivity and selectivity and have not reached broad clinical practice until now. Supramolecular nanometer-sized structures such as conjugates, nanoparticles, micelles, or vesicles built from novel polymers promise to be useful in cell-specific delivery and may be of particular value for the detection and treatment of vulnerable plaque macrophages. Key properties of polymer-based nanostructures are high stability, improved biocompatibility, long circulation half-lives, defined biodegradation, targeting moieties, and triggerable controlled release. This review gives an insight into several promising research projects with polymer-based nanostructures for macrophage detection or treatment that might enter cardiologic practice in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Broz
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.
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