51
|
Tsai SY, Maass K, Lu J, Fishman GI, Chen S, Evans T. Efficient Generation of Cardiac Purkinje Cells from ESCs by Activating cAMP Signaling. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 4:1089-102. [PMID: 26028533 PMCID: PMC4471825 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of the specialized cardiac conduction system (CCS) is associated with life-threatening arrhythmias. Strategies to derive CCS cells, including rare Purkinje cells (PCs), would facilitate models for mechanistic studies and drug discovery and also provide new cellular materials for regenerative therapies. A high-throughput chemical screen using CCS:lacz and Contactin2:egfp (Cntn2:egfp) reporter embryonic stem cell (ESC) lines was used to discover a small molecule, sodium nitroprusside (SN), that efficiently promotes the generation of cardiac cells that express gene profiles and generate action potentials of PC-like cells. Imaging and mechanistic studies suggest that SN promotes the generation of PCs from cardiac progenitors initially expressing cardiac myosin heavy chain and that it does so by activating cyclic AMP signaling. These findings provide a strategy to derive scalable PCs, along with insight into the ontogeny of CCS development. A chemical screen was carried out for compounds that induce cardiac conduction cells Two ESC reporter lines were used to identify lead hits Sodium nitroprusside efficiently generated scalable amounts of PC-like cells By activating cAMP signaling, PCs are derived from cardiac progenitors
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su-Yi Tsai
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Karen Maass
- Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jia Lu
- Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Glenn I Fishman
- Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Shuibing Chen
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Todd Evans
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Martin U. New Muscle for Old Hearts: Engineering Tissue from Pluripotent Stem Cells. Hum Gene Ther 2015; 26:305-11. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2015.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Martin
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Barbuti A, Robinson RB. Stem Cell–Derived Nodal-Like Cardiomyocytes as a Novel Pharmacologic Tool: Insights from Sinoatrial Node Development and Function. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:368-88. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.009597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
|
54
|
Rimmbach C, Jung JJ, David R. Generation of murine cardiac pacemaker cell aggregates based on ES-cell-programming in combination with Myh6-promoter-selection. J Vis Exp 2015:e52465. [PMID: 25742394 DOI: 10.3791/52465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of the "sick sinus syndrome" is based on artificial pacemakers. These bear hazards such as battery failure and infections. Moreover, they lack hormone responsiveness and the overall procedure is cost-intensive. "Biological pacemakers" generated from PSCs may become an alternative, yet the typical content of pacemaker cells in Embryoid Bodies (EBs) is extremely low. The described protocol combines "forward programming" of murine PSCs via the sinus node inducer TBX3 with Myh6-promoter based antibiotic selection. This yields cardiomyocyte aggregates consistent of >80% physiologically functional pacemaker cells. These "induced-sinoatrial-bodies" ("iSABs") are spontaneously contracting at yet unreached frequencies (400-500 bpm) corresponding to nodal cells isolated from mouse hearts and are able to pace murine myocardium ex vivo. Using the described protocol highly pure sinus nodal single cells can be generated which e.g. can be used for in vitro drug testing. Furthermore, the iSABs generated according to this protocol may become a crucial step towards heart tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Rimmbach
- Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, University of Rostock
| | - Julia J Jung
- Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, University of Rostock
| | - Robert David
- Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, University of Rostock;
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
SHOX2 overexpression favors differentiation of embryonic stem cells into cardiac pacemaker cells, improving biological pacing ability. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 4:129-142. [PMID: 25533636 PMCID: PMC4297875 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
When pluripotency factors are removed, embryonic stem cells (ESCs) undergo spontaneous differentiation, which, among other lineages, also gives rise to cardiac sublineages, including chamber cardiomyocytes and pacemaker cells. Such heterogeneity complicates the use of ESC-derived heart cells in therapeutic and diagnostic applications. We sought to direct ESCs to differentiate specifically into cardiac pacemaker cells by overexpressing a transcription factor critical for embryonic patterning of the native cardiac pacemaker (the sinoatrial node). Overexpression of SHOX2 during ESC differentiation upregulated the pacemaker gene program, resulting in enhanced automaticity in vitro and induced biological pacing upon transplantation in vivo. The accentuated automaticity is accompanied by temporally evolving changes in the effectors and regulators of Wnt signaling. Our findings provide a strategy for enriching the cardiac pacemaker cell population from ESCs. SHOX2 accentuates the molecular profile of pacemaker cells in differentiating ESCs SHOX2 increases the frequency and rate of spontaneously active cardiac derivatives SHOX2-overexpressing EBs function as biopacemakers when transplanted in vivo Wnt signaling underlies SHOX2-mediated pacemaker cell specification
Collapse
|
56
|
Yu Q, Zhang B, Yang B, Chen J, Wang H, Jia C, Ding X, Xu N, Dong Y, Zhang B, Xing L, Li M. Interaction among the vacuole, the mitochondria, and the oxidative stress response is governed by the transient receptor potential channel in Candida albicans. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 77:152-67. [PMID: 25308698 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is one of the most important opportunistic pathogens, causing both mucosal candidiasis and life-threatening systemic infections. To survive in the host immune defense system, this pathogen uses an elaborate signaling network to recognize and respond to oxidative stress, which is essential for its pathogenicity. However, the exact mechanisms that this fungus employs to integrate the oxidative stress response (OSR) with functions of various organelles remain uncharacterized. Our previous work implicated a connection between the calcium signaling system and the OSR. In this study, we find that the vacuolar transient receptor potential (TRP) channel Yvc1, one of the calcium signaling members, plays a critical role in cell tolerance to oxidative stress. We further provide evidence that this channel is required not only for activation of Cap1-related transcription of OSR genes but also for maintaining the stability of both the mitochondria and the vacuole in a potassium- and calcium-dependent manner. Element assays reveal that this TRP channel affects calcium influx and potassium transport from the vacuole to the mitochondria. Therefore, the TRP channel governs the novel interaction among the OSR, the vacuole, and the mitochondria by mediating ion transport in this pathogen under oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qilin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Baopeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiatong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China; Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Chang Jia
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Ding
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijie Dong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Tianjin Traditional Chinese Medicine University, Tianjin 300193, People's Republic of China
| | - Laijun Xing
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingchun Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Duan L, Wang Z, Shen J, Shan Z, Shen X, Wu Y, Sun R, Li T, Yuan R, Zhao Q, Bai G, Gu Y, Jin L, Lei L. Comparison of reprogramming genes in induced pluripotent stem cells and nuclear transfer cloned embryos. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2014; 10:548-60. [PMID: 24828831 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-014-9516-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The most effective reprogramming methods, somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), are widely used in biological research and regenerative medicine, yet the mechanism that reprograms somatic cells to totipotency remains unclear and thus reprogramming efficiency is still low. Microarray technology has been employed in analyzing the transcriptomes changes during iPS reprogramming. Unfortunately, it is difficult to obtain enough DNA from SCNT reconstructed embryos to take advantage of this technology. In this study, we aimed to identify critical genes from the transcriptional profile for iPS reprogramming and compared expression levels of these genes in SCNT reprogramming. By integrating gene expression information from microarray databases and published studies comparing somatic cells with either miPSCs or mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs), we obtained two lists of co-upregulated genes. The gene ontology (GO) enriched analysis of these two lists demonstrated that the reprogramming process is associated with numerous biological processes. Specifically, we selected 32 genes related to heterochromatin, embryonic development, and cell cycle from our co-upregulated gene datasets and examined the gene expression level in iPSCs and SCNT embryos by qPCR. The results revealed that some reprogramming related genes in iPSCs were also expressed in SCNT reprogramming. We established the network of gene interactions that occur with genes differentially expressed in iPS and SCNT reprogramming and then performed GO analysis on the genes in the network. The network genes function in chromatin organization, heterochromatin, transcriptional regulation, and cell cycle. Further researches to improve reprogramming efficiency, especially in SCNT, will focus on functional studies of these selected genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lian Duan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, 194 Xuefu Road, Harbin, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
Jung JJ, Husse B, Rimmbach C, Krebs S, Stieber J, Steinhoff G, Dendorfer A, Franz WM, David R. Programming and isolation of highly pure physiologically and pharmacologically functional sinus-nodal bodies from pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 2:592-605. [PMID: 24936448 PMCID: PMC4050488 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic approaches for “sick sinus syndrome” rely on electrical pacemakers, which lack hormone responsiveness and bear hazards such as infection and battery failure. These issues may be overcome via “biological pacemakers” derived from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). Here, we show that forward programming of PSCs with the nodal cell inducer TBX3 plus an additional Myh6-promoter-based antibiotic selection leads to cardiomyocyte aggregates consisting of >80% physiologically and pharmacologically functional pacemaker cells. These induced sinoatrial bodies (iSABs) exhibited highly increased beating rates (300–400 bpm), coming close to those found in mouse hearts, and were able to robustly pace myocardium ex vivo. Our study introduces iSABs as highly pure, functional nodal tissue that is derived from PSCs and may be important for future cell therapies and drug testing in vitro. TBX3 plus Myh6-promoter antibiotic selection yields pacemaker cells from PSCs Induced sinoatrial bodies (iSABs) consist of >80% functional pacemaker cells iSABs showed highly increased beating rates and were able to pace myocardium ex vivo iSABs represent highly pure functional nodal tissue derived from PSCs
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Jeannine Jung
- Referenz und Translationszentrum für Kardiale Stammzelltherapie (RTC) der Universität Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Britta Husse
- Universitätsklinik für Innere Medizin III, Kardiologie und Angiologie, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria ; Walter Brendel Centre, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Rimmbach
- Referenz und Translationszentrum für Kardiale Stammzelltherapie (RTC) der Universität Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefan Krebs
- Gene Center Munich, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Juliane Stieber
- Institut für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie der FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gustav Steinhoff
- Referenz und Translationszentrum für Kardiale Stammzelltherapie (RTC) der Universität Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Andreas Dendorfer
- Walter Brendel Centre, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany ; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang-Michael Franz
- Universitätsklinik für Innere Medizin III, Kardiologie und Angiologie, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Robert David
- Referenz und Translationszentrum für Kardiale Stammzelltherapie (RTC) der Universität Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Stockmann M, Linta L, Föhr KJ, Boeckers A, Ludolph AC, Kuh GF, Udvardi PT, Proepper C, Storch A, Kleger A, Liebau S, Boeckers TM. Developmental and functional nature of human iPSC derived motoneurons. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2014; 9:475-92. [PMID: 22048897 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-011-9329-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Stockmann
- Institute for Anatomy & Cell Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
60
|
Xie M, Cao N, Ding S. Small molecules for cell reprogramming and heart repair: progress and perspective. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:34-44. [PMID: 24372513 DOI: 10.1021/cb400865w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine for heart failure seeks to replace lost cardiomyocytes. Chemical approaches for producing ample supplies of cells, such as pluripotent stem cells and cardiomyocytes, hold promise as practical means to achieve safe, facile cell-based therapy for cardiac repair and regenerative medicine. In this review, we describe recent advances in the application of small molecules to improve the generation and maintenance of pluripotent stem cells. We also describe new directions in heart repair and regeneration in which chemical approaches may find their application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Xie
- The Gladstone Institutes, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Nan Cao
- The Gladstone Institutes, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Sheng Ding
- The Gladstone Institutes, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Proepper C, Putz S, Russell R, Boeckers TM, Liebau S. The Kvβ2 subunit of voltage-gated potassium channels is interacting with ProSAP2/Shank3 in the PSD. Neuroscience 2013; 261:133-43. [PMID: 24211303 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The postsynaptic density is an electron dense meshwork composed of a variety of molecules facilitating neuronal signal transmission. ProSAP2/Shank3 represents a crucial player at postsynaptic sites, assembling large multimeric platforms and anchoring numerous other molecules, thereby linking the functional synapse with the cytoskeleton. ProSAP2/Shank3 is also implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, including autism spectrum disorders. KvBeta2 (Kvβ2) on the other hand serves as a regulatory subunit of voltage-gated potassium channels. Kvβ2 is located at various sites in the neuron including the axon (binding to Kv1.2), the dendrites (binding to Kv4.2) and the synapse. Binding of Kvβ2 to either Kv1.2 or Kv4 modulates not only the channel conformation but directs targeting of the channel protein complex to distinct loci within the cell. Thus an interaction between ProSAP2 and Kvβ2 could have important roles at diverse cellular compartments and moreover during maturation stages. We report here on the direct protein-protein interaction of the postsynaptic density anchoring molecule ProSAP2 and the potassium channel subunit Kvβ2, initially identified in a yeast-two-hybrid-screen. Furthermore, we characterize this interaction at synapses using primary hippocampal neurons in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Proepper
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - S Putz
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - R Russell
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - T M Boeckers
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - S Liebau
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; Institute of Neuroanatomy, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
TBX3 Directs Cell-Fate Decision toward Mesendoderm. Stem Cell Reports 2013; 1:248-65. [PMID: 24319661 PMCID: PMC3849240 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-fate decisions and pluripotency are dependent on networks of key transcriptional regulators. Recent reports demonstrated additional functions of pluripotency-associated factors during early lineage commitment. The T-box transcription factor TBX3 has been implicated in regulating embryonic stem cell self-renewal and cardiogenesis. Here, we show that TBX3 is dynamically expressed during specification of the mesendoderm lineages in differentiating embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in vitro and in developing mouse and Xenopus embryos in vivo. Forced TBX3 expression in ESCs promotes mesendoderm specification by directly activating key lineage specification factors and indirectly by enhancing paracrine Nodal/Smad2 signaling. TBX3 loss-of-function analyses in the Xenopus underline its requirement for mesendoderm lineage commitment. Moreover, we uncovered a functional redundancy between TBX3 and Tbx2 during Xenopus gastrulation. Taken together, we define further facets of TBX3 actions and map TBX3 as an upstream regulator of the mesendoderm transcriptional program during gastrulation. T-box transcription factor TBX3 is involved in early embryonic events Key transcription factor promoters of mesendoderm formation are occupied by TBX3 TBX3 promotes mesendodermal fate of mESCs
Collapse
|
63
|
Bekhite MM, Figulla HR, Sauer H, Wartenberg M. Static magnetic fields increase cardiomyocyte differentiation of Flk-1+ cells derived from mouse embryonic stem cells via Ca2+ influx and ROS production. Int J Cardiol 2013; 167:798-808. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
64
|
Land SC, Walker DJ, Du Q, Jovanović A. Cardioprotective SUR2A promotes stem cell properties of cardiomyocytes. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168:5090-2. [PMID: 23932869 PMCID: PMC3819985 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.07.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Aleksandar Jovanović
- Corresponding author at: Medical Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetic Medicine, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK. Tel.: + 44 1382 383 276; fax: + 44 1382 383 598.
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Scavone A, Capilupo D, Mazzocchi N, Crespi A, Zoia S, Campostrini G, Bucchi A, Milanesi R, Baruscotti M, Benedetti S, Antonini S, Messina G, DiFrancesco D, Barbuti A. Embryonic stem cell-derived CD166+ precursors develop into fully functional sinoatrial-like cells. Circ Res 2013; 113:389-98. [PMID: 23753573 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.113.301283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE A cell-based biological pacemaker is based on the differentiation of stem cells and the selection of a population displaying the molecular and functional properties of native sinoatrial node (SAN) cardiomyocytes. So far, such selection has been hampered by the lack of proper markers. CD166 is specifically but transiently expressed in the mouse heart tube and sinus venosus, the prospective SAN. OBJECTIVE We have explored the possibility of using CD166 expression for isolating SAN progenitors from differentiating embryonic stem cells. METHODS AND RESULTS We found that in embryonic day 10.5 mouse hearts, CD166 and HCN4, markers of the pacemaker tissue, are coexpressed. Sorting embryonic stem cells for CD166 expression at differentiation day 8 selects a population of pacemaker precursors. CD166+ cells express high levels of genes involved in SAN development (Tbx18, Tbx3, Isl-1, Shox2) and function (Cx30.2, HCN4, HCN1, CaV1.3) and low levels of ventricular genes (Cx43, Kv4.2, HCN2, Nkx2.5). In culture, CD166+ cells form an autorhythmic syncytium composed of cells morphologically similar to and with the electrophysiological properties of murine SAN myocytes. Isoproterenol increases (+57%) and acetylcholine decreases (-23%) the beating rate of CD166-selected cells, which express the β-adrenergic and muscarinic receptors. In cocultures, CD166-selected cells are able to pace neonatal ventricular myocytes at a rate faster than their own. Furthermore, CD166+ cells have lost pluripotency genes and do not form teratomas in vivo. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated for the first time the isolation of a nonteratogenic population of cardiac precursors able to mature and form a fully functional SAN-like tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Scavone
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
66
|
Definitive Endoderm Formation from Plucked Human Hair-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and SK Channel Regulation. Stem Cells Int 2013; 2013:360573. [PMID: 23710194 PMCID: PMC3654369 DOI: 10.1155/2013/360573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells present an extraordinary powerful tool to investigate embryonic development in humans. Essentially, they provide a unique platform for dissecting the distinct mechanisms underlying pluripotency and subsequent lineage commitment. Modest information currently exists about the expression and the role of ion channels during human embryogenesis, organ development, and cell fate determination. Of note, small and intermediate conductance, calcium-activated potassium channels have been reported to modify stem cell behaviour and differentiation. These channels are broadly expressed throughout human tissues and are involved in various cellular processes, such as the after-hyperpolarization in excitable cells, and also in differentiation processes. To this end, human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) generated from plucked human hair keratinocytes have been exploited in vitro to recapitulate endoderm formation and, concomitantly, used to map the expression of the SK channel (SKCa) subtypes over time. Thus, we report the successful generation of definitive endoderm from hiPSCs of ectodermal origin using a highly reproducible and robust differentiation system. Furthermore, we provide the first evidence that SKCas subtypes are dynamically regulated in the transition from a pluripotent stem cell to a more lineage restricted, endodermal progeny.
Collapse
|
67
|
Linta L, Stockmann M, Lin Q, Lechel A, Proepper C, Boeckers TM, Kleger A, Liebau S. Microarray-Based Comparisons of Ion Channel Expression Patterns: Human Keratinocytes to Reprogrammed hiPSCs to Differentiated Neuronal and Cardiac Progeny. Stem Cells Int 2013; 2013:784629. [PMID: 23690787 PMCID: PMC3649712 DOI: 10.1155/2013/784629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion channels are involved in a large variety of cellular processes including stem cell differentiation. Numerous families of ion channels are present in the organism which can be distinguished by means of, for example, ion selectivity, gating mechanism, composition, or cell biological function. To characterize the distinct expression of this group of ion channels we have compared the mRNA expression levels of ion channel genes between human keratinocyte-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and their somatic cell source, keratinocytes from plucked human hair. This comparison revealed that 26% of the analyzed probes showed an upregulation of ion channels in hiPSCs while just 6% were downregulated. Additionally, iPSCs express a much higher number of ion channels compared to keratinocytes. Further, to narrow down specificity of ion channel expression in iPS cells we compared their expression patterns with differentiated progeny, namely, neurons and cardiomyocytes derived from iPS cells. To conclude, hiPSCs exhibit a very considerable and diverse ion channel expression pattern. Their detailed analysis could give an insight into their contribution to many cellular processes and even disease mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonhard Linta
- Institute for Anatomy Cell Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Marianne Stockmann
- Institute for Anatomy Cell Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Qiong Lin
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen, Pauwelstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - André Lechel
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian Proepper
- Institute for Anatomy Cell Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Tobias M. Boeckers
- Institute for Anatomy Cell Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander Kleger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Liebau
- Institute for Anatomy Cell Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
SK4 Ca2+ activated K+ channel is a critical player in cardiac pacemaker derived from human embryonic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E1685-94. [PMID: 23589888 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1221022110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper expression and function of the cardiac pacemaker is a critical feature of heart physiology. Two main mechanisms have been proposed: (i) the "voltage-clock," where the hyperpolarization-activated funny current If causes diastolic depolarization that triggers action potential cycling; and (ii) the "Ca(2+) clock," where cyclical release of Ca(2+) from Ca(2+) stores depolarizes the membrane during diastole via activation of the Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchanger. Nonetheless, these mechanisms remain controversial. Here, we used human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CMs) to study their autonomous beating mechanisms. Combined current- and voltage-clamp recordings from the same cell showed the so-called "voltage and Ca(2+) clock" pacemaker mechanisms to operate in a mutually exclusive fashion in different cell populations, but also to coexist in other cells. Blocking the "voltage or Ca(2+) clock" produced a similar depolarization of the maximal diastolic potential (MDP) that culminated by cessation of action potentials, suggesting that they converge to a common pacemaker component. Using patch-clamp recording, real-time PCR, Western blotting, and immunocytochemistry, we identified a previously unrecognized Ca(2+)-activated intermediate K(+) conductance (IK(Ca), KCa3.1, or SK4) in young and old stage-derived hESC-CMs. IK(Ca) inhibition produced MDP depolarization and pacemaker suppression. By shaping the MDP driving force and exquisitely balancing inward currents during diastolic depolarization, IK(Ca) appears to play a crucial role in human embryonic cardiac automaticity.
Collapse
|
69
|
Linta L, Boeckers TM, Kleger A, Liebau S. Calcium activated potassium channel expression during human iPS cell-derived neurogenesis. Ann Anat 2013; 195:303-311. [PMID: 23587809 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The family of calcium activated potassium channels of low and intermediate conductance, known as SK channels, consists of four members (SK1-4). These channels are widely expressed throughout the organism and involved in various cellular processes, such as the afterhyperpolarization in excitable cells but also in differentiation processes of various tissues. To date, the role of SK channels in developmental processes has been merely a marginal focus of investigation, although it is well accepted that cell differentiation and maturation affect the expression patterns of certain ion channels. Recently, several studies from our laboratory delineated the influence of SK channel expression and their respective activity on cytoskeletal reorganization in neural and pluripotent stem cells and regulation of cell fate determination toward the cardiac lineage in human and mouse pluripotent stem cells. Herein, we have now analyzed SK channel expression patterns and distribution at various stages of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurogenesis particularly focusing on undifferentiated iPS cells, neural progenitors and mature neurons. All family members could be detected starting at the iPS cell level and were differentially expressed during the subsequent maturation process. Intriguingly, we found obvious discrepancies between mRNA and protein expression pointing toward a complex regulatory mechanism. Inhibition of SK channels with either apamin or clotrimazol did not have any significant effects on the speed or amount of neurogenesis in vitro. The abundance and specific regulation of SK channel expression during iPS cell differentiation indicates distinct roles of these ion channels not only for the cardiac but also for neuronal cell differentiation and in vitro neurogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonhard Linta
- Institute for Anatomy & Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Kleger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Stefan Liebau
- Institute for Anatomy & Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Nguemo F, Fleischmann BK, Gupta MK, Šarić T, Malan D, Liang H, Pfannkuche K, Bloch W, Schunkert H, Hescheler J, Reppel M. The L-type Ca2+ channels blocker nifedipine represses mesodermal fate determination in murine embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53407. [PMID: 23320083 PMCID: PMC3539992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Dihydropyridines (DHP), which nifedipine is a member of, preferentially block Ca(2+) channels of different cell types. Moreover, influx of Ca(2+) through L-type Ca(2+) channels (LTCCs) activates Ca(2+) signaling pathways, which in turn contribute to numerous cellular processes. Although LTCCs are expressed in undifferentiated cells, very little is known about its contributions to the transcriptional regulation of mesodermal and cardiac genes. This study aimed to examine the contribution of LTCCs and the effect of nifedipine on the commitment of pluripotent stem cells toward the cardiac lineage in vitro. The murine embryonic stem (ES, cell line D3) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS, cell clone 09) cells were differentiated into enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) expressing spontaneously beating cardiomyocytes (CMs). Early treatment of differentiating cells with 10 µM nifedipine led to a significant inhibition of the cardiac mesoderm formation and cardiac lineage commitment as revealed by gene regulation analysis. This was accompanied by the inhibition of spontaneously occurring Ca(2+) transient and reduction of LTCCs current density (I(CaL)) of differentiated CMs. In addition, nifedipine treatment instigated a pronounced delay of the spontaneous beating embryoid body (EB) and led to a poor surface localization of L-type Ca(2+) channel α(1C) (Ca(V)1.2) subunits. Contrary late incubation of pluripotent stem cells with nifedipine was without any impact on the differentiation process and did not affect the derived CMs function. Our data indicate that nifedipine blocks the determined path of pluripotent stem cells to cardiomyogenesis by inhibition of mesodermal commitment at early stages of differentiation, thus the proper upkeep Ca(2+) concentration and pathways are essentially required for cardiac gene expression, differentiation and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filomain Nguemo
- Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernd K. Fleischmann
- Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Manoj K. Gupta
- Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tomo Šarić
- Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniela Malan
- Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Huamin Liang
- Department of Physiology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China
| | - Kurt Pfannkuche
- Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Hescheler
- Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Reppel
- Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Brenner C, David R, Franz WM. Cardiovascular Stem Cells. Regen Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5690-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
|
72
|
Abstract
Regenerative medicine seeks to understand tissue development and homeostasis and build on that knowledge to enhance regeneration of injured tissues. By replenishing lost functional tissues and cells, regenerative medicine could change the treatment paradigm for a broad range of degenerative and ischemic diseases. Multipotent cells hold promise as potential building blocks for regenerating lost tissues, but successful tissue regeneration will depend on comprehensive control of multipotent cells-differentiation into a target cell type, delivery to a desired tissue, and integration into a durable functional structure. At each step of this process, proteins and small molecules provide essential signals and, in some cases, may themselves act as effective therapies. Identifying these signals is thus a fundamental goal of regenerative medicine. In this review we discuss current progress using proteins and small molecules to regulate tissue regeneration, both in combination with cellular therapies and as monotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Green
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute and the Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
73
|
Ca2+ activated K channels-new tools to induce cardiac commitment from pluripotent stem cells in mice and men. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2012; 8:720-40. [PMID: 22038332 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-011-9324-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
74
|
Single Mechanosensitive and Ca2+-Sensitive Channel Currents Recorded from Mouse and Human Embryonic Stem Cells. J Membr Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-012-9523-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
75
|
The dynactin p150 subunit: cell biology studies of sequence changes found in ALS/MND and Parkinsonian Syndromes. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2012; 120:785-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-012-0910-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
76
|
Abstract
Heart attack remains the leading cause of death in both men and women worldwide. Stem cell-based therapies, including the use of engineered cardiac tissues, have the potential to treat the massive cell loss and pathological remodeling resulting from heart attack. Specifically, embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells are a promising source for generation of therapeutically relevant numbers of functional cardiomyocytes and engineering of cardiac tissues in vitro. This review will describe methodologies for successful differentiation of pluripotent stem cells towards the cardiovascular cell lineages as they pertain to the field of cardiac tissue engineering. The emphasis will be placed on comparing the functional maturation in engineered cardiac tissues and developing heart and on methods to quantify cardiac electrical and mechanical function at different spatial scales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Liau
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Cardiology, Duke University, Room 136 Hudson Hall, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
77
|
Hoekstra M, Mummery CL, Wilde AAM, Bezzina CR, Verkerk AO. Induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes as models for cardiac arrhythmias. Front Physiol 2012; 3:346. [PMID: 23015789 PMCID: PMC3449331 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac arrhythmias are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. In younger patients, the majority of sudden cardiac deaths have an underlying Mendelian genetic cause. Over the last 15 years, enormous progress has been made in identifying the distinct clinical phenotypes and in studying the basic cellular and genetic mechanisms associated with the primary Mendelian (monogenic) arrhythmia syndromes. Investigation of the electrophysiological consequences of an ion channel mutation is ideally done in the native cardiomyocyte (CM) environment. However, the majority of such studies so far have relied on heterologous expression systems in which single ion channel genes are expressed in non-cardiac cells. In some cases, transgenic mouse models have been generated, but these also have significant shortcomings, primarily related to species differences. The discovery that somatic cells can be reprogrammed to pluripotency as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) has generated much interest since it presents an opportunity to generate patient- and disease-specific cell lines from which normal and diseased human CMs can be obtained These genetically diverse human model systems can be studied in vitro and used to decipher mechanisms of disease and identify strategies and reagents for new therapies. Here, we review the present state of the art with respect to cardiac disease models already generated using IPSC technology and which have been (partially) characterized. Human iPSC (hiPSC) models have been described for the cardiac arrhythmia syndromes, including LQT1, LQT2, LQT3-Brugada Syndrome, LQT8/Timothy syndrome and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT). In most cases, the hiPSC-derived cardiomyoctes recapitulate the disease phenotype and have already provided opportunities for novel insight into cardiac pathophysiology. It is expected that the lines will be useful in the development of pharmacological agents for the management of these disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Hoekstra
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Failure Research Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
78
|
Wei WJ, Sun HY, Ting KY, Zhang LH, Lee HC, Li GR, Yue J. Inhibition of cardiomyocytes differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells by CD38/cADPR/Ca2+ signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:35599-35611. [PMID: 22908234 PMCID: PMC3471724 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.392530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine diphosphoribose (cADPR) is an endogenous Ca2+ mobilizing messenger that is formed by ADP-ribosyl cyclases from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). The main ADP-ribosyl cyclase in mammals is CD38, a multi-functional enzyme and a type II membrane protein. Here we explored the role of CD38-cADPR-Ca2+ in the cardiomyogenesis of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. We found that the mouse ES cells are responsive to cADPR and possess the key components of the cADPR signaling pathway. In vitro cardiomyocyte (CM) differentiation of mouse ES cells was initiated by embryoid body (EB) formation. Interestingly, beating cells appeared earlier and were more abundant in CD38 knockdown EBs than in control EBs. Real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analyses further showed that the expression of several cardiac markers, including GATA4, MEF2C, NKX2.5, and α-MLC, were increased markedly in CD38 knockdown EBs than those in control EBs. Similarly, FACS analysis showed that more cardiac Troponin T-positive CMs existed in CD38 knockdown or 8-Br-cADPR, a cADPR antagonist, treated EBs compared with that in control EBs. On the other hand, overexpression of CD38 in mouse ES cells significantly inhibited CM differentiation. Moreover, CD38 knockdown ES cell-derived CMs possess the functional properties characteristic of normal ES cell-derived CMs. Last, we showed that the CD38-cADPR pathway negatively modulated the FGF4-Erks1/2 cascade during CM differentiation of ES cells, and transiently inhibition of Erk1/2 blocked the enhanced effects of CD38 knockdown on the differentiation of CM from ES cells. Taken together, our data indicate that the CD38-cADPR-Ca2+ signaling pathway antagonizes the CM differentiation of mouse ES cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jie Wei
- Department of Physiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hai-Ying Sun
- Department of Physiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kai Yiu Ting
- Department of Physiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li-He Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hon-Cheung Lee
- Department of Physiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gui-Rong Li
- Department of Physiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianbo Yue
- Department of Physiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Tubulin-binding cofactor B is a direct interaction partner of the dynactin subunit p150(Glued). Cell Tissue Res 2012; 350:13-26. [PMID: 22777741 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1463-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The dynactin p150(Glued) subunit, encoded by the gene DCTN1, is part of the dynein-dynactin motor protein complex responsible for retrograde axonal transport in motor neurons. The p150 subunit is a candidate gene for neurodegenerative diseases, in particular motor neuron and extrapyramidal diseases. Tubulin-binding cofactors are believed to be involved in tubulin biogenesis and degradation and therefore to contribute to microtubule functional diversity and regulation. A yeast-two-hybrid screen for putative interacting proteins of dynactin p150(Glued) has revealed tubulin-folding cofactor B (TBCB). We analyzed the interaction of these proteins and investigated the impact of this complex on the microtubule network in cell lines and primary hippocampal neurons in vitro. We especially concentrated on neuronal morphology and synaptogenesis. Overexpression of both proteins or depletion of TBCB alone does not alter the microtubule network and/or neuronal morphology. The demonstration of the interaction of the transport molecule dynactin and the tubulin-regulating factor TBCB is thought to have an impact on several cellular mechanisms. TBCB expression levels have been found to have only a subtle influence on the microtubule network and neuronal morphology. However, overexpression of TBCB leads to the decreased localization of p150 to the microtubule network that might result in a functional modulation of this protein complex.
Collapse
|
80
|
Heinrich J, Proepper C, Schmidt T, Linta L, Liebau S, Boeckers TM. The postsynaptic density protein Abelson interactor protein 1 interacts with the motor protein Kinesin family member 26B in hippocampal neurons. Neuroscience 2012; 221:86-95. [PMID: 22766233 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abelson interactor protein 1 (Abi-1) localizes to postsynaptic densities (PSDs) of excitatory synapses and was shown to be transported from the PSD to the nucleus and back depending upon synaptic activation. We employed a yeast-two-hybrid screen to search for putative transport molecules. We found Kif26B a member of the Kif family of transport proteins that has not been characterized in the central nervous system as a direct interaction partner of Abi-1. We delineated a proline-rich motif within the cargo-binding domain of Kif26B to be responsible for this protein-protein interaction. Kif26B was able to recruit Abi-1 to the microtubule network and we found that the expression of Kif26B is responsible for the localization of Abi-1 to PSDs in maturing neurons. Taken together we report that Abi-1 is a cargo of Kif26B in primary hippocampal neurons, pointing to a role of this transport molecule in the movement of Abi-1 between different cell compartments. Additionally, we provide the first detailed investigation of Kif26B and its cargo molecules in neuronal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Heinrich
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
81
|
Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology
Editors’ Picks. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2012. [DOI: 10.1161/circep.112.973305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The following articles are being highlighted as part of
Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology’s
Topic Review series. This series will summarize the most important manuscripts, as selected by the editors, published in
Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Circulation
, and the other
Circulation
subspecialty journals. The studies included in this article represent the most read manuscripts published on the topic of arrhythmia devices (defibrillation, pacing, pacemakers, heart arrest, and resuscitation) in 2010 and 2011.
Collapse
|
82
|
Kerr PM, Tam R, Narang D, Potts K, McMillan D, McMillan K, Plane F. Endothelial calcium-activated potassium channels as therapeutic targets to enhance availability of nitric oxide. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2012; 90:739-52. [PMID: 22626011 DOI: 10.1139/y2012-075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The vascular endothelium plays a critical role in vascular health by controlling arterial diameter, regulating local cell growth, and protecting blood vessels from the deleterious consequences of platelet aggregation and activation of inflammatory responses. Circulating chemical mediators and physical forces act directly on the endothelium to release diffusible relaxing factors, such as nitric oxide (NO), and to elicit hyperpolarization of the endothelial cell membrane potential, which can spread to the surrounding smooth muscle cells via gap junctions. Endothelial hyperpolarization, mediated by activation of calcium-activated potassium (K(Ca)) channels, has generally been regarded as a distinct pathway for smooth muscle relaxation. However, recent evidence supports a role for endothelial K(Ca) channels in production of endothelium-derived NO, and indicates that pharmacological activation of these channels can enhance NO-mediated responses. In this review we summarize the current data on the functional role of endothelial K(Ca) channels in regulating NO-mediated changes in arterial diameter and NO production, and explore the tempting possibility that these channels may represent a novel avenue for therapeutic intervention in conditions associated with reduced NO availability such as hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, and diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Kerr
- Department of Pharmacology, 9-62 Medical Sciences Building, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
83
|
Kleger A, Mahaddalkar PU, Katz SF, Lechel A, Joo JY, Loya K, Lin Q, Hartmann D, Liebau S, Kraus JM, Cantz T, Kestler HA, Zaehres H, Schöler H, Rudolph KL. Increased reprogramming capacity of mouse liver progenitor cells, compared with differentiated liver cells, requires the BAF complex. Gastroenterology 2012; 142:907-17. [PMID: 22245845 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Ectopic expression of certain transcription factors can reprogram somatic cells to a pluripotent state. Hematopoietic and muscle stem cells can be more efficiently reprogrammed than differentiated blood or muscle cells, yet similar findings have not been shown in other primary organ systems. Moreover, molecular characteristics of the cellular hierarchy of tissues that influence reprogramming capacities need to be delineated. We analyzed the effect of differentiation stage of freshly isolated, mouse liver cells on the reprogramming efficiency. METHODS Liver progenitor cell (LPC)-enriched cell fractions were isolated from adult (6-8 wk) and fetal (embryonic day 14.5) livers of mice and reprogrammed to become induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Different transcription factors were expressed in liver cells, and markers of pluripotency were examined, along with the ability of iPS cells to differentiate, in vitro and in vivo, into different germ layers. RESULTS Fetal and adult LPCs had significantly greater reprogramming efficiency after transduction with 3 or 4 reprogramming factors. Transduction efficiency-corrected reprogramming rates of fetal LPCs were 275-fold higher, compared with unsorted fetal liver cells, when 3 reprogramming factors were transduced. The increased reprogramming efficiency of LPCs, compared with differentiated liver cells, occurred independently of proliferation rates, but was associated with endogenous expression of reprogramming factors (Klf4 and c-Myc) and BAF (Brg1/Brm associated factor)-complex members Baf155 and Brg1, which mediate epigenetic changes during reprogramming. Knockdown of BAF complex members negated the increased reprogramming efficiency of LPCs, compared with non-LPCs. CONCLUSIONS LPCs have intrinsic, cell proliferation-independent characteristics resulting in an increased reprogramming capacity compared to differentiated liver cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kleger
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Max-Planck-Research Department on Stem Cell Aging, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
84
|
Cai B, Zhu S, Li J, Chen N, Liu Y, Lu Y. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells protected rat cardiomyocytes from premature senescence. Int J Cardiol 2012; 154:180-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
85
|
Kania G, Boheler KR, Landmesser U, Wojakowski W. Stem cells in heart failure. Stem Cells Int 2011; 2011:193918. [PMID: 22190962 PMCID: PMC3236426 DOI: 10.4061/2011/193918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Kania
- Cardioimmunology, Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
86
|
Proepper C, Steinestel K, Schmeisser MJ, Heinrich J, Steinestel J, Bockmann J, Liebau S, Boeckers TM. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein k interacts with Abi-1 at postsynaptic sites and modulates dendritic spine morphology. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27045. [PMID: 22102872 PMCID: PMC3216941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Abelson-interacting protein 1 (Abi-1) plays an important role for dendritic branching and synapse formation in the central nervous system. It is localized at the postsynaptic density (PSD) and rapidly translocates to the nucleus upon synaptic stimulation. At PSDs Abi-1 is in a complex with several other proteins including WASP/WAVE or cortactin thereby regulating the actin cytoskeleton via the Arp 2/3 complex. Principal Findings We identified heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNPK), a 65 kDa ssDNA/RNA-binding-protein that is involved in multiple intracellular signaling cascades, as a binding partner of Abi-1 at postsynaptic sites. The interaction with the Abi-1 SH3 domain is mediated by the hnRNPK-interaction (KI) domain. We further show that during brain development, hnRNPK expression becomes more and more restricted to granule cells of the cerebellum and hippocampal neurons where it localizes in the cell nucleus as well as in the spine/dendritic compartment. The downregulation of hnRNPK in cultured hippocampal neurons by RNAi results in an enlarged dendritic tree and a significant increase in filopodia formation. This is accompanied by a decrease in the number of mature synapses. Both effects therefore mimic the neuronal morphology after downregulation of Abi-1 mRNA in neurons. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate a novel interplay between hnRNPK and Abi-1 in the nucleus and at synaptic sites and show obvious similarities regarding both protein knockdown phenotypes. This indicates that hnRNPK and Abi-1 act synergistic in a multiprotein complex that regulates the crucial balance between filopodia formation and synaptic maturation in neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Konrad Steinestel
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Pathology, BWK Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Jutta Heinrich
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Julie Steinestel
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Juergen Bockmann
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Liebau
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- * E-mail: (TMB); (SL)
| | - Tobias M. Boeckers
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- * E-mail: (TMB); (SL)
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Liebau S, Tischendorf M, Ansorge D, Linta L, Stockmann M, Weidgang C, Iacovino M, Boeckers T, von Wichert G, Kyba M, Kleger A. An inducible expression system of the calcium-activated potassium channel 4 to study the differential impact on embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Int 2011; 2011:456815. [PMID: 21941566 PMCID: PMC3173888 DOI: 10.4061/2011/456815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale. The family of calcium-activated potassium channels consists of four members with varying biological functions and conductances. Besides membrane potential modulation, SK channels have been found to be involved in cardiac pacemaker cell development from ES cells and morphological shaping of neural stem cells. Objective. Distinct SK channel subtype expression in ES cells might elucidate their precise impact during cardiac development. We chose SK channel subtype 4 as a potential candidate influencing embryonic stem cell differentiation. Methods. We generated a doxycycline inducible mouse ES cell line via targeted homologous recombination of a cassette expressing a bicistronic construct encoding SK4 and a fluorophore from the murine HPRT locus. Conclusion. We characterized the mouse ES cell line iSK4-AcGFP. The cassette is readily expressed under the control of doxycycline, and the overexpression of SK4 led to an increase in cardiac and pacemaker cell differentiation thereby serving as a unique tool to characterize the cell biological variances due to specific SK channel overexpression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Liebau
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
88
|
Linta L, Stockmann M, Kleinhans KN, Böckers A, Storch A, Zaehres H, Lin Q, Barbi G, Böckers TM, Kleger A, Liebau S. Rat embryonic fibroblasts improve reprogramming of human keratinocytes into induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 21:965-76. [PMID: 21699413 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient-specific human induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cells not only provide a promising tool for cellular disease models in general, but also open up the opportunity to establish cell-type-specific systems for personalized medicine. One of the crucial prerequisites for these strategies, however, is a fast and efficient reprogramming strategy from easy accessible somatic cell populations. Keratinocytes from plucked human hair had been introduced as a superior cell source for reprogramming purposes compared with the widely used skin fibroblasts. The starting cell population is, however, limited and thereby further optimization in terms of time, efficiency, and quality is inevitable. Here we show that rat embryonic fibroblasts (REFs) should replace mouse embryonic fibroblasts as feeder cells in the reprogramming process. REFs enable a significantly more efficient reprogramming procedure as shown by colony number and total amount of SSEA4-positive cells. We successfully produced keratinocyte-derived hiPS (k-hiPS) cells from various donors. The arising k-hiPS cells display the hallmarks of pluripotency such as expression of stem cell markers and differentiation into all 3 germ layers. The increased reprogramming efficiency using REFs as a feeder layer occurred independent of the proliferation rate in the parental keratinocytes and acts, at least in part, in a non-cell autonomous way by secreting factors known to facilitate pluripotency such as Tgfb1, Inhba and Grem1. Hence, we provide an easy to use and highly efficient reprogramming system that could be very useful for a broad application to generate human iPS cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonhard Linta
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
89
|
Kao L, Kurtz LM, Shao X, Papadopoulos MC, Liu L, Bok D, Nusinowitz S, Chen B, Stella SL, Andre M, Weinreb J, Luong SS, Piri N, Kwong JMK, Newman D, Kurtz I. Severe neurologic impairment in mice with targeted disruption of the electrogenic sodium bicarbonate cotransporter NBCe2 (Slc4a5 gene). J Biol Chem 2011; 286:32563-74. [PMID: 21705333 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.249961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexus lining the four ventricles in the brain is where the majority of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced. The secretory function of the choroid plexus is mediated by specific transport systems that allow the directional flux of nutrients and ions into the CSF and the removal of toxins. Normal CSF dynamics and chemistry ensure that the environment for neural function is optimal. Here, we report that targeted disruption of the Slc4a5 gene encoding the electrogenic sodium bicarbonate cotransporter NBCe2 results in significant remodeling of choroid plexus epithelial cells, including abnormal mitochondrial distribution, cytoskeletal protein expression, and ion transporter polarity. These changes are accompanied by very significant abnormalities in intracerebral ventricle volume, intracranial pressure, and CSF electrolyte levels. The Slc4a5(-/-) mice are significantly more resistant to induction of seizure behavior than wild-type controls. In the retina of Slc4a5(-/-) mice, loss of photoreceptors, ganglion cells, and retinal detachment results in visual impairment assessed by abnormal electroretinogram waveforms. Our findings are the first demonstration of the fundamental importance of NBCe2 in the biology of the nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liyo Kao
- Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
90
|
Rajala K, Pekkanen-Mattila M, Aalto-Setälä K. Cardiac differentiation of pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells Int 2011; 2011:383709. [PMID: 21603143 PMCID: PMC3096314 DOI: 10.4061/2011/383709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of human pluripotent stem cells to differentiate towards the cardiac lineage has attracted significant interest, initially with a strong focus on regenerative medicine. The ultimate goal to repair the heart by cardiomyocyte replacement has, however, proven challenging. Human cardiac differentiation has been difficult to control, but methods are improving, and the process, to a certain extent, can be manipulated and directed. The stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes described to date exhibit rather immature functional and structural characteristics compared to adult cardiomyocytes. Thus, a future challenge will be to develop strategies to reach a higher degree of cardiomyocyte maturation in vitro, to isolate cardiomyocytes from the heterogeneous pool of differentiating cells, as well as to guide the differentiation into the desired subtype, that is, ventricular, atrial, and pacemaker cells. In this paper, we will discuss the strategies for the generation of cardiomyocytes from pluripotent stem cells and their characteristics, as well as highlight some applications for the cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Rajala
- Regea - Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels, Cardiogenesis of Pluripotent Stem Cells, and Enrichment of Pacemaker-Like Cells. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2011; 21:74-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
92
|
Liebau S, Steinestel J, Linta L, Kleger A, Storch A, Schoen M, Steinestel K, Proepper C, Bockmann J, Schmeisser MJ, Boeckers TM. An SK3 channel/nWASP/Abi-1 complex is involved in early neurogenesis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18148. [PMID: 21464958 PMCID: PMC3064656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The stabilization or regulated reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton is essential for cellular structure and function. Recently, we could show that the activation of the SK3-channel that represents the predominant SK-channel in neural stem cells, leads to a rapid local outgrowth of long filopodial processes. This observation indicates that the rearrangement of the actin based cytoskeleton via membrane bound SK3-channels might selectively be controlled in defined micro compartments of the cell. Principal Findings We found two important proteins for cytoskeletal rearrangement, the Abelson interacting protein 1, Abi-1 and the neural Wiskott Aldrich Syndrome Protein, nWASP, to be in complex with SK3- channels in neural stem cells (NSCs). Moreover, this interaction is also found in spines and postsynaptic compartments of developing primary hippocampal neurons and regulates neurite outgrowth during early phases of differentiation. Overexpression of the proteins or pharmacological activation of SK3 channels induces obvious structural changes in NSCs and hippocampal neurons. In both neuronal cell systems SK3 channels and nWASP act synergistic by strongly inducing filopodial outgrowth while Abi-1 behaves antagonistic to its interaction partners. Conclusions Our results give good evidence for a functional interplay of a trimeric complex that transforms incoming signals via SK3-channel activation into the local rearrangement of the cytoskeleton in early steps of neuronal differentiation involving nWASP and Abi-1 actin binding proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Liebau
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Julie Steinestel
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Leonhard Linta
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander Kleger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Max-Planck-Research Group on Stem Cell Aging, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander Storch
- Department of Neurology and Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Schoen
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Konrad Steinestel
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Juergen Bockmann
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Tobias M. Boeckers
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|