51
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Weyrich AS. Platelets: more than a sack of glue. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2014; 2014:400-403. [PMID: 25696885 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2014.1.400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Platelets are primary effector cells in hemostasis. Emerging evidence over the last decade, however, demonstrates that platelets also have critical roles in immunity and inflammation. These nontraditional functions of platelets influence the development, progression, and evolution of numerous diseases, including arthritis, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and infectious syndromes. This chapters reviews recently discovered attributes of platelets that contribute to human disease, paying particular attention to the inflammatory activities of this anucleate cytoplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Weyrich
- Molecular Medicine Program and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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52
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Miyazaki Y, Vieira-de-Abreu A, Harris ES, Shah AM, Weyrich AS, Castro-Faria-Neto HC, Zimmerman GA. Integrin αDβ2 (CD11d/CD18) is expressed by human circulating and tissue myeloid leukocytes and mediates inflammatory signaling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112770. [PMID: 25415295 PMCID: PMC4240710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin α(D)β(2) is the most recently identified member of the leukocyte, or β(2), subfamily of integrin heterodimers. Its distribution and functions on human leukocytes have not been clearly defined and are controversial. We examined these issues and found that α(D)β(2) is prominently expressed by leukocytes in whole blood from healthy human subjects, including most polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes. We also found that α(D)β(2) is displayed by leukocytes in the alveoli of uninjured and inflamed human lungs and by human monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells, indicating broad myeloid expression. Using freshly-isolated human monocytes, we found that α(D)β(2) delivers outside-in signals to pathways that regulate cell spreading and gene expression. Screening expression analysis followed by validation of candidate transcripts demonstrated that engagement of α(D)β(2) induces mRNAs encoding inflammatory chemokines and cytokines and secretion of their protein products. Thus, α(D)β(2) is a major member of the integrin repertoire of both circulating and tissue myeloid leukocytes in humans. Its broad expression and capacity for outside-in signaling indicate that it is likely to have important functions in clinical syndromes of infection, inflammation, and tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunari Miyazaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Adriana Vieira-de-Abreu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States of America
- Laboratório de Immunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundacão Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Estelle S. Harris
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States of America
| | - Amrapali M. Shah
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States of America
| | - Andrew S. Weyrich
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States of America
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States of America
| | - Hugo C. Castro-Faria-Neto
- Laboratório de Immunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundacão Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guy A. Zimmerman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States of America
- Laboratório de Immunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundacão Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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53
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Lee KR, Lee JS, Song JE, Ha SJ, Hong EK. Inonotus obliquus-derived polysaccharide inhibits the migration and invasion of human non-small cell lung carcinoma cells via suppression of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:2533-40. [PMID: 25270791 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides isolated from the fruiting body of Inonotus obliquus (PFIO) are known to possess various pharmacological properties including antitumor activity. However, the anti-metastatic effect and its underlying mechanistic signaling pathway involved these polysaccharides in human non-small cell lung carcinoma remain unknown. The present study therefore aimed to determine the anti-metastatic potential and signaling pathways of PFIO in the highly metastatic A549 cells. We found that PFIO suppressed the migration and invasive ability of A549 cells while decreasing the expression levels and activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9. Furthermore, PFIO decreased the phosphorylation levels of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) as well as the expression level of COX-2, and inhibited the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) in A549 cells. These results suggested that PFIO could suppress the invasion and migration of human lung carcinoma by reducing the expression levels and activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 via suppression of MAPKs, PI3K/AKT, and NF-κB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Rim Lee
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seok Lee
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Song
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Jin Ha
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Eock Kee Hong
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea
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Hottz ED, Medeiros-de-Moraes IM, Vieira-de-Abreu A, de Assis EF, Vals-de-Souza R, Castro-Faria-Neto HC, Weyrich AS, Zimmerman GA, Bozza FA, Bozza PT. Platelet activation and apoptosis modulate monocyte inflammatory responses in dengue. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1864-72. [PMID: 25015827 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dengue is the most prevalent human arbovirus disease in the world. Dengue infection has a large spectrum of clinical manifestations, from self-limited febrile illness to severe syndromes accompanied by bleeding and shock. Thrombocytopenia and vascular leak with altered cytokine profiles in plasma are features of severe dengue. Although monocytes have been recognized as important sources of cytokines in dengue, the contributions of platelet-monocyte interactions to inflammatory responses in dengue have not been addressed. Patients with dengue were investigated for platelet-monocyte aggregate formation. Platelet-induced cytokine responses by monocytes and underlying mechanisms were also investigated in vitro. We observed increased levels of platelet-monocyte aggregates in blood samples from patients with dengue, especially patients with thrombocytopenia and increased vascular permeability. Moreover, the exposure of monocytes from healthy volunteers to platelets from patients with dengue induced the secretion of the cytokines IL-1β, IL-8, IL-10 and MCP-1, whereas exposure to platelets from healthy volunteers only induced the secretion of MCP-1. In addition to the well-established modulation of monocyte cytokine responses by activated platelets through P-selectin binding, we found that interaction of monocytes with apoptotic platelets mediate IL-10 secretion through phosphatidylserine recognition in platelet-monocyte aggregates. Moreover, IL-10 secretion required platelet-monocyte contact but not phagocytosis. Together, our results demonstrate that activated and apoptotic platelets aggregate with monocytes during dengue infection and signal specific cytokine responses that may contribute to the pathogenesis of dengue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio D Hottz
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil; Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Isabel M Medeiros-de-Moraes
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Adriana Vieira-de-Abreu
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil; Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Edson F de Assis
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Rogério Vals-de-Souza
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Hugo C Castro-Faria-Neto
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Andrew S Weyrich
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112; Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112; and
| | - Guy A Zimmerman
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil; Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Fernando A Bozza
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; Instituto D'Or de Pesquisa e Ensino, Rio de Janeiro 22281-110, Brazil
| | - Patrícia T Bozza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil;
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Synthesis of sFlt-1 by platelet-monocyte aggregates contributes to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014; 210:547.e1-7. [PMID: 24440566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2014.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase (sFlt-1) is an important mediator in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. We sought to determine whether platelet-monocyte aggregates (PMAs) produced sFlt-1 and whether PMAs contributed to sFlt-1 production in preeclampsia. STUDY DESIGN This was a case-control study of sFlt-1 release from PMAs using blood samples from women with preeclampsia matched by gestational age to pregnant controls. A third group of nonpregnant, reproductive-age women comprised an additional control group. Experiments were also performed using blood from nonpregnant women to elucidate whether inducing PMAs could stimulate sFlt-1 production and, if so, to determine the necessary receptors and pathways. RESULTS Women with preeclampsia had increased total Flt-1 concentrations in platelets and monocytes at baseline compared with pregnant controls (25 vs 10 pg/mL, P = .0003). sFlt-1 production was elicited from monocytes incubated with thrombin-activated platelets from nonpregnant women. sFlt-1 production was regulated at the transcriptional level by p38 and nuclear factor-κB-dependent pathways. CONCLUSION Activated platelets in preeclampsia bind monocytes to generate sFlt-1. PMAs are a previously unrecognized source of sFlt-1 that may contribute to endothelial dysfunction and systemic inflammation commonly observed in preeclampsia.
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56
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Guillem-Llobat P, Dovizio M, Alberti S, Bruno A, Patrignani P. Platelets, Cyclooxygenases, and Colon Cancer. Semin Oncol 2014; 41:385-96. [DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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57
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Platelets protect from septic shock by inhibiting macrophage-dependent inflammation via the cyclooxygenase 1 signalling pathway. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2657. [PMID: 24150174 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it has long been known that patients with sepsis often have thrombocytopenia and that septic patients with severe thrombocytopenia have a poor prognosis and higher mortality, the role of platelets in the pathogenesis of sepsis is poorly understood. Here we report a protective role of platelets in septic shock. We show that experimental thrombocytopenia induced by intraperitoneal injection of an anti-glycoprotein Ibα monoclonal antibody increases mortality and aggravates organ failure, whereas transfusion of platelets reduces mortality in lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemia and a bacterial infusion mouse sepsis model. Plasma concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 are elevated by thrombocytopenia and decreased by platelet transfusion in septic mice. Furthermore, we identify that platelets protect from septic shock by inhibiting macrophage-dependent inflammation via the COX1/PGE₂/EP4-dependent pathway. Thus, these findings demonstrate a previously unappreciated role for platelets in septic shock and suggest that platelet transfusion may be effective in treating severely septic patients.
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58
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Mangal D, Uboh CE, Soma LR, Liu Y. Inhibitory effect of triamcinolone acetonide on synthesis of inflammatory mediators in the equine. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 736:1-9. [PMID: 24751711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (corticosteroids) are widely used anti-inflammatory agents in veterinary medical practice. These drugs are considered doping agents because they mask pain and thus, increase injury potential in equine athletes. They exhibit anti-inflammatory property by binding to glucocorticoids receptor (GR) to control the transcription of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes involved in the synthesis of bioactive eicosanoids. To evaluate the role of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) on concentrations of bioactive eicosanoids in equine plasma, TA (0.04 mg/kg) was intravenously administered to horses. Before (0 h) and after TA administration, equine whole blood (EWB) samples were collected and challenged with either methanol (vehicle), calcium ionophore A-23187 (CI) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to stimulate ex-vivo synthesis of eicosanoids. Plasma concentrations of eicosanoids were quantified using LC-MS/MRM. Results showed that thromboxane B2 (TXB2) was not affected by TA administration when EWB was stimulated with CI. However, after LPS treatment, TXB2, PGE2, PGF2α and 15-(s)-HETE decreased during 2-8 h post-TA administration but recovered to concentrations which were not significantly different from those of pre-TA administration (0 h), after 24 h. When EWB was treated with CI, LTB4 was suppressed post-TA administration compared to 0 h. When EWB collected after TA administration was stimulated with LPS, LTB4 was not significantly different from those of 0 h. Administration of a therapeutic dose of TA (0.04 mg/kg, iv) in the horse suppressed biosynthesis of bioactive eicosanoids indicating the anti-inflammatory role of TA in the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipti Mangal
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
| | - Cornelius E Uboh
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA; PA Equine Toxicology and Research Center, West Chester University, Department of Chemistry, 220 East Rosedale Avenue, West Chester, PA 19382, USA.
| | - Lawrence R Soma
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
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Fuentes E, Rojas A, Palomo I. Role of multiligand/RAGE axis in platelet activation. Thromb Res 2014; 133:308-14. [PMID: 24296115 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the context of plaque progression, platelet hyperactivity associated with hyperlipidemia contributes to the development of a pro-thrombotic state. In this context, it has been demonstrated that advanced glycation end products (AGEs) significantly increases platelet activation and receptor for AGEs (RAGE) expression at the platelet surface membrane. In addition to AGEs, other ligands (S100, HMGB1 and amyloid β, among others) of RAGE have raised particular attention in platelet activation. Therefore, in this article we describe platelet hyperactivity by AGEs via RAGE-independent and RAGE-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Fuentes
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEI-ES), Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile; Centro de Estudios en Alimentos Procesados (CEAP), CONICYT-Regional, Gore Maule, R09I2001, Talca, Chile
| | - Armando Rojas
- Biomedical Research Laboratories, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile.
| | - Iván Palomo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEI-ES), Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile; Centro de Estudios en Alimentos Procesados (CEAP), CONICYT-Regional, Gore Maule, R09I2001, Talca, Chile.
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Abstract
Despite their small size and anucleate status, platelets have diverse roles in vascular biology. Not only are platelets the cellular mediator of thrombosis, but platelets are also immune cells that initiate and accelerate many vascular inflammatory conditions. Platelets are linked to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, malaria infection, transplant rejection, and rheumatoid arthritis. In some contexts, platelet immune functions are protective, whereas in others platelets contribute to adverse inflammatory outcomes. In this review, we will discuss platelet and platelet-derived mediator interactions with the innate and acquired arms of the immune system and platelet-vessel wall interactions that drive inflammatory disease. There have been many recent publications indicating both important protective and adverse roles for platelets in infectious disease. Because of this new accumulating data, and the fact that infectious disease continues to be a leading cause of death globally, we will also focus on new and emerging concepts related to platelet immune and inflammatory functions in the context of infectious disease.
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Dovizio M, Alberti S, Guillem-Llobat P, Patrignani P. Role of Platelets in Inflammation and Cancer: Novel Therapeutic Strategies. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 114:118-27. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melania Dovizio
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging; Section of Cardiovascular and Pharmacological Sciences, and Center of Excellence on Aging (CeSI), “G. d'Annunzio” University; Chieti Italy
| | - Sara Alberti
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging; Section of Cardiovascular and Pharmacological Sciences, and Center of Excellence on Aging (CeSI), “G. d'Annunzio” University; Chieti Italy
| | - Paloma Guillem-Llobat
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging; Section of Cardiovascular and Pharmacological Sciences, and Center of Excellence on Aging (CeSI), “G. d'Annunzio” University; Chieti Italy
| | - Paola Patrignani
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging; Section of Cardiovascular and Pharmacological Sciences, and Center of Excellence on Aging (CeSI), “G. d'Annunzio” University; Chieti Italy
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62
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Choe KS, Liauw SL. Effects of aspirin on cancer initiation and progression. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2013; 13:115-7. [PMID: 23406550 DOI: 10.1586/era.12.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Rondina MT, Weyrich AS, Zimmerman GA. Platelets as cellular effectors of inflammation in vascular diseases. Circ Res 2013; 112:1506-19. [PMID: 23704217 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.113.300512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Platelets are chief effector cells in hemostasis. In addition, they are multifaceted inflammatory cells with functions that span the continuum from innate immune responses to adaptive immunity. Activated platelets have key thromboinflammatory activities in a variety of vascular disorders and vasculopathies. Recently identified inflammatory and immune activities provide insights into the biology of these versatile blood cells that are directly relevant to human vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Rondina
- Department of Medicine and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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64
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Shantsila E, Montoro-Garcia S, Lip GYH. Monocytes circulate in constant reversible interaction with platelets in a [Ca2+]-dependent manner. Platelets 2013; 25:197-201. [DOI: 10.3109/09537104.2013.784248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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65
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Dovizio M, Maier TJ, Alberti S, Di Francesco L, Marcantoni E, Münch G, John CM, Suess B, Sgambato A, Steinhilber D, Patrignani P. Pharmacological inhibition of platelet-tumor cell cross-talk prevents platelet-induced overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 in HT29 human colon carcinoma cells. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 84:25-40. [PMID: 23580446 PMCID: PMC11037430 DOI: 10.1124/mol.113.084988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2-derived prostanoids can influence several processes that are linked to carcinogenesis. We aimed to address the hypothesis that platelets contribute to aberrant COX-2 expression in HT29 colon carcinoma cells and to reveal the role of platelet-induced COX-2 on the expression of proteins involved in malignancy and marker genes of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Human platelets cocultured with HT29 cells rapidly adhered to cancer cells and induced COX-2 mRNA expression, but not protein synthesis, which required the late release of platelet-derived growth factor and COX-2 mRNA stabilization. Platelet-induced COX-2-dependent prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis in HT29 cells was involved in the downregulation of p21(WAF1/CIP1) and the upregulation of cyclinB1 since these effects were prevented by rofecoxib (a selective COX-2 inhibitor) and rescued by exogenous PGE2. Galectin-3, which is highly expressed in HT29 cells, is unique among galectins because it contains a collagen-like domain. Thus, we studied the role of galectin-3 and platelet collagen receptors in platelet-induced COX-2 overexpression. Inhibitors of galectin-3 function (β-lactose, a dominant-negative form of galectin-3, Gal-3C, and anti-galectin-3 antibody M3/38) or collagen receptor-mediated platelet adhesion (revacept, a dimeric platelet collagen receptor GPVI-Fc) prevented aberrant COX-2 expression. Inhibition of platelet-cancer cell interaction by revacept was more effective than rofecoxib in preventing platelet-induced mRNA changes of EMT markers, suggesting that direct cell-cell contact and aberrant COX-2 expression synergistically induced gene expression modifications associated with EMT. In conclusion, our findings provide the rationale for testing blockers of collagen binding sites, such as revacept, and galectin-3 inhibitors in the prevention of colon cancer metastasis in animal models, followed by studies in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Dovizio
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging and Center of Excellence on Aging (CeSI), G. d'Annunzio University, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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Atukorala I, Hunter DJ. Valdecoxib: the rise and fall of a COX-2 inhibitor. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2013; 14:1077-86. [DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2013.783568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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67
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68
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Dixon DA, Blanco FF, Bruno A, Patrignani P. Mechanistic aspects of COX-2 expression in colorectal neoplasia. Recent Results Cancer Res 2013; 191:7-37. [PMID: 22893198 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-30331-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme catalyzes the rate-limiting step of prostaglandin formation in pathogenic states and a large amount of evidence has demonstrated constitutive COX-2 expression to be a contributing factor promoting colorectal cancer (CRC). Various genetic, epigenetic, and inflammatory pathways have been identified to be involved in the etiology and development of CRC. Alteration in these pathways can influence COX-2 expression at multiple stages of colon carcinogenesis allowing for elevated prostanoid biosynthesis to occur in the tumor microenvironment. In normal cells, COX-2 expression levels are potently regulated at the post-transcriptional level through various RNA sequence elements present within the mRNA 3' untranslated region (3'UTR). A conserved AU-rich element (ARE) functions to target COX-2 mRNA for rapid decay and translational inhibition through association with various RNA-binding proteins to influence the fate of COX-2 mRNA. Specific microRNAs (miRNAs) bind regions within the COX-2 3'UTR and control COX-2 expression. In this chapter, we discuss novel insights in the mechanisms of altered post-transcriptional regulation of COX-2 in CRC and how this knowledge may be used to develop novel strategies for cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan A Dixon
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas, KS 66106, USA.
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69
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Dovizio M, Bruno A, Tacconelli S, Patrignani P. Mode of action of aspirin as a chemopreventive agent. Recent Results Cancer Res 2013; 191:39-65. [PMID: 22893199 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-30331-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aspirin taken for several years at doses of at least 75 mg daily reduced long-term incidence and mortality due to colorectal cancer. The finding of aspirin benefit at low-doses given once daily, used for cardioprevention, locates the antiplatelet effect of aspirin at the center of its antitumor efficacy. In fact, at low-doses, aspirin acts mainly by an irreversible inactivation of platelet cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 in the presystemic circulation, which translates into a long-lasting inhibition of platelet function. Given the short half-life of aspirin in the human circulation(approximately 20 min) and the capacity of nucleated cells to resynthesize the acetylated COX-isozyme(s), it seems unlikely that a nucleated cell could be the target of aspirin chemoprevention. These findings convincingly suggest that colorectal cancer and atherothrombosis may share a common mechanism of disease, i.e. platelet activation in response to epithelial(in tumorigenesis) and endothelial(in tumorigenesis and atherothrombosis) injury. Activated platelets may also enhance the metastatic potential of cancer cells (through a direct interaction and/or the release of soluble mediators or exosomes) at least in part by inducing the overexpression of COX-2. COX-independent mechanisms of aspirin, such as the inhibition of NF-kB signaling and Wnt/β-catenin signaling and the acetylation of extra-COX proteins, have been suggested to play a role in its chemopreventive effects. However, their relevance remains to be demonstrated in vivo at clinical doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Dovizio
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, G. d'Annunzio University, School of Medicine, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti, Italy
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70
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Clinical Implications of Platelet—Vessel Interaction. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2012; 6:310-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s12265-012-9441-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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71
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Abstract
Platelets and the lungs have an intimate relationship. Platelets are anucleate mammalian blood cells that continuously circulate through pulmonary vessels and that have major effector activities in hemostasis and inflammation. The lungs are reservoirs for megakaryocytes, the requisite precursor cell in thrombopoiesis, which is the intricate process by which platelets are generated. Platelets contribute to basal barrier integrity of the alveolar capillaries, which selectively restricts the transfer of water, proteins, and red blood cells out of the vessels. Platelets also contribute to pulmonary vascular repair. Although platelets bolster hemostatic and inflammatory defense of the healthy lung, experimental evidence and clinical evidence indicate that these blood cells are effectors of injury in a variety of pulmonary disorders and syndromes. Newly discovered biological capacities of platelets are being explored in the context of lung defense, disease, and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S. Weyrich
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Guy A. Zimmerman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
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72
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Berthet J, Damien P, Hamzeh-Cognasse H, Arthaud CA, Eyraud MA, Zéni F, Pozzetto B, McNicol A, Garraud O, Cognasse F. Human platelets can discriminate between various bacterial LPS isoforms via TLR4 signaling and differential cytokine secretion. Clin Immunol 2012; 145:189-200. [PMID: 23108090 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Platelets are currently acknowledged as cells of innate immunity and inflammation and play a complex role in sepsis. We examined whether different types of LPS have different effects on the release of soluble signaling/effective molecules from platelets. We used platelet-rich plasma from healthy volunteers and LPS from two strains of gram-negative bacteria with disparate LPS structures. We combined LPS-stimulated platelet supernatants with reporter cells and measured the PBMC cytokine secretion profiles. Upon stimulation of platelets with both Escherichia coli O111 and Salmonella minnesota LPS, the platelet LPS::TLR4 interaction activated pathways to trigger the production of a large number of molecules. The different platelet supernatants caused differential PBMC secretion of IL-6, TNFα, and IL-8. Our data demonstrate that platelets have the capacity to sense external signals differentially through a single type of pathogen recognition receptor and adjust the innate immune response appropriately for pathogens exhibiting different types of 'danger' signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Berthet
- Université de Lyon, F-42023, GIMAP, EA3064, Saint-Etienne, France
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73
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Bruno A, Dovizio M, Tacconelli S, Patrignani P. Mechanisms of the antitumoural effects of aspirin in the gastrointestinal tract. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2012. [PMID: 23199511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A recent clinical study showed that after five years of taking aspirin, at doses of at least 75 mg once daily, death rates were 54% less for gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. The finding of aspirin benefit at low-doses used for cardioprevention, locates the antiplatelet effect of aspirin at the centre of its antitumour efficacy. At low-doses, aspirin acts mainly by an irreversible inactivation of platelet cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 activity. We propose that platelet activation is involved in the early stages of colorectal carcinogenesis in man through the induction of a COX-2-mediated paracrine signalling between stromal cells and epithelial cells within adenomas. In this scenario, aspirin causes a chemopreventive effect by countering platelet activation which seems to play a role in early event in GI tumourigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Bruno
- Department of Medicine and Aging, G. d'Annunzio University, School of Medicine, Italy
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74
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Abstract
Clinical guidelines for prophylactic aspirin use currently only consider the cardiovascular benefits of aspirin, weighed against the potential harm from aspirin-induced bleeding. Daily aspirin use has been convincingly shown to reduce the risk of colorectal cancer and recurrence of adenomatous polyps, but in average-risk populations, these benefits alone do not outweigh harms from aspirin-induced bleeding. Recently published secondary analyses of cardiovascular trials provide the first randomized evidence that daily aspirin use may also reduce the incidence of all cancers combined, even at low doses (75-100 mg daily). This Review considers the general mechanism of action that defines aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as a class, the specific advantages of aspirin over other NSAIDs for prophylactic use, the current evidence concerning the main health outcomes affected by aspirin use, and the hypothesis that inhibition of platelet activation may mediate both the cardioprotective and cancer-preventive effects of low-dose aspirin. It also considers how even a 10% reduction in overall cancer incidence beginning during the first 10 years of treatment could tip the balance of benefits and risks favourably in average-risk populations.
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75
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Totani L, Dell'Elba G, Martelli N, Di Santo A, Piccoli A, Amore C, Evangelista V. Prasugrel inhibits platelet-leukocyte interaction and reduces inflammatory markers in a model of endotoxic shock in the mouse. Thromb Haemost 2012; 107:1130-40. [PMID: 22436970 DOI: 10.1160/th11-12-0867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Prasugrel, through its active metabolite, reduces atherothrombosis and its clinical manifestations by inhibiting platelet activation and aggregation. Platelets also contribute to inflammation through interaction with different classes of leukocytes. We investigated whether the inhibitory effect of prasugrel on platelets also counteract inflammatory responses. The effect of prasugrel active metabolite, R-138727, was investigated on platelet P-selectin expression, platelet adhesion to polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and monocytes (MN) and Mac-1 expression in PMN and MN, in vitro, in human cells. The ex vivo effect of prasugrel administration on P-selectin, thromboxane (TXB)2 formation, platelet-PMN conjugates and Mac-1 expression in PMN triggered by PAR-4 agonist peptide was examined in whole blood from healthy mice as well as from mice in which an acute inflammatory reaction was induced by treatment with endotoxin. The effect of prasugrel on inflammatory markers in endotoxin-treated animals was also tested in vivo. R-138727 inhibited agonist-stimulated expression of platelet P-selectin, platelet-PMN and platelet-MN adhesion and platelet-dependent Mac-1 expression in leukocytes. Addition of aspirin did not modify the inhibitory effect elicited by R-138727. Treatment of mice with prasugrel resulted in a profound inhibition of platelet P-selectin expression, TXB2 production, platelet-PMN adhesion and Mac-1 expression in PMN induced by ex vivo stimulation with PAR-4 agonist peptide of whole blood from healthy or endotoxin-treated mice. Measurement of markers revealed that prasugrel reduced TXB2 and tumour necrosis factor-α synthesis and increased nitric oxide metabolites in endotoxin-treated mice in vivo. In conclusion, prasugrel reduces platelet interactions with PMN and MN. Through these effects prasugrel may curb platelet-mediated inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licia Totani
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Pharmacology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Via Nazionale 8/A, 66030 Santa Maria Imbaro, Italy
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76
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Marcantoni E, Di Francesco L, Totani L, Piccoli A, Evangelista V, Tacconelli S, Patrignani P. Effects of estrogen on endothelial prostanoid production and cyclooxygenase-2 and heme oxygenase-1 expression. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2012; 98:122-8. [PMID: 22330859 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effects of 17β-estradiol (E₂) (10, 40 nM) on 2 vasoprotective pathways, i.e. cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-dependent prostanoids and the antioxidant heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) exposed for 6h to steady laminar shear stress (LSS, 10 dyn/cm²), characteristic of atherosclerotic lesion-protected areas. COX-2 was induced by LSS versus static condition (SC). E₂ did not significantly affect COX-2 expression in HUVEC cultured in SC or exposed to LSS. Prostacyclin (PGI₂) and prostaglandin (PG)E₂ were induced while PGF(2α) was reduced by LSS. E₂ caused no effect or a small reduction of prostanoid biosynthesis. In HUVEC cultured in SC or exposed to LSS, E₂ 10 nM caused a comparable HO-1 induction (35-45%) while E₂ 40 nM was 5-fold more potent in LSS-exposed HUVEC than in SC (290% and 58%, respectively). PGI₂ receptor antagonist RO3244794 did not affect HO-1 induction by E₂. In conclusion, E₂ may restrain oxidant stress in the endothelium through HO-1 induction by a mechanism independent on PGI₂ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Marcantoni
- Department of Medicine and Aging, "G. d'Annunzio" University, School of Medicine, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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77
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McGettigan P, Lincz LF, Attia J, McElduff P, Bissett L, Peel R, Stokes B, Hancock S, Henderson K, Seldon M, Henry D. The risk of coronary thrombosis with cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors does not vary with polymorphisms in two regions of the cyclo-oxygenase-2 gene. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 72:707-14. [PMID: 21371074 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.03957.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To investigate whether polymorphisms of the cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene modify the adverse cardiovascular effects of COX-2 inhibitors. METHODS A case control study was conducted in the Hunter Region of New South Wales, Australia. Cases (n= 460) were hospitalized with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Controls (n= 640) were recruited from the electoral rolls. Structured interviews gathered information on variables including recent ingestion of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Targeted genotyping of rs 20417(G > C) and rs5275 (T > C) polymorphisms was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction using allele-specific probes. RESULTS Ingestion of any NSAID in the week prior to interview was associated with an elevated risk for ACS: adjusted odds ratio 1.8 (1.2, 2.5). The rs 20417 and rs 5275 polymorphisms were not singly associated with risk for ACS: adjusted odds ratios 1.1 (0.80, 1.5) and 1.2 (0.88, 1.5), respectively. Individually, the polymorphisms did not modify the risk of ACS with the drugs. When analyses were conducted by haplotype, the adjusted odds ratio with celecoxib or rofecoxib in individuals who had one or two copies of the 'low risk' haplotype (no GT) was 1.2 (0.29, 5.0), compared with 2.1 (1.1, 4.0) with the 'high risk' haplotype (one or two copies of GT). CONCLUSIONS We found little evidence of a gene/drug interaction. We found a statistically non-significant trend toward a lower risk of coronary events with NSAIDs in the presence of the 'low risk' haplotype. Even if confirmed, the clinical utility of the finding would be limited as this haplotype is carried by a minority of the population.
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78
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Young LE, Moore AE, Sokol L, Meisner-Kober N, Dixon DA. The mRNA stability factor HuR inhibits microRNA-16 targeting of COX-2. Mol Cancer Res 2011; 10:167-80. [PMID: 22049153 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-11-0337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Commonly observed in colorectal cancer is the elevated expression of the prostaglandin (PG) synthase COX-2. In normal intestinal epithelium, the COX-2 mRNA is targeted for rapid decay through the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) adenylate- and uridylate (AU)-rich element (ARE), whereas in tumors ARE-mediated decay is compromised. Here we show that the COX-2 ARE can mediate degradation through microRNA (miRNA)-mediated regulation. We identified miR-16 to bind the COX-2 3'-UTR and inhibit COX-2 expression by promoting rapid mRNA decay. In colorectal cancer cells and tumors, miR-16 levels were decreased approximately twofold and miR-16 expression in cancer cells attenuated COX-2 expression and PG synthesis. The COX-2 ARE is also bound by the RNA-binding protein HuR. In colorectal cancer tumors, HuR is overexpressed and localized within the cytoplasm, where it promotes ARE-mRNA stabilization. Under conditions of HuR overexpression, miR-16 was unable to promote rapid mRNA decay through the COX-2 ARE. Ribonucleoprotein immunoprecipitation of HuR showed direct association with miR-16 that was reversed when cytoplasmic trafficking of HuR was inhibited. Furthermore, this interaction between HuR and miR-16 promoted the downregulation of miR-16. These new results identify miR-16 as a central posttranscriptional regulator of COX-2 and show the ability of elevated levels of HuR to antagonize miR-16 function. Along with insight into altered ARE-mediated mRNA decay observed in colorectal cancer, these findings provide a new explanation for tumor-derived loss of miR-16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa E Young
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Colon Cancer Research, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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79
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Davalos D, Akassoglou K. Fibrinogen as a key regulator of inflammation in disease. Semin Immunopathol 2011; 34:43-62. [PMID: 22037947 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-011-0290-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 620] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of coagulation factors with the perivascular environment affects the development of disease in ways that extend beyond their traditional roles in the acute hemostatic cascade. Key molecular players of the coagulation cascade like tissue factor, thrombin, and fibrinogen are epidemiologically and mechanistically linked with diseases with an inflammatory component. Moreover, the identification of novel molecular mechanisms linking coagulation and inflammation has highlighted factors of the coagulation cascade as new targets for therapeutic intervention in a wide range of inflammatory human diseases. In particular, a proinflammatory role for fibrinogen has been reported in vascular wall disease, stroke, spinal cord injury, brain trauma, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, bacterial infection, colitis, lung and kidney fibrosis, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and several types of cancer. Genetic and pharmacologic studies have unraveled pivotal roles for fibrinogen in determining the extent of local or systemic inflammation. As cellular and molecular mechanisms for fibrinogen functions in tissues are identified, the role of fibrinogen is evolving from a marker of vascular rapture to a multi-faceted signaling molecule with a wide spectrum of functions that can tip the balance between hemostasis and thrombosis, coagulation and fibrosis, protection from infection and extensive inflammation, and eventually life and death. This review will discuss some of the main molecular links between coagulation and inflammation and will focus on the role of fibrinogen in inflammatory disease highlighting its unique structural properties, cellular targets, and signal transduction pathways that make it a potent proinflammatory mediator and a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Davalos
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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80
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Passacquale G, Vamadevan P, Pereira L, Hamid C, Corrigall V, Ferro A. Monocyte-platelet interaction induces a pro-inflammatory phenotype in circulating monocytes. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25595. [PMID: 22022418 PMCID: PMC3192052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Activated platelets exert a pro-inflammatory action that can be largely ascribed to their ability to interact with leukocytes and modulate their activity. We hypothesized that platelet activation and consequent formation of monocyte-platelet aggregates (MPA) induces a pro-inflammatory phenotype in circulating monocytes. Methodology/Principal Findings CD62P+ platelets and MPA were measured, and monocytes characterized, by whole blood flow cytometry in healthy subjects, before and two days after receiving influenza immunization. Three monocytic subsets were identified: CD14+CD16−, CD14highCD16+and CD14lowCD16+. The increase in high sensitivity C-reactive protein post-immunization was accompanied by increased platelet activation and MPA formation (25.02±12.57 vs 41.48±16.81; p = 0.01), along with enhancement of circulating CD14highCD16+ cells (4.7±3.6 vs 10.4±4.8; p = 0.003), their percentage being linearly related to levels of CD62P+-platelets (r2 = 0.4347; p = 0.0008). In separate in vitro experiments, co-incubation of CD14+CD16− cells, isolated from healthy donor subjects, with autologous platelets gave rise to up-regulation of CD16 on monocytes as compared with those maintained in medium alone (% change in CD14+CD16+ cells following 48 h co-incubation of monocytes with platelets was +106±51% vs monocytes in medium alone; p<0.001). This effect correlated directly with degree of MPA formation (r2 = 0.7731; p<0.0001) and was associated with increased monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) blocking antibody, which abrogates MPA formation, abolished these effects, as did the cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 selective inhibitor NS-398, aspirin and the EP1/EP2-selective antagonist AH6809. Conclusions/Significance These data suggest that MPA formation, as occurs in the blood under pro-inflammatory conditions, expands the pool of circulating CD14highCD16+ monocytes in a COX-2 dependent manner, and these monocytes exhibit increased adhesion to endothelium. Our findings delineate a novel mechanism underlying the pro-inflammatory effect of platelet activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Passacquale
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Padman Vamadevan
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luis Pereira
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Colleen Hamid
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie Corrigall
- Academic Department of Rheumatology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Albert Ferro
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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81
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Vieira-de-Abreu A, Campbell RA, Weyrich AS, Zimmerman GA. Platelets: versatile effector cells in hemostasis, inflammation, and the immune continuum. Semin Immunopathol 2011; 34:5-30. [PMID: 21818701 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-011-0286-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Platelets are chief effector cells in hemostasis. In addition, however, their specializations include activities and intercellular interactions that make them key effectors in inflammation and in the continuum of innate and adaptive immunity. This review focuses on the immune features of human platelets and platelets from experimental animals and on interactions between inflammatory, immune, and hemostatic activities of these anucleate but complex and versatile cells. The experimental findings and evidence for physiologic immune functions include previously unrecognized biologic characteristics of platelets and are paralleled by new evidence for unique roles of platelets in inflammatory, immune, and thrombotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Vieira-de-Abreu
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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82
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Di Santo A, Amore C, Dell'Elba G, Manarini S, Evangelista V. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 negatively regulates tissue factor expression in monocytes interacting with activated platelets. J Thromb Haemost 2011; 9:1029-39. [PMID: 21320285 PMCID: PMC3091995 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04236.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND At the site of vascular injury, monocytes (MN) interacting with activated platelets (PLT) synthesize tissue factor (TF) and promote thrombus formation. Intracellular signals necessary for the expression of TF in MN, in the context of a developing thrombus, remain unknown. OBJECTIVE The study was designed to investigate the role of the glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3, a serine-threonine kinase) downstream insulin receptor pathway, in PLT-induced TF expression in MN. METHODS To this purpose we used a well-characterized in vitro model of human MN-PLT interactions that allows detailed analysis of TF activity, TF protein and gene expression. RESULTS The results demonstrated that, in MN interacting with activated PLT: (i) TF activity, antigen and mRNA were low until 8-10 h and dramatically increased thereafter, up to 24 h; (ii) according to the kinetics of TF expression in MN, GSK3β undergoes phosphorylation on serine 9, a process associated with down-regulation of enzyme activity; (iii) pharmacological blockade of GSK3 further increased TF expression and was accompanied by increased accumulation of NF-kB, in the nucleus; (iv) blockade of phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI(3)K) by wortmannin inhibited PLT-induced TF expression; and (v) according to the established role of the GSK3 downstream insulin receptor, insulin increased PLT-induced TF expression in a PI(3)K-dependent manner. CONCLUSION GSK3 acts as a molecular brake on the signaling pathway, leading to TF expression in MN interacting with activated PLT. PI(3)K, through Akt-dependent phosphorylation of GSK3, relieves this brake and allows TF gene expression. This study identifies a novel molecular link between thrombotic risk and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Di Santo
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Pharmacology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Italy
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83
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Kaplan ZS, Jackson SP. The role of platelets in atherothrombosis. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2011; 2011:51-61. [PMID: 22160012 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2011.1.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Platelets have evolved highly specialized adhesion mechanisms that enable cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions throughout the entire vasculature irrespective of the prevailing hemodynamic conditions. This unique property of platelets is critical for their ability to arrest bleeding and promote vessel repair. Platelet adhesion under conditions of high shear stress, as occurs in stenotic atherosclerotic arteries, is central to the development of arterial thrombosis; therefore, precise control of platelet adhesion must occur to maintain blood fluidity and to prevent thrombotic or hemorrhagic complications. Whereas the central role of platelets in hemostasis and thrombosis has long been recognized and well defined, there is now a major body of evidence supporting an important proinflammatory function for platelets that is linked to host defense and a variety of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. In the context of the vasculature, experimental evidence indicates that the proinflammatory function of platelets can regulate various aspects of the atherosclerotic process, including its initiation and propagation. The mechanisms underlying the proatherogenic function of platelets are increasingly well defined and involve specific adhesive interactions between platelets and endothelial cells at atherosclerotic-prone sites, leading to the enhanced recruitment and activation of leukocytes. Through the release of chemokines, proinflammatory molecules, and other biological response modulators, the interaction among platelets, endothelial cells, and leukocytes establishes a localized inflammatory response that accelerates atherosclerosis. These inflammatory processes typically occur in regions of the vasculature experiencing low shear and perturbed blood flow, a permissive environment for leukocyte-platelet and leukocyte-endothelial interactions. Therefore, the concept has emerged that platelets are a central element of the atherothrombotic process and that future therapeutic strategies to combat this disease need to take into consideration both the prothrombotic and proinflammatory function of platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane S Kaplan
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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84
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The Pathophysiological Relevance of Monocyte-platelet Interactions in Inflammatory Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecm.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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85
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Totani L, Evangelista V. Platelet-leukocyte interactions in cardiovascular disease and beyond. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:2357-61. [PMID: 21071701 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.207480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-leukocyte interactions define a basic cell process that is characterized by the exchange of signals between platelets and different types of leukocytes and that bridges 2 fundamental pathophysiological events: atherothrombosis and inflammatory immune reactions. When this process takes place at the site of atherosclerotic plaque development or at the site of endothelial injury, platelet-dependent leukocyte recruitment and activation contributes to the inflammatory reaction of the vessel wall, which accounts for the exacerbation of atherosclerosis and for intimal hyperplasia and plaque instability. Moreover, platelet-leukocyte interactions may have a key role in modulating a wide array of responses of both the innate and adaptive immune systems, thus contributing to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases and tissue damage, as well as to host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licia Totani
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Pharmacology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Via Nazionale 8/A, 66030 Santa Maria Imbaro, Italy
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86
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Smith TL, Weyrich AS. Platelets as central mediators of systemic inflammatory responses. Thromb Res 2010; 127:391-4. [PMID: 21074247 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2010.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Systemic inflammatory responses are associated with high morbidity and mortality and represent a diverse and clinically challenging group of diseases. Platelets are increasingly linked to inflammation, in addition to their well-known roles in hemostasis and thrombosis. There is agreement that traditional functions of platelets, including adherence, aggregation, and secretion of preformed mediators, contribute to systemic inflammatory responses. However, emerging evidence indicates that platelets function in non-traditional ways. In this review, we focus on new functions of platelets that may be involved in the host response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy L Smith
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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87
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Franks ZG, Campbell RA, Weyrich AS, Rondina MT. Platelet-leukocyte interactions link inflammatory and thromboembolic events in ischemic stroke. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1207:11-7. [PMID: 20955420 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05733.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a common and often fatal event, and, in survivors, it is accompanied by a high risk of recurrence. Ischemic stroke is associated with abnormal platelet activity and thrombus formation. In addition to their roles in the development of acute thrombi, platelets serve as a bridge for leukocytes within the vasculature. Myeloid leukocytes are critical mediators of atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis. Interactions between platelets and leukocytes foster an inflammatory and thrombotic milieu that influences lesion progression, facilitates plaque rupture, and triggers thrombus formation and embolization. Accordingly, antiplatelet agents, including aspirin, dipyridamole, and clopidogrel, are recommended therapies for most patients with a history of stroke. In addition to mitigating thrombosis, antiplatelet drugs have direct and indirect effects on inflammation, which may translate to enhanced clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zechariah G Franks
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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88
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Petrucci G, De Cristofaro R, Rutella S, Ranelletti FO, Pocaterra D, Lancellotti S, Habib A, Patrono C, Rocca B. Prostaglandin E2 differentially modulates human platelet function through the prostanoid EP2 and EP3 receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 336:391-402. [PMID: 21059804 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.174821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated human platelets synthesize prostaglandin (PG) E(2), although at lower rate than thromboxane A(2). PGE(2) acts through different receptors (EP1-4), but its role in human platelet function remains poorly characterized compared with thromboxane. We studied the effect of PGE(2) and its analogs on in vitro human platelet function and platelet and megakaryocyte EP expression. Platelets preincubated with PGE(2) or its analogs were stimulated with agonists and studied by optical aggregometry. Intraplatelet calcium mobilization was investigated by the stopped flow method; platelet vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), P-selectin, and microaggregates were investigated by flow cytometry. PGE(2) at nanomolar concentrations dose-dependently increased the slope (velocity) of the secondary phase of ADP-induced platelet aggregation (EC(50), 25.6 ± 6 nM; E(max) of 100 ± 19% increase versus vehicle-treated), without affecting final maximal aggregation. PGE(2) stabilized reversible aggregation induced by low ADP concentrations (EC(50), 37.7 ± 9 nM). The EP3 agonists, 11-deoxy-16,16-dimethyl PGE(2) (11d-16dm PGE(2)) and sulprostone enhanced the secondary wave of ADP-induced aggregation, with EC(50) of 48.6 ± 10 nM (E(max), 252 ± 51%) and 5 ± 2 nM (E(max), 300 ± 35%), respectively. The EP2 agonist butaprost inhibited ADP-induced secondary phase slopes (IC(50), 40 ± 20 nM). EP4 stimulation had minor inhibitory effects. 11d-16dm PGE(2) alone raised intraplatelet Ca(2+) and enhanced ADP-induced Ca(2+) increase. 11d-16dm PGE(2) and 17-phenyltrinor PGE(2) (EP3 > EP1 agonist) at nanomolar concentrations counteracted PGE(1)-induced VASP phosphorylation and induced platelet microaggregates and P-selectin expression. EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4 were expressed on human platelets and megakaryocytes. PGE(2) through different EPs finely modulates human platelet responsiveness. These findings should inform the rational selection of novel antithrombotic strategies based on EP modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Petrucci
- Department of Pharmacology, Catholic University School of Medicine, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
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89
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Duffau P, Seneschal J, Nicco C, Richez C, Lazaro E, Douchet I, Bordes C, Viallard JF, Goulvestre C, Pellegrin JL, Weil B, Moreau JF, Batteux F, Blanco P. Platelet CD154 Potentiates Interferon- Secretion by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Sci Transl Med 2010; 2:47ra63. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3001001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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90
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Khabar KSA. Post-transcriptional control during chronic inflammation and cancer: a focus on AU-rich elements. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:2937-55. [PMID: 20495997 PMCID: PMC2921490 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0383-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Revised: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A considerable number of genes that code for AU-rich mRNAs including cytokines, growth factors, transcriptional factors, and certain receptors are involved in both chronic inflammation and cancer. Overexpression of these genes is affected by aberrations or by prolonged activation of several signaling pathways. AU-rich elements (ARE) are important cis-acting short sequences in the 3'UTR that mediate recognition of an array of RNA-binding proteins and affect mRNA stability and translation. This review addresses the cellular and molecular mechanisms that are common between inflammation and cancer and that also govern ARE-mediated post-transcriptional control. The first part examines the role of the ARE-genes in inflammation and cancer and sequence characteristics of AU-rich elements. The second part addresses the common signaling pathways in inflammation and cancer that regulate the ARE-mediated pathways and how their deregulations affect ARE-gene regulation and disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid S A Khabar
- Program in BioMolecular Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia.
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91
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Li D, Wang D, Wang Y, Ling W, Feng X, Xia M. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase induces cholesterol efflux from macrophage-derived foam cells and alleviates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:33499-33509. [PMID: 20713354 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.159772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) exerts protective effects for cardiovascular diseases apart from the regulation of energy homeostasis. However, the role of AMPK and its underlying mechanism on macrophage foam cell formation are poorly understood. In this study, we sought to investigate the potential effects of AMPK in modulating cholesterol deposition by using murine macrophage-derived foam cells. Incubation with 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxyamide ribonucleoside (AICAR) markedly attenuated the cholesterol ester accumulation in oxidized low density lipoprotein-loaded macrophages. Notably, AICAR treatment significantly increased ATP-binding cassette transporters G1 (Abcg1) mRNA and protein levels without affecting mRNA and protein expression of ABCA1, scavenger receptors, including scavenger receptor-A, CD36, and scavenger receptor-BI (SR-BI), and cholesterol synthesis-related genes. The up-regulation of Abcg1 by AICAR was independent of the liver X receptor/retinoid X receptor pathway but dependent on ERK activation. AICAR elevates Abcg1 expression through a post-transcriptional mechanism that stabilizes the mRNA. Using a heterologous system with luciferase as a reporter, we further identify the Abcg1 mRNA 3'-UTR responsible for the regulatory effect of AICAR. Prevention of ABCG1 expression by small interfering RNA abolished the AICAR-mediated attenuation on foam cell formation. Furthermore, increased ABCG1 expression and reduced lipid accumulation were demonstrated in AICAR-treated macrophages isolated from apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (apoE(-/-) mice). AICAR treatment also inhibited atherosclerotic plaque formation in apoE(-/-) mice. Our findings elucidate a precise mechanism involved in the prevention of atherogenesis by AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- From the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China; Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus), Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China
| | - Duan Wang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus), Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus), Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China
| | - Wenhua Ling
- From the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China; Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus), Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China
| | - Xiang Feng
- From the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China; Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus), Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China
| | - Min Xia
- From the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China; Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus), Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China.
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92
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Montalescot G. Platelet biology and implications for antiplatelet therapy in atherothrombotic disease. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2010; 17:371-80. [PMID: 20566574 DOI: 10.1177/1076029610373366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet activation is crucial for wound healing at sites of endothelial cell injury and involves multiple factors that mediate platelet recruitment, adherence, and aggregation. Platelet activation in response to atherosclerotic plaque rupture or endothelial cell detachment can result in pathologic thrombus formation and acute ischemic events. Current oral antiplatelet agents, aspirin and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor antagonists, are effective but associated with bleeding as they target activation pathways critical for protective hemostasis and pathologic thrombosis. Each inhibits a single platelet activation pathway and does not impact activation by thrombin. The lack of complete inhibition of platelet function allows continued thrombus formation and recurrent thrombotic events. Inhibition of the protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1) stimulated by thrombin offers a rational strategy to achieve more comprehensive platelet inhibition when used in combination with standard-of-care, dual antiplatelet therapy. We expect that this new approach may mitigate bleeding risk, because PAR-1 is not essential for hemostasis.
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93
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Leopold JA, Loscalzo J. Oxidative risk for atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:1673-706. [PMID: 19751821 PMCID: PMC2797369 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/06/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the vasculature, reactive oxidant species, including reactive oxygen, nitrogen, or halogenating species, and thiyl, tyrosyl, or protein radicals may oxidatively modify lipids and proteins with deleterious consequences for vascular function. These biologically active free radical and nonradical species may be produced by increased activation of oxidant-generating sources and/or decreased cellular antioxidant capacity. Once formed, these species may engage in reactions to yield more potent oxidants that promote transition of the homeostatic vascular phenotype to a pathobiological state that is permissive for atherothrombogenesis. This dysfunctional vasculature is characterized by lipid peroxidation and aberrant lipid deposition, inflammation, immune cell activation, platelet activation, thrombus formation, and disturbed hemodynamic flow. Each of these pathobiological states is associated with an increase in the vascular burden of free radical species-derived oxidation products and, thereby, implicates increased oxidant stress in the pathogenesis of atherothrombotic vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane A Leopold
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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94
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Sanduja S, Kaza V, Dixon DA. The mRNA decay factor tristetraprolin (TTP) induces senescence in human papillomavirus-transformed cervical cancer cells by targeting E6-AP ubiquitin ligase. Aging (Albany NY) 2009; 1:803-17. [PMID: 20157568 PMCID: PMC2815738 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The RNA-binding
protein tristetraprolin (TTP) regulates expression of many
cancer-associated and proinflammatory factors through binding AU-rich
elements (ARE) in the 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR) and facilitating rapid
mRNA decay. Here we report on the ability of TTP to act in an
anti-proliferative capacity in HPV18-positive HeLa cells by inducing
senescence. HeLa cells maintain a dormant p53 pathway and elevated
telomerase activity resulting from HPV-mediated transformation, whereas TTP
expression counteracted this effect by stabilizing p53 protein and
inhibiting hTERT expression. Presence of TTP did not alter E6 and E7 viral
mRNA levels indicating that these are not TTP targets. It was found that
TTP promoted rapid mRNA decay of the cellular
ubiquitin ligase E6-associated protein (E6-AP). RNA-binding studies
demonstrated TTP and E6-AP mRNA interaction and deletion of the E6-AP mRNA
ARE-containing 3'UTR imparts resistance to TTP-mediated downregulation.
Similar results were obtained with high-risk HPV16-positive cells that
employ the E6-AP pathway to control p53 and hTERT levels. Furthermore, loss
of TTP expression was consistently observed in cervical cancer tissue
compared to normal tissue. These findings demonstrate the ability of TTP to
act as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting the E6-AP pathway
and indicate TTP loss to be a critical event during HPV-mediated
carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Sanduja
- Department of Biological Sciences and Cancer Research Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29203, USA
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95
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Naldini A, Morena E, Fimiani M, Campoccia G, Fossombroni V, Carraro F. The effects of autologous platelet gel on inflammatory cytokine response in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Platelets 2009; 19:268-74. [DOI: 10.1080/09537100801947426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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96
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[Platelet immunology and the immune response]. Transfus Clin Biol 2009; 16:106-17. [PMID: 19443253 DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Platelets exert not only hemostatic activities, but also pro-inflammatory effects. Platelet-linked inflammation seems essentially related to their capacity of secreting cytokines, chemokines and related molecules. This activity is important in terms of concentration of secreted products. This secretory function confers to platelets a regulatory role in immunity. Besides, platelets do exhibit non-self infectious danger detection molecules on their surfaces, belonging in particular to the "Toll-like receptor family"; through this property, platelets can bind infectious agents but also deliver differential signals for the secretion of cytokines and chemokines. Platelets, which are non-nucleated cells deprived of nuclear DNA, possess however some cellular machinery which permits intracellular signalling and even the production of RNA transcripts for certain cytokines. Last, platelets express variant surface determinants of hemostatic molecules (referred to as HPA antigens) along with HLA class I variant molecules, the function of which on platelets is still unknown. An intriguing question is to reconcile those diverse properties and to understand whether the pro-inflammatory secretory process can affect the immunogenicity of transfused, allogeneic, platelet components.
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97
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Development of cranial nerve palsy shortly after endosaccular embolization for asymptomatic cerebral aneurysm: report of two cases and literature review. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2009; 151:379-83. [PMID: 19262981 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-009-0234-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
CLINICAL DESCRIPTION We report two cases of asymptomatic cerebral aneurysm in which cranial nerve palsy (CNP) developed shortly after symbolization. The CNP occurred immediately in case 1, but case 2 showed the CNP 30 h after symbolization. Although both aneurysms had increased in size on follow-up angiography, case 2 who showed dome re canalization resulted in progressive CNP deterioration. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the CNP may result not only from mechanical compression by coils but also from inflammation induced by perpendicular thrombosis, and that the prognosis of the CNP may be influenced by dome re canalization. This complication should be kept in mind in treatment for asymptomatic aneurysms adjacent to the cranial nerves.
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98
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Nacci C, Tarquinio M, De Benedictis L, Mauro A, Zigrino A, Carratù MR, Quon MJ, Montagnani M. Endothelial dysfunction in mice with streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes is opposed by compensatory overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 in the vasculature. Endocrinology 2009; 150:849-61. [PMID: 18845644 PMCID: PMC2646543 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications of diabetes result from endothelial dysfunction secondary to persistent hyperglycemia. We investigated potential compensatory mechanisms in the vasculature that oppose endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. BALB/c mice were treated with streptozotocin (STZ) to induce type 1 diabetes (T1D). In mesenteric vascular beds (MVBs), isolated ex vivo from mice treated with STZ for 1 wk, dose-dependent vasorelaxation to acetylcholine (ACh) or sodium nitroprusside was comparable with that in age-matched control mice (CTRL). By contrast, MVBs from mice treated with STZ for 8 wk had severely impaired vasodilator responses to ACh consistent with endothelial dysfunction. Pretreatment of MVBs from CTRL mice with nitric oxide synthase inhibitor nearly abolished vasodilation to ACh. In MVB from 1-wk STZ-treated mice, vasodilation to ACh was only partially impaired by L-N(omega)-arginine methyl ester. Thus, vasculature of mice with T1D may have compensatory nitric oxide-independent mechanisms to augment vasodilation to ACh and oppose endothelial dysfunction. Indeed, pretreatment of MVBs isolated from 1-wk STZ-treated mice with NS-398 [selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor] unmasked endothelial dysfunction not evident in CTRL mice pretreated without or with NS-398. Expression of COX-2 in MVBs, aortic endothelial cells, and aortic vascular smooth muscle cells from STZ-treated mice was significantly increased (vs. CTRL). Moreover, concentrations of the COX-2-dependent vasodilator 6-keto-prostaglandin F-1alpha was elevated in conditioned media from aorta of STZ-treated mice. We conclude that endothelial dysfunction in a mouse model of T1D is opposed by compensatory up-regulation of COX-2 expression and activity in the vasculature that may be relevant to developing novel therapeutic strategies for diabetes and its cardiovascular complications.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism
- Cyclooxygenase 2/physiology
- Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/physiopathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/metabolism
- Nitrobenzenes/pharmacology
- Oncogene Protein v-akt/metabolism
- Streptozocin
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Nacci
- Department of Pharmacology and Human Physiology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
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99
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Cell Defence and Survival. GUIDE TO SIGNAL PATHWAYS IN IMMUNE CELLS 2009. [PMCID: PMC7123614 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-538-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Central to immune defence mechanisms is the role of transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB). This is a complex biochemical topic with ever more controls revealed. NF-kB determines the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Pharmacologists step in with possible means of control. Other systems involved in defence include the cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2) enzyme and perioxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Insulin receptor activation needs to be seen in context. The mTOR system directs uptake of nutrients by cells. mTOR is suppressed by rapamycin, whose usage is now quite considerable in the control of transplant rejection.
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100
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Bozza FA, Shah AM, Weyrich AS, Zimmerman GA. Amicus or adversary: platelets in lung biology, acute injury, and inflammation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2008; 40:123-34. [PMID: 18723438 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0241tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are the chief effector cells in hemostasis and have additional major functions in inflammation, vascular integrity, and tissue repair. Platelets and the lungs have interrelated activities. Previous studies provide evidence that platelets contribute to pulmonary vascular barrier function and are required for defense against pulmonary hemorrhage, and that the lungs can influence platelet number and distribution. There is also evidence that platelets contribute to pathologic syndromes of pulmonary inflammation and thrombosis. Thus, platelets have an "amicus or adversary" relationship with the lung. Recent observations and discoveries have established new paradigms relevant to influences of platelets on lung cell and molecular biology. These new findings are in a variety of areas including thrombopoieis, nontraditional activities of platelets, new synthetic capabilities and mechanisms of post-translational gene expression, interactions of platelets with endothelial cells and contributions to alveolar capillary barrier permeability, interactions of platelets with myeloid leukocytes, and platelet involvement in stem cell signaling and vascular repair. These issues are considered in a translational approach, with an emphasis on acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando A Bozza
- University of Utah, Program in Human Molecular Biology and Genetics, 15 North 2030 East, Room 4220, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5330, USA.
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