51
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Ye M, Ye F, He L, Luo B, Yang F, Cui C, Zhao X, Yin H, Li D, Xu H, Wang Y, Zhu Q. Transcriptomic analysis of chicken Myozenin 3 regulation reveals its potential role in cell proliferation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189476. [PMID: 29236749 PMCID: PMC5728575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic muscle development and fibre type differentiation has always been a topic of great importance due to its impact on both human health and farm animal financial values. Myozenin3 (Myoz3) is an important candidate gene that may regulate these processes. In the current study, we knocked down and overexpressed Myoz3 in chicken embryonic fibroblasts (CEFs) and chicken myoblasts, then utilized RNA-seq technology to screen genes, pathways and biological processes associated with Myoz3. Multiple differentially expressed genes were identified, including MYH10, MYLK2, NFAM1, MYL4, MYL9, PDZLIM1; those can in turn regulate each other and influence the development of muscle fibres. Gene ontology (GO) terms including some involved in positive regulation of cell proliferation were enriched. We further validated our results by testing the activity of cells by cell counting kit-8(CCK-8) and confirmed that under the condition of Myoz3 overexpression, the proliferation rate of CEFs and myoblasts was significantly upregulated, in addition, expression level of fast muscle specific gene was also significantly upregulated in myoblasts. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the PPAR (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor) pathway was enriched, suggesting the possibility that Myoz3 regulates muscle fibre development and differentiation through the PPAR pathway. Our results provide valuable evidence regarding the regulatory functions of Myoz3 in embryonic cells by screening multiple candidate genes, biological processes and pathways associated with Myoz3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maosen Ye
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Campus, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Ye
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Campus, Chengdu, China
| | - Liutao He
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Campus, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Luo
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Campus, Chengdu, China
| | - Fuling Yang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Campus, Chengdu, China
| | - Can Cui
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Campus, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhao
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Campus, Chengdu, China
| | - Huadong Yin
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Campus, Chengdu, China
| | - Diyan Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Campus, Chengdu, China
| | - Hengyong Xu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Campus, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Campus, Chengdu, China
- * E-mail: (YW); (QZ)
| | - Qing Zhu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Campus, Chengdu, China
- * E-mail: (YW); (QZ)
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Schiavone M, Zulian A, Menazza S, Petronilli V, Argenton F, Merlini L, Sabatelli P, Bernardi P. Alisporivir rescues defective mitochondrial respiration in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Pharmacol Res 2017; 125:122-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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53
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Nine genetic polymorphisms associated with power athlete status - A Meta-Analysis. J Sci Med Sport 2017; 21:213-220. [PMID: 28666769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study the association between genetic polymorphisms and power athlete status with possible interference by race and sex was investigated to identify genetic variants favourable for becoming a power athlete. DESIGN This meta-analysis included both, case-control and Cohort studies. METHODS Databases of PubMed and Web of Science were searched for studies reporting on genetic polymorphisms associated with the status of being a power athlete. Thirty-five articles published between 2008 and 2016 were identified as eligible including a total number of 5834 power athletes and 14,018 controls. A series of meta-analyses were conducted for each of the identified genetic polymorphisms associated with power athlete status. Odds ratios (ORs) based on the allele and genotype frequency with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated per genetic variant. Heterogeneity of the studies was addressed by Chi-square based Q-statistics at 5% significance level and a fixed or random effects model was used in absence or presence of heterogeneity respectively. Stratified analyses were conducted by race and sex to explore potential sources of heterogeneity. RESULTS Significant associations were found for the genetic polymorphisms in the ACE (rs4363, rs1799752), ACTN3 (rs1815739), AGT (rs699), IL6-174 (rs1800795), MnSOD (rs1799725), NOS3 (rs1799983, rs2070744) and SOD2 (rs4880) genes. CONCLUSIONS Nine genetic polymorphisms have been identified in the meta-analyses to have a significant association with the status of being a power athlete. Nevertheless, more research on the investigated genes needs to be done to draw comprehensive conclusions.
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Abstract
Cardiac and skeletal striated muscles are intricately designed machines responsible for muscle contraction. Coordination of the basic contractile unit, the sarcomere, and the complex cytoskeletal networks are critical for contractile activity. The sarcomere is comprised of precisely organized individual filament systems that include thin (actin), thick (myosin), titin, and nebulin. Connecting the sarcomere to other organelles (e.g., mitochondria and nucleus) and serving as the scaffold to maintain cellular integrity are the intermediate filaments. The costamere, on the other hand, tethers the sarcomere to the cell membrane. Unique structures like the intercalated disc in cardiac muscle and the myotendinous junction in skeletal muscle help synchronize and transmit force. Intense investigation has been done on many of the proteins that make up these cytoskeletal assemblies. Yet the details of their function and how they interconnect have just started to be elucidated. A vast number of human myopathies are contributed to mutations in muscle proteins; thus understanding their basic function provides a mechanistic understanding of muscle disorders. In this review, we highlight the components of striated muscle with respect to their interactions, signaling pathways, functions, and connections to disease. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:891-944, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Henderson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Christopher G Gomez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Stefanie M Novak
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Lei Mi-Mi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Carol C Gregorio
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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55
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Wilkin T, Baoutina A, Hamilton N. Equine performance genes and the future of doping in horseracing. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1456-1471. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Wilkin
- Vet Faculty; University of Sydney; Gunn Building, Sydney University, Camperdown NSW Australia
- Bioanalysis; The National Measurement Institute; 36 Bradfield Rd, Lindfield Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Anna Baoutina
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science; The University of Sydney; Bradfield Rd West Lindfield New South Wales Australia
| | - Natasha Hamilton
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
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56
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Cho J, Lee I, Kang H. ACTN3 Gene and Susceptibility to Sarcopenia and Osteoporotic Status in Older Korean Adults. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:4239648. [PMID: 28626757 PMCID: PMC5463164 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4239648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little information is available about molecular markers for sarcopenia and osteoporosis in Asian populations. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the association of the ACTN3 polymorphism with sarcopenia and osteoporotic status in older Korean adults. METHODS Older Korean 62 men and 270 women (mean age 73.7 ± 6.6 years) participated in this study. Body mass index, percent body fatness, appendicular skeletal muscle mass, and bone mineral density of the lumbar spine, femur, and total body were analyzed with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. ACTN3 R/X genotyping was determined using TaqMan probes. RESULTS Determination of odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using binary logistic regression analyses showed that XX homozygotes were at a significantly higher risk of sarcopenia (OR = 2.056, 95% CI = 1.024-4.127, p = 0.043) and osteoporosis (OR = 2.794, 95% CI = 1.208-5.461, p = 0.016) than RR homozygotes (reference group, OR = 1). The OR of XX homozygotes for having sarcopenia remained significant (OR = 2.237, 95% CI = 1.044-4.836, p = 0.038) after adjustments for age, gender, body fatness, and serum vitamin D. The OR of XX homozygotes for having osteoporosis was no longer significant (OR = 2.682, 95% CI = 0.960-7.942, p = 0.075) after adjustments for the covariates. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the ACTN3 R577X genotype may influence decline in muscle and bone health phenotypes in older Korean adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkyung Cho
- College of Sport Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhwan Lee
- College of Sport Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsik Kang
- College of Sport Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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57
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Yang R, Shen X, Wang Y, Voisin S, Cai G, Fu Y, Xu W, Eynon N, Bishop DJ, Yan X. ACTN3 R577X Gene Variant Is Associated With Muscle-Related Phenotypes in Elite Chinese Sprint/Power Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:1107-1115. [PMID: 27442335 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Yang, R, Shen, X, Wang, Y, Voisin, S, Cai, G, Fu, Y, Xu, W, Eynon, N, Bishop, DJ, and Yan, X. ACTN3 R577X gene variant is associated with muscle-related phenotypes in elite Chinese sprint/power athletes. J Strength Cond Res 31(4): 1107-1115, 2017-The ACTN3 R577X polymorphism (rs1815739) has been shown to influence athletic performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of this polymorphism in elite Chinese track and field athletes, and to explore its effects on athletes' level of competition and lower-extremity power. We compared the ACTN3 R577X genotypes and allele frequencies in 59 elite sprint/power athletes, 44 elite endurance athletes, and 50 healthy controls from Chinese Han origin. We then subcategorized the athletes into international level and national level and investigated the effects of ACTN3 genotype on lower-extremity power. Genotype distribution of the sprint/power athletes was significantly different from endurance athletes (p = 0.001) and controls (p < 0.001). The frequency of the RR genotype was significantly higher in international-level than that in the national-level sprint/power athletes (p = 0.004), with no international-level sprint/power athletes with XX genotype. The best standing long jump and standing vertical jump results of sprint/power athletes were better in the RR than those in the RX + XX genotypes (p = 0.004 and p = 0.001, respectively). In conclusion, the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism influences the level of competition and lower-extremity power of elite Chinese sprint/power athletes. Including relevant phenotypes such as muscle performance in future studies is important to further understand the effects of gene variants on elite athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Yang
- 1School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China; 2Huangpu Guidance Centre of Sport Developing (Research Station of Sport Science), Shanghai, China; 3Shanghai Research Institute of Sport Science, Shanghai, China; 4Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai, China; 5Developmental Biology and Reproduction Unit (BDR), French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Jouy-en-Josas, France; 6Dongdong Institute of Medical Research, Shanghai, China; and 7Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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Levinger I, Yan X, Bishop D, Houweling PJ, Papadimitriou I, Munson F, Byrnes E, Vicari D, Brennan-Speranza TC, Eynon N. The influence of α-actinin-3 deficiency on bone remodelling markers in young men. Bone 2017; 98:26-30. [PMID: 28254467 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is a large individual variation in the bone remodelling markers (BRMs) osteocalcin (OC), procollagen 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP) and β-isomerized C-terminal telopeptide (β-CTx), as well as undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC), at rest and in response to exercise. α-actinin-3 (ACTN3), a sarcomeric protein, is expressed in skeletal muscle and osteoblasts and may influence BRM levels and the cross-talk between muscle and bone. We tested the levels of serum BRMs in α-actinin-3 deficient humans (ACTN3 XX) at baseline, and following a single bout of exercise. Forty-three healthy Caucasian individuals were divided into three groups (ACTN3 XX, n=13; ACTN3 RX, n=16; ACTN3 RR, n=14). Participants completed a single session of High Intensity Interval Exercise (HIIE) on a cycle ergometer (8×2-min intervals at 85% of maximal power). Blood samples were taken before, immediately after, and three hours post exercise to identify the peak changes in serum BRMs. There was a stepwise increase in resting serum BRMs across the ACTN3 genotypes (XX>RX>RR) with significantly higher levels of tOC ~26%, P1NP ~34%, and β-CTX (~33%) in those with ACTN3 XX compared to ACTN3 RR. Following exercise BRMs and ucOC were higher in all three ACTN3 genotypes, with no significant differences between groups. Serum levels of tOC, P1NP and β-CTX are higher in men with ACTN3 XX genotype (α-actinin-3 deficiency) compared to RR and RX. It appears that the response of BRMs and ucOC to exercise is not explained by the ACTN3 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itamar Levinger
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Xu Yan
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Bishop
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Ioannis Papadimitriou
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Fiona Munson
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Daniele Vicari
- Department of Physiology, Bosch Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tara C Brennan-Speranza
- Department of Physiology, Bosch Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
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Montalvo AM, Tse-Dinh YC, Liu Y, Swartzon M, Hechtman KS, Myer GD. Precision Sports Medicine: The Future of Advancing Health and Performance in Youth and Beyond. Strength Cond J 2017. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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60
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Exploring the relationship between α-actinin-3 deficiency and obesity in mice and humans. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 41:1154-1157. [PMID: 28293018 PMCID: PMC5504447 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide health crisis, and the identification of genetic modifiers of weight gain is crucial in understanding this complex disorder. A common null polymorphism in the fast fiber-specific gene ACTN3 (R577X) is known to influence skeletal muscle function and metabolism. α-Actinin-3 deficiency occurs in an estimated 1.5 billion people worldwide, and results in reduced muscle strength and a shift towards a more efficient oxidative metabolism. The X-allele has undergone strong positive selection during recent human evolution, and in this study, we sought to determine whether ACTN3 genotype influences weight gain and obesity in mice and humans. An Actn3 KO mouse has been generated on two genetic backgrounds (129X1/SvJ and C57BL/6J) and fed a high-fat diet (HFD, 45% calories from fat). Anthropomorphic features (including body weight) were examined and show that Actn3 KO 129X1/SvJ mice gained less weight compared to WT. In addition, six independent human cohorts were genotyped for ACTN3 R577X (Rs1815739) and body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio-adjusted BMI (WHRadjBMI) and obesity-related traits were assessed. In humans, ACTN3 genotype alone does not contribute to alterations in BMI or obesity.
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Hogarth MW, Houweling PJ, Thomas KC, Gordish-Dressman H, Bello L, Pegoraro E, Hoffman EP, Head SI, North KN. Evidence for ACTN3 as a genetic modifier of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14143. [PMID: 28139640 PMCID: PMC5290331 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is characterized by muscle degeneration and progressive weakness. There is considerable inter-patient variability in disease onset and progression, which can confound the results of clinical trials. Here we show that a common null polymorphism (R577X) in ACTN3 results in significantly reduced muscle strength and a longer 10 m walk test time in young, ambulant patients with DMD; both of which are primary outcome measures in clinical trials. We have developed a double knockout mouse model, which also shows reduced muscle strength, but is protected from stretch-induced eccentric damage with age. This suggests that α-actinin-3 deficiency reduces muscle performance at baseline, but ameliorates the progression of dystrophic pathology. Mechanistically, we show that α-actinin-3 deficiency triggers an increase in oxidative muscle metabolism through activation of calcineurin, which likely confers the protective effect. Our studies suggest that ACTN3 R577X genotype is a modifier of clinical phenotype in DMD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall W Hogarth
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia.,Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Peter J Houweling
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, New South Wales 2052, Australia.,Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Kristen C Thomas
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Heather Gordish-Dressman
- Research Centre for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Centre, Washington DC 20010, USA
| | - Luca Bello
- Research Centre for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Centre, Washington DC 20010, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova 35122, Italy
| | | | - Elena Pegoraro
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova 35122, Italy
| | - Eric P Hoffman
- Research Centre for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Centre, Washington DC 20010, USA
| | - Stewart I Head
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Kathryn N North
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia.,Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Letter to the editor: Are the doors opened to a genetic-based algorithm for personalized resistance training? Biol Sport 2016; 34:27-29. [PMID: 28416893 PMCID: PMC5377556 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2017.63384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Gautel M, Djinović-Carugo K. The sarcomeric cytoskeleton: from molecules to motion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 219:135-45. [PMID: 26792323 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.124941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Highly ordered organisation of striated muscle is the prerequisite for the fast and unidirectional development of force and motion during heart and skeletal muscle contraction. A group of proteins, summarised as the sarcomeric cytoskeleton, is essential for the ordered assembly of actin and myosin filaments into sarcomeres, by combining architectural, mechanical and signalling functions. This review discusses recent cell biological, biophysical and structural insight into the regulated assembly of sarcomeric cytoskeleton proteins and their roles in dissipating mechanical forces in order to maintain sarcomere integrity during passive extension and active contraction. α-Actinin crosslinks in the Z-disk show a pivot-and-rod structure that anchors both titin and actin filaments. In contrast, the myosin crosslinks formed by myomesin in the M-band are of a ball-and-spring type and may be crucial in providing stable yet elastic connections during active contractions, especially eccentric exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Gautel
- King's College London BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Randall Division for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, and Cardiovascular Division, New Hunt's House, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Kristina Djinović-Carugo
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter 5, Vienna A-1030, Austria Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 5, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
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64
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Kivelä R, Salmela I, Nguyen YH, Petrova TV, Koistinen HA, Wiener Z, Alitalo K. The transcription factor Prox1 is essential for satellite cell differentiation and muscle fibre-type regulation. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13124. [PMID: 27731315 PMCID: PMC5064023 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The remarkable adaptive and regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle is regulated by several transcription factors and pathways. Here we show that the transcription factor Prox1 is an important regulator of myoblast differentiation and of slow muscle fibre type. In both rodent and human skeletal muscles Prox1 is specifically expressed in slow muscle fibres and in muscle stem cells called satellite cells. Prox1 activates the NFAT signalling pathway and is necessary and sufficient for the maintenance of the gene program of slow muscle fibre type. Using lineage-tracing we show that Prox1-positive satellite cells differentiate into muscle fibres. Furthermore, we provide evidence that Prox1 is a critical transcription factor for the differentiation of myoblasts via bi-directional crosstalk with Notch1. These results identify Prox1 as an essential transcription factor that regulates skeletal muscle phenotype and myoblast differentiation by interacting with the NFAT and Notch pathways. Skeletal muscle has remarkable adaptive and regenerative capacity. Here the authors show that the transcription factor Prox1 is necessary for maintenance of slow muscle fibre types via activation of NFAT signalling, and for myoblast differentiation via cross-talk with the Notch signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riikka Kivelä
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki 00290, Finland.,Translational Cancer Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Ida Salmela
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki 00290, Finland.,Translational Cancer Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Yen Hoang Nguyen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum Helsinki 2U, Tukholmankatu 8, Helsinki 00290, Finland.,Department of Medicine and Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4, P.O. Box 340, Helsinki 00029, Finland
| | - Tatiana V Petrova
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), and Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, CHUV, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Heikki A Koistinen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum Helsinki 2U, Tukholmankatu 8, Helsinki 00290, Finland.,Department of Medicine and Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4, P.O. Box 340, Helsinki 00029, Finland
| | - Zoltan Wiener
- Translational Cancer Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki 00290, Finland.,Translational Cancer Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, Helsinki 00014, Finland
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Shenkman BS. From Slow to Fast: Hypogravity-Induced Remodeling of Muscle Fiber Myosin Phenotype. Acta Naturae 2016; 8:47-59. [PMID: 28050266 PMCID: PMC5199206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle consists of different fiber types arranged in a mosaic pattern. These fiber types are characterized by specific functional properties. Slow-type fibers demonstrate a high level of fatigue resistance and prolonged contraction duration, but decreased maximum contraction force and velocity. Fast-type fibers demonstrate high contraction force and velocity, but profound fatigability. During the last decades, it has been discovered that all these properties are determined by the predominance of slow or fast myosin-heavy-chain (MyHC) isoforms. It was observed that gravitational unloading during space missions and simulated microgravity in ground-based experiments leads to the transformation of some slow-twitch muscle fibers into fast-twitch ones due to changes in the patterns of MyHC gene expression in the postural soleus muscle. The present review covers the facts and mechanistic speculations regarding myosin phenotype remodeling under conditions of gravitational unloading. The review considers the neuronal mechanisms of muscle fiber control and molecular mechanisms of regulation of myosin gene expression, such as inhibition of the calcineurin/NFATc1 signaling pathway, epigenomic changes, and the behavior of specific microRNAs. In the final portion of the review, we discuss the adaptive role of myosin phenotype transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. S. Shenkman
- State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation – Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Khoroshevskoe shosse, 76A, Moscow, 123007, Russia
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66
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Baumert P, Lake MJ, Stewart CE, Drust B, Erskine RM. Genetic variation and exercise-induced muscle damage: implications for athletic performance, injury and ageing. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:1595-625. [PMID: 27294501 PMCID: PMC4983298 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3411-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged unaccustomed exercise involving muscle lengthening (eccentric) actions can result in ultrastructural muscle disruption, impaired excitation-contraction coupling, inflammation and muscle protein degradation. This process is associated with delayed onset muscle soreness and is referred to as exercise-induced muscle damage. Although a certain amount of muscle damage may be necessary for adaptation to occur, excessive damage or inadequate recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage can increase injury risk, particularly in older individuals, who experience more damage and require longer to recover from muscle damaging exercise than younger adults. Furthermore, it is apparent that inter-individual variation exists in the response to exercise-induced muscle damage, and there is evidence that genetic variability may play a key role. Although this area of research is in its infancy, certain gene variations, or polymorphisms have been associated with exercise-induced muscle damage (i.e. individuals with certain genotypes experience greater muscle damage, and require longer recovery, following strenuous exercise). These polymorphisms include ACTN3 (R577X, rs1815739), TNF (-308 G>A, rs1800629), IL6 (-174 G>C, rs1800795), and IGF2 (ApaI, 17200 G>A, rs680). Knowing how someone is likely to respond to a particular type of exercise could help coaches/practitioners individualise the exercise training of their athletes/patients, thus maximising recovery and adaptation, while reducing overload-associated injury risk. The purpose of this review is to provide a critical analysis of the literature concerning gene polymorphisms associated with exercise-induced muscle damage, both in young and older individuals, and to highlight the potential mechanisms underpinning these associations, thus providing a better understanding of exercise-induced muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Baumert
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Mark J Lake
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Claire E Stewart
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Barry Drust
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Robert M Erskine
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
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67
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Ghosh A, Mahajan PB. Can genotype determine the sports phenotype? A paradigm shift in sports medicine. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 27:333-9. [PMID: 26812785 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2015-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In last two decades, there has been an evolution in sports medicine. Several researchers have worked on different domains of sports medicine, like strength, endurance, sports injury, and psychology. Besides this, several groups have explored the changes at cellular and molecular levels during exercise, which has led to the development of the new domain in sports science known as genetic medicine. Genetic medicine deals with the genotypic basis of sports phenotype. In this article, we try to provide an up-to-date review on genetic determinants of sports performance, which will be like a journey from the nostalgic past towards the traditional present and the romantic future of sports medicine. Endurance and power performance are two important domains of athletes. They vary in individuals, even among trained athletes. Researches indicate that the genetic makeup of sportsmen play a vital role in their performance. Several genetic factors are reported to be responsible for endurance, power, susceptibility to injury, and even psychology of the individual. Besides this, proper training, nutrition, and environment are also important in shaping their potential. The aim of this discussion is to understand the influence of the environment and the genetic makeup on the performance of the athletes. There is sufficient evidence to suggest that genotype determines the sports phenotype in an athlete. Choosing the right sports activity based on genetic endowment is the key for achieving excellence in sports.
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68
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Wei ZJ, Zhou XH, Fan BY, Lin W, Ren YM, Feng SQ. Proteomic and bioinformatic analyses of spinal cord injury‑induced skeletal muscle atrophy in rats. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:165-74. [PMID: 27177391 PMCID: PMC4918545 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) may result in skeletal muscle atrophy. Identifying diagnostic biomarkers and effective targets for treatment is an important challenge in clinical work. The aim of the present study is to elucidate potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for SCI‑induced muscle atrophy (SIMA) using proteomic and bioinformatic analyses. The protein samples from rat soleus muscle were collected at different time points following SCI injury and separated by two‑dimensional gel electrophoresis and compared with the sham group. The identities of these protein spots were analyzed by mass spectrometry (MS). MS demonstrated that 20 proteins associated with muscle atrophy were differentially expressed. Bioinformatic analyses indicated that SIMA changed the expression of proteins associated with cellular, developmental, immune system and metabolic processes, biological adhesion and localization. The results of the present study may be beneficial in understanding the molecular mechanisms of SIMA and elucidating potential biomarkers and targets for the treatment of muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jian Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Xian-Hu Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Bao-You Fan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Ming Ren
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Qing Feng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
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69
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Goode JM, Pearen MA, Tuong ZK, Wang SCM, Oh TG, Shao EX, Muscat GEO. The Nuclear Receptor, Nor-1, Induces the Physiological Responses Associated With Exercise. Mol Endocrinol 2016; 30:660-76. [PMID: 27144290 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle remodels metabolic capacity, contractile and exercise phenotype in response to physiological demands. This adaptive remodeling response to physical activity can ameliorate/prevent diseases associated with poor diet and lifestyle. Our previous work demonstrated that skeletal muscle-specific transgenic expression of the neuron-derived orphan nuclear receptor, Nor-1 drives muscle reprogramming, improves exercise endurance, and oxidative metabolism. The current manuscript investigates the association between exercise, Nor-1 expression and the role of Nor-1 in adaptive remodeling. We demonstrate that Nor-1 expression is induced by exercise and is dependent on calcium/calcineurin signaling (in vitro and in vivo). Analysis of fatigue-resistant transgenic mice that express Nor-1 in skeletal muscle revealed increased hypertrophy and vascularization of muscle tissue. Moreover, we demonstrate that transgenic Nor-1 expression is associated with increased intracellular recycling, ie, autophagy, involving 1) increased expression of light chain 3A or LC3A-II, autophagy protein 5, and autophagy protein 12 in quadriceps femoris muscle extracts from Tg-Nor-1 (relative to Wild-type (WT) littermates); 2) decreased p62 expression indicative of increased autophagolysosome assembly; and 3) decreased mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 activity. Transfection of LC3A-GFP-RFP chimeric plasmid demonstrated that autophagolysosome formation was significantly increased by Nor-1 expression. Furthermore, we demonstrated a single bout of exercise induced LC3A-II expression in skeletal muscle from C57BL/6 WT mice. This study, when combined with our previous studies, demonstrates that Nor-1 expression drives multiple physiological changes/pathways that are critical to the beneficial responses of muscle to exercise and provides insights into potential pharmacological manipulation of muscle reprogramming for the treatment of lifestyle induced chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel M Goode
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (J.M.G., M.A.P., Z.K.T., S.-C.W., T.G.O., E.X.S., G.E.O.M.), The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia; and QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute (M.A.P.), Royal Brisbane Hospital, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Michael A Pearen
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (J.M.G., M.A.P., Z.K.T., S.-C.W., T.G.O., E.X.S., G.E.O.M.), The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia; and QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute (M.A.P.), Royal Brisbane Hospital, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Zewen K Tuong
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (J.M.G., M.A.P., Z.K.T., S.-C.W., T.G.O., E.X.S., G.E.O.M.), The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia; and QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute (M.A.P.), Royal Brisbane Hospital, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Shu-Ching M Wang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (J.M.G., M.A.P., Z.K.T., S.-C.W., T.G.O., E.X.S., G.E.O.M.), The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia; and QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute (M.A.P.), Royal Brisbane Hospital, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Tae Gyu Oh
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (J.M.G., M.A.P., Z.K.T., S.-C.W., T.G.O., E.X.S., G.E.O.M.), The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia; and QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute (M.A.P.), Royal Brisbane Hospital, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Emily X Shao
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (J.M.G., M.A.P., Z.K.T., S.-C.W., T.G.O., E.X.S., G.E.O.M.), The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia; and QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute (M.A.P.), Royal Brisbane Hospital, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - George E O Muscat
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (J.M.G., M.A.P., Z.K.T., S.-C.W., T.G.O., E.X.S., G.E.O.M.), The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia; and QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute (M.A.P.), Royal Brisbane Hospital, Queensland 4029, Australia
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70
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Peplonska B, Adamczyk JG, Siewierski M, Safranow K, Maruszak A, Sozanski H, Gajewski AK, Zekanowski C. Genetic variants associated with physical and mental characteristics of the elite athletes in the Polish population. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 27:788-800. [PMID: 27140937 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess whether selected genetic variants are associated with elite athlete performance in a group of 413 elite athletes and 451 sedentary controls. Polymorphisms in ACE, ACTN3, AGT, NRF-2, PGC1A, PPARG, and TFAM implicated in physical performance traits were analyzed. Additionally, polymorphisms in CHRNB3 and FAAH coding for proteins modulating activity of brain's emotion centers were included. The results of univariate analyses indicated that the elite athletic performance is associated with four polymorphisms: ACE (rs4341, P = 0.0095), NRF-2 (rs12594956, P = 0.011), TFAM (rs2306604, P = 0.049), and FAAH (rs324420, P = 0.0041). The multivariate analysis adjusted for age and gender confirmed this association. The higher number of ACE D alleles (P = 0.0021) and the presence of NRF-2 rs12594956 A allele (P = 0.0067) are positive predictors, whereas TFAM rs2306604 GG genotype (P = 0.031) and FAAH rs324420 AA genotype (P = 0.0084) negatively affect the elite athletic performance. The CHRNB3 variant (rs4950, G allele) is significantly more frequent in the endurance athletes compared with the power ones (P = 0.025). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the presence of rs4950 G allele contributes to endurance performance (P = 0.0047). Our results suggest that genetic inheritance of psychological traits should be taken into consideration while trying to decipher a genetic profile of top athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Peplonska
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - J G Adamczyk
- Department of Sport's Theory, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland.,Department of Rehabilitation, Physiotherapy Division, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
| | - M Siewierski
- Department of Sport's Theory, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
| | - K Safranow
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - A Maruszak
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland.,Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - H Sozanski
- Department of Sport's Theory, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
| | - A K Gajewski
- Department of Sport's Theory, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
| | - C Zekanowski
- Department of Sport's Theory, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
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71
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Papadimitriou ID, Lucia A, Pitsiladis YP, Pushkarev VP, Dyatlov DA, Orekhov EF, Artioli GG, Guilherme JPLF, Lancha AH, Ginevičienė V, Cieszczyk P, Maciejewska-Karlowska A, Sawczuk M, Muniesa CA, Kouvatsi A, Massidda M, Calò CM, Garton F, Houweling PJ, Wang G, Austin K, Druzhevskaya AM, Astratenkova IV, Ahmetov II, Bishop DJ, North KN, Eynon N. ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D gene variants influence performance in elite sprinters: a multi-cohort study. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:285. [PMID: 27075997 PMCID: PMC4831144 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2462-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To date, studies investigating the association between ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D gene variants and elite sprint/power performance have been limited by small cohorts from mixed sport disciplines, without quantitative measures of performance. Aim: To examine the association between these variants and sprint time in elite athletes. Methods We collected a total of 555 best personal 100-, 200-, and 400-m times of 346 elite sprinters in a large cohort of elite Caucasian or African origin sprinters from 10 different countries. Sprinters were genotyped for ACTN3 R577X and ACE ID variants. Results On average, male Caucasian sprinters with the ACTN3 577RR or the ACE DD genotype had faster best 200-m sprint time than their 577XX (21.19 ± 0.53 s vs. 21.86 ± 0.54 s, p = 0.016) and ACE II (21.33 ± 0.56 vs. 21.93 ± 0.67 sec, p = 0.004) counterparts and only one case of ACE II, and no cases of ACTN3 577XX, had a faster 200-m time than the 2012 London Olympics qualifying (vs. 12 qualified sprinters with 577RR or 577RX genotype). Caucasian sprinters with the ACE DD genotype had faster best 400-m sprint time than their ACE II counterparts (46.94 ± 1.19 s vs. 48.50 ± 1.07 s, p = 0.003). Using genetic models we found that the ACTN3 577R allele and ACE D allele dominant model account for 0.92 % and 1.48 % of sprint time variance, respectively. Conclusions Despite sprint performance relying on many gene variants and environment, the % sprint time variance explained by ACE and ACTN3 is substantial at the elite level and might be the difference between a world record and only making the final. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2462-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis D Papadimitriou
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Victoria, 8001, Australia
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Universidad Europea and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yannis P Pitsiladis
- FIMS Reference Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine for Anti-Doping Research, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Vladimir P Pushkarev
- Clinical Physiology Laboratory, Urals Research Centre for Radiation Medicine, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | | | | | - Guilherme G Artioli
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio H Lancha
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Pawel Cieszczyk
- Department of Physical Culture and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland.,Department of Sport Education, Academy of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Marek Sawczuk
- Department of Physical Culture and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Carlos A Muniesa
- Faculty of Physical Activity, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Alcobendas, Spain
| | - Anastasia Kouvatsi
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Myosotis Massidda
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Carla Maria Calò
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Fleur Garton
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Guan Wang
- FIMS Reference Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine for Anti-Doping Research, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Krista Austin
- FIMS Reference Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine for Anti-Doping Research, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Anastasiya M Druzhevskaya
- Sports Genetics Laboratory, St Petersburg Research Institute of Physical Culture, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina V Astratenkova
- Department of Physiology, St Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ildus I Ahmetov
- Sport Technology Research Centre, Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, Kazan, Russia
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Victoria, 8001, Australia
| | | | - Nir Eynon
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Victoria, 8001, Australia.
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Abstract
Sarcopenia is now clinically defined as a loss of muscle mass coupled with functional deterioration (either walking speed or distance or grip strength). Based on the FRAX studies suggesting that the questions without bone mineral density can be used to screen for osteoporosis, there is now a valid simple questionnaire to screen for sarcopenia, i.e., the SARC-F. Numerous factors have been implicated in the pathophysiology of sarcopenia. These include genetic factors, mitochondrial defects, decreased anabolic hormones (e.g., testosterone, vitamin D, growth hormone and insulin growth hormone-1), inflammatory cytokine excess, insulin resistance, decreased protein intake and activity, poor blood flow to muscle and deficiency of growth derived factor-11. Over the last decade, there has been a remarkable increase in our understanding of the molecular biology of muscle, resulting in a marked increase in potential future targets for the treatment of sarcopenia. At present, resistance exercise, protein supplementation, and vitamin D have been established as the basic treatment of sarcopenia. High-dose testosterone increases muscle power and function, but has a number of potentially limiting side effects. Other drugs in clinical development include selective androgen receptor molecules, ghrelin agonists, myostatin antibodies, activin IIR antagonists, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, beta antagonists, and fast skeletal muscle troponin activators. As sarcopenia is a major predictor of frailty, hip fracture, disability, and mortality in older persons, the development of drugs to treat it is eagerly awaited.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Morley
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd., M238, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA.
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73
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GARTON FLEURC, NORTH KATHRYNN. The Effect of Heterozygosity for the ACTN3 Null Allele on Human Muscle Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 48:509-20. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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74
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Hogarth MW, Garton FC, Houweling PJ, Tukiainen T, Lek M, Macarthur DG, Seto JT, Quinlan KGR, Yang N, Head SI, North KN. Analysis of the ACTN3 heterozygous genotype suggests that α-actinin-3 controls sarcomeric composition and muscle function in a dose-dependent fashion. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:866-77. [PMID: 26681802 PMCID: PMC4754040 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A common null polymorphism (R577X) in ACTN3 causes α-actinin-3 deficiency in ∼ 18% of the global population. There is no associated disease phenotype, but α-actinin-3 deficiency is detrimental to sprint and power performance in both elite athletes and the general population. However, despite considerable investigation to date, the functional consequences of heterozygosity for ACTN3 are unclear. A subset of studies have shown an intermediate phenotype in 577RX individuals, suggesting dose-dependency of α-actinin-3, while others have shown no difference between 577RR and RX genotypes. Here, we investigate the effects of α-actinin-3 expression level by comparing the muscle phenotypes of Actn3(+/-) (HET) mice to Actn3(+/+) [wild-type (WT)] and Actn3(-/-) [knockout (KO)] littermates. We show reduction in α-actinin-3 mRNA and protein in HET muscle compared with WT, which is associated with dose-dependent up-regulation of α-actinin-2, z-band alternatively spliced PDZ-motif and myotilin at the Z-line, and an incremental shift towards oxidative metabolism. While there is no difference in force generation, HET mice have an intermediate endurance capacity compared with WT and KO. The R577X polymorphism is associated with changes in ACTN3 expression consistent with an additive model in the human genotype-tissue expression cohort, but does not influence any other muscle transcripts, including ACTN2. Overall, ACTN3 influences sarcomeric composition in a dose-dependent fashion in mouse skeletal muscle, which translates directly to function. Variance in fibre type between biopsies likely masks this phenomenon in human skeletal muscle, but we suggest that an additive model is the most appropriate for use in testing ACTN3 genotype associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall W Hogarth
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia, Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Fleur C Garton
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia, Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic 3052, Australia, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Peter J Houweling
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia, Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic 3052, Australia, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Taru Tukiainen
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA and
| | - Monkol Lek
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA and
| | - Daniel G Macarthur
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA and
| | - Jane T Seto
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic 3052, Australia, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Kate G R Quinlan
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia, Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Nan Yang
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Stewart I Head
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kathryn N North
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia, Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic 3052, Australia, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia,
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Nirengi S, Fujibayashi M, Tsuzaki K, Furuno S, Uchibe A, Kawase Y, Kotani K, Sakane N. ACTN3 GENE R577X POLYMORPHISM ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL AND ADIPONECTIN IN RUGBY PLAYERS. Endocr Pract 2016; 22:786-90. [PMID: 26919654 DOI: 10.4158/ep15963.or] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship between the R577X polymorphism of the α-actinin-3 (ACTN3), which may play a role in the individual differences observed in the effects of exercise on health benefits and antiatherogenic markers (i.e., high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C] and adiponectin) in athletes. METHODS Seventy-six male rugby players (mean age 19.8 years) were enrolled in this study. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples, and restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reactions were conducted to assess ACTN3 genotypes. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, serum lipids including HDL-C, and adiponectin levels were measured. Current smoking and alcohol intake habits were evaluated with a questionnaire. All of the parameters were compared between 2 groups displaying frequently observed genotypes: one group consisting of patients having either the R/R or R/X genotype and a second group with the X/X genotype. RESULTS The frequency of the X allele was 0.55 and the distribution of the genotypes was 35.5% (n = 27) for X/X, 39.5% (n = 30) for R/X, and 25.0% (n = 19) for R/R. Serum HDL-C and adiponectin levels were significantly higher in X/X genotype compared to the R/R or R/X genotype (HDL-C 1.6 ± 0.3 [SD] vs. 1.4 ± 0.2 mmol/L; P<.01, adiponectin 8.8 ± 2.6 vs. 6.9 ± 2.3 μg/mL; P<.01), even after adjustments for confounders (P<.01). CONCLUSION There may be a relationship between the ACTN3 genotype and HDL-C and adiponectin levels in rugby players. This may be useful information when determining the individual responses of antiatherogenic markers to exercise. ABBREVIATIONS ACTN3 = α-actinin-3 BMI = body mass index CVD = cardiovascular disease HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol R = arginine (R) at amino acid position 577 of the ACTN3 protein TC = total cholesterol TG = triglyceride X = truncation at amino acid position 577 of the ACTN3 protein.
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76
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Loos RJF, Hagberg JM, Pérusse L, Roth SM, Sarzynski MA, Wolfarth B, Rankinen T, Bouchard C. Advances in exercise, fitness, and performance genomics in 2014. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 47:1105-12. [PMID: 25706296 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This is the annual review of the exercise genomics literature in which we report on the highest quality papers published in 2014. We identified a number of noteworthy papers across a number of fields. In 70-89 yr olds, only 19% of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) II homozygotes exhibited significant improvement in gait speed in response to a yearlong physical activity program compared to 30% of ACE D-allele carriers. New studies continue to support the notion that the genetic susceptibility to obesity, as evidenced by a genomic risk score (GRS; based on multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms), is attenuated by 40%-50% in individuals who are physically active, compared to those who are sedentary. One study reported that the polygenic risk for hypertriglyceridemia was reduced by 30%-40% in individuals with high cardiorespiratory fitness. One report showed that there was a significant interaction of a type 2 diabetes GRS with physical activity, with active individuals having the lowest risk of developing diabetes. The protective effect of physical activity was most pronounced in the low GRS tertile (hazard ratio, 0.82). The interaction observed with the diabetes GRS seemed to be dependent on a genetic susceptibility to insulin resistance and not insulin secretion. A significant interaction between PPARα sequence variants and physical activity levels on cardiometabolic risk was observed, with higher activity levels associated with lower risk only in carriers of specific genotypes and haplotypes. The review concludes with a discussion of the importance of replication studies when very large population or intervention discovery studies are not feasible or are cost prohibitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth J F Loos
- 1The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; 2Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD; 3Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Ste-Foy, Québec, CANADA; 4Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA; 5Department of Sport Medicine, Humboldt University and Charité University School of Medicine, Berlin, GERMANY
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Lee FXZ, Houweling PJ, North KN, Quinlan KGR. How does α-actinin-3 deficiency alter muscle function? Mechanistic insights into ACTN3, the 'gene for speed'. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:686-93. [PMID: 26802899 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
An estimated 1.5 billion people worldwide are deficient in the skeletal muscle protein α-actinin-3 due to homozygosity for the common ACTN3 R577X polymorphism. α-Actinin-3 deficiency influences muscle performance in elite athletes and the general population. The sarcomeric α-actinins were originally characterised as scaffold proteins at the muscle Z-line. Through studying the Actn3 knockout mouse and α-actinin-3 deficient humans, significant progress has been made in understanding how ACTN3 genotype alters muscle function, leading to an appreciation of the diverse roles that α-actinins play in muscle. The α-actinins interact with a number of partner proteins, which broadly fall into three biological pathways-structural, metabolic and signalling. Differences in functioning of these pathways have been identified in α-actinin-3 deficient muscle that together contributes to altered muscle performance in mice and humans. Here we discuss new insights that have been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie the consequences of α-actinin-3 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona X Z Lee
- The Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Peter J Houweling
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, the Royal Children's Hospital, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Kathryn N North
- The Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, the Royal Children's Hospital, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Kate G R Quinlan
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Heffernan SM, Kilduff LP, Erskine RM, Day SH, McPhee JS, McMahon GE, Stebbings GK, Neale JPH, Lockey SJ, Ribbans WJ, Cook CJ, Vance B, Raleigh SM, Roberts C, Bennett MA, Wang G, Collins M, Pitsiladis YP, Williams AG. Association of ACTN3 R577X but not ACE I/D gene variants with elite rugby union player status and playing position. Physiol Genomics 2016; 48:196-201. [PMID: 26757799 PMCID: PMC4929273 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00107.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to quantify the ACE I/D and ACTN3 R577X (rs1815739) genetic variants in elite rugby athletes (rugby union and league) and compare genotype frequencies to controls and between playing positions. The rugby athlete cohort consisted of 507 Caucasian men, including 431 rugby union athletes that for some analyses were divided into backs and forwards and into specific positional groups: front five, back row, half backs, centers, and back three. Controls were 710 Caucasian men and women. Real-time PCR of genomic DNA was used to determine genotypes using TaqMan probes and groups were compared using χ2 and odds ratio (OR) statistics. Correction of P values for multiple comparisons was according to Benjamini-Hochberg. There was no difference in ACE I/D genotype between groups. ACTN3 XX genotype tended to be underrepresented in rugby union backs (15.7%) compared with forwards (24.8%, P = 0.06). Interestingly, the 69 back three players (wings and full backs) in rugby union included only six XX genotype individuals (8.7%), with the R allele more common in the back three (68.8%) than controls (58.0%; χ2 = 6.672, P = 0.04; OR = 1.60) and forwards (47.5%; χ2 = 11.768, P = 0.01; OR = 2.00). Association of ACTN3 R577X with playing position in elite rugby union athletes suggests inherited fatigue resistance is more prevalent in forwards, while inherited sprint ability is more prevalent in backs, especially wings and full backs. These results also demonstrate the advantage of focusing genetic studies on a large cohort within a single sport, especially when intrasport positional differences exist, instead of combining several sports with varied demands and athlete characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Heffernan
- MMU Sports Genomics Laboratory, Manchester Metropolitan University, Crewe, United Kingdom;
| | - L P Kilduff
- A-STEM, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - R M Erskine
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - S H Day
- MMU Sports Genomics Laboratory, Manchester Metropolitan University, Crewe, United Kingdom
| | - J S McPhee
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - G E McMahon
- MMU Sports Genomics Laboratory, Manchester Metropolitan University, Crewe, United Kingdom; Northern Ireland Sports Institute, Newtownabbey, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - G K Stebbings
- MMU Sports Genomics Laboratory, Manchester Metropolitan University, Crewe, United Kingdom
| | - J P H Neale
- MMU Sports Genomics Laboratory, Manchester Metropolitan University, Crewe, United Kingdom
| | - S J Lockey
- MMU Sports Genomics Laboratory, Manchester Metropolitan University, Crewe, United Kingdom
| | - W J Ribbans
- Division of Sport, Exercise and Life Science, University of Northampton, Northampton, United Kingdom
| | - C J Cook
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - B Vance
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - S M Raleigh
- Division of Sport, Exercise and Life Science, University of Northampton, Northampton, United Kingdom
| | - C Roberts
- Medical and Scientific Department, South African Rugby Union, Cape Town, South Africa; Discipline of Sports Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - M A Bennett
- A-STEM, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - G Wang
- Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME), University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom; and
| | - M Collins
- MRC/UCT Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town (UCT), Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Y P Pitsiladis
- Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME), University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom; and
| | - A G Williams
- MMU Sports Genomics Laboratory, Manchester Metropolitan University, Crewe, United Kingdom; Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Garton FC, North KN, Koch LG, Britton SL, Nogales-Gadea G, Lucia A. Rodent models for resolving extremes of exercise and health. Physiol Genomics 2015; 48:82-92. [PMID: 26395598 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00077.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The extremes of exercise capacity and health are considered a complex interplay between genes and the environment. In general, the study of animal models has proven critical for deep mechanistic exploration that provides guidance for focused and hypothesis-driven discovery in humans. Hypotheses underlying molecular mechanisms of disease and gene/tissue function can be tested in rodents to generate sufficient evidence to resolve and progress our understanding of human biology. Here we provide examples of three alternative uses of rodent models that have been applied successfully to advance knowledge that bridges our understanding of the connection between exercise capacity and health status. First we review the strong association between exercise capacity and all-cause morbidity and mortality in humans through artificial selection on low and high exercise performance in the rat and the consequent generation of the "energy transfer hypothesis." Second we review specific transgenic and knockout mouse models that replicate the human disease condition and performance. This includes human glycogen storage diseases (McArdle and Pompe) and α-actinin-3 deficiency. Together these rodent models provide an overview of the advancements of molecular knowledge required for clinical translation. Continued study of these models in conjunction with human association studies will be critical to resolving the complex gene-environment interplay linking exercise capacity, health, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleur C Garton
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Royal Children's Hospital, Department of Paediatrics, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;
| | - Kathryn N North
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Royal Children's Hospital, Department of Paediatrics, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lauren G Koch
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Steven L Britton
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gisela Nogales-Gadea
- Department of Neurosciences, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol i Campus Can Ruti, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain; and
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Department of Neurosciences, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol i Campus Can Ruti, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain; and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) and Universidad Europea, Madrid, Spain
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Orysiak J, Sitkowski D, Zmijewski P, Malczewska-Lenczowska J, Cieszczyk P, Zembron-Lacny A, Pokrywka A. Overrepresentation of the ACTN3 XX genotype in elite canoe and kayak paddlers. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29:1107-12. [PMID: 25268288 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine the association between the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism in canoe sprint athletes (canoe and kayak paddlers) and their results at 200- or 1000-m distance. Eighty-six European white male athletes divided into 2 groups-successful, who were outstanding at national championships, and nonsuccessful in these competitions-and 354 nonathletic controls were included in this study. The R577X polymorphism of ACTN3 was typed using PCR-RFLP. ACTN3 genotype distribution among all tested athletes and controls was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The odds ratio (OR) for successful 1000-m athletes harboring the XX genotype compared with sedentary controls was 2.95 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.37-6.35), but the OR for nonsuccessful 200-m athletes having the XX genotype compared with controls was 2.64 (95% CI: 1.30-5.36). These results suggest that factors associated with the ACTN3 XX genotype in canoe and kayak paddlers might provide some competitive advantage in performance at 1000 m, but it seems to limit at 200 m. Further studies aimed at development of training strategies based on genetic factors are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Orysiak
- Departments of 1Nutrition Physiology; and 2Physiology, Institute of Sport, Warsaw, Poland; 3Department of Biological Bases of Physical Culture, Faculty of Physical Education and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland; 4Department of Biology Basis of Physical Education and Sport, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland; and 5Department of Anti-Doping Research, Institute of Sport, Warsaw, Poland
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81
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Murphy ACH, Young PW. The actinin family of actin cross-linking proteins - a genetic perspective. Cell Biosci 2015; 5:49. [PMID: 26312134 PMCID: PMC4550062 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-015-0029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Actinins are one of the major actin cross-linking proteins found in virtually all cell types and are the ancestral proteins of a larger family that includes spectrin, dystrophin and utrophin. Invertebrates have a single actinin-encoding ACTN gene, while mammals have four. Mutations in all four human genes have now been linked to heritable diseases or traits. ACTN1 mutations cause macrothrombocytopenia, a platelet disorder characterized by excessive bleeding. ACTN2 mutations have been linked to a range of cardiomyopathies, and ACTN4 mutations cause a kidney condition called focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Intriguingly, approximately 16 % of people worldwide are homozygous for a nonsense mutation in ACTN3 that abolishes actinin-3 protein expression. This ACTN3 null allele has undergone recent positive selection in specific human populations, which may be linked to improved endurance and adaptation to colder climates. In this review we discuss the human genetics of the ACTN gene family, as well as ACTN gene knockout studies in several model organisms. Observations from both of these areas provide insights into the evolution and cellular functions of actinins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita C H Murphy
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul W Young
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Spaich S, Katus HA, Backs J. Ongoing controversies surrounding cardiac remodeling: is it black and white-or rather fifty shades of gray? Front Physiol 2015; 6:202. [PMID: 26257654 PMCID: PMC4510775 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac remodeling describes the heart's multimodal response to a myriad of external or intrinsic stimuli and stressors most of which are probably only incompletely elucidated to date. Over many years the signaling molecules involved in these remodeling processes have been dichotomized according to a classic antagonistic view of black and white, i.e., attributed either a solely maladaptive or entirely beneficial character. By dissecting controversies, recent developments and shifts in perspective surrounding the three major cardiac signaling molecules calcineurin (Cn), protein kinase A (PKA) and calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII), this review challenges this dualistic view and advocates the nature and dignity of each of these key mediators of cardiac remodeling as a multilayered, highly context-sensitive and sophisticated continuum that can be markedly swayed and influenced by a multitude of environmental factors and crosstalk mechanisms. Furthermore this review delineates the importance and essential contributions of degradation and proteolysis to cardiac plasticity and homeostasis and finally aims to integrate the various aspects of protein synthesis and turnover into a comprehensive picture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Spaich
- Research Unit Cardiac Epigenetics, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University of HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Heidelberg/MannheimHeidelberg, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University of HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Hugo A. Katus
- Research Unit Cardiac Epigenetics, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University of HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Heidelberg/MannheimHeidelberg, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University of HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Backs
- Research Unit Cardiac Epigenetics, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University of HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Heidelberg/MannheimHeidelberg, Germany
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Santos CGM, Pimentel-Coelho PM, Budowle B, de Moura-Neto RS, Dornelas-Ribeiro M, Pompeu FAMS, Silva R. The heritable path of human physical performance: from single polymorphisms to the "next generation". Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 26:600-12. [PMID: 26147924 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human physical performance is a complex multifactorial trait. Historically, environmental factors (e.g., diet, training) alone have been unable to explain the basis of all prominent phenotypes for physical performance. Therefore, there has been an interest in the study of the contribution of genetic factors to the development of these phenotypes. Support for a genetic component is found with studies that shown that monozygotic twins were more similar than were dizygotic twins for many physiological traits. The evolution of molecular techniques and the ability to scan the entire human genome enabled association of several genetic polymorphisms with performance. However, some biases related to the selection of cohorts and inadequate definition of the study variables have complicated the already difficult task of studying such a large and polymorphic genome, often resulting in inconsistent results about the influence of candidate genes. This review aims to provide a critical overview of heritable genetic aspects. Novel molecular technologies, such as next-generation sequencing, are discussed and how they can contribute to improving understanding of the molecular basis for athletic performance. It is important to ensure that the large amount of data that can be generated using these tools will be used effectively by ensuring well-designed studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G M Santos
- Instituto de Biologia do Exército, Brazillian Army Biologic Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - P M Pimentel-Coelho
- Instituto de Biologia do Exército, Brazillian Army Biologic Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - B Budowle
- Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of North Texas - Health and Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA.,Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - R S de Moura-Neto
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M Dornelas-Ribeiro
- Instituto de Biologia do Exército, Brazillian Army Biologic Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - F A M S Pompeu
- Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - R Silva
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Hughes DC, Wallace MA, Baar K. Effects of aging, exercise, and disease on force transfer in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 309:E1-E10. [PMID: 25968577 PMCID: PMC4490334 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00095.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The loss of muscle strength and increased injury rate in aging skeletal muscle has previously been attributed to loss of muscle protein (cross-sectional area) and/or decreased neural activation. However, it is becoming clear that force transfer within and between fibers plays a significant role in this process as well. Force transfer involves a secondary matrix of proteins that align and transmit the force produced by the thick and thin filaments along muscle fibers and out to the extracellular matrix. These specialized networks of cytoskeletal proteins aid in passing force through the muscle and also serve to protect individual fibers from injury. This review discusses the cytoskeleton proteins that have been identified as playing a role in muscle force transmission, both longitudinally and laterally, and where possible highlights how disease, aging, and exercise influence the expression and function of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Hughes
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Marita A Wallace
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Keith Baar
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis, California
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85
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Pasqua LA, Bueno S, Artioli GG, Lancha AH, Matsuda M, Marquezini MV, Lima-Silva AE, Saldiva PHN, Bertuzzi R. Influence of ACTN3 R577X polymorphism on ventilatory thresholds related to endurance performance. J Sports Sci 2015; 34:163-70. [PMID: 25939605 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1040823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to verify the association between ACTN3 polymorphism and physiological parameters related to endurance performance. A total of 150 healthy male volunteers performed a maximal incremental running test to determine the speeds corresponding to ventilatory threshold (VT) and respiratory compensation point (RCP). Participants were genotyped and divided into terciles based on the analysed variables. Genotype frequencies were compared through χ(2) test between lower and higher terciles, with the lowest or highest values of each analysed variable. ACTN3 XX genotype was over-represented in higher tercile for VT and RCP. Odds ratio also showed significantly higher chances of XX individuals to be in higher tercile compared to RR (7.3) and RR + RX (3.5) for VT and compared to RR genotype (8.1) and RR + RX (3.4) for RCP. Thus, XX individuals could attain the VT and RCP at higher speeds, suggesting that they are able to sustain higher running speeds in lower exercise intensity domains. It could result in higher lipid acids oxidation, saving muscle glycogen and delaying the fatigue during prolonged exercises, which could be the advantage mechanism of this genotype to endurance performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo A Pasqua
- a Endurance Performance Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | - Salomão Bueno
- a Endurance Performance Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | - Guilherme G Artioli
- b Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Physical Education and Sport , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | - Antônio H Lancha
- b Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Physical Education and Sport , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | - Monique Matsuda
- c Faculty of Medicine , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | - Mônica V Marquezini
- d Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | - Adriano E Lima-Silva
- e Sport Science Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science (CAV) , Federal University of Pernambuco , Vitória de Santo Antão , PE , Brazil
| | - Paulo H N Saldiva
- d Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | - Rômulo Bertuzzi
- a Endurance Performance Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , SP , Brazil.,d Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , SP , Brazil
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Massidda M, Bachis V, Corrias L, Piras F, Scorcu M, Culigioni C, Masala D, Calò CM. ACTN3 R577X polymorphism is not associated with team sport athletic status in Italians. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2015; 1:6. [PMID: 27747845 PMCID: PMC4532716 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-015-0008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background The ACTN3 gene may influence performance in team sports, in which sprint action and high-speed movements, regulated by the anaerobic energy system, are crucial to the ultimate success of a match. The aim of this study was to determine the association between the ACTN3 R577X (rs1815739) polymorphism and elite team sport athletic status in Italian male athletes. Methods We compared the genotype and allele frequency of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism between team sport athletes (n = 75), endurance athletes (n = 40), sprint/power athletes (n = 64), and non-athletic healthy controls (n = 192) from Italy. Genomic DNA was collected using a buccal swab. Extraction was performed according to the manufacturer’s directions provided with a commercially available kit (Qiagen S.r.l., Milan, Italy). Results Team sport athletes showed a lower frequency of the 577RR genotype compared to the 577XX genotype than sprint/power athletes (p = 0.044). However, the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism was not associated with team sport athletic status compared to endurance athletes and non-athletic controls. Conclusions Our results agree with a recent large-scale study involving athletes from Spain, Poland, and Russia. The ACTN3 R577X polymorphism was not associated with team sport athletic status compared to endurance athletes and non-athletic controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myosotis Massidda
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, SS 554, km 4.500, Monserrato, 09042, Italy.
| | - Valeria Bachis
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, SS 554, km 4.500, Monserrato, 09042, Italy
| | - Laura Corrias
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, SS 554, km 4.500, Monserrato, 09042, Italy
| | - Francesco Piras
- FMSI CR Sardegna and Cagliari Calcio SpA, Viale Tiziano, Cagliari, 70-00196, Italy
| | - Marco Scorcu
- FMSI CR Sardegna and Cagliari Calcio SpA, Viale Tiziano, Cagliari, 70-00196, Italy
| | - Claudia Culigioni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, SS 554, km 4.500, Monserrato, 09042, Italy
| | - Daniele Masala
- University of Cassino, Viale dell'Università, Cassino, 03043, Italy
| | - Carla M Calò
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, SS 554, km 4.500, Monserrato, 09042, Italy
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87
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Riedl I, Osler ME, Benziane B, Chibalin AV, Zierath JR. Association of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism with glucose tolerance and gene expression of sarcomeric proteins in human skeletal muscle. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/3/e12314. [PMID: 25780092 PMCID: PMC4393151 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A common polymorphism (R577X) in the α-actinin (ACTN) 3 gene, which leads to complete deficiency of a functional protein in skeletal muscle, could directly influence metabolism in the context of health and disease. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that states of glucose tolerance are associated with the ACTN3 R577X genotype. We analyzed the prevalence of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism in people with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) and measured muscle-specific α-actinin 2 and 3 mRNA and protein abundance in skeletal muscle biopsies. Furthermore, we investigated the protein abundance of the myosin heavy chain isoforms and the components of the mitochondrial electron transport chain in skeletal muscle from people with NGT or T2D. mRNA of selected sarcomeric z-disk proteins was also assessed. Although the prevalence of the ACTN3 577XX genotype was higher in T2D patients, genotype distribution was unrelated to metabolic control or obesity. ACTN2 and ACTN3 mRNA expression and protein abundance was unchanged between NGT and T2D participants. Protein abundance of mitochondrial complexes II and IV was related to genotype and glucose tolerance status. Gene expression of sarcomeric z-disk proteins was increased in skeletal muscle from NGT participants with the ACTN3 577XX genotype. While genetic variation in ACTN3 does not influence metabolic control, genotype does appear to influence gene expression of other sarcomeric proteins, which could contribute to the functional properties of skeletal muscle and the fatigue-resistant phenotype associated with the R577X polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Riedl
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section for Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Megan E Osler
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section for Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Boubacar Benziane
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section for Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander V Chibalin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section for Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section for Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section for Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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88
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Altered Ca2+ kinetics associated with α-actinin-3 deficiency may explain positive selection for ACTN3 null allele in human evolution. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1004862. [PMID: 25590636 PMCID: PMC4295894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 1.5 billion people lack the skeletal muscle fast-twitch fibre protein α-actinin-3 due to homozygosity for a common null polymorphism (R577X) in the ACTN3 gene. α-Actinin-3 deficiency is detrimental to sprint performance in elite athletes and beneficial to endurance activities. In the human genome, it is very difficult to find single-gene loss-of-function variants that bear signatures of positive selection, yet intriguingly, the ACTN3 null variant has undergone strong positive selection during recent evolution, appearing to provide a survival advantage where food resources are scarce and climate is cold. We have previously demonstrated that α-actinin-3 deficiency in the Actn3 KO mouse results in a shift in fast-twitch fibres towards oxidative metabolism, which would be more “energy efficient” in famine, and beneficial to endurance performance. Prolonged exposure to cold can also induce changes in skeletal muscle similar to those observed with endurance training, and changes in Ca2+ handling by the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) are a key factor underlying these adaptations. On this basis, we explored the effects of α-actinin-3 deficiency on Ca2+ kinetics in single flexor digitorum brevis muscle fibres from Actn3 KO mice, using the Ca2+-sensitive dye fura-2. Compared to wild-type, fibres of Actn3 KO mice showed: (i) an increased rate of decay of the twitch transient; (ii) a fourfold increase in the rate of SR Ca2+ leak; (iii) a threefold increase in the rate of SR Ca2+ pumping; and (iv) enhanced maintenance of tetanic Ca2+ during fatigue. The SR Ca2+ pump, SERCA1, and the Ca2+-binding proteins, calsequestrin and sarcalumenin, showed markedly increased expression in muscles of KO mice. Together, these changes in Ca2+ handling in the absence of α-actinin-3 are consistent with cold acclimatisation and thermogenesis, and offer an additional explanation for the positive selection of the ACTN3 577X null allele in populations living in cold environments during recent evolution. α-Actinin-3 is a protein found inside the muscles of most people around the world. It is encoded by a gene called ACTN3, popularly known as “the gene for speed.” In 1.5 billion people, a certain variation in the genetic sequence of their ACTN3 gene causes their muscles to produce no α-actinin-3 protein at all. These people have no muscle disease; however, in elite athletes, a lack of α-actinin-3 seems to be beneficial for endurance activities and detrimental to sprinting activities. Intriguingly, α-actinin-3 deficiency varies in frequency across the globe, being most common in European and Asian populations and least common in African populations. During recent human evolution, there appears to have been strong positive selection for α-actinin-3 deficiency in places where food resources are relatively scarce and climate is cold. We have previously demonstrated that α-actinin-3 deficiency in the Actn3 knockout (KO) mouse causes a shift towards more “energy efficient” forms of muscle metabolism which would enhance survival in times of famine, and benefit endurance performance. Our present study, using single muscle fibres from Actn3 KO mice, demonstrates changes in calcium handling that would adapt muscles to cold environments and provide a survival advantage in cold climates.
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89
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Ivarsson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Håkan Westerblad
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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90
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Ca2+-dependent regulations and signaling in skeletal muscle: from electro-mechanical coupling to adaptation. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:1066-95. [PMID: 25569087 PMCID: PMC4307291 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16011066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) plays a pivotal role in almost all cellular processes and ensures the functionality of an organism. In skeletal muscle fibers, Ca(2+) is critically involved in the innervation of skeletal muscle fibers that results in the exertion of an action potential along the muscle fiber membrane, the prerequisite for skeletal muscle contraction. Furthermore and among others, Ca(2+) regulates also intracellular processes, such as myosin-actin cross bridging, protein synthesis, protein degradation and fiber type shifting by the control of Ca(2+)-sensitive proteases and transcription factors, as well as mitochondrial adaptations, plasticity and respiration. These data highlight the overwhelming significance of Ca(2+) ions for the integrity of skeletal muscle tissue. In this review, we address the major functions of Ca(2+) ions in adult muscle but also highlight recent findings of critical Ca(2+)-dependent mechanisms essential for skeletal muscle-regulation and maintenance.
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91
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Wolfarth B, Rankinen T, Hagberg JM, Loos RJF, Pérusse L, Roth SM, Sarzynski MA, Bouchard C. Advances in exercise, fitness, and performance genomics in 2013. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 46:851-9. [PMID: 24743105 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The most significant and scientifically sound articles in exercise genomics that were published in 2013 are reviewed in this report. No article on the genetic basis of sedentary behavior or physical activity level was identified. A calcineurin- and alpha actinin-2-based mechanism has been identified as the potential molecular basis for the observed lower muscular strength and power in alpha actinin-3-deficient individuals. Although baseline muscle transcriptomic signatures were found to be associated with strength training-induced muscle hypertrophy, no predictive genomic variants could be identified as of yet. One study found no clear evidence that the inverse relation between physical activity level and incident CHD events was influenced by 58 genomic variants clustered into four genetic scores. Lower physical activity level in North American populations may be driving the apparent risk of obesity in fat mass- and obesity-associated gene (FTO)-susceptible individuals compared with more active populations. Two large studies revealed that common genetic variants associated with baseline levels of plasma HDL cholesterol and triglycerides are not clear predictors of changes induced by interventions focused on weight loss, diet, and physical activity behavior. One large study from Japan reported that a higher fitness level attenuated the arterial stiffness-promoting effect of the Ala54 allele at the fatty acid binding protein 2 locus, which is a controversial finding because previous studies have suggested that Thr54 was the risk allele. Using transcriptomics to generate genomic targets in an unbiased manner for subsequent DNA sequence variants studies appears to be a growing trend. Moreover, exercise genomics is rapidly embracing gene and pathway analysis to better define the underlying biology and provide a foundation for the study of human variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Wolfarth
- 1Preventive and Rehabilitative Sports Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, GERMANY; 2Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA; 3Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD; 4The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, The Charles Bronfman Institute of Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; and 5Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Ste-Foy, Québec, CANADA
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92
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Kikuchi N, Yoshida S, Min SK, Lee K, Sakamaki-Sunaga M, Okamoto T, Nakazato K. The ACTN3 R577X genotype is associated with muscle function in a Japanese population. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 40:316-22. [PMID: 25761735 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Homozygosity for the common nonsense polymorphism R577X in the α-actinin-3 gene (ACTN3) causes complete α-actinin-3 deficiency in fast-twitch skeletal muscle fibers. This study investigated whether the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism affects fitness status using a battery of tests in a large Japanese cohort. In the present study, 1227 subjects (age: 25-85 years) were genotyped for the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism (rs1815739) using a TaqMan SNP genotyping assay (Applied Biosystems). All subjects were divided into 2 groups based on their age (<55 years and ≥55 years). All subjects completed a questionnaire about exercise habits and were subjected to a battery of tests to assess their fitness status (including grip strength test, chair stand test, and 8-foot walking test). A significant association between the ACTN3 R577X genotype and chair stand test performance was observed in the group of men ≥55 using ANCOVA adjusted for age and exercise habits (p = 0.036). The ACTN3 R577X genotype accounted for 2.5% of the variability in the results of the chair stand test among men in the ≥55 age group. Moreover, for the ≥55 age group, performance in the chair stand test was lower among those with the XX genotype than among those with the RR genotype (p = 0.024) or RX genotype (p = 0.005), unlike results for the <55 age group. No significant difference was noted for hand grip strength or 8-foot walking time. Thus, our results suggest that the ACTN3 R577X genotype is associated with lower-extremity muscle function in the Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kikuchi
- Sports Training Center, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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93
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Norman B, Esbjörnsson M, Rundqvist H, Österlund T, Glenmark B, Jansson E. ACTN3 genotype and modulation of skeletal muscle response to exercise in human subjects. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 116:1197-203. [PMID: 24651987 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00557.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Actinin-3 is a Z-disc protein expressed only in type II muscle fibers. A polymorphism in the ACTN3 gene (R577X) results in lack of α-actinin-3 in XX genotype. The prevalence of the mutated X-allele is lower among power/sprint oriented athletes compared with controls, indicating that the lack of α-actinin-3 is detrimental in these sports, but a mechanistic link has not been established. Results from Actn3-knockout (KO) mouse model suggest that α-actinin-3 may affect muscle mass and muscle glycogen levels. In the present investigation we examined muscle fiber type composition, cross-sectional fiber area (CSA), and muscle glycogen levels at baseline in 143 human subjects with different ACTN3 genotypes. In addition, hypertrophy signaling and glycogen utilization in response to sprint exercise were studied in a subset of subjects. Glycogen utilization was analyzed in separate pools of type I and type II fibers. No differences in fiber type composition, CSA, or muscle glycogen levels were observed at baseline across the ACTN3 genotypes. However, the sprint exercise-induced increase in phosphorylation of mTOR and p70S6k was smaller in XX than in RR+RX (P = 0.03 and P = 0.01, respectively), indicating a less pronounced activation of hypertrophy signaling in XX. Glycogen utilization during sprint exercise varied across ACTN3 genotypes in type II fibers (P = 0.03) but not in type I fibers (P = 0.38). The present results are in accordance with findings from the KO mice and reinforce the hypothesis that ACTN3 genotype-associated differences in muscle mass and glycogen utilization provide a mechanistic explanation for the modulation of human performance by the ACTN3 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Norman
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Evidence based selection of commonly used RT-qPCR reference genes for the analysis of mouse skeletal muscle. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88653. [PMID: 24523926 PMCID: PMC3921188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to obtain accurate and reproducible data using quantitative real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) is limited by the process of data normalization. The use of ‘housekeeping’ or ‘reference’ genes is the most common technique used to normalize RT-qPCR data. However, commonly used reference genes are often poorly validated and may change as a result of genetic background, environment and experimental intervention. Here we present an analysis of 10 reference genes in mouse skeletal muscle (Actb, Aldoa, Gapdh, Hprt1, Ppia, Rer1, Rn18s, Rpl27, Rpl41 and Rpl7L1), which were identified as stable either by microarray or in the literature. Using the MIQE guidelines we compared wild-type (WT) mice across three genetic backgrounds (R129, C57BL/6j and C57BL/10) as well as analyzing the α-actinin-3 knockout (Actn3 KO) mouse, which is a model of the common null polymorphism (R577X) in human ACTN3. Comparing WT mice across three genetic backgrounds, we found that different genes were more tightly regulated in each strain. We have developed a ranked profile of the top performing reference genes in skeletal muscle across these common mouse strains. Interestingly the commonly used reference genes; Gapdh, Rn18s, Hprt1 and Actb were not the most stable. Analysis of our experimental variant (Actn3 KO) also resulted in an altered ranking of reference gene suitability. Furthermore we demonstrate that a poor reference gene results in increased variability in the normalized expression of a gene of interest, and can result in loss of significance. Our data demonstrate that reference genes need to be validated prior to use. For the most accurate normalization, it is important to test several genes and use the geometric mean of at least three of the most stably expressed genes. In the analysis of mouse skeletal muscle, strain and intervention played an important role in selecting the most stable reference genes.
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95
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Garton F, Seto J, Quinlan K, Yang N, Houweling P, North K. α-Actinin-3 deficiency alters muscle adaptation in response to denervation and immobilization. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:1879-93. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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