51
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Cohn LB, da Silva IT, Valieris R, Huang AS, Lorenzi JCC, Cohen YZ, Pai JA, Butler AL, Caskey M, Jankovic M, Nussenzweig MC. Clonal CD4 + T cells in the HIV-1 latent reservoir display a distinct gene profile upon reactivation. Nat Med 2018; 24:604-609. [PMID: 29686423 PMCID: PMC5972543 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite suppressive combination antiretroviral therapy (ART), latent HIV-1 proviruses persist in patients. This latent reservoir is established within 48-72 h after infection, has a long half-life1,2, enables viral rebound when ART is interrupted, and is the major barrier to a cure for HIV-1 3 . Latent cells are exceedingly rare in blood (∼1 per 1 × 106 CD4+ T cells) and are typically enumerated by indirect means, such as viral outgrowth assays4,5. We report a new strategy to purify and characterize single reactivated latent cells from HIV-1-infected individuals on suppressive ART. Surface expression of viral envelope protein was used to enrich reactivated latent T cells producing HIV RNA, and single-cell analysis was performed to identify intact virus. Reactivated latent cells produce full-length viruses that are identical to those found in viral outgrowth cultures and represent clones of in vivo expanded T cells, as determined by their T cell receptor sequence. Gene-expression analysis revealed that these cells share a transcriptional profile that includes expression of genes implicated in silencing the virus. We conclude that reactivated latent T cells isolated from blood can share a gene-expression program that allows for cell division without activation of the cell death pathways that are normally triggered by HIV-1 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian B Cohn
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Israel T da Silva
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center (CIPE), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renan Valieris
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center (CIPE), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amy S Huang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julio C C Lorenzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yehuda Z Cohen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joy A Pai
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Allison L Butler
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marina Caskey
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mila Jankovic
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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52
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Simões AE, Di Lorenzo B, Silva-Santos B. Molecular Determinants of Target Cell Recognition by Human γδ T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:929. [PMID: 29755480 PMCID: PMC5934422 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique capabilities of gamma-delta (γδ) T cells to recognize cells under stressed conditions, particularly infected or transformed cells, and killing them or regulating the immune response against them, paved the way to the development of promising therapeutic strategies for cancer and infectious diseases. From a mechanistic standpoint, numerous studies have unveiled a remarkable flexibility of γδ T cells in employing their T cell receptor and/or NK cell receptors for target cell recognition, even if the relevant ligands often remain uncertain. Here, we review the accumulated knowledge on the diverse mechanisms of target cell recognition by γδ T cells, focusing on human γδ T cells, to provide an integrated perspective of their therapeutic potential in cancer and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- André E Simões
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Biagio Di Lorenzo
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Bruno Silva-Santos
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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53
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Silva-Santos B, Strid J. Working in "NK Mode": Natural Killer Group 2 Member D and Natural Cytotoxicity Receptors in Stress-Surveillance by γδ T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:851. [PMID: 29740448 PMCID: PMC5928212 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer cell receptors (NKRs) are germline-encoded transmembrane proteins that regulate the activation and homeostasis of NK cells as well as other lymphocytes. For γδ T cells, NKRs play critical roles in discriminating stressed (transformed or infected) cells from their healthy counterparts, as proposed in the “lymphoid stress-surveillance” theory. Whereas the main physiologic role is seemingly fulfilled by natural killer group 2 member D, constitutively expressed by γδ T cells, enhancement of their therapeutic potential may rely on natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs), like NKp30 or NKp44, that can be induced selectively on human Vδ1+ T cells. Here, we review the contributions of NCRs, NKG2D, and their multiple ligands, to γδ T cell biology in mouse and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Silva-Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular - João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jessica Strid
- Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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54
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Lawand M, Déchanet-Merville J, Dieu-Nosjean MC. Key Features of Gamma-Delta T-Cell Subsets in Human Diseases and Their Immunotherapeutic Implications. Front Immunol 2017; 8:761. [PMID: 28713381 PMCID: PMC5491929 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The unique features of gamma-delta (γδ) T cells, related to their antigen recognition capacity, their tissue tropism, and their cytotoxic function, make these cells ideal candidates that could be targeted to induce durable immunity in the context of different pathologies. In this review, we focus on the main characteristics of human γδ T-cell subsets in diseases and the key mechanisms that could be explored to target these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Lawand
- Cordeliers Research Center, UMRS 1138, Team "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape", INSERM, Paris, France.,Cordeliers Research Center, UMRS 1138, University Sorbonne-Paris Cité, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Cordeliers Research Center, UMRS 1138, University Pierre and Marie Curie (UPMC), Paris 06, University Paris-Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | | | - Marie-Caroline Dieu-Nosjean
- Cordeliers Research Center, UMRS 1138, Team "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape", INSERM, Paris, France.,Cordeliers Research Center, UMRS 1138, University Sorbonne-Paris Cité, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Cordeliers Research Center, UMRS 1138, University Pierre and Marie Curie (UPMC), Paris 06, University Paris-Sorbonne, Paris, France
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55
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Huang C, Zeng Y, Tu W. The role of γδ-T cells during human pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 2017; 78. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.12713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Huang
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine; Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine; the University of Hong Kong; HongKong China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation; Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology of Hospital; Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Yong Zeng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation; Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology of Hospital; Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Wenwei Tu
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine; Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine; the University of Hong Kong; HongKong China
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56
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Tuero I, Venzon D, Robert-Guroff M. Mucosal and Systemic γδ+ T Cells Associated with Control of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:4686-4695. [PMID: 27815422 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells act as a first line of defense against invading pathogens. However, despite their abundance in mucosal tissue, little information is available about their functionality in this compartment in the context of HIV/SIV infection. In this study, we evaluated the frequency, phenotype, and functionality of Vδ1 and Vδ2 T cells from blood, rectum, and the female reproductive tract (FRT) of rhesus macaques to determine whether these cells contribute to control of SIV infection. No alteration in the peripheral Vδ1/Vδ2 ratio in SIV-infected macaques was observed. However, CD8+ and CD4+CD8+ Vδ1 T cells were expanded along with upregulation of NKG2D, CD107, and granzyme B, suggesting cytotoxic function. In contrast, Vδ2 T cells showed a reduced ability to produce the inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ. In the FRT of SIV+ macaques, Vδ1 and Vδ2 showed comparable levels across vaginal, ectocervical, and endocervical tissues; however, endocervical Vδ2 T cells showed higher inflammatory profiles than the two other regions. No sex difference was seen in the rectal Vδ1/Vδ2 ratio. Several peripheral Vδ1 and/or Vδ2 T cell subpopulations expressing IFN-γ and/or NKG2D were positively correlated with decreased plasma viremia. Notably, Vδ2 CD8+ T cells of the endocervix were negatively correlated with chronic viremia. Overall, our results suggest that a robust Vδ1 and Vδ2 T cell response in blood and the FRT of SIV-infected macaques contribute to control of viremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iskra Tuero
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - David Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
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57
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Mirzaei HR, Mirzaei H, Lee SY, Hadjati J, Till BG. Prospects for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) γδ T cells: A potential game changer for adoptive T cell cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Lett 2016; 380:413-423. [PMID: 27392648 PMCID: PMC5003697 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Excitement is growing for therapies that harness the power of patients' immune systems to combat their diseases. One approach to immunotherapy involves engineering patients' own T cells to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) to treat advanced cancers, particularly those refractory to conventional therapeutic agents. Although these engineered immune cells have made remarkable strides in the treatment of patients with certain hematologic malignancies, success with solid tumors has been limited, probably due to immunosuppressive mechanisms in the tumor niche. In nearly all studies to date, T cells bearing αβ receptors have been used to generate CAR T cells. In this review, we highlight biological characteristics of γδ T cells that are distinct from those of αβ T cells, including homing to epithelial and mucosal tissues and unique functions such as direct antigen recognition, lack of alloreactivity, and ability to present antigens. We offer our perspective that these features make γδ T cells promising for use in cellular therapy against several types of solid tumors, including melanoma and gastrointestinal cancers. Engineered γδ T cells should be considered as a new platform for adoptive T cell cancer therapy for mucosal tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor delta
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor gamma
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/transplantation
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Tumor Microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sang Yun Lee
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jamshid Hadjati
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Brian G Till
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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58
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The Role of γδ T Cells in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:2932531. [PMID: 26981547 PMCID: PMC4766344 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2932531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that is characterized by the overproduction of autoantibodies against an array of nuclear and cytoplasmic antigens and affects multiple organs, such as the skin, joints, kidneys, and neuronal tissues. T cells have been recognized as important players in the development of SLE due to their functions in cytokine secretion, antigen presentation, and supporting B cells for antibody production. γδ T cells are a minor population of T cells that play important roles in infection and tumor-associated disease. In recent years, the role of γδ T cells in autoimmune diseases has been investigated. In this review, we discussed the role of γδ T cells in the pathogenesis of SLE.
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59
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Hudspeth K, Donadon M, Cimino M, Pontarini E, Tentorio P, Preti M, Hong M, Bertoletti A, Bicciato S, Invernizzi P, Lugli E, Torzilli G, Gershwin ME, Mavilio D. Human liver-resident CD56(bright)/CD16(neg) NK cells are retained within hepatic sinusoids via the engagement of CCR5 and CXCR6 pathways. J Autoimmun 2015; 66:40-50. [PMID: 26330348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The liver-specific natural killer (NK) cell population is critical for local innate immune responses, but the mechanisms that lead to their selective homing and the definition of their functionally relevance remain enigmatic. OBJECTIVES We took advantage of the availability of healthy human liver to rigorously define the mechanisms regulating the homing of NK cells to liver and the repertoire of receptors that distinguish liver-resident NK (lr-NK) cells from circulating counterparts. FINDINGS Nearly 50% of the entire liver NK cell population is composed of functionally relevant CD56(bright) lr-NK cells that localize within hepatic sinusoids. CD56(bright) lr-NK cells express CD69, CCR5 and CXCR6 and this unique repertoire of chemokine receptors is functionally critical as it determines selective migration in response to the chemotactic stimuli exerted by CCL3, CCL5 and CXCL16. Here, we also show that hepatic sinusoids express CCL3(pos) Kupffer cells, CXCL16(pos) endothelial cells and CCL5(pos) T and NK lymphocytes. The selective presence of these chemokines in sinusoidal spaces creates a unique tissue niche for lr-CD56(bright) NK cells that constitutively express CCR5 and CXCR6. CD56(bright) lr-NK cells co-exist with CD56(dim) conventional NK (c-NK) cells that are, interestingly, transcriptionally and phenotypically similar to their peripheral circulating counterparts. Indeed, CD56(dim) c-NK cells lack expression of CD69, CCR5, and CXCR6 but express selectins, integrins and CX3CR1. CONCLUSION Our findings disclosing the phenotypic and functional differences between lr-Nk cells and c-NK cells are critical to distinguish liver-specific innate immune responses. Hence, any therapeutic attempts at modifying the large population of CD56(bright) lr-NK cells will require modification of hepatic CCR5 and CXCR6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Hudspeth
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Matteo Donadon
- Department of Hepatobiliary & General Surgery, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Cimino
- Department of Hepatobiliary & General Surgery, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Pontarini
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Paolo Tentorio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Max Preti
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Michelle Hong
- Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency of Science; Technology and Research (A*STAR), 169587, Singapore
| | - Antonio Bertoletti
- Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency of Science; Technology and Research (A*STAR), 169587, Singapore
| | - Silvio Bicciato
- Department of Life Sciences, Center for Genome Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Liver Unit and Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Enrico Lugli
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Guido Torzilli
- Department of Hepatobiliary & General Surgery, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20089 Rozzano, Italy.
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60
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Maher CO, Dunne K, Comerford R, O’Dea S, Loy A, Woo J, Rogers TR, Mulcahy F, Dunne PJ, Doherty DG. Candida albicans Stimulates IL-23 Release by Human Dendritic Cells and Downstream IL-17 Secretion by Vδ1 T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5953-60. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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61
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HIV-1-induced impairment of dendritic cell cross talk with γδ T lymphocytes. J Virol 2015; 89:4798-808. [PMID: 25673717 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03681-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The interplay between dendritic cells (DC) and γδ T lymphocytes represents a network of paracrine and cell contact interactions important for an integrated immune response to pathogens. HIV-1 infection dramatically affects the number and functions of both cell populations, and DC/γδ T cell cross talk may represent a target of virus-induced immune escape. We investigated whether HIV-exposed DC could deliver aberrant signals to interacting γδ T cells. Here we report that the interaction of human γδ T lymphocytes with HIV-1-exposed autologous monocyte-derived DC, but not direct exposure to the virus, impairs lymphocyte expansion and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production in response to phosphoantigens. This effect is independent of virus strain and occurred in 55% of the donors analyzed. The donor-dependent variation observed relies on the responsiveness of DC to HIV-1 and is strictly related to the capacity of the virus to suppress the maturation-induced expression of interleukin 12 (IL-12). In fact, γδ T cell response to phosphoantigens is almost completely recovered when this cytokine is exogenously added to the DC/lymphocyte cocultures. Interestingly, we show that γδ T lymphocytes are recruited by HIV-1-exposed DC through a CCR5-mediated mechanism and exert a CCL4-mediated control on virus dissemination within DC and susceptible CD4(+) T lymphocytes. These results demonstrate an association between HIV-induced DC dysfunction and alterations of γδ T cell responses. The aberrant cross talk between these two cell populations may contribute to the pathogenesis of HIV infection by further reducing the strength of antiviral immune response. IMPORTANCE This study provides new evidence on the mechanisms exploited by HIV-1 to evade the host immune response. We report that HIV-1 impairs the cross talk between DC and γδ T lymphocytes, by reducing the capacity of DC to promote functional γδ T cell activation. Interestingly, the virus does not per se interfere with γδ T cell activation, thus highlighting the key role of early DC-HIV-1 interaction in this phenomenon. Furthermore, the results obtained unravel the novel role of γδ T cells in controlling HIV-1 dissemination within the DC population as well as virus transfer to susceptible CD4(+) T lymphocytes. The interactions of DC with innate lymphocytes represent a major control mechanism for an integrated immune response to infection. Understanding how HIV-1 harnesses these pathways may provide important insights on the pathogenesis of disease and offer new opportunities for therapeutic interventions.
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62
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Pauza CD, Poonia B, Li H, Cairo C, Chaudhry S. γδ T Cells in HIV Disease: Past, Present, and Future. Front Immunol 2015; 5:687. [PMID: 25688241 PMCID: PMC4311680 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 dysregulates γδ T cells as part of an immune evasion mechanism. Nearly three decades of research defined the effects of HIV on γδ T cells and how this impacts disease. With highly effective antiretroviral therapy providing virus suppression and longer survival, we expected a return to normal for γδ T cells. This is not the case. Even in patients with CD4 T cell reconstitution, normal γδ T cell levels and function are not recovered. The durable damage to Vδ2 T cells is paralleled by defects in NK, CD8 T cells, and dendritic cells. Whether these consequences of HIV stem from similar or distinct mechanisms are not known and effective means for recovering the full range of cellular immunity have not been discovered. These unanswered questions receive too little attention in the overall program of efforts to cure HIV this disease. Approved drugs capable of increasing Vδ2 T cell function are being tested in clinical trials for cancer and hold promise for restoring normal function in patients with HIV disease. The impetus for conducting clinical trials will come from understanding the significance of γδ T cells in HIV disease and what might be gained from targeted immunotherapy. This review traces the history and current progress of AIDS-related research on γδ T cells. We emphasize the damage to γδ T cells that persists despite effective virus suppression. These chronic immune deficits may be linked to the comorbidities of AIDS (cancer, cardiovascular disease, metabolic disease, and others) and will hinder efforts to eradicate HIV by cytotoxic T or NK cell killing. Here, we focus on one subset of T cells that may be critical in the pathogenesis of HIV and an attractive target for new immune-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C David Pauza
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Bhawna Poonia
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Haishan Li
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Cristiana Cairo
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Suchita Chaudhry
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
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63
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Ribeiro ST, Ribot JC, Silva-Santos B. Five Layers of Receptor Signaling in γδ T-Cell Differentiation and Activation. Front Immunol 2015; 6:15. [PMID: 25674089 PMCID: PMC4306313 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The contributions of γδ T-cells to immunity to infection or tumors critically depend on their activation and differentiation into effectors capable of secreting cytokines and killing infected or transformed cells. These processes are molecularly controlled by surface receptors that capture key extracellular cues and convey downstream intracellular signals that regulate γδ T-cell physiology. The understanding of how environmental signals are integrated by γδ T-cells is critical for their manipulation in clinical settings. Here, we discuss how different classes of surface receptors impact on human and murine γδ T-cell differentiation, activation, and expansion. In particular, we review the role of five receptor types: the T-cell receptor (TCR), costimulatory receptors, cytokine receptors, NK receptors, and inhibitory receptors. Some of the key players are the costimulatory receptors CD27 and CD28, which differentially impact on pro-inflammatory subsets of γδ T-cells; the cytokine receptors IL-2R, IL-7R, and IL-15R, which drive functional differentiation and expansion of γδ T-cells; the NK receptor NKG2D and its contribution to γδ T-cell cytotoxicity; and the inhibitory receptors PD-1 and BTLA that control γδ T-cell homeostasis. We discuss these and other receptors in the context of a five-step model of receptor signaling in γδ T-cell differentiation and activation, and discuss its implications for the manipulation of γδ T-cells in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio T Ribeiro
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Julie C Ribot
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Bruno Silva-Santos
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
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64
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Abstract
γδ T cells represent a small population of overall T lymphocytes (0.5-5%) and have variable tissue distribution in the body. γδ T cells can perform complex functions, such as immune surveillance, immunoregulation, and effector function, without undergoing clonal expansion. Heterogeneous distribution and anatomic localization of γδ T cells in the normal and inflamed tissues play an important role in alloimmunity, autoimmunity, or immunity. The cross-talk between γδ T cells and other immune cells and phenotypic and functional plasticity of γδ T cells have been given recent attention in the field of immunology. In this review, we discussed the cellular and molecular interaction of γδ T cells with other immune cells and its mechanism in the pathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Paul
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune University Campus, Pune, India
| | - Shilpi
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune University Campus, Pune, India
| | - Girdhari Lal
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune University Campus, Pune, India
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65
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Dieli F, Mavilio D. Editorial: activation, functions, and generation of immunological memory in γδ T lymphocytes: lessons from nonhuman primates. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:948-50. [PMID: 25452618 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4ce0714-364r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Dieli
- Central Laboratory for Advanced Diagnostic and Biomedical Research and Department of Biopathology, University of Palermo, Italy;
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy; and Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Italy
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66
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Latha TS, Reddy MC, Durbaka PVR, Rachamallu A, Pallu R, Lomada D. γδ T Cell-Mediated Immune Responses in Disease and Therapy. Front Immunol 2014; 5:571. [PMID: 25426120 PMCID: PMC4225745 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of γδ T cells in immunotherapy has gained specific importance in the recent years because of their prominent function involving directly or indirectly in the rehabilitation of the diseases. γδ T cells represent a minor population of T cells that express a distinct T cell receptor (TCR) composed of γδ chains instead of αβ chains. Unlike αβ T cells, γδ T cells display a restricted TCR repertoire and recognize mostly unknown non-peptide antigens. γδ T cells act as a link between innate and adaptive immunity, because they lack precise major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restriction and seize the ability to recognize ligands that are generated during affliction. Skin epidermal γδ T cells recognize antigen expressed by damaged or stressed keratinocytes and play an indispensable role in tissue homeostasis and repair through secretion of distinct growth factors. γδ T cell based immunotherapy strategies possess great prominence in the treatment because of the property of their MHC-independent cytotoxicity, copious amount of cytokine release, and a immediate response in infections. Understanding the role of γδ T cells in pathogenic infections, wound healing, autoimmune diseases, and cancer might provide knowledge for the successful treatment of these diseases using γδ T cell based immunotherapy. Enhancing the human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells functions by administration of aminobisphosphonates like zoledronate, pamidronate, and bromohydrin pyrophosphate along with cytokines and monoclonal antibodies shows a hopeful approach for treatment of tumors and infections. The current review summarizes the role of γδ T cells in various human diseases and immunotherapeutic approaches using γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sree Latha
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Yogi Vemana University , Kadapa , India
| | - Madhava C Reddy
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Yogi Vemana University , Kadapa , India
| | | | - Aparna Rachamallu
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad , India ; National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB) , Hyderabad , India
| | - Reddanna Pallu
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad , India ; National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB) , Hyderabad , India
| | - Dakshayani Lomada
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Yogi Vemana University , Kadapa , India
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67
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Archin NM, Sung JM, Garrido C, Soriano-Sarabia N, Margolis DM. Eradicating HIV-1 infection: seeking to clear a persistent pathogen. Nat Rev Microbiol 2014; 12:750-64. [PMID: 25402363 PMCID: PMC4383747 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) blunts viraemia, which enables HIV-1-infected individuals to control infection and live long, productive lives. However, HIV-1 infection remains incurable owing to the persistence of a viral reservoir that harbours integrated provirus within host cellular DNA. This latent infection is unaffected by ART and hidden from the immune system. Recent studies have focused on the development of therapies to disrupt latency. These efforts unmasked residual viral genomes and highlighted the need to enable the clearance of latently infected cells, perhaps via old and new strategies that improve the HIV-1-specific immune response. In this Review, we explore new approaches to eradicate established HIV-1 infection and avoid the burden of lifelong ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancie M Archin
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Julia Marsh Sung
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Carolina Garrido
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | - David M Margolis
- 1] Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. [2] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. [3] Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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68
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Rusmini M, Griseri P, Matera I, Pontarini E, Ravazzolo R, Mavilio D, Ceccherini I. Expression Variability and Function of the RET Gene in Adult Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:2027-37. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Rusmini
- U.O.C. Genetica Medica; Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Genova Italy
| | - Paola Griseri
- U.O.C. Genetica Medica; Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Genova Italy
| | - Ivana Matera
- U.O.C. Genetica Medica; Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Genova Italy
| | - Elena Pontarini
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center; Rozzano Milan Italy
| | - Roberto Ravazzolo
- U.O.C. Genetica Medica; Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Genova Italy
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Oftalmologia, Genetica e Materno Infantile (DINOGMI); Università di Genova; Genova Italy
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center; Rozzano Milan Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine; University of Milan; Milan Italy
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69
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Lugli E, Marcenaro E, Mavilio D. NK Cell Subset Redistribution during the Course of Viral Infections. Front Immunol 2014; 5:390. [PMID: 25177322 PMCID: PMC4132273 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are important effectors of innate immunity that play a critical role in the control of human viral infections. Indeed, given their capability to directly recognize virally infected cells without the need of specific antigen presentation, NK cells are on the first line of defense against these invading pathogens. By establishing cellular networks with a variety of cell types such as dendritic cells, NK cells can also amplify anti-viral adaptive immune responses. In turn, viruses evolved and developed several mechanisms to evade NK cell-mediated immune activity. It has been reported that certain viral diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus-1 as well as human cytomegalovirus infections, are associated with a pathologic redistribution of NK cell subsets in the peripheral blood. In particular, it has been observed the expansion of unconventional CD56(neg) NK cells, whose effector functions are significantly impaired as compared to that of conventional CD56(pos) NK cells. In this review, we address the impact of these two chronic viral infections on the functional and phenotypic perturbations of human NK cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Lugli
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center , Milan , Italy
| | - Emanuela Marcenaro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Centro di Eccellenza per le Ricerche Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Genova , Genova , Italy
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center , Milan , Italy ; Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Centro di Eccellenza per le Ricerche Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Genova , Genova , Italy ; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan , Milan , Italy
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70
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Omi K, Shimizu M, Watanabe E, Matsumura J, Takaku C, Shinya E, Takahashi H. Inhibition of R5-tropic HIV type-1 replication in CD4⁺ natural killer T cells by γδ T lymphocytes. Immunology 2014; 141:596-608. [PMID: 24266436 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
After the development of highly active anti-retroviral therapy, it became clear that the majority of emergent HIV-1 is macrophage-tropic and infects CD4⁺, CCR5-expressing cells (R5-tropic). There are three distinct cell populations, R5-tropic, HIV-1-susceptible CD4⁺ cells: (i) natural killer T (NKT) cells, (ii) dendritic cells and macrophages, and (iii) tissue-associated T cells residing primarily at mucosal surfaces. We have confirmed that CD4⁺ NKT cells derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) predominantly express CCR5 rather than CXCR4, whereas the reverse is true for CD4⁺ T cells derived from circulating PBMCs, and that R5-tropic HIV-1 expands efficiently in the CD4⁺ NKT cells. Moreover, when PBMCs depleted of CD8α⁺ cells were stimulated in the presence of α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) and R5-tropic HIV-1 [NL(AD8)], the production of HIV-1 virions was not suppressed, whereas, similar to the untreated PBMCs, depletion of CD8β⁺ cells from PBMCs significantly inhibited virion production. These findings suggest that CD8αα⁺ but not CD8αβ⁺ cells may have the ability to inhibit R5-tropic HIV-1 replication in CD4⁺ NKT cells. Here, we show that co-culturing R5-tropic HIV-1-infected CD4⁺ NKT cells with CD8αα⁺ γδ T cells, in particular Vγ1Vδ1 cells, but not with CD8αα⁺ NKT cells or CD8αα⁺ dendritic cells, inhibits HIV-1 replication mainly by secreting chemokines, such as macrophage inflammatory proteins 1α and 1β and RANTES. Collectively, these results indicate the importance of CD8αα⁺ γδ T cells in the control of R5-tropic HIV-1 replication and persistence in CD4⁺ NKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Omi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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71
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Paul S, Singh AK, Shilpi, Lal G. Phenotypic and functional plasticity of gamma-delta (γδ) T cells in inflammation and tolerance. Int Rev Immunol 2013; 33:537-58. [PMID: 24354324 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2013.863306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-delta T cells (γδ T cells) are an unique group of lymphocytes and play an important role in bridging the gap between innate and adaptive immune systems under homeostatic condition as well as during infection and inflammation. They are predominantly localized into the mucosal and epithelial sites, but also exist in other peripheral tissues and secondary lymphoid organs. γδ T cells can produce cytokines and chemokines to regulate the migration of other immune cells, can bring about lysis of infected or stressed cells by secreting granzymes, provide help to B cells and induce IgE production, can present antigen to conventional T cells, activate antigen presenting cells (APC) maturation, and are also known to produce growth factors that regulate the stromal cell function. γδ T cells spontaneously produce IFN-γ and IL-17 cytokines compared to delayed differentiation of Th1 and Th17 cells. In this review, we discussed the current knowledge about the mechanism of γδ T cell function including its mode of antigen recognition, and differentiation into various subsets of γδ T cells. We also explored how γδ T cells interact with different types of innate and adaptive immune cells, and how these interactions shape the immune response highlighting the plasticity and role of these cells-protective or pathogenic under inflammatory and tolerogenic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Paul
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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72
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Varchetta S, Lusso P, Hudspeth K, Mikulak J, Mele D, Paolucci S, Cimbro R, Malnati M, Riva A, Maserati R, Mondelli MU, Mavilio D. Sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin-7 interacts with HIV-1 gp120 and facilitates infection of CD4pos T cells and macrophages. Retrovirology 2013; 10:154. [PMID: 24330394 PMCID: PMC3878752 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin-7 (Siglec-7) expression is strongly reduced on natural killer (NK) cells from HIV-1 infected viremic patients. To investigate the mechanism(s) underlying this phenomenon, we hypothesized that Siglec-7 could contribute to the infection of CD4pos target cells following its interaction with HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoprotein 120 (gp120). Results The ability of Siglec-7 to bind gp120 Env in a sialic acid-dependent manner facilitates the infection of both T cells and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). Indeed, pre-incubation of HIV-1 with soluble Siglec-7 (sSiglec-7) increases the infection rate of CD4pos T cells, which do not constitutively express Siglec-7. Conversely, selective blockade of Siglec-7 markedly reduces the degree of HIV-1 infection in Siglec-7pos MDMs. Finally, the sSiglec-7 amount is increased in the serum of AIDS patients with high levels of HIV-1 viremia and inversely correlates with CD4pos T cell counts. Conclusions Our results show that Siglec-7 binds HIV-1 and contributes to enhance the susceptibility to infection of CD4pos T cells and MDMs. This phenomenon plays a role in HIV-1 pathogenesis and in disease progression, as suggested by the inverse correlation between high serum level of sSiglec-7 and the low CD4pos T cell count observed in AIDS patients in the presence of chronic viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Domenico Mavilio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
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73
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Herrmann J, Berberich H, Hartmann J, Beyer S, Davies K, Koch J. Homo-oligomerization of the activating natural killer cell receptor NKp30 ectodomain increases its binding affinity for cellular ligands. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:765-77. [PMID: 24275655 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.514786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural cytotoxicity receptors, comprised of three type I membrane proteins NKp30, NKp44, and NKp46, are a unique set of activating proteins expressed mainly on the surface of natural killer (NK) cells. Among these, NKp30 is a major receptor targeting virus-infected cells, malignantly transformed cells, and immature dendritic cells. To date, only few cellular ligands of NKp30 have been discovered, and the molecular details of ligand recognition by NKp30 are poorly understood. Within the current study, we found that the ectodomain of NKp30 forms functional homo-oligomers that mediate high affinity binding to its corresponding cellular ligand B7-H6. Notably, this homo-oligomerization is strongly promoted by the stalk domain of NKp30. Based on these data, we suggest that homo-oligomerization of NKp30 in the plasma membrane of NK cells, which might be favored by IL-2-dependent up-regulation of NKp30 expression, provides a way to improve recognition and lysis of target cells by NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Herrmann
- From the NK Cell Biology, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, D-60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany and
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74
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Inoue SI, Niikura M, Mineo S, Kobayashi F. Roles of IFN-γ and γδ T Cells in Protective Immunity Against Blood-Stage Malaria. Front Immunol 2013; 4:258. [PMID: 24009610 PMCID: PMC3756480 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is caused by infection with Plasmodium parasites. Various studies with knockout mice have indicated that IFN-γ plays essential roles in protective immunity against blood-stage Plasmodium infection. However, after Plasmodium infection, increased IFN-γ production by various types of cells is involved not only in protective immunity, but also in immunopathology. Recent reports have shown that IFN-γ acts as a pro-inflammatory cytokine to induce not only the activation of macrophages, but also the generation of uncommon myelolymphoid progenitor cells after Plasmodium infection. However, the effects of IFN-γ on hematopoietic stem cells and progenitor cells are unclear. Therefore, the regulation of hematopoiesis by IFN-γ during Plasmodium infection remains to be clarified. Although there are conflicting reports concerning the significance of γδ T cells in protective immunity against Plasmodium infection, γδ T cells may respond to infection and produce IFN-γ as innate immune cells in the early phase of blood-stage malaria. Our recent studies have shown that γδ T cells express CD40 ligand and produce IFN-γ after Plasmodium infection, resulting in the enhancement of dendritic cell activation as part of the immune response to eliminate Plasmodium parasites. These data suggest that the function of γδ T cells is similar to that of NK cells. Although several reports suggest that γδ T cells have the potential to act as memory cells for various infections, it remains to be determined whether memory γδ T cells are generated by Plasmodium infection and whether memory γδ T cells can contribute to the host defense against re-infection with Plasmodium. Here, we summarize and discuss the effects of IFN-γ and the various functions of γδ T cells in blood-stage Plasmodium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Inoue
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka , Tokyo , Japan
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75
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Hudspeth K, Pontarini E, Tentorio P, Cimino M, Donadon M, Torzilli G, Lugli E, Della Bella S, Gershwin ME, Mavilio D. The role of natural killer cells in autoimmune liver disease: a comprehensive review. J Autoimmun 2013; 46:55-65. [PMID: 23880068 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are important players of the innate arm of the immune system and provide an early defense against pathogens and tumor-transformed cells. Peripheral blood NK (PB-NK) cells were first identified because of their ability to spontaneously kill tumor-cell targets in vitro without the need for specific antigen priming, which is the reason that they were named 'natural killer' cells. The characterization of NK cells in human tissues and body organs represented another important step forward to better understand their physiology and physiopathology. In this regard, many reports revealed over the past decade a differential anatomic distribution of NK cell subsets in several sites such as the intestine, lung, cervix, placenta and liver as well as in secondary lymphoid organs such as spleen, lymph nodes and tonsils. Among all these tissues, the liver is certainly unique as its parenchyma contains an unusually high number of infiltrating immune cells with 30-50% of total lymphocytes being NK cells. Given the constant liver intake of non-self antigens from the gastrointestinal tract via the portal vein, hepatic NK (H-NK) cells must retain a certain degree of tolerance in the context of their immune-surveillance against dangers to the host. Indeed, the breakdown of the tolerogenic state of the liver-associated immune system has been shown to induce autoimmunity. However, the role of NK cells during the course of autoimmune liver diseases is still being debated mainly because a complete characterization of H-NK cells normally resident in healthy human liver has not yet been fully disclosed. Furthermore, the differences in phenotype and functions between human and mouse H-NK cells often preclude translation of results obtained from murine models into experimental approaches to be performed in humans. Here, we provide an extensive characterization of the phenotype of H-NK cells physiologically resident in the human liver by both mentioning data available in literature and including a set of original results recently developed in our laboratory. We then review our current knowledge in regard to the contribution of H-NK cells in regulating local immune homeostasis and tolerance as well as in inducing the development of liver autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Hudspeth
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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76
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Ciaglia E, Pisanti S, Picardi P, Laezza C, Malfitano AM, DˈAlessandro A, Gazzerro P, Vitale M, Carbone E, Bifulco M. N6-isopentenyladenosine, an endogenous isoprenoid end product, directly affects cytotoxic and regulatory functions of human NK cells through FDPS modulation. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 94:1207-19. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0413190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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77
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Hudspeth K, Silva-Santos B, Mavilio D. Natural cytotoxicity receptors: broader expression patterns and functions in innate and adaptive immune cells. Front Immunol 2013; 4:69. [PMID: 23518691 PMCID: PMC3603285 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs) have been classically defined as activating receptors delivering potent signals to Natural Killer (NK) cells in order to lyze harmful cells and to produce inflammatory cytokines. Indeed, the elicitation of NK cell effector functions after engagement of NCRs with their ligands on tumor or virus infected cells without the need for prior antigen recognition is one of the main mechanisms that allow a rapid clearance of target cells. The three known NCRs, NKp46, NKp44, and NKp30, comprise a family of germ-line encoded Ig-like trans-membrane (TM) receptors. Until recently, NCRs were thought to be NK cell specific surface molecules, thus making it possible to easily distinguish NK cells from phenotypically similar cell types. Moreover, it has also been found that the surface expression of NKp46 is conserved on NK cells across mammalian species. This discovery allowed for the use of NKp46 as a reliable marker to identify NK cells in different animal models, a comparison that was not possible before due to the lack of a common and comprehensive receptor repertoire between different species. However, several studies over the recent few years indicated that NCR expression is not exclusively confined to NK cells, but is also present on populations of T as well as of NK-like lymphocytes. These insights raised the hypothesis that the induced expression of NCRs on certain T cell subsets is governed by defined mechanisms involving the engagement of the T cell receptor (TCR) and the action of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In turn, the acquisition of NCRs by T cell subsets is also associated with a functional independence of these Ig-like TM receptors from TCR signaling. Here, we review these novel findings with respect to NCR-mediated functions of NK cells and we also discuss the functional consequences of NCR expression on non-NK cells, with a particular focus on the T cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Hudspeth
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center Rozzano, Milan, Italy ; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan Milan, Italy
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Abstract
γδ T cells are a unique and conserved population of lymphocytes that have been the subject of a recent explosion of interest owing to their essential contributions to many types of immune response and immunopathology. But what does the integration of recent and long-established studies really tell us about these cells and their place in immunology? The time is ripe to consider the evidence for their unique and crucial functions. We conclude that whereas B cells and αβ T cells are commonly thought to contribute primarily to the antigen-specific effector and memory phases of immunity, γδ T cells are distinct in that they combine conventional adaptive features (inherent in their T cell receptors and pleiotropic effector functions) with rapid, innate-like responses that can place them in the initiation phase of immune reactions. This underpins a revised perspective on lymphocyte biology and the regulation of immunogenicity.
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79
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Depletion and dysfunction of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells in HIV disease: mechanisms, impacts and therapeutic implications. Cell Mol Immunol 2012; 10:42-9. [PMID: 23241900 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2012.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disrupts the balance among γδ T cell subsets, with increasing Vδ1+ cells and substantial depletion of circulating Vδ2+ cells. Depletion is an indirect effect of HIV in CD4-negative Vδ2 cells, but is specific for phosphoantigen-responsive subpopulations identified by the Vγ2-Jγ1.2 (also called Vγ9-JγP) T cell receptor rearrangement. The extent of cell loss and recovery is related closely to clinical status, with highest levels of functional Vδ2 cells present in virus controllers (undetectable viremia in the absence of antiretroviral therapy). We review the mechanisms and clinical consequences for Vδ2 cell depletion in HIV disease. We address the question of whether HIV-mediated Vδ2 cell depletion, despite being an indirect effect of infection, is an important part of the immune evasion strategy for this virus. The important roles for Vδ2 cells, as effectors and immune regulators, identify key mechanisms affected by HIV and show the strong relationships between Vδ2 cell loss and immunodeficiency disease. This field is moving toward immune therapies based on targeting Vδ2 cells and we now have clear goals and expectations to guide interventional clinical trials.
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Silva-Santos B. Driving IL-17+γδ T-cell migration in allergic reactions: A new “inflammatory” role for the “homeostatic” chemokine CCL25. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:1097-101. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Silva-Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa; Lisboa Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência; Oeiras Portugal
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