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Willis Fox O, Preston RJS. Molecular basis of protease-activated receptor 1 signaling diversity. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:6-16. [PMID: 31549766 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are a family of highly conserved G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that respond to extracellular proteases via a unique proteolysis-dependent activation mechanism. Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) was the first identified member of the receptor family and plays important roles in hemostasis, inflammation and malignancy. The biology underlying PAR1 signaling by its canonical agonist thrombin is well characterized; however, definition of the mechanistic basis of PAR1 signaling by other proteases, including matrix metalloproteases, activated protein C, plasmin, and activated factors VII and X, remains incompletely understood. In this review, we discuss emerging insights into the molecular bases for "biased" PAR1 signaling, including atypical PAR1 proteolysis, PAR1 heterodimer and coreceptor interactions, PAR1 translocation on the membrane surface, and interactions with different G-proteins and β-arrestins upon receptor activation. Moreover, we consider how these new insights into PAR1 signaling have acted to spur development of novel PAR1-targeted therapeutics that act to inhibit, redirect, or fine-tune PAR1 signaling output to treat cardiovascular and inflammatory disease. Finally, we discuss some of the key unanswered questions relating to PAR1 biology, in particular how differences in PAR1 proteolysis, signaling intermediate coupling, and engagement with coreceptors and GPCRs combine to mediate the diversity of identified PAR1 signaling outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orla Willis Fox
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Roger J S Preston
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
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Bliden K, Chaudhary R, Kuliopulos A, Tran H, Taheri H, Tehrani B, Rosenblatt A, Navarese E, Tantry US, Gurbel PA. Effects of vorapaxar on clot characteristics, coagulation, inflammation, and platelet and endothelial function in patients treated with mono- and dual-antiplatelet therapy. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:23-35. [PMID: 31444884 PMCID: PMC6940524 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vorapaxar is indicated with standard antiplatelet therapy (APT) in patients with a history of myocardial infarction (MI) or peripheral arterial disease (PAD). OBJECTIVES To evaluate the comparative effects of vorapaxar on platelet-fibrin clot characteristics (PFCC), coagulation, inflammation, and platelet and endothelial function during treatment with daily 81 mg aspirin (A), 75 mg clopidogrel (C), both (C + A), or neither. METHODS Thrombelastography, conventional platelet aggregation (PA), ex vivo endothelial function by ENDOPAT, coagulation, platelet activation/inflammation marked by urinary 11-dehydrothromboxane B2 (UTxB2 ) and safety were determined in patients who were APT naïve (n = 21), on C (n = 8), on A (n = 29), and on A + C (n = 23) during 1 month of vorapaxar therapy and 1 month of offset. RESULTS Vorapaxar had no effect on PFCC, ADP- or collagen-induced PA, thrombin time, fibrinogen, PT, PTT, von Willebrand factor (vWF), D-dimer, or endothelial function (P > .05 in all groups). Inhibition of SFLLRN (PAR-1 activating peptide)-stimulated PA by vorapaxar was accelerated by A + C at 2 hours (P < .05 versus other groups) with nearly complete inhibition by 30 days that persisted through 30 days after discontinuation in all groups (P < .001). SFLLRN-induced PA during offset was lower in APT patients versus APT-naïve patients (P < .05). Inhibition of UTxB2 was observed in APT-naive patients treated with vorapaxar (P < .05). Minor bleeding was only observed in C-treated patients. CONCLUSION Vorapaxar had no influence on PFCC measured by thrombelastography, coagulation, or endothelial function irrespective of APT. Inhibition of protease activated receptor (PAR)-1 mediated platelet aggregation by vorapaxar was accelerated by A + C and offset was prolonged by concomitant APT. Vorapaxar-induced anti-inflammatory effects were observed in non-aspirin-treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Bliden
- Inova Center for Thrombosis Research and Drug Development, Inova Heart and Vascular Institute, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Rahul Chaudhary
- Division of Hospital Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Athan Kuliopulos
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Henry Tran
- Inova Center for Thrombosis Research and Drug Development, Inova Heart and Vascular Institute, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Hamid Taheri
- Inova Center for Thrombosis Research and Drug Development, Inova Heart and Vascular Institute, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Behnam Tehrani
- Inova Center for Thrombosis Research and Drug Development, Inova Heart and Vascular Institute, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Arnold Rosenblatt
- Inova Center for Thrombosis Research and Drug Development, Inova Heart and Vascular Institute, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Eliano Navarese
- Inova Center for Thrombosis Research and Drug Development, Inova Heart and Vascular Institute, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Udaya S. Tantry
- Sinai Center for Thrombosis Research, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paul A. Gurbel
- Inova Center for Thrombosis Research and Drug Development, Inova Heart and Vascular Institute, Fairfax, VA, USA
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Swenarchuk LE. Nerve, Muscle, and Synaptogenesis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111448. [PMID: 31744142 PMCID: PMC6912269 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate skeletal neuromuscular junction (NMJ) has long served as a model system for studying synapse structure, function, and development. Over the last several decades, a neuron-specific isoform of agrin, a heparan sulfate proteoglycan, has been identified as playing a central role in synapse formation at all vertebrate skeletal neuromuscular synapses. While agrin was initially postulated to be the inductive molecule that initiates synaptogenesis, this model has been modified in response to work showing that postsynaptic differentiation can develop in the absence of innervation, and that synapses can form in transgenic mice in which the agrin gene is ablated. In place of a unitary mechanism for neuromuscular synapse formation, studies in both mice and zebrafish have led to the proposal that two mechanisms mediate synaptogenesis, with some synapses being induced by nerve contact while others involve the incorporation of prepatterned postsynaptic structures. Moreover, the current model also proposes that agrin can serve two functions, to induce synaptogenesis and to stabilize new synapses, once these are formed. This review examines the evidence for these propositions, and concludes that it remains possible that a single molecular mechanism mediates synaptogenesis at all NMJs, and that agrin acts as a stabilizer, while its role as inducer is open to question. Moreover, if agrin does not act to initiate synaptogenesis, it follows that as yet uncharacterized molecular interactions are required to play this essential inductive role. Several alternatives to agrin for this function are suggested, including focal pericellular proteolysis and integrin signaling, but all require experimental validation.
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Ulasov IV, Mijanovic O, Savchuk S, Gonzalez-Buendia E, Sonabend A, Xiao T, Timashev P, Lesniak MS. TMZ regulates GBM stemness via MMP14-DLL4-Notch3 pathway. Int J Cancer 2019; 146:2218-2228. [PMID: 31443114 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most aggressive primary brain tumors with frequent recurrences following the standard methods of treatment-temozolomide (TMZ), ionizing radiation and surgical resection. The objective of our study was to investigate GBM resistance mediated via MMP14 (matrix metalloproteinase 14). We used multiple PDX GBM models and established glioma cell lines to characterize expression and subcellular localization of MMP14 after TMZ treatment. We performed a Kiloplex ELISA-based array to evaluate changes in cellular proteins induced by MMP14 expression and translocation. Lastly, we conducted functional and mechanistic studies to elucidate the role of DLL4 (delta-like canonical notch ligand 4) in regulation of glioma stemness, particularly in the context of its relationship to MMP14. We detected that TMZ treatment promotes nuclear translocation of MMP14 followed by extracellular release of DLL4. DLL4 in turn stimulates cleavage of Notch3, its nuclear translocation and induction of sphering capacity and stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya V Ulasov
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olja Mijanovic
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Adam Sonabend
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ting Xiao
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Petr Timashev
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maciej S Lesniak
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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Young D, Das N, Anowai A, Dufour A. Matrix Metalloproteases as Influencers of the Cells' Social Media. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163847. [PMID: 31394726 PMCID: PMC6720954 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been studied in the context of cancer due to their ability to increase cell invasion, and were initially thought to facilitate metastasis solely through the degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM). MMPs have also been investigated in the context of their ECM remodeling activity in several acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. However, after several MMP inhibitors failed in phase III clinical trials, a global reassessment of their biological functions was undertaken, which has revealed multiple unanticipated functions including the processing of chemokines, cytokines, and cell surface receptors. Despite what their name suggests, the matrix aspect of MMPs could contribute to a lesser part of their physiological functions in inflammatory diseases, as originally anticipated. Here, we present examples of MMP substrates implicated in cell signaling, independent of their ECM functions, and discuss the impact for the use of MMP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Young
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Nabangshu Das
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Anthonia Anowai
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Antoine Dufour
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Beroun A, Mitra S, Michaluk P, Pijet B, Stefaniuk M, Kaczmarek L. MMPs in learning and memory and neuropsychiatric disorders. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3207-3228. [PMID: 31172215 PMCID: PMC6647627 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03180-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of over twenty proteases, operating chiefly extracellularly to cleave components of the extracellular matrix, cell adhesion molecules as well as cytokines and growth factors. By virtue of their expression and activity patterns in animal models and clinical investigations, as well as functional studies with gene knockouts and enzyme inhibitors, MMPs have been demonstrated to play a paramount role in many physiological and pathological processes in the brain. In particular, they have been shown to influence learning and memory processes, as well as major neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, various kinds of addiction, epilepsy, fragile X syndrome, and depression. A possible link connecting all those conditions is either physiological or aberrant synaptic plasticity where some MMPs, e.g., MMP-9, have been demonstrated to contribute to the structural and functional reorganization of excitatory synapses that are located on dendritic spines. Another common theme linking the aforementioned pathological conditions is neuroinflammation and MMPs have also been shown to be important mediators of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Beroun
- BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute, Pasteura 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Michaluk
- BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute, Pasteura 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Pijet
- BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute, Pasteura 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Leszek Kaczmarek
- BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute, Pasteura 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
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Ruf W. Proteases, Protease-Activated Receptors, and Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:1252-1254. [PMID: 29793990 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Ruf
- From the Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany; and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA.
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The Cardioprotective Signaling Activity of Activated Protein C in Heart Failure and Ischemic Heart Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071762. [PMID: 30974752 PMCID: PMC6479968 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated protein C (APC) is a vitamin-K dependent plasma serine protease, which functions as a natural anticoagulant to downregulate thrombin generation in the clotting cascade. APC also modulates cellular homeostasis by exhibiting potent cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory signaling activities. The beneficial cytoprotective effects of APC have been extensively studied and confirmed in a number of preclinical disease and injury models including sepsis, type-1 diabetes and various ischemia/reperfusion diseases. It is now well-known that APC modulates downstream cell signaling networks and transcriptome profiles when it binds to the endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) to activate protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) on various cell types. However, despite much progress, details of the downstream signaling mechanism of APC and its crosstalk with other signaling networks are far from being fully understood. In this review, we focus on the cardioprotective properties of APC in ischemic heart disease and heart failure with a special emphasis on recent discoveries related to the modulatory effect of APC on AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), PI3K/AKT, and mTORC1 signaling pathways. The cytoprotective properties of APC might provide a novel strategy for future therapies in cardiac diseases.
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59
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Heuberger DM, Schuepbach RA. Protease-activated receptors (PARs): mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic modulators in PAR-driven inflammatory diseases. Thromb J 2019; 17:4. [PMID: 30976204 PMCID: PMC6440139 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-019-0194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases have become increasingly prevalent with industrialization. To address this, numerous anti-inflammatory agents and molecular targets have been considered in clinical trials. Among molecular targets, protease-activated receptors (PARs) are abundantly recognized for their roles in the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. In particular, several inflammatory effects are directly mediated by the sensing of proteolytic activity by PARs. PARs belong to the seven transmembrane domain G protein-coupled receptor family, but are unique in their lack of physiologically soluble ligands. In contrast with classical receptors, PARs are activated by N-terminal proteolytic cleavage. Upon removal of specific N-terminal peptides, the resulting N-termini serve as tethered activation ligands that interact with the extracellular loop 2 domain and initiate receptor signaling. In the classical pathway, activated receptors mediate signaling by recruiting G proteins. However, activation of PARs alternatively lead to the transactivation of and signaling through receptors such as co-localized PARs, ion channels, and toll-like receptors. In this review we consider PARs and their modulators as potential therapeutic agents, and summarize the current understanding of PAR functions from clinical and in vitro studies of PAR-related inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea M Heuberger
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Surgical Research Division, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reto A Schuepbach
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Xu H, Wang T, Liu S, Brook RD, Feng B, Zhao Q, Song X, Yi T, Chen J, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zheng L, Rajagopalan S, Li J, Huang W. Extreme Levels of Air Pollution Associated With Changes in Biomarkers of Atherosclerotic Plaque Vulnerability and Thrombogenicity in Healthy Adults. Circ Res 2019; 124:e30-e43. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.313948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbing Xu
- From the Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China (H.X., T.W., B.F., Q.Z., X.S., J.C., Y.Z., Y.W., W.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China (H.X., T.W., S.L., B.F., Q.Z., X.S., T.Y., J.C., Y.Z., Y.W., L.Z., J.L., W.H.)
| | - Tong Wang
- From the Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China (H.X., T.W., B.F., Q.Z., X.S., J.C., Y.Z., Y.W., W.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China (H.X., T.W., S.L., B.F., Q.Z., X.S., T.Y., J.C., Y.Z., Y.W., L.Z., J.L., W.H.)
| | - Shengcong Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (S.L., T.Y., J.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China (H.X., T.W., S.L., B.F., Q.Z., X.S., T.Y., J.C., Y.Z., Y.W., L.Z., J.L., W.H.)
| | - Robert D. Brook
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.D.B.)
| | - Baihuan Feng
- From the Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China (H.X., T.W., B.F., Q.Z., X.S., J.C., Y.Z., Y.W., W.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China (H.X., T.W., S.L., B.F., Q.Z., X.S., T.Y., J.C., Y.Z., Y.W., L.Z., J.L., W.H.)
| | - Qian Zhao
- From the Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China (H.X., T.W., B.F., Q.Z., X.S., J.C., Y.Z., Y.W., W.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China (H.X., T.W., S.L., B.F., Q.Z., X.S., T.Y., J.C., Y.Z., Y.W., L.Z., J.L., W.H.)
| | - Xiaoming Song
- From the Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China (H.X., T.W., B.F., Q.Z., X.S., J.C., Y.Z., Y.W., W.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China (H.X., T.W., S.L., B.F., Q.Z., X.S., T.Y., J.C., Y.Z., Y.W., L.Z., J.L., W.H.)
| | - Tieci Yi
- Division of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (S.L., T.Y., J.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China (H.X., T.W., S.L., B.F., Q.Z., X.S., T.Y., J.C., Y.Z., Y.W., L.Z., J.L., W.H.)
| | - Jie Chen
- From the Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China (H.X., T.W., B.F., Q.Z., X.S., J.C., Y.Z., Y.W., W.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China (H.X., T.W., S.L., B.F., Q.Z., X.S., T.Y., J.C., Y.Z., Y.W., L.Z., J.L., W.H.)
| | - Yi Zhang
- From the Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China (H.X., T.W., B.F., Q.Z., X.S., J.C., Y.Z., Y.W., W.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China (H.X., T.W., S.L., B.F., Q.Z., X.S., T.Y., J.C., Y.Z., Y.W., L.Z., J.L., W.H.)
| | - Yang Wang
- From the Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China (H.X., T.W., B.F., Q.Z., X.S., J.C., Y.Z., Y.W., W.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China (H.X., T.W., S.L., B.F., Q.Z., X.S., T.Y., J.C., Y.Z., Y.W., L.Z., J.L., W.H.)
| | - Lemin Zheng
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (L.Z.), Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine (L.Z.), Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China (H.X., T.W., S.L., B.F., Q.Z., X.S., T.Y., J.C., Y.Z., Y.W., L.Z., J.L., W.H.)
| | - Sanjay Rajagopalan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Case Western Reserve Medical School, Cleveland OH (S.R.)
| | - Jianping Li
- Division of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (S.L., T.Y., J.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China (H.X., T.W., S.L., B.F., Q.Z., X.S., T.Y., J.C., Y.Z., Y.W., L.Z., J.L., W.H.)
| | - Wei Huang
- From the Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China (H.X., T.W., B.F., Q.Z., X.S., J.C., Y.Z., Y.W., W.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China (H.X., T.W., S.L., B.F., Q.Z., X.S., T.Y., J.C., Y.Z., Y.W., L.Z., J.L., W.H.)
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Posma JJ, Grover SP, Hisada Y, Owens AP, Antoniak S, Spronk HM, Mackman N. Roles of Coagulation Proteases and PARs (Protease-Activated Receptors) in Mouse Models of Inflammatory Diseases. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:13-24. [PMID: 30580574 PMCID: PMC6310042 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the blood coagulation cascade leads to fibrin deposition and platelet activation that are required for hemostasis. However, aberrant activation of coagulation can lead to thrombosis. Thrombi can cause tissue ischemia, and fibrin degradation products and activated platelets can enhance inflammation. In addition, coagulation proteases activate cells by cleavage of PARs (protease-activated receptors), including PAR1 and PAR2. Direct oral anticoagulants have recently been developed to specifically inhibit the coagulation proteases FXa (factor Xa) and thrombin. Administration of these inhibitors to wild-type mice can be used to determine the roles of FXa and thrombin in different inflammatory diseases. These results can be compared with the phenotypes of mice with deficiencies of either Par1 (F2r) or Par2 (F2rl1). However, inhibition of coagulation proteases will have effects beyond reducing PAR signaling, and a deficiency of PARs will abolish signaling from all proteases that activate these receptors. We will summarize studies that examine the roles of coagulation proteases, particularly FXa and thrombin, and PARs in different mouse models of inflammatory disease. Targeting FXa and thrombin or PARs may reduce inflammatory diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens J Posma
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Steven P Grover
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yohei Hisada
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - A. Phillip Owens
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH, USA
| | - Silvio Antoniak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Henri M Spronk
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Cimmino G, Cirillo P. Tissue factor: newer concepts in thrombosis and its role beyond thrombosis and hemostasis. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2018; 8:581-593. [PMID: 30498683 DOI: 10.21037/cdt.2018.10.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
For many years, the attention on tissue factor (TF) in human pathophysiology has been limited to its role as initiator of extrinsic coagulation pathway. Moreover, it was described as a glycoprotein located in several tissue including vascular wall and atherosclerotic plaque. However, in the last two decades, the discovery that TF circulates in the blood as cell-associated protein, microparticles (MPs) bound and as soluble form, is changing this old vessel-wall TF dogma. Moreover, it has been reported that TF is expressed by different cell types, even T lymphocytes and platelets, and different pathological conditions, such as acute and chronic inflammatory status, and cancer, may enhance its expression and activity. Thus, recent advances in the biology of TF have clearly indicated that beyond its known effects on blood coagulation, it is a "true surface receptor" involved in many intracellular signaling, cell-survival, gene and protein expression, proliferation, angiogenesis and tumor metastasis. Finally, therapeutic modulation of TF expression and/or activity has been tested with controversial results. This report, starting from the old point of view about TF as initiator of extrinsic coagulation pathway, briefly illustrates the more recent concepts about TF and thrombosis and finally gives an overview about its role beyond thrombosis and haemostasis focusing on the different intracellular mechanisms triggered by its activation and potentially involved in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Cimmino
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Division of Cardiology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" Naples, Italy
| | - Plinio Cirillo
- Department of Advance Biomedical Science, Division of Cardiology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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64
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Covic L, Kuliopulos A. Protease-Activated Receptor 1 as Therapeutic Target in Breast, Lung, and Ovarian Cancer: Pepducin Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082237. [PMID: 30065181 PMCID: PMC6121574 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) belong to a large family of diverse receptors that are well recognized as pharmacological targets. However, very few of these receptors have been pursued as oncology drug targets. The Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1), which is a G-protein coupled receptor, has been shown to act as an oncogene and is an emerging anti-cancer drug target. In this paper, we provide an overview of PAR1’s biased signaling role in metastatic cancers of the breast, lungs, and ovaries and describe the development of PAR1 inhibitors that are currently in clinical use to treat acute coronary syndromes. PAR1 inhibitor PZ-128 is in a Phase II clinical trial and is being developed to prevent ischemic and thrombotic complication of patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. PZ-128 belongs to a new class of cell-penetrating, membrane-tethered peptides named pepducins that are based on the intracellular loops of receptors targeting the receptor G-protein interface. Application of PZ-128 as an anti-metastatic and anti-angiogenic therapeutic agent in breast, lung, and ovarian cancer is being reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidija Covic
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Athan Kuliopulos
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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65
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Griffin JH, Zlokovic BV, Mosnier LO. Activated protein C, protease activated receptor 1, and neuroprotection. Blood 2018; 132:159-169. [PMID: 29866816 PMCID: PMC6043978 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-02-769026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein C is a plasma serine protease zymogen whose active form, activated protein C (APC), exerts potent anticoagulant activity. In addition to its antithrombotic role as a plasma protease, pharmacologic APC is a pleiotropic protease that activates diverse homeostatic cell signaling pathways via multiple receptors on many cells. Engineering of APC by site-directed mutagenesis provided a signaling selective APC mutant with 3 Lys residues replaced by 3 Ala residues, 3K3A-APC, that lacks >90% anticoagulant activity but retains normal cell signaling activities. This 3K3A-APC mutant exerts multiple potent neuroprotective activities, which require the G-protein-coupled receptor, protease activated receptor 1. Potent neuroprotection in murine ischemic stroke models is linked to 3K3A-APC-induced signaling that arises due to APC's cleavage in protease activated receptor 1 at a noncanonical Arg46 site. This cleavage causes biased signaling that provides a major explanation for APC's in vivo mechanism of action for neuroprotective activities. 3K3A-APC appeared to be safe in ischemic stroke patients and reduced bleeding in the brain after tissue plasminogen activator therapy in a recent phase 2 clinical trial. Hence, it merits further clinical testing for its efficacy in ischemic stroke patients. Recent studies using human fetal neural stem and progenitor cells show that 3K3A-APC promotes neurogenesis in vitro as well as in vivo in the murine middle cerebral artery occlusion stroke model. These recent advances should encourage translational research centered on signaling selective APC's for both single-agent therapies and multiagent combination therapies for ischemic stroke and other neuropathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Griffin
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA; and
| | - Berislav V Zlokovic
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
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66
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Kremers BMM, Ten Cate H, Spronk HMH. Pleiotropic effects of the hemostatic system. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:S1538-7836(22)02208-5. [PMID: 29851288 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Atherothrombosis is characterized by the inflammatory process of atherosclerosis combined with a hypercoagulable state leading to superimposed thrombus formation. In atherosclerotic plaques, cell signaling can occur via protease-activated receptors (PARs), four of which have been identified so far (PAR1-PAR4). Proteases that are able to activate PARs can be produced systemically, but also at the sites of lesions, and they include thrombin and activated factor X. After PAR activation, downstream signaling can lead to both proinflammatory effects and a hypercoagulable state. Which specific effect occurs depends on the type of protease and activated PAR, and the site of activation. Hypercoagulable effects are mainly exerted through PAR1 and PAR4, whereas proinflammatory responses are mostly seen after PAR1 and PAR2 activation. PAR signaling pathways contribute to atherothrombosis, suggesting that inhibition of these pathways possibly prevents cardiovascular events based on this pathophysiological mechanism. In this review, we highlight the pathways by which PAR activation leads to proinflammatory responses and a hypercoagulable state. Furthermore, we give an overview of potential pharmacological treatment targets that promote vascular protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M M Kremers
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - H Ten Cate
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - H M H Spronk
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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67
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Fu X, Ning JP. Synthesis and biocompatibility of an argatroban-modified polysulfone membrane that directly inhibits thrombosis. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2018; 29:66. [PMID: 29744595 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-018-6054-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Anticoagulation therapy plays a vital role in the prevention of blood clot formation during hemodialysis and hemofiltration, especially for critical care patients. Here, we synthesized a novel argatroban (Arg)-modified polysulfone (PSf) membrane for anticoagulation. Arg was grafted onto the PSF membrane via chemical modification to increase membrane hydrophilicity. Protein adsorption, coagulation, as well as activation of platelets and complement systems were greatly reduced on the Arg-modified PSf membrane. Thus, the recalcification time and the activated partial thrombin time (APTT) were increased after the modification. In comparison with the pristine PSf membrane, the Arg-modified PSf membrane showed better hemocompatibility and anticoagulation properties, indicating its potential for applications in hemodialysis and hemofiltration. Modification of the PSf membrane has been investigated in attempts to further enhance the anticoagulation properties of the hemodialysis membranes, including a heparin-modified PSf membrane. However, heparin can inhibit plasma-free thrombin, and cause the occurrence of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), which increases the risk of bleeding during dialysis in critical care patients. To address this problem, we modified PSf membrane with as a novel direct thrombin inhibitors, argatroban (Arg). It can reversibly bind to thrombin, inhibiting not only the plasma-free thrombin in the blood, but also clot-bound thrombin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Fu
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jian-Ping Ning
- Department of Nephropathy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
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68
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Huang C, Li Y, Guo Y, Zhang Z, Lian G, Chen Y, Li J, Su Y, Li J, Yang K, Chen S, Su H, Huang K, Zeng L. MMP1/PAR1/SP/NK1R paracrine loop modulates early perineural invasion of pancreatic cancer cells. Theranostics 2018; 8:3074-3086. [PMID: 29896303 PMCID: PMC5996366 DOI: 10.7150/thno.24281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism of perineural invasion (PNI) is unclear, and insufficient detection during early-stage PNI in vivo hampers its investigation. We aimed to identify a cytokine paracrine loop between pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells and nerves and established a noninvasive method to monitor PNI in vivo. Methods: A Matrigel/ dorsal root ganglia (DRG) system was used to observe PNI in vitro, and a murine sciatic nerve invasion model was established to examine PNI in vivo. PNI was assessed by MRI with iron oxide nanoparticle labeling. We searched publicly available datasets as well as obtained PDAC tissues from 30 patients to examine MMP1 expression in human tumor and non-tumor tissues. Results: Our results showed that matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP1) activated AKT and induced protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1)-expressing DRG to release substance P (SP), which, in turn, activated neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R)-expressing PDAC cells and enhanced cellular migration, invasion, and PNI via SP/NK1R/ERK. In animals, hind limb paralysis and a decreased hind paw width were observed approximately 20 days after inoculation of cancer cells in the perineurium. MMP1 silencing with shRNA or treatment with either a PAR1 or an NK1R antagonist inhibited PNI. MRI detected PNI as early as 10 days after implantation of PDAC cells. PNI also induced PDAC liver metastasis. Bioinformatic analyses and pathological studies on patient tissues corroborated the clinical relevance of these findings. Conclusion: In this study, we provided evidence that the MMP1/PAR1/SP/NK1R paracrine loop contributes to PNI during the early stage of primary tumor formation. Furthermore, we established a sensitive and non-invasive method to detect nerve invasion using iron oxide nanoparticles and MRI.
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69
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Rana R, Huang T, Koukos G, Fletcher EK, Turner SE, Shearer A, Gurbel PA, Rade JJ, Kimmelstiel CD, Bliden KP, Covic L, Kuliopulos A. Noncanonical Matrix Metalloprotease 1-Protease-Activated Receptor 1 Signaling Drives Progression of Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:1368-1380. [PMID: 29622563 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.310967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) is classically activated by thrombin and is critical in controlling the balance of hemostasis and thrombosis. More recently, it has been shown that noncanonical activation of PAR1 by matrix metalloprotease-1 (MMP1) contributes to arterial thrombosis. However, the role of PAR1 in long-term development of atherosclerosis is unknown, regardless of the protease agonist. APPROACH AND RESULTS We found that plasma MMP1 was significantly correlated (R=0.33; P=0.0015) with coronary atherosclerotic burden as determined by angiography in 91 patients with coronary artery disease and acute coronary syndrome undergoing cardiac catheterization or percutaneous coronary intervention. A cell-penetrating PAR1 pepducin, PZ-128, currently being tested as an antithrombotic agent in the acute setting in the TRIP-PCI study (Thrombin Receptor Inhibitory Pepducin-Percutaneous Coronary Intervention), caused a significant decrease in total atherosclerotic burden by 58% to 70% (P<0.05) and reduced plaque macrophage content by 54% (P<0.05) in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. An MMP1 inhibitor gave similar beneficial effects, in contrast to the thrombin inhibitor bivalirudin that gave no improvement on atherosclerosis end points. Mechanistic studies revealed that inflammatory signaling mediated by MMP1-PAR1 plays a critical role in amplifying tumor necrosis factor α signaling in endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that targeting the MMP1-PAR1 system may be effective in tamping down chronic inflammatory signaling in plaques and halting the progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajashree Rana
- From the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (R.R., T.H., G.K., E.K.F., S.E.T., A.S., L.C., A.K.)
| | - Tianfang Huang
- From the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (R.R., T.H., G.K., E.K.F., S.E.T., A.S., L.C., A.K.)
| | - Georgios Koukos
- From the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (R.R., T.H., G.K., E.K.F., S.E.T., A.S., L.C., A.K.)
| | - Elizabeth K Fletcher
- From the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (R.R., T.H., G.K., E.K.F., S.E.T., A.S., L.C., A.K.)
| | - Susan E Turner
- From the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (R.R., T.H., G.K., E.K.F., S.E.T., A.S., L.C., A.K.)
| | - Andrew Shearer
- From the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (R.R., T.H., G.K., E.K.F., S.E.T., A.S., L.C., A.K.)
| | - Paul A Gurbel
- Inova Center for Thrombosis Research and Translational Medicine, Inova Heart and Vascular Institute, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, VA (P.A.G., K.P.B.)
| | - Jeffrey J Rade
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Massachusetts Memorial Medical Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (J.J.R.)
| | - Carey D Kimmelstiel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (C.D.K.)
| | - Kevin P Bliden
- Inova Center for Thrombosis Research and Translational Medicine, Inova Heart and Vascular Institute, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, VA (P.A.G., K.P.B.)
| | - Lidija Covic
- From the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (R.R., T.H., G.K., E.K.F., S.E.T., A.S., L.C., A.K.)
| | - Athan Kuliopulos
- From the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (R.R., T.H., G.K., E.K.F., S.E.T., A.S., L.C., A.K.)
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70
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Sinha RK, Wang Y, Zhao Z, Xu X, Burnier L, Gupta N, Fernández JA, Martin G, Kupriyanov S, Mosnier LO, Zlokovic BV, Griffin JH. PAR1 biased signaling is required for activated protein C in vivo benefits in sepsis and stroke. Blood 2018; 131:1163-1171. [PMID: 29343482 PMCID: PMC5855020 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-10-810895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated protein C (APC) cleaves protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) in vitro at R46 to initiate beneficial cell signaling; however, thrombin and APC can cleave at R41. To elucidate PAR1-dependent aspects of the pharmacologic in vivo mechanisms of APC, we generated C57BL/6 mouse strains carrying QQ41 or QQ46 point mutations in PAR1 (F2r gene). Using these strains, we determined whether or not recombinant murine signaling-selective APC mutants would reduce septic death or provide neuroprotection against ischemic stroke when mice carried PAR1-homozygous mutations that prevent cleavage at either R41 or R46. Intercrossing PAR1+/R46Q mice generated expected numbers of PAR1+/+, PAR1+/R46Q, and R46Q/R46Q offspring whereas intercrossing PAR1+/R41Q mice gave decreased R41Q/R41Q homozygotes (resembling intercrossing PAR1+/PAR1-knockout mice). QQ41-PAR1 and QQ46-PAR1 brain endothelial cells showed the predicted retention or loss of cellular responses to thrombin receptor-activating peptide, thrombin, or APC for each PAR1 mutation. In sepsis studies, exogenous APC reduced mortality from 50% to 10% in Escherichia coli-induced pneumonia for wild-type (Wt) PAR1 and QQ41-PAR1 mice (P < .01) but had no benefit for QQ46-PAR1 mice. In transient distal middle cerebral artery occlusion stroke studies, exogenous APC significantly reduced infarct size, edema, and neuronal apoptosis for Wt mice and QQ41-PAR1 mice but had no detectable benefits for mice carrying QQ46-PAR1. In functional studies of forelimb-asymmetry and foot-fault tests at 24 hours after stroke induction, signaling-selective APC was beneficial for Wt and QQ41-PAR1 mice but not QQ46-PAR1 mice. These results support the concept that APC-induced, PAR1-dependent biased signaling following R46 cleavage is central to the in vivo benefits of APC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yaoming Wang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; and
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; and
| | - Xiao Xu
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Naveen Gupta
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | | | - Greg Martin
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | | | | | - Berislav V Zlokovic
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; and
| | - John H Griffin
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
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71
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Alehagen U, Aaseth J, Alexander J, Svensson E, Johansson P, Larsson A. Less fibrosis in elderly subjects supplemented with selenium and coenzyme Q10-A mechanism behind reduced cardiovascular mortality? Biofactors 2018; 44:137-147. [PMID: 29220105 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In an intervention study where 221 healthy elderly persons received selenium and coenzyme Q10 as a dietary supplement, and 222 received placebo for 4 years we observed improved cardiac function and reduced cardiovascular mortality. As fibrosis is central in the aging process, we investigated the effect of the intervention on biomarkers of fibrogenic activity in a subanalysis of this intervention study. MATERIAL AND METHODS In the present subanalysis 122 actively treated individuals and 101 controls, the effect of the treatment on eight biomarkers of fibrogenic activity were assessed. These biomarkers were: Cathepsin S, Endostatin, Galectin 3, Growth Differentiation Factor-15 (GDF-15), Matrix Metalloproteinases 1 and 9, Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP 1) and Suppression of Tumorigenicity 2 (ST-2). Blood concentrations of these biomarkers after 6 and 42 months were analyzed by the use of T-tests, repeated measures of variance, and factor analyses. RESULTS Compared with placebo, in those receiving supplementation with selenium and coenzyme Q10, all biomarkers except ST2 showed significant decreased concentrations in blood. The changes in concentrations, that is, effects sizes as given by partial eta2 caused by the intervention were considered small to medium. CONCLUSION The significantly decreased biomarker concentrations in those on active treatment with selenium and coenzyme Q10 compared with those on placebo after 36 months of intervention presumably reflect less fibrogenic activity as a result of the intervention. These observations might indicate that reduced fibrosis precedes the reported improvement in cardiac function, thereby explaining some of the positive clinical effects caused by the intervention. © 2017 BioFactors, 44(2):137-147, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urban Alehagen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jan Aaseth
- Research Department, Innlandet Hospital, and Hedmark University College, Elverum, Norway
| | | | - Erland Svensson
- Retired, former Swedish Defence Research Agency, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Peter Johansson
- Department of Social and Welfare studies. Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Anders Larsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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72
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Schuliga M, Grainge C, Westall G, Knight D. The fibrogenic actions of the coagulant and plasminogen activation systems in pulmonary fibrosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 97:108-117. [PMID: 29474926 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis causes irreversible damage to lung structure and function in restrictive lung diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Extravascular coagulation involving fibrin formation in the intra-alveolar compartment is postulated to have a pivotal role in the development of pulmonary fibrosis, serving as a provisional matrix for migrating fibroblasts. Furthermore, proteases of the coagulation and plasminogen activation (plasminergic) systems that form and breakdown fibrin respectively directly contribute to pulmonary fibrosis. The coagulants, thrombin and factor Xa (FXa) evoke fibrogenic effects via cleavage of the N-terminus of protease-activated receptors (PARs). Whilst the formation and activity of plasmin, the principle plasminergic mediator is suppressed in the airspaces of patients with IPF, localized increases are likely to occur in the lung interstitium. Plasmin-evoked proteolytic activation of factor XII (FXII), matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) and latent, matrix-bound growth factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) indirectly implicate plasmin in pulmonary fibrosis. Another plasminergic protease, urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) is associated with regions of fibrosis in the remodelled lung of IPF patients and elicits fibrogenic activity via binding its receptor (uPAR). Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) formed in the injured alveolar epithelium also contributes to pulmonary fibrosis in a manner that involves vitronectin binding. This review describes the mechanisms by which components of the two systems primarily involved in fibrin homeostasis contribute to interstitial fibrosis, with a particular focus on IPF. Selectively targeting the receptor-mediated mechanisms of coagulant and plasminergic proteases may limit pulmonary fibrosis, without the bleeding complications associated with conventional anti-coagulant and thrombolytic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schuliga
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Christopher Grainge
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Glen Westall
- Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Darryl Knight
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Canada
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73
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Seizer P, May AE. Platelets and matrix metalloproteinases. Thromb Haemost 2017; 110:903-9. [DOI: 10.1160/th13-02-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryMatrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors essentially contribute to a variety of pathophysiologies by modulating cell migration, tissue degradation and inflammation. Platelet-associated MMP activity appears to play a major role in these processes. First, platelets can concentrate leukocyte-derived MMP activity to sites of vascular injury by leukocyte recruitment. Second, platelets stimulate MMP production in e.g. leukocytes, endothelial cells, or tumour cells by direct receptor interaction or/and by paracrine pathways. Third, platelets synthesise and secrete a variety of MMPs including MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, and MMP-14 (MT1-MMP), and potentially MMP-9 as well as the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMPs). This review focuses on platelet-derived and platelet-induced MMPs and their inhibitors.
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74
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Naim A, Pan Q, Baig MS. Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) in Liver Diseases. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2017; 7:367-372. [PMID: 29234202 PMCID: PMC5715451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are proteinases capable of degrading components of the extracellular matrix and numerous nonmatrix proteins. MMPs along with tissue inhibitors of MMPs, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of liver diseases. Although, the precise mechanism-of-actions of MMPs in various liver related disorders is largely unknown, however, data from diverse experimental models indicate that these proteinases influence cellular activities including proliferation and survival, gene expression, as well as multiple aspects of inflammation. Hence, MMP's are likely key players in the outcomes related to liver disease.
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Key Words
- Col, collagen
- ECM, extra cellular matrix
- GBD, global burden of disease
- HCC, hepato-cellular carcinoma
- IRI, ischemia and reperfusion injury
- MMP, matrix metalloproteases
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NFkB, nuclear factor kappa-B
- TIMPs, tissue inhibitors of MMPs
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- cirrhosis
- extracellular matrix (ECM)
- hepatocellular carcinoma
- liver fibrosis
- matrix metalloproteinases
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Naim
- Centre for Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
| | - Qiuwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mirza S. Baig
- Centre for Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India,Address for correspondence: Mirza S. Baig, Centre for Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore 453552, MP, India.Mirza S. Baig, Centre for Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI)IndoreMP453552India
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75
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Wang J, Wei G, Hu W, Li L, Ye Y, Wang H, Wan W, Li R, Li L, Ma L, Meng Z. Expression of matrix metalloproteinases-12 in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: A case-control study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e8035. [PMID: 28984758 PMCID: PMC5737994 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000008035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases-12 (MMP12) can lead to degradation of elastin resulting in plaque destabilization and rupture. MMP12 also facilitates platelet aggregation, adhesion, and granule secretion. However, evidence in the literature related to the function of MMP12 in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is little. This study investigated the expression of MMP12 in human coronary thrombus and examined the relationship between plasma MMP12 and STEMI.Arterial plasma was obtained from 46 STEMI patients and 52 stable angina pectoris (SAP) patients and 30 controls with angiographically normal coronary arteries. Coronary thrombi were obtained from 26 STEMI patients with a large thrombus burden (LTB). The expression levels of MMP12 in coronary thrombus were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blotting (WB) and casein zymography. In addition, MMP12 concentration measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and activity measured by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) were used to assess the levels in plasma.We confirmed the expression of MMP12 in human coronary thrombus. MMP12 was secreted mainly in active form of 45 kDa in coronary thrombus. In plasma samples of the STEMI group, MMP12 concentrations were found to be higher than the SAP group (5.030 ± 2.24 pg/mL vs 3.010 ± 1.99 pg/mL, P < .05) but with lower MMP12 activity (332 ± 77 RFU vs 458 ± 91 RFU, P < .05). Also, the STEMI group demonstrated much higher MMP12 concentrations than the normal coronary artery control group (5.030 ± 2.24 pg/mL vs 1.720 ± 0.51 pg/mL, P < .05) and with lower MMP12 activity (332 ± 77 RFU vs 549 ± 112 RFU, P < .05). In addition, the STEMI group had significantly higher tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP1) concentration (573.40 ± 270.60 pg/mL) than SAP group (384.50 ± 147.70 pg/mL) and control group (219.90 ± 154.80 pg/mL, P < .05). The imbalance in MMP12/TIMP ratio was observed in the STEMI group compared with SAP and control group (P < .05).This study demonstrated that MMP12 exists in human coronary thrombus. Patients with STEMI have elevated plasma level of MMP12 and the imbalance of MMP12/TIMP1. These data supported that MMP12 might be of potential relevance in STEMI.
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76
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Fu ZH, Guo GH, Xiong ZF, Liao X, Liu MZ, Luo J. Early anticoagulation therapy for severe burns complicated by inhalation injury in a rabbit model. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:7375-7381. [PMID: 28944866 PMCID: PMC5865868 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of early anticoagulation treatment on severe burns complicated by inhalation injury in a rabbit model. Under anesthetization, an electrical burns instrument (100°C) was used to scald the backs of rabbits for 15 sec, which established a 30% III severe burns model. Treatment of the rabbits with early anticoagulation effectively improved the severe burns complicated by inhalation injury-induced lung injury, reduced PaO2, PaCO2 and SPO2 levels, suppressed the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, and increased the activity of IL-10. In addition, it was found that early anticoagulation treatment effectively suppressed the activities of caspase-3 and caspase-9, upregulated the protein expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and decreased the protein expression of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) in the severe burns model. It was concluded that early anticoagulation treatment affected the severe burns complicated by inhalation injury in a rabbit model through the upregulation of VEGF and downregulation of PAR1 signaling pathways. Thus, early anticoagulation is a potential therapeutic option for severe burns complicated by inhalation injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Hua Fu
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Hua Guo
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Fang Xiong
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xincheng Liao
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Zhuo Liu
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Jinhua Luo
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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77
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Wang X, Khalil RA. Matrix Metalloproteinases, Vascular Remodeling, and Vascular Disease. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2017; 81:241-330. [PMID: 29310800 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases that degrade various proteins in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Typically, MMPs have a propeptide sequence, a catalytic metalloproteinase domain with catalytic zinc, a hinge region or linker peptide, and a hemopexin domain. MMPs are commonly classified on the basis of their substrates and the organization of their structural domains into collagenases, gelatinases, stromelysins, matrilysins, membrane-type (MT)-MMPs, and other MMPs. MMPs are secreted by many cells including fibroblasts, vascular smooth muscle (VSM), and leukocytes. MMPs are regulated at the level of mRNA expression and by activation through removal of the propeptide domain from their latent zymogen form. MMPs are often secreted in an inactive proMMP form, which is cleaved to the active form by various proteinases including other MMPs. MMPs degrade various protein substrates in ECM including collagen and elastin. MMPs could also influence endothelial cell function as well as VSM cell migration, proliferation, Ca2+ signaling, and contraction. MMPs play a role in vascular tissue remodeling during various biological processes such as angiogenesis, embryogenesis, morphogenesis, and wound repair. Alterations in specific MMPs could influence arterial remodeling and lead to various pathological disorders such as hypertension, preeclampsia, atherosclerosis, aneurysm formation, as well as excessive venous dilation and lower extremity venous disease. MMPs are often regulated by endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), and the MMP/TIMP ratio often determines the extent of ECM protein degradation and tissue remodeling. MMPs may serve as biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for certain vascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Vascular Surgery Research Laboratories, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Raouf A Khalil
- Vascular Surgery Research Laboratories, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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78
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Liu X, Yu J, Song S, Yue X, Li Q. Protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1): a promising molecular target for cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:107334-107345. [PMID: 29291033 PMCID: PMC5739818 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PAR-1 is expressed not only in epithelium, neurons, astrocytes, immune cells, but also in cancer-associated fibroblasts, ECs (epithelial cells), myocytes of blood vessels, mast cells, and macrophages in tumor microenvironment, whereas PAR-1 stimulates macrophages to synthesize and secrete thrombin as well as other growth factors, resulting in enhanced cell proliferation, tumor growth and metastasis. Therefore, considerable effort has been devoted to the development of inhibitors targeting PAR-1. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of PAR-1’s role in cancer invasiveness and dissemination, as well as potential therapeutic strategies targeting PAR-1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Jiahui Yu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Shangjin Song
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yue
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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79
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Relationship between matrix metalloproteinase-3 serum level and pulmonary artery systolic pressure in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Heart Vessels 2017; 33:191-197. [DOI: 10.1007/s00380-017-1045-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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80
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Alvarez M, Moura G, Machado M, Viana G, de Souza Costa C, Tjäderhane L, Nader H, Tersariol I, Nascimento F. PAR-1 and PAR-2 Expression Is Enhanced in Inflamed Odontoblast Cells. J Dent Res 2017; 96:1518-1525. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034517719415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M.M.P. Alvarez
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Division, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G.E. Moura
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Division, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M.F.M. Machado
- Interdisciplinary Center of Biochemistry Investigation (CIIB), University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil
| | - G.M. Viana
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Division, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C.A. de Souza Costa
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, Araraquara School of Dentistry, Univ Estadual Paulista–UNESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L. Tjäderhane
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences and Medical Research Center Oulu (MRC Oulu), Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - H.B. Nader
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Division, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - I.L.S. Tersariol
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Division, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F.D. Nascimento
- Interdisciplinary Center of Biochemistry Investigation (CIIB), University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil
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81
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Mahasenan KV, Bastian M, Gao M, Frost E, Ding D, Zorina-Lichtenwalter K, Jacobs J, Suckow MA, Schroeder VA, Wolter WR, Chang M, Mobashery S. Exploitation of Conformational Dynamics in Imparting Selective Inhibition for Related Matrix Metalloproteinases. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017. [PMID: 28626528 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have numerous physiological functions and share a highly similar catalytic domain. Differential dynamical information on the closely related human MMP-8, -13, and -14 was integrated onto the benzoxazinone molecular template. An in silico library of 28,099 benzoxazinones was generated and evaluated in the context of the molecular-dynamics information. This led to experimental evaluation of 19 synthesized compounds and identification of selective inhibitors, which have potential utility in delineating the physiological functions of MMPs. Moreover, the approach serves as an example of how dynamics of closely related active sites may be exploited to achieve selective inhibition by small molecules and should find applications in other enzyme families with similar active sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran V. Mahasenan
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Maria Bastian
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Ming Gao
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Emma Frost
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Derong Ding
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | | | - John Jacobs
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Mark A. Suckow
- Freimann
Life Science Center and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Valerie A. Schroeder
- Freimann
Life Science Center and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - William R. Wolter
- Freimann
Life Science Center and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Mayland Chang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Shahriar Mobashery
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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82
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Goyama S, Shrestha M, Schibler J, Rosenfeldt L, Miller W, O’Brien E, Mizukawa B, Kitamura T, Palumbo JS, Mulloy JC. Protease-activated receptor-1 inhibits proliferation but enhances leukemia stem cell activity in acute myeloid leukemia. Oncogene 2017; 36:2589-2598. [PMID: 27819671 PMCID: PMC5418093 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Eradication of leukemia stem cells (LSCs) is the ultimate goal of treating acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We recently showed that the combined loss of Runx1/Cbfb inhibited the development of MLL-AF9-induced AML. However, c-Kit+/Gr-1- cells remained viable in Runx1/Cbfb-deleted cells, indicating that suppressing RUNX activity may not eradicate the most immature LSCs. In this study, we found upregulation of several hemostasis-related genes, including the thrombin-activatable receptor PAR-1 (protease-activated receptor-1), in Runx1/Cbfb-deleted MLL-AF9 cells. Similar to the effect of Runx1/Cbfb deletion, PAR-1 overexpression induced CDKN1A/p21 expression and attenuated proliferation in MLL-AF9 cells. To our surprise, PAR-1 deficiency also prevented leukemia development induced by a small number of MLL-AF9 leukemia stem cells (LSCs) in vivo. PAR-1 deficiency also reduced leukemogenicity of AML1-ETO-induced leukemia. Re-expression of PAR-1 in PAR-1-deficient cells combined with a limiting-dilution transplantation assay demonstrated the cell-dose-dependent role of PAR-1 in MLL-AF9 leukemia: PAR-1 inhibited rapid leukemic proliferation when there were a large number of LSCs, while a small number of LSCs required PAR-1 for their efficient growth. Mechanistically, PAR-1 increased the adherence properties of MLL-AF9 cells and promoted their engraftment to bone marrow. Taken together, these data revealed a multifaceted role for PAR-1 in leukemogenesis, and highlight this receptor as a potential target to eradicate primitive LSCs in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Goyama
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s
Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine,
Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Cellular Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The
University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Shrestha
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s
Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine,
Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - J Schibler
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s
Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine,
Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - L Rosenfeldt
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s
Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine,
Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - W Miller
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s
Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine,
Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - E O’Brien
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s
Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine,
Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - B Mizukawa
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s
Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine,
Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - T Kitamura
- Division of Cellular Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The
University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - JS Palumbo
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s
Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine,
Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - JC Mulloy
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s
Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine,
Cincinnati, OH, USA
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83
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Wang J, Ye Y, Wei G, Hu W, Li L, Lu S, Meng Z. Matrix metalloproteinase12 facilitated platelet activation by shedding carcinoembryonic antigen related cell adhesion molecule1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 486:1103-1109. [PMID: 28385529 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Platelets express several MMPs that modulate their activation, which in turn regulates thrombosis, but the exact mechanism is unclear. This study evaluated the platelet expression of MMP12 and platelet activation by shedding CEACAM1 mediated by MMP12. Expression of MMP12 was measured by RT-PCR, Western blot (WB), and casein zymography in platelet from whole blood by gel filtration over plateletpheresis. The site of CEACAM1 cleavage by MMP12 was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), mass spectrometry, WB and flow cytometry (FCM). Furthermore, the regulation of platelet aggregation, release and adhesion by MMP12-dependent shedding of platelet CEACAM1 was analyzed. We have observed that human platelets express MMP12. In addition, CEACAM1 as enzymatic substrates of MMP12 have also been found in this study. MMP12 can cleave the CEACAM1 exodomain at several sites and generated several short peptides. Among these fragments, one peptide, WYKG was identified, whose cutting sits were S66/W67 and A83/I84. We also found that MMP12 facilitated type I collagen induced platelet aggregation, adhesion and alpha granule secretion. Similarly, one short peptide, WYKG, facilitated type I collagen induced platelet alpha granule secretion. We conclude that platelet express MMP12 may facilitate platelet activation through shedding of CEACAM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, PR China
| | - Yujia Ye
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, PR China
| | - Guoqing Wei
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, PR China
| | - Wei Hu
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, PR China
| | - Linhua Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, PR China
| | - Si Lu
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, PR China
| | - Zhaohui Meng
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, PR China.
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84
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Zhang S, Liu Y, Wang Z, Liu J, Gu Z, Xu Q, Su L. PAR1‑mediated c‑Jun activation promotes heat stress‑induced early stage apoptosis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:2595-2603. [PMID: 28447716 PMCID: PMC5428901 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study indicated that when human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), which are involved in endothelial barrier function, are heat stressed, levels of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) are increased significantly. In the present study, it was demonstrated that PAR1 serves a vital role in heat stress-induced HUVEC apoptosis. When the PAR1 inhibitor, SCH79797 (SCH), or a small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting PAR1 were used to inhibit PAR1 signaling, a marked decrease in cell apoptosis, caspase-3 activity and the expression of the pro-apoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) associated X (Bax), as well as increased expression of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member, myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1), were observed. In addition, heat stress-induced apoptosis, caspase-3 activity and the expression of Bax were significantly increased following administration of the PAR1 agonist, TFLLR-NH2 or adenovirus overexpression of PAR1. This was accompanied by decreased protein expression levels of Mcl-1. Furthermore, it was identified that the DNA binding activity of the nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 subunit increased and c-Jun activation was reduced as a result of inhibition of PAR1 signaling by SCH or siRNA-mediated PAR1 knockdown in heat stress-induced HUVECs. Additionally, our previous study reported that NF-κB p65 activation may have an anti-apoptosis effect on heat stressed HUVECs, whereas in the present study c-Jun activation had a pro-apoptosis effect on heat stressed HUVECs. Taken together, these results indicated that PAR1 signaling-mediated c-Jun activation promotes early apoptosis of HUVEC cells induced by heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhang
- Department of Graduate School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Yanan Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Zhenglian Wang
- Department of Graduate School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Jingxian Liu
- Department of Graduate School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Zhengtao Gu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Qiulin Xu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Key Laboratory of Tropical Zone Trauma Care and Tissue Repair of People's Liberation Army, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, P.R. China
| | - Lei Su
- Department of Graduate School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
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85
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Wojtukiewicz MZ, Hempel D, Sierko E, Tucker SC, Honn KV. Thrombin-unique coagulation system protein with multifaceted impacts on cancer and metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2017; 35:213-33. [PMID: 27189210 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-016-9626-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The association between blood coagulation and cancer development is well recognized. Thrombin, the pleiotropic enzyme best known for its contribution to fibrin formation and platelet aggregation during vascular hemostasis, may also trigger cellular events through protease-activated receptors, PAR-1 and PAR-4, leading to cancer progression. Our pioneering findings provided evidence that thrombin contributes to cancer metastasis by increasing adhesive potential of malignant cells. However, there is evidence that thrombin regulates every step of cancer dissemination: (1) cancer cell invasion, detachment from primary tumor, migration; (2) entering the blood vessel; (3) surviving in vasculature; (4) extravasation; (5) implantation in host organs. Recent studies have provided new molecular data about thrombin generation in cancer patients and the mechanisms by which thrombin contributes to transendothelial migration, platelet/tumor cell interactions, angiogenesis, and other processes. Though a great deal is known regarding the role of thrombin in cancer dissemination, there are new data for multiple thrombin-mediated events that justify devoting focus to this topic with a comprehensive approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Z Wojtukiewicz
- Department of Oncology, Medical University of Bialystok, 12 Ogrodowa St., 15-025, Bialystok, Poland. .,Department of Clinical Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center in Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Dominika Hempel
- Department of Oncology, Medical University of Bialystok, 12 Ogrodowa St., 15-025, Bialystok, Poland.,Department of Radiotherapy, Comprehensive Cancer Center in Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ewa Sierko
- Department of Oncology, Medical University of Bialystok, 12 Ogrodowa St., 15-025, Bialystok, Poland.,Department of Radiotherapy, Comprehensive Cancer Center in Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Stephanie C Tucker
- Bioactive Lipids Research Program, Department of Pathology-School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Kenneth V Honn
- Bioactive Lipids Research Program, Department of Pathology-School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
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86
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Yin R, Zhang C, Hou Y, Wang X. MicroRNA Let-7g and Atherosclerosis Plaque Stabilization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/wjcd.2017.72003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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87
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A novel mechanism regulating human platelet activation by MMP-2-mediated PAR1 biased signaling. Blood 2016; 129:883-895. [PMID: 28034890 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-06-724245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets contain and release several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Among these, active MMP-2 enhances platelet aggregation by favoring the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3- kinase (PI3K) and contributes to arterial thrombosis. The platelet surface target of MMP-2 and the mechanism through which it primes platelets to respond to subsequent stimuli are still unknown. We show that active MMP-2 enhances platelet activation induced by weak stimuli by cleaving PAR1 at a noncanonical extracellular site different from the thrombin-cleavage site and thus initiates biased receptor signaling, triggering only some of the signaling pathways normally activated by full PAR1 agonism. The novel PAR1-tethered ligand exposed by MMP-2 stimulates PAR1-dependent Gq and G12/13 pathway activation, triggering p38-MAPK phosphorylation, Ca+2 fluxes, and PI3K activation, but not Gi signaling; this is insufficient to cause platelet aggregation, but it is enough to predispose platelets to fully respond to Gi-activating stimuli. Integrin αIIbβ3 is a necessary cofactor for PAR1 cleavage by MMP-2 by binding the MMP-2 hemopexin domain, thus favoring the interaction of the enzyme with PAR1. Our studies unravel a novel mechanism regulating platelet activation that involves the binding of MMP-2 to integrin αIIbβ3 and the subsequent cleavage of PAR1 by active MMP-2 at a noncanonical site, exposing a previously undescribed tethered ligand that triggers biased G-protein agonism and thus predisposes platelets to full activation by other stimuli. These results identify the MMP-2-αIIbβ3-PAR1 interaction as a potential target for the prevention of arterial thrombosis.
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88
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Antoniak S, Tatsumi K, Bode M, Vanja S, Williams JC, Mackman N. Protease-Activated Receptor 1 Enhances Poly I:C Induction of the Antiviral Response in Macrophages and Mice. J Innate Immun 2016; 9:181-192. [PMID: 27820939 DOI: 10.1159/000450853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The coagulation cascade is activated during viral infections as part of the host defense system. Coagulation proteases activate cells by cleavage of protease-activated receptors (PARs). Recently, we reported that the activation of PAR-1 enhanced interferon (IFN)β and CXCL10 expression in cardiac fibroblasts and in the hearts of mice infected with Coxsackievirus B3. In this study, we used the double-stranded RNA mimetic polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) to induce an antiviral response in macrophages and mice. Activation of PAR-1 enhanced poly I:C induction of IFNβ and CXCL10 expression in the murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7, bone-marrow derived mouse macrophages (BMM) and mouse splenocytes. Next, poly I:C was used to induce a type I IFN innate immune response in the spleen and plasma of wild-type (WT) and PAR-1-/- mice. We found that poly I:C treated PAR-1-/- mice and WT mice given the thrombin inhibitor dabigatran etexilate exhibited significantly less IFNβ and CXCL10 expression in the spleen and plasma than WT mice. These studies suggest that thrombin activation of PAR-1 contributes to the antiviral response in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Antoniak
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, Chapel Hill, N.C., USA
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89
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Natarajan K, Gottipati KR, Berhane K, Samten B, Pendurthi U, Boggaram V. Proteases and oxidant stress control organic dust induction of inflammatory gene expression in lung epithelial cells. Respir Res 2016; 17:137. [PMID: 27770804 PMCID: PMC5075176 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0455-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Persistant inflammatory responses to infectious agents and other components in organic dust underlie lung injury and development of respiratory diseases. Organic dust components responsible for eliciting inflammation and the mechanisms by which they cause lung inflammation are not fully understood. We studied the mechanisms by which protease activities in poultry dust extracts and intracellular oxidant stress induce inflammatory gene expression in A549 and Beas2B lung epithelial cells. Methods The effects of dust extracts on inflammatory gene expression were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), enzyme linked immunosorbent (ELISA) and western blot assays. Oxidant stress was probed by dihydroethidium (DHE) labeling, and immunostaining for 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). Effects on interleukin-8 (IL-8) promoter regulation were determined by transient transfection assay. Results Dust extracts contained trypsin and elastase activities, and activated protease activated receptor (PAR)-1 and -2. Serine protease inhibitors and PAR-1 or PAR-2 knockdown suppressed inflammatory gene induction. Dust extract induction of IL-8 gene expression was associated with increased DHE-fluorescence and 4-HNE staining, and antioxidants suppressed inflammatory gene induction. Protease inhibitors and antioxidants suppressed protein kinase C and NF-κB activation and induction of IL-8 promoter activity in cells exposed to dust extract. Conclusions Our studies demonstrate that proteases and intracellular oxidants control organic dust induction of inflammatory gene expression in lung epithelial cells. Targeting proteases and oxidant stress may serve as novel approaches for the treatment of organic dust induced lung diseases. This is the first report on the involvement of oxidant stress in the induction of inflammatory gene expression by organic dust. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12931-016-0455-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartiga Natarajan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 11937 US Highway 271, Tyler, TX, 75708-3154, USA
| | - Koteswara R Gottipati
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 11937 US Highway 271, Tyler, TX, 75708-3154, USA
| | - Kiflu Berhane
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 11937 US Highway 271, Tyler, TX, 75708-3154, USA
| | - Buka Samten
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA
| | - Usha Pendurthi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 11937 US Highway 271, Tyler, TX, 75708-3154, USA
| | - Vijay Boggaram
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 11937 US Highway 271, Tyler, TX, 75708-3154, USA.
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90
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Ramachandran R, Altier C, Oikonomopoulou K, Hollenberg MD. Proteinases, Their Extracellular Targets, and Inflammatory Signaling. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:1110-1142. [PMID: 27677721 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.010991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Given that over 2% of the human genome codes for proteolytic enzymes and their inhibitors, it is not surprising that proteinases serve many physiologic-pathophysiological roles. In this context, we provide an overview of proteolytic mechanisms regulating inflammation, with a focus on cell signaling stimulated by the generation of inflammatory peptides; activation of the proteinase-activated receptor (PAR) family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), with a mechanism in common with adhesion-triggered GPCRs (ADGRs); and by proteolytic ion channel regulation. These mechanisms are considered in the much wider context that proteolytic mechanisms serve, including the processing of growth factors and their receptors, the regulation of matrix-integrin signaling, and the generation and release of membrane-tethered receptor ligands. These signaling mechanisms are relevant for inflammatory, neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular diseases as well as for cancer. We propose that the inflammation-triggering proteinases and their proteolytically generated substrates represent attractive therapeutic targets and we discuss appropriate targeting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rithwik Ramachandran
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.R., C.A., M.D.H.) and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.),University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.O.); and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada (R.R.)
| | - Christophe Altier
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.R., C.A., M.D.H.) and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.),University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.O.); and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada (R.R.)
| | - Katerina Oikonomopoulou
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.R., C.A., M.D.H.) and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.),University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.O.); and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada (R.R.)
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.R., C.A., M.D.H.) and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.),University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.O.); and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada (R.R.)
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Abstract
Although many studies have demonstrated that components of the hemostatic system may be involved in signaling leading to cancer progression, the potential mechanisms by which they contribute to cancer dissemination are not yet precisely understood. Among known coagulant factors, tissue factor (TF) and thrombin play a pivotal role in cancer invasion. They may be generated in the tumor microenvironment independently of blood coagulation and can induce cell signaling through activation of protease-activated receptors (PARs). PARs are transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are activated by a unique proteolytic mechanism. They play important roles in vascular physiology, neural tube closure, hemostasis, and inflammation. All of these agents (TF, thrombin, PARs—mainly PAR-1 and PAR-2) are thought to promote cancer invasion and metastasis at least in part by facilitating tumor cell migration, angiogenesis, and interactions with host vascular cells, including platelets, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells lining blood vessels. Here, we discuss the role of PARs and their activators in cancer progression, focusing on TF- and thrombin-mediated actions. Therapeutic options tailored specifically to inhibit PAR-induced signaling in cancer patients are presented as well.
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92
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Hamilton JR, Trejo J. Challenges and Opportunities in Protease-Activated Receptor Drug Development. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 57:349-373. [PMID: 27618736 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-011613-140016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are a unique class of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that transduce cellular responses to extracellular proteases. PARs have important functions in the vasculature, inflammation, and cancer and are important drug targets. A unique feature of PARs is their irreversible proteolytic mechanism of activation that results in the generation of a tethered ligand that cannot diffuse away. Despite the fact that GPCRs have proved to be the most successful class of druggable targets, the development of agents that target PARs specifically has been challenging. As a consequence, researchers have taken a remarkable diversity of approaches to develop pharmacological entities that modulate PAR function. Here, we present an overview of the diversity of therapeutic agents that have been developed against PARs. We further discuss PAR biased signaling and the influence of receptor compartmentalization, posttranslational modifications, and dimerization, which are important considerations for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R Hamilton
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - JoAnn Trejo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093;
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93
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Boudreaux MK, Barnes SM. Comparison of the activation peptide regions of protease-activated receptors (PAR) in members of the Family Felidae. Vet Clin Pathol 2016; 45:400-5. [PMID: 27291980 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited information regarding the nucleotides encoding or the predicted amino acid composition of protease-activated receptors (PAR) in cats. OBJECTIVES The purpose of the study was to determine the nucleotide sequence and predicted amino acid composition of the activation peptide regions of protease-activated receptors PAR1, PAR3, and PAR4 in Felidae family members. METHODS Genomic DNA isolated from whole blood samples collected from 10 domestic cats and 45 big cats representing 11 species was subjected to PCR using primers flanking the coding regions for the activation peptides of PAR1, PAR3, and PAR4. PCR products were isolated from agarose gels and submitted for sequencing. Nucleotide sequence data was used to predict the amino acid composition of the activation peptide and flanking regions of the 3 receptors. Predicted amino acid sequences were compared between Felidae members and to human beings. RESULTS Variations in the predicted amino acid composition of the activation peptides and flanking regions of the various PAR were observed when comparing Felidae family members to each other and to human beings. CONCLUSIONS While the activation peptide regions of the various PAR tend to be conserved, there are differences that may impact the ability of some agonists to mediate biased signaling events documented to occur in human platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Boudreaux
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
| | - Sara Madison Barnes
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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94
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Schuldt G, Galanis C, Strehl A, Hick M, Schiener S, Lenz M, Deller T, Maggio N, Vlachos A. Inhibition of Protease-Activated Receptor 1 Does not Affect Dendritic Homeostasis of Cultured Mouse Dentate Granule Cells. Front Neuroanat 2016; 10:64. [PMID: 27378862 PMCID: PMC4904007 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2016.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are widely expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). While a firm link between PAR1-activation and functional synaptic and intrinsic neuronal properties exists, studies on the role of PAR1 in neural structural plasticity are scarce. The physiological function of PAR1 in the brain remains not well understood. We here sought to determine whether prolonged pharmacologic PAR1-inhibition affects dendritic morphologies of hippocampal neurons. To address this question we employed live-cell microscopy of mouse dentate granule cell dendrites in 3-week old entorhino-hippocampal slice cultures prepared from Thy1-GFP mice. A subset of cultures were treated with the PAR1-inhibitor SCH79797 (1 μM; up to 3 weeks). No major effects of PAR1-inhibition on static and dynamic parameters of dentate granule cell dendrites were detected under control conditions. Granule cells of PAR1-deficient slice cultures showed unaltered dendritic morphologies, dendritic spine densities and excitatory synaptic strength. Furthermore, we report that PAR1-inhibition does not prevent dendritic retraction following partial deafferentation in vitro. Consistent with this finding, no major changes in PAR1-mRNA levels were detected in the denervated dentate gyrus (DG). We conclude that neural PAR1 is not involved in regulating the steady-state dynamics or deafferentation-induced adaptive changes of cultured dentate granule cell dendrites. These results indicate that drugs targeting neural PAR1-signals may not affect the stability and structural integrity of neuronal networks in healthy brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerlind Schuldt
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe-University Frankfurt Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christos Galanis
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe-University Frankfurt Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Strehl
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe-University Frankfurt Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Meike Hick
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe-University Frankfurt Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sabine Schiener
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe-University Frankfurt Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Maximilian Lenz
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe-University FrankfurtFrankfurt, Germany; Institute of Anatomy II, Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University DüsseldorfDüsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Deller
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe-University Frankfurt Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nicola Maggio
- Department of Neurology, The Sagol Center for Neurosciences, Sheba Medical Center, Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel; Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Department of Neurology and J. Sagol Neuroscience Center, The Chaim Sheba Medical CenterTel HaShomer, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel
| | - Andreas Vlachos
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe-University FrankfurtFrankfurt, Germany; Institute of Anatomy II, Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University DüsseldorfDüsseldorf, Germany
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95
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Abu El-Asrar AM, Alam K, Nawaz MI, Mohammad G, Van den Eynde K, Siddiquei MM, Mousa A, De Hertogh G, Opdenakker G. Upregulation of Thrombin/Matrix Metalloproteinase-1/Protease-Activated Receptor-1 Chain in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy. Curr Eye Res 2016; 41:1590-1600. [PMID: 27261371 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2016.1141964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Selective proteolytic activation of protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) by thrombin and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) plays a central role in enhancing angiogenesis. We investigated the expression levels of thrombin, MMP-1, and PAR1 and correlated these levels with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). In addition, we examined the expression of PAR1 and thrombin in the retinas of diabetic rats and PAR1 in human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMEC) following exposure to high-glucose, the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and the hypoxia mimetic agent cobalt chloride (CoCl2). METHODS Vitreous samples from 32 PDR and 23 nondiabetic patients, epiretinal membranes from 10 patients with PDR, retinas of rats, and HRMEC were studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunohistochemistry, and Western blot analysis. An assay for in vitro cell migration angiogenesis was performed in HRMEC. RESULTS In epiretinal membranes, PAR1 was expressed in vascular endothelial cells, CD45-expressing leukocytes, and myofibroblasts. ELISA and Western blot assays revealed significant increases in the expression levels of thrombin, MMP-1, and VEGF in vitreous samples from PDR patients compared to nondiabetic controls. Significant positive correlations were found between the levels of VEGF and the levels of thrombin (r = 0.41; p = 0.006) and MMP-1 (r = 0.66; p < 0.0001). Significant increases of cleaved PAR1 (approximately 50 kDa) and the proteolytically active thrombin (approximately 50 kDa) were detected in rat retinas after induction of diabetes. The proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α, but not high-glucose and CoCl2, induced upregulation of cleaved PAR1 (approximately 30 kDa) in HRMEC. In addition, thrombin and MMP-1 induced VEGF in HRMEC and vorapaxar, a PAR1 inhibitor, inhibited thrombin-induced migration in HRMEC. CONCLUSIONS Interactions among thrombin, MMP-1, PAR1, and VEGF might facilitate angiogenesis in PDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Abu El-Asrar
- a Department of Ophthalmology , College of Medicine, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia.,b Dr. Nasser Al-Rashid Research Chair in Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Kaiser Alam
- a Department of Ophthalmology , College of Medicine, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Imtiaz Nawaz
- a Department of Ophthalmology , College of Medicine, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghulam Mohammad
- a Department of Ophthalmology , College of Medicine, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Kathleen Van den Eynde
- c Laboratory of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, University of Leuven , KU Leuven , Belgium
| | | | - Ahmed Mousa
- a Department of Ophthalmology , College of Medicine, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Gert De Hertogh
- c Laboratory of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, University of Leuven , KU Leuven , Belgium
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- d Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven , KU Leuven , Belgium
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96
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Schöneberg T, Kleinau G, Brüser A. What are they waiting for?—Tethered agonism in G protein-coupled receptors. Pharmacol Res 2016; 108:9-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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97
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Abstract
Protease signaling in cells elicits multiple physiologically important responses via protease-activated receptors (PARs). There are 4 members of this family of G-protein-coupled receptors (PAR1-4). PARs are activated by proteolysis of the N terminus to reveal a tethered ligand. The rate-limiting step of PAR signaling is determined by the efficiency of proteolysis of the N terminus, which is regulated by allosteric binding sites, cofactors, membrane localization, and receptor dimerization. This ultimately controls the initiation of PAR signaling. In addition, these factors also control the cellular response by directing signaling toward G-protein or β-arrestin pathways. PAR1 signaling on endothelial cells is controlled by the activating protease and heterodimerization with PAR2 or PAR3. As a consequence, the genetic and epigenetic control of PARs and their cofactors in physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions have the potential to influence cellular behavior. Recent studies have uncovered polymorphisms that result in PAR4 sequence variants with altered reactivity that interact to influence platelet response. This further demonstrates how interactions within the plasma membrane can control the physiological output. Understanding the structural rearrangement following PAR activation and how PARs are allosterically controlled within the plasma membrane will determine how best to target this family of receptors therapeutically. The purpose of this article is to review how signaling from PARs is influenced by alternative cleavage sites and the physical interactions within the membrane. Going forward, it will be important to relate the altered signaling to the molecular arrangement of PARs in the cell membrane and to determine how these may be influenced genetically.
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98
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Sharma M, Merkulova Y, Raithatha S, Parkinson LG, Shen Y, Cooper D, Granville DJ. Extracellular granzyme K mediates endothelial activation through the cleavage of protease-activated receptor-1. FEBS J 2016; 283:1734-47. [PMID: 26936634 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Granzymes are a family of serine proteases that were once thought to function exclusively as mediators of cytotoxic lymphocyte-induced target cell death. However, non-apoptotic roles for granzymes, including granzyme K (GzK), have been proposed. As recent studies have observed elevated levels of GzK in the plasma of patients diagnosed with clinical sepsis, we hypothesized that extracellular GzK induces a proinflammatory response in endothelial cells. In the present study, extracellular GzK proteolytically activated protease-activated receptor-1 leading to increased interleukin 6 and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 production in endothelial cells. Enhanced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 along with an increased capacity for adherence of THP-1 cells was also observed. Characterization of downstream pathways implicated the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 pathway for intercellular adhesion molecule 1 expression, and both the p38 and the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 pathways in cytokine production. GzK also increased tumour necrosis factor α-induced inflammatory adhesion molecule expression. Furthermore, the physiological inhibitor of GzK, inter-α-inhibitor protein, significantly inhibited GzK activity in vitro. In summary, extracellular GzK promotes a proinflammatory response in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehul Sharma
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yulia Merkulova
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sheetal Raithatha
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Leigh G Parkinson
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yue Shen
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Dawn Cooper
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David J Granville
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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99
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Usefulness of Plasma Matrix Metalloproteinase-3 Levels to Predict Myocardial Infarction in Men With and Without Acute Coronary Syndrome. Am J Cardiol 2016; 117:881-6. [PMID: 26805660 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3), or stromelysin-1, is a matrix metalloproteinase which is expressed in atherosclerotic plaques and which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Functional polymorphisms in the promoter region of the human MMP-3 gene resulting in an increased expression of MMP-3 have been shown to predict the risk of incident myocardial infarction (MI). However, there have been no studies that have specifically examined the utility of baseline plasma MMP-3 levels for the prediction of long-term MI. In this study, baseline plasma MMP-3 levels were measured in 355 male patients who were referred for coronary angiography and followed prospectively for the development of enzymatically confirmed MI out to 5 years. After adjustment for a variety of baseline clinical, angiographic, and laboratory parameters, plasma MMP-3 levels were an independent predictor of MI at 5 years (hazards ratio 1.42, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.79; p = 0.0023). Furthermore, in 5 additional multivariate models that included a variety of contemporary biomarkers associated with adverse outcomes and MI, MMP-3 remained an independent predictor of MI at 5 years. Similar results were obtained when the analyses were restricted to the subpopulation of patients presenting with ACS. In conclusion, elevated levels of MMP-3 are associated with an increased risk of long-term MI in patients with and without ACS referred for coronary angiography. Furthermore, this association is independent of a variety of clinical, angiographic, laboratory variables, including biomarkers with established prognostic efficacy for the prediction of MI.
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100
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Zhang ZK, Li J, Yan DX, Leung WN, Zhang BT. Icaritin Inhibits Collagen Degradation-Related Factors and Facilitates Collagen Accumulation in Atherosclerotic Lesions: A Potential Action for Plaque Stabilization. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E169. [PMID: 26828485 PMCID: PMC4783903 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Most acute coronary syndromes result from rupture of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. The collagen content of plaques may critically affect plaque stability. This study tested whether Icaritin (ICT), an intestinal metabolite of Epimedium-derived flavonoids, could alter the collagen synthesis/degradation balance in atherosclerotic lesions. Rabbits were fed with an atherogenic diet for four months. Oral administration of ICT (10 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1)) was started after two months of an atherogenic diet and lasted for two months. The collagen degradation-related parameters, including macrophages accumulation, content and activity of interstitial collagenase-1 (MMP-1), and the collagen synthesis-related parameters, including amount and distribution of smooth muscle cells (SMC) and collagen mRNA/protein levels, were evaluated in the aorta. ICT reduced plasma lipid levels, inhibited macrophage accumulation, lowered MMP-1 mRNA and protein expression, and suppressed proteolytic activity of pro-MMP-1 and MMP-1 in the aorta. ICT changed the distribution of the SMCs towards the fibrous cap of lesions without increasing the amount of SMCs. Higher collagen protein content in lesions and aorta homogenates was observed with ICT treatment compared with the atherogenic diet only, without altered collagen mRNA level. These results suggest that ICT could inhibit the collagen degradation-related factors and facilitate collagen accumulation in atherosclerotic lesions, indicating a new potential of ICT in atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Kang Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Jie Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - De-Xin Yan
- Shanghai Clinical Center of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China.
| | - Wing-Nang Leung
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Bao-Ting Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
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