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Klement RJ. Fasting, Fats, and Physics: Combining Ketogenic and Radiation Therapy against Cancer. Complement Med Res 2017; 25:102-113. [DOI: 10.1159/000484045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) is a mainstay in the treatment of solid tumors and works by physicochemical reactions inducing oxidative stress in cells. Because in practice the efficacy of RT is limited by its toxicity to normal tissues, any strategy that selectively increases the radiosensitivity of tumor cells or boosts the radioresistance of normal cells is a valuable adjunct to RT. In this review, I summarize preclinical and clinical data supporting the hypothesis that ketogenic therapy through fasting and/or ketogenic diets can be utilized as such an adjunct in order to improve the outcome after RT, in terms of both higher tumor control and lower normal-tissue complication probability. The first effect relates to the metabolic shift from glycolysis towards mitochondrial metabolism, which selectively increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and impairs adenoside triphosphate (ATP) production in tumor cells. The second effect is based on the differential stress resistance phenomenon describing the reprogramming of normal cells, but not tumor cells, from proliferation towards maintenance and stress resistance when glucose and growth factor levels are decreased and ketone body levels are elevated. Underlying both effects are metabolic differences between normal and tumor cells. Ketogenic therapy is a non-toxic and cost-effective complementary treatment option that exploits these differences and deserves further clinical investigation.
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52
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Yu L, Chen X, Sun X, Wang L, Chen S. The Glycolytic Switch in Tumors: How Many Players Are Involved? J Cancer 2017; 8:3430-3440. [PMID: 29151926 PMCID: PMC5687156 DOI: 10.7150/jca.21125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming of cellular metabolism is a hallmark of cancers. Cancer cells more readily use glycolysis, an inefficient metabolic pathway for energy metabolism, even when sufficient oxygen is available. This reliance on aerobic glycolysis is called the Warburg effect, and promotes tumorigenesis and malignancy progression. The mechanisms of the glycolytic shift in tumors are not fully understood. Growing evidence demonstrates that many signal molecules, including oncogenes and tumor suppressors, are involved in the process, but how oncogenic signals attenuate mitochondrial function and promote the switch to glycolysis remains unclear. Here, we summarize the current information on several main mediators and discuss their possible mechanisms for triggering the Warburg effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yu
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Chen
- Guanghua School and Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueqi Sun
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Liantang Wang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangwu Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
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53
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Sahu D, Lotan Y, Wittmann B, Neri B, Hansel DE. Metabolomics analysis reveals distinct profiles of nonmuscle-invasive and muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Cancer Med 2017; 6:2106-2120. [PMID: 28766915 PMCID: PMC5603845 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma is the most common form of bladder cancer, but pathway changes that occur with stage-wise progression have not been well defined. We used a metabolomics approach to identify potential metabolic pathways uniquely altered in normal urothelium, nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), and muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). We performed global metabolomic profiling using GC-mass spectrometry (MS) and LC-MS platforms to identify metabolite signatures between normal urothelium and high-grade urothelial carcinoma of different stages. Pathways globally dysregulated in cancer relative to normal urothelium included glucose, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, lipid, amino acid, and nucleotide pathways. Urothelial carcinoma showed elevated glucose utilization for glycolysis and increased sorbitol pathway intermediates, consistent with Warburg effect. Anaplerosis to sustain energy production suggested by increased late TCA cycle intermediates, amino acids, and dipeptides occurs in bladder cancer. Urothelial carcinoma also shows altered membrane lipid membrane metabolism and differential derivation of nucleic acid components pyrimidine and purine. In stage comparison, MIBC appears to preferentially enhance cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) signaling, increase heme catabolism, and alter nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) synthesis with a possible influence from associated inflammatory cells. We identify numerous metabolomic alterations in NMIBC and MIBC that likely reflect underlying pathway changes. Differential pathway activity may have value in designing stage-specific novel therapeutics in urothelial carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Sahu
- Department of PathologyUniversity of California at San DiegoLa JollaCalifornia
| | - Yair Lotan
- Department of UrologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexas
| | | | | | - Donna E. Hansel
- Department of PathologyUniversity of California at San DiegoLa JollaCalifornia
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Scarabelli S, Tan KT, Griss R, Hovius R, D’Alessandro PL, Vorherr T, Johnsson K. Evaluating Cellular Drug Uptake with Fluorescent Sensor Proteins. ACS Sens 2017; 2:1191-1197. [PMID: 28766337 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We are introducing a new approach to evaluate cellular uptake of drugs and drug candidates into living cells. The approach is based on converting the protein target of a given class of compounds into a fluorescent biosensor. By measuring the binding of different compounds to their cognate biosensor in live cells and comparing these values to those measured in vitro, their cellular uptake and concentrations can be ranked. We demonstrate that our strategy enables the evaluation of the cellular uptake into the cytosol of 2 classes of inhibitors using two different sensor designs; first, sensors comprising the self-labeling protein SNAP conjugated with a chemically modified inhibitor shown for inhibitors of the enzyme human carbonic anhydrase II; and a label-free sensor for inhibitors of protein-protein interactions demonstrated for the protein pair p53-HDM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Scarabelli
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
- National Centre of Competence in Research in Chemical Biology, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Kui Thong Tan
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
- National Centre of Competence in Research in Chemical Biology, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Rudolf Griss
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
- National Centre of Competence in Research in Chemical Biology, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Ruud Hovius
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
- National Centre of Competence in Research in Chemical Biology, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas Vorherr
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Kai Johnsson
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
- National Centre of Competence in Research in Chemical Biology, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
- Max-Planck-Institute for Medical Research, Department of Chemical
Biology, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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55
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Linher-Melville K, Singh G. The complex roles of STAT3 and STAT5 in maintaining redox balance: Lessons from STAT-mediated xCT expression in cancer cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 451:40-52. [PMID: 28202313 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
STAT3 and STAT5 mediate diverse cellular processes, transcriptionally regulating gene expression and interacting with cytoplasmic proteins. Their canonical activity is stimulated by cytokines/growth factors through JAK-STAT signaling. As targets of oncogenes with intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity, STAT3 and STAT5 become constitutively active in hematologic neoplasms and solid tumors, promoting cell proliferation and survival and modulating redox homeostasis. This review summarizes reactive oxygen species (ROS)-regulated STAT activation and how STATs influence ROS production. ROS-induced effects on post-translational modifications are presented, and STAT3/5-mediated regulation of xCT, a redox-sensitive target up-regulated in numerous cancers, is discussed with regard to transcriptional cross-talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Linher-Melville
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Gurmit Singh
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada.
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56
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Morris G, Walder K, Carvalho AF, Tye SJ, Lucas K, Berk M, Maes M. The role of hypernitrosylation in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of neuroprogressive diseases. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 84:453-469. [PMID: 28789902 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is a wealth of data indicating that de novo protein S-nitrosylation in general and protein transnitrosylation in particular mediates the bulk of nitric oxide signalling. These processes enable redox sensing and facilitate homeostatic regulation of redox dependent protein signalling, function, stability and trafficking. Increased S-nitrosylation in an environment of increasing oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS) is initially a protective mechanism aimed at maintaining protein structure and function. When O&NS becomes severe, mechanisms governing denitrosylation and transnitrosylation break down leading to the pathological state referred to as hypernitrosylation (HN). Such a state has been implicated in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of several neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases and we investigate its potential role in the development and maintenance of neuroprogressive disorders. In this paper, we propose a model whereby the hypernitrosylation of a range of functional proteins and enzymes lead to changes in activity which conspire to produce at least some of the core abnormalities contributing to the development and maintenance of pathology in these illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- Tir Na Nog, Bryn Road seaside 87, Llanelli, SA152LW, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Ken Walder
- Deakin University, The Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, P.O. Box 291, Geelong, 3220, Australia
| | - André F Carvalho
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, 60430-040, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Susannah J Tye
- Deakin University, The Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, P.O. Box 291, Geelong, 3220, Australia; Department of Clinical Medicine and Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, 60430-040, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, P.O. Box 281, Geelong, 3220, Australia; Orygen Youth Health Research Centre and the Centre of Youth Mental Health, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3052, Australia
| | - Kurt Lucas
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, P.O. Box 281, Geelong, 3220, Australia; Orygen Youth Health Research Centre and the Centre of Youth Mental Health, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3052, Australia.
| | - Michael Maes
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, P.O. Box 281, Geelong, 3220, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Chulalongkorn University, Faculty of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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57
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Xu Z, Jiang H, Zhu Y, Wang H, Jiang J, Chen L, Xu W, Hu T, Cho CH. Cryptotanshinone induces ROS-dependent autophagy in multidrug-resistant colon cancer cells. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 273:48-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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58
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Gagnaire A, Nadel B, Raoult D, Neefjes J, Gorvel JP. Collateral damage: insights into bacterial mechanisms that predispose host cells to cancer. Nat Rev Microbiol 2017; 15:109-128. [DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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59
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Kurlishchuk Y, Vynnytska-Myronovska B, Grosse-Gehling P, Bobak Y, Manig F, Chen O, Merker SR, Henle T, Löck S, Stange DE, Stasyk O, Kunz LA. Co-application of canavanine and irradiation uncouples anticancer potential of arginine deprivation from citrulline availability. Oncotarget 2016; 7:73292-73308. [PMID: 27689335 PMCID: PMC5341980 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The moderate anticancer effect of arginine deprivation in clinical trials has been linked to an induced argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS1) expression in initially ASS1-negative tumors, and ASS1-positive cancers are anticipated as non-responders. Our previous studies indicated that arginine deprivation and low doses of the natural arginine analog canavanine can enhance radioresponse. However, the efficacy of the proposed combination in the presence of extracellular citrulline, the substrate for arginine synthesis by ASS1, remains to be elucidated, in particular for malignant cells with positive and/or inducible ASS1 as in colorectal cancer (CRC). Here, the physiological citrulline concentration of 0.05 mM was insufficient to overcome cell cycle arrest and radiosensitization triggered by arginine deficiency. Hyperphysiological citrulline (0.4 mM) did not entirely compensate for the absence of arginine and significantly decelerated cell cycling. Similar levels of canavanine-induced apoptosis were detected in the absence of arginine regardless of citrulline supplementation both in 2-D and advanced 3-D assays, while normal colon epithelial cells in organoid/colonosphere culture were unaffected. Notably, canavanine tremendously enhanced radiosensitivity of arginine-starved 3-D CRC spheroids even in the presence of hyperphysiological citrulline. We conclude that the novel combinatorial targeting strategy of metabolic-chemo-radiotherapy has great potential for the treatment of malignancies with inducible ASS1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Kurlishchuk
- OncoRay–National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Cell Signaling, Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Bozhena Vynnytska-Myronovska
- OncoRay–National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Cell Signaling, Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine
- Current address: Clinic of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Philipp Grosse-Gehling
- OncoRay–National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yaroslav Bobak
- Department of Cell Signaling, Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Friederike Manig
- OncoRay–National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology, Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oleg Chen
- OncoRay–National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Cell Signaling, Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Sebastian R. Merker
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Henle
- Institute of Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Steffen Löck
- OncoRay–National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniel E. Stange
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oleh Stasyk
- Department of Cell Signaling, Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Leoni A. Kunz
- OncoRay–National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, UK
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60
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Kung CP, Murphy ME. The role of the p53 tumor suppressor in metabolism and diabetes. J Endocrinol 2016; 231:R61-R75. [PMID: 27613337 PMCID: PMC5148674 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the context of tumor suppression, p53 is an undisputedly critical protein. Functioning primarily as a transcription factor, p53 helps fend off the initiation and progression of tumors by inducing cell cycle arrest, senescence or programmed cell death (apoptosis) in cells at the earliest stages of precancerous development. Compelling evidence, however, suggests that p53 is involved in other aspects of human physiology, including metabolism. Indeed, recent studies suggest that p53 plays a significant role in the development of metabolic diseases, including diabetes, and further that p53's role in metabolism may also be consequential to tumor suppression. Here, we present a review of the literature on the role of p53 in metabolism, diabetes, pancreatic function, glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance. Additionally, we discuss the emerging role of genetic variation in the p53 pathway (single-nucleotide polymorphisms) on the impact of p53 in metabolic disease and diabetes. A better understanding of the relationship between p53, metabolism and diabetes may one day better inform the existing and prospective therapeutic strategies to combat this rapidly growing epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Pei Kung
- Department of Internal MedicineWashington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Maureen E Murphy
- Department of Internal MedicineWashington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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61
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Diaz-Aguirre V, Velez-Pardo C, Jimenez-Del-Rio M. Fructose sensitizes Jurkat cells oxidative stress-induced apoptosis via caspase-dependent and caspase-independent mechanisms. Cell Biol Int 2016; 40:1162-1173. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Diaz-Aguirre
- Neuroscience Research Group; Faculty of Medicine; Medical Research Institute; University of Antioquia (UdeA); Calle 70 No. 52-21 and Calle 62 # 52-59, Building 1, Room 412 SIU Medellin Colombia
| | - Carlos Velez-Pardo
- Neuroscience Research Group; Faculty of Medicine; Medical Research Institute; University of Antioquia (UdeA); Calle 70 No. 52-21 and Calle 62 # 52-59, Building 1, Room 412 SIU Medellin Colombia
| | - Marlene Jimenez-Del-Rio
- Neuroscience Research Group; Faculty of Medicine; Medical Research Institute; University of Antioquia (UdeA); Calle 70 No. 52-21 and Calle 62 # 52-59, Building 1, Room 412 SIU Medellin Colombia
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62
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Qi X, Davis B, Chiang YH, Filichia E, Barnett A, Greig NH, Hoffer B, Luo Y. Dopaminergic neuron-specific deletion of p53 gene is neuroprotective in an experimental Parkinson's disease model. J Neurochem 2016; 138:746-57. [PMID: 27317935 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
p53, a stress response gene, is involved in diverse cell death pathways and its activation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, whether the neuronal p53 protein plays a direct role in regulating dopaminergic (DA) neuronal cell death is unknown. In this study, in contrast to the global inhibition of p53 function by pharmacological inhibitors and in traditional p53 knock-out (KO) mice, we examined the effect of DA specific p53 gene deletion in DAT-p53KO mice. These DAT-p53KO mice did not exhibit apparent changes in the general structure and neuronal density of DA neurons during late development and in aging. However, in DA-p53KO mice treated with the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), we found that the induction of Bax and p53 up-regulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) mRNA and protein levels by MPTP were diminished in both striatum and substantia nigra of these mice. Notably, deletion of the p53 gene in DA neurons significantly reduced dopaminergic neuronal loss in substantia nigra, dopaminergic neuronal terminal loss at striatum and, additionally, decreased motor deficits in mice challenged with MPTP. In contrast, there was no difference in astrogliosis between WT and DAT-p53KO mice in response to MPTP treatment. These findings demonstrate a specific contribution of p53 activation in DA neuronal cell death by MPTP challenge. Our results further support the role of programmed cell death mediated by p53 in this animal model of PD and identify Bax, BAD and PUMA genes as downstream targets of p53 in modulating DA neuronal death in the in vivo MPTP-induced PD model. We deleted p53 gene in dopaminergic neurons in late developmental stages and found that DA specific p53 deletion is protective in acute MPTP animal model possibly through blocking MPTP-induced BAX and PUMA up-regulation. Astrocyte activation measured by GFAP positive cells and GFAP gene up-regulation in the striatum shows no difference between wt and DA-p53 ko mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Qi
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Brandon Davis
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Yung-Hsiao Chiang
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Emily Filichia
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Austin Barnett
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Barry Hoffer
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Rueda-Rincon N, Bloch K, Derua R, Vyas R, Harms A, Hankemeier T, Khan NA, Dehairs J, Bagadi M, Binda MM, Waelkens E, Marine JC, Swinnen JV. p53 attenuates AKT signaling by modulating membrane phospholipid composition. Oncotarget 2016; 6:21240-54. [PMID: 26061814 PMCID: PMC4673262 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor is the central component of a complex network of signaling pathways that protect organisms against the propagation of cells carrying oncogenic mutations. Here we report a previously unrecognized role of p53 in membrane phospholipids composition. By repressing the expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1, SCD, the enzyme that converts saturated to mono-unsaturated fatty acids, p53 causes a shift in the content of phospholipids with mono-unsaturated acyl chains towards more saturated phospholipid species, particularly of the phosphatidylinositol headgroup class. This shift affects levels of phosphatidylinositol phosphates, attenuates the oncogenic AKT pathway, and contributes to the p53-mediated control of cell survival. These findings expand the p53 network to phospholipid metabolism and uncover a new molecular pathway connecting p53 to AKT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Rueda-Rincon
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katarzyna Bloch
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rita Derua
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rajesh Vyas
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Center for the Biology of Disease, Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Human Genetics, Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Amy Harms
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Niamat Ali Khan
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jonas Dehairs
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Muralidhararao Bagadi
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maria Mercedes Binda
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pôle de Gynécologie, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Etienne Waelkens
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe Marine
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Center for the Biology of Disease, Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Human Genetics, Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johannes V Swinnen
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Leuven, Belgium
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Liu J, Zhang C, Wu R, Lin M, Liang Y, Liu J, Wang X, Yang B, Feng Z. RRAD inhibits the Warburg effect through negative regulation of the NF-κB signaling. Oncotarget 2016; 6:14982-92. [PMID: 25893381 PMCID: PMC4558130 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells preferentially use aerobic glycolysis to meet their increased energetic and biosynthetic demands, a phenomenon known as the Warburg effect. Its underlying mechanism is not fully understood. RRAD, a small GTPase, is a potential tumor suppressor in lung cancer. RRAD expression is frequently down-regulated in lung cancer, which is associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis. Recently, RRAD was reported to repress the Warburg effect, indicating that down-regulation of RRAD expression is an important mechanism contributing to the Warburg effect in lung cancer. However, the mechanism by which RRAD inhibits the Warburg effect remains unclear. Here, we found that RRAD negatively regulates the NF-κB signaling to inhibit the GLUT1 translocation and the Warburg effect in lung cancer cells. Mechanically, RRAD directly binds to the p65 subunit of the NF-κB complex and inhibits the nuclear translocation of p65, which in turn negatively regulates the NF-κB signaling to inhibit GLUT1 translocation and the Warburg effect. Blocking the NF-κB signaling largely abolishes the inhibitory effects of RRAD on the translocation of GLUT1 to the plasma membrane and the Warburg effect. Taken together, our results revealed a novel mechanism by which RRAD negatively regulates the Warburg effect in lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Cen Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meihua Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Yingjian Liang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Bo Yang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhaohui Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Kung CP, Leu JIJ, Basu S, Khaku S, Anokye-Danso F, Liu Q, George DL, Ahima RS, Murphy ME. The P72R Polymorphism of p53 Predisposes to Obesity and Metabolic Dysfunction. Cell Rep 2016; 14:2413-25. [PMID: 26947067 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
p53 is well known for its tumor suppressor role, but this protein also has a poorly understood role in the regulation of metabolism. Human studies have implicated a common polymorphism at codon 72 of p53 in diabetic and pre-diabetic phenotypes. To understand this role, we utilized a humanized mouse model of the p53 codon 72 variants and monitored these mice following challenge with a high-fat diet (HFD). Mice with the arginine 72 (R72) variant of p53 developed more-severe obesity and glucose intolerance on a HFD, compared to mice with the proline 72 variant (P72). R72 mice developed insulin resistance, islet hypertrophy, increased infiltration of immune cells, and fatty liver disease. Gene expression analyses and studies with small-molecule inhibitors indicate that the p53 target genes Tnf and Npc1l1 underlie this phenotype. These results shed light on the role of p53 in obesity, metabolism, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Pei Kung
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Julia I-Ju Leu
- Department of Genetics, The Perelman School at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Subhasree Basu
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sakina Khaku
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Frederick Anokye-Danso
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, The Perelman School at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Qin Liu
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Biostatistics Unit, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Donna L George
- Department of Genetics, The Perelman School at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rexford S Ahima
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, The Perelman School at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Maureen E Murphy
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Role of Long Noncoding RNAs in Neoplasia: Special Emphasis on Prostate Cancer. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 324:229-54. [PMID: 27017010 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in sequencing technology have dramatically improved the ability of investigators to study nucleic acid biology. Bolstered by these new and powerful techniques, the field of noncoding RNA (ncRNA) research, in particular, has witnessed a period of significant progress, wherein multiple new and unique species of ncRNA elements have been discovered and characterized. The current categories of ncRNAs include tRNA, rRNA, snoRNA, snRNA, piRNA, miRNA, and lncRNA, among others. The largest of these RNAs are the long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) that perform a diverse set of functions within the cell. Importantly, lncRNAs have recently been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple types of cancer, including breast, lung, gastric, liver, and prostate. This reviews the major lncRNAs currently believed to play a role in human malignancies with a special emphasis on lncRNAs germane to cancer of the prostate gland. Continued investigation of lncRNA will likely prove to be exceedingly valuable, as they may provide novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of cancer. In addition, lncRNAs offer the potential to serve as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for cancer. The present state of lncRNA-based strategies for use in the management of cancer will also be highlighted.
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Seillier M, Pouyet L, N'Guessan P, Nollet M, Capo F, Guillaumond F, Peyta L, Dumas JF, Varrault A, Bertrand G, Bonnafous S, Tran A, Meur G, Marchetti P, Ravier MA, Dalle S, Gual P, Muller D, Rutter GA, Servais S, Iovanna JL, Carrier A. Defects in mitophagy promote redox-driven metabolic syndrome in the absence of TP53INP1. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 7:802-18. [PMID: 25828351 PMCID: PMC4459819 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201404318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome covers metabolic abnormalities including obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). T2D is characterized by insulin resistance resulting from both environmental and genetic factors. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) published in 2010 identified TP53INP1 as a new T2D susceptibility locus, but a pathological mechanism was not identified. In this work, we show that mice lacking TP53INP1 are prone to redox-driven obesity and insulin resistance. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the reactive oxygen species increase in TP53INP1-deficient cells results from accumulation of defective mitochondria associated with impaired PINK/PARKIN mitophagy. This chronic oxidative stress also favors accumulation of lipid droplets. Taken together, our data provide evidence that the GWAS-identified TP53INP1 gene prevents metabolic syndrome, through a mechanism involving prevention of oxidative stress by mitochondrial homeostasis regulation. In conclusion, this study highlights TP53INP1 as a molecular regulator of redox-driven metabolic syndrome and provides a new preclinical mouse model for metabolic syndrome clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Seillier
- Inserm, U1068, CRCM, Marseille, France Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France CNRS, UMR7258, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Pouyet
- Inserm, U1068, CRCM, Marseille, France Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France CNRS, UMR7258, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Prudence N'Guessan
- Inserm, U1068, CRCM, Marseille, France Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France CNRS, UMR7258, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Marie Nollet
- Inserm, U1068, CRCM, Marseille, France Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France CNRS, UMR7258, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Florence Capo
- Inserm, U1068, CRCM, Marseille, France Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France CNRS, UMR7258, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Fabienne Guillaumond
- Inserm, U1068, CRCM, Marseille, France Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France CNRS, UMR7258, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Laure Peyta
- Inserm, U1069 Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer (N2C), Tours, France
| | | | - Annie Varrault
- CNRS, UMR5203, Inserm, U661 Universités de Montpellier 1 & 2, IGF, Montpellier, France
| | - Gyslaine Bertrand
- CNRS, UMR5203, Inserm, U661 Universités de Montpellier 1 & 2, IGF, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphanie Bonnafous
- Inserm, U1065, C3M Team 8 "Hepatic Complications in Obesity", Nice, France Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Pôle Digestif Hôpital L'Archet, Nice, France
| | - Albert Tran
- Inserm, U1065, C3M Team 8 "Hepatic Complications in Obesity", Nice, France Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Pôle Digestif Hôpital L'Archet, Nice, France
| | - Gargi Meur
- Cell Biology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa - Cisanello Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Magalie A Ravier
- CNRS, UMR5203, Inserm, U661 Universités de Montpellier 1 & 2, IGF, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphane Dalle
- CNRS, UMR5203, Inserm, U661 Universités de Montpellier 1 & 2, IGF, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Gual
- Inserm, U1065, C3M Team 8 "Hepatic Complications in Obesity", Nice, France Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Pôle Digestif Hôpital L'Archet, Nice, France
| | - Dany Muller
- CNRS, UMR5203, Inserm, U661 Universités de Montpellier 1 & 2, IGF, Montpellier, France
| | - Guy A Rutter
- Cell Biology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Stéphane Servais
- Inserm, U1069 Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer (N2C), Tours, France
| | - Juan L Iovanna
- Inserm, U1068, CRCM, Marseille, France Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France CNRS, UMR7258, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Alice Carrier
- Inserm, U1068, CRCM, Marseille, France Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France CNRS, UMR7258, CRCM, Marseille, France
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68
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Liu X, Wang X, Tong J. Radon-induced alterations in p53-mediated energy metabolism of malignantly transformed human bronchial epithelial cells. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2016; 79:436-441. [PMID: 27267826 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1176629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Radon and its progeny were confirmed to be a category I carcinogenic agent. However, the molecular basis underlying carcinogenesis induced by radon has not been fully elucidated. Expression of p53, a key regulator in glycolysis, is known to be decreased in carcinogenesis. The aim of this investigation was to determine changes in energy metabolism mediated by p53-related metabolic pathway using radon-induced transformation of human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells. HBE cells were exposed to radon for 20 min at a concentration of 20,000 Bq/m(3) and cultured for 3 d, and exposed again at the same concentration and duration. This was repeated 10 times with culture for 35 passages until malignant transformation occurred. During the culturing process, the levels of lactate and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and ratio of NAD(+)/NADH gradually increased between passages. Between passages 30 and 35, p53 target gene synthesis of cytochrome c oxidase 2 (SCO2), TP53-induced glycolysis, and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR) expression were significantly decreased. Data demonstrated that p53-associated metabolic pathways may be altered in radon-mediated malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- a Department of Toxicology , School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University , No.199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou , China
| | - Xu Wang
- a Department of Toxicology , School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University , No.199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou , China
| | - Jian Tong
- a Department of Toxicology , School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University , No.199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou , China
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69
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Abstract
p53 tumor suppressor has been identified as a protein interacting with the large T antigen produced by simian vacuolating virus 40 (SV40). Subsequent research on p53 inhibition by SV40 and other tumor viruses has not only helped to gain a better understanding of viral biology, but also shaped our knowledge of human tumorigenesis. Recent studies have found, however, that inhibition of p53 is not strictly in the realm of viruses. Some bacterial pathogens also actively inhibit p53 protein and induce its degradation, resulting in alteration of cellular stress responses. This phenomenon was initially characterized in gastric epithelial cells infected with Helicobacter pylori, a bacterial pathogen that commonly infects the human stomach and is strongly linked to gastric cancer. Besides H. pylori, a number of other bacterial species were recently discovered to inhibit p53. These findings provide novel insights into host–bacteria interactions and tumorigenesis associated with bacterial infections. This review focuses on a novel aspect of host–bacteria interactions: the direct interplay between bacterial pathogens and tumor suppression mechanisms that protect the host from cancer development. Recent studies revealed that various pathogenic bacteria actively inhibit the major tumor suppression pathway mediated by p53 protein that plays a key role in the regulation of multiple cellular stress responses and prevention of cancerogenesis. Bacterial degradation of p53 was first discovered in the context of Helicobacter pylori infection, which is currently the strongest known risk factor for adenocarcinoma of the stomach. This phenomenon, however, is not limited to H. pylori, and many other bacterial pathogens inhibit p53 using various mechanisms. Inhibition of p53 by bacteria is linked to bacterial modulation of the host cellular responses to DNA damage, metabolic stress, and, potentially, other stressors. This is a dynamic area of research that will continue to evolve and make important contributions to a better understanding of host–microbe interactions and tumorigenesis. These studies may offer new molecular targets and opportunities for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander I. Zaika
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jinxiong Wei
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M. Noto
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Richard M. Peek
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Tennessee, United States of America
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70
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Klement RJ, Champ CE. Calories, carbohydrates, and cancer therapy with radiation: exploiting the five R's through dietary manipulation. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2015; 33:217-29. [PMID: 24436017 PMCID: PMC3988521 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-014-9495-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aggressive tumors typically demonstrate a high glycolytic rate, which results in resistance to radiation therapy and cancer progression via several molecular and physiologic mechanisms. Intriguingly, many of these mechanisms utilize the same molecular pathways that are altered through calorie and/or carbohydrate restriction. Furthermore, poorer prognosis in cancer patients who display a glycolytic phenotype characterized by metabolic alterations, such as obesity and diabetes, is now well established, providing another link between metabolic pathways and cancer progression. We review the possible roles for calorie restriction (CR) and very low carbohydrate ketogenic diets (KDs) in modulating the five R's of radiotherapy to improve the therapeutic window between tumor control and normal tissue complication probability. Important mechanisms we discuss include (1) improved DNA repair in normal, but not tumor cells; (2) inhibition of tumor cell repopulation through modulation of the PI3K-Akt-mTORC1 pathway downstream of insulin and IGF1; (3) redistribution of normal cells into more radioresistant phases of the cell cycle; (4) normalization of the tumor vasculature by targeting hypoxia-inducible factor-1α downstream of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway; (5) increasing the intrinsic radioresistance of normal cells through ketone bodies but decreasing that of tumor cells by targeting glycolysis. These mechanisms are discussed in the framework of animal and human studies, taking into account the commonalities and differences between CR and KDs. We conclude that CR and KDs may act synergistically with radiation therapy for the treatment of cancer patients and provide some guidelines for implementing these dietary interventions into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer J Klement
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Leopoldina Hospital Schweinfurt, Gustav-Adolf-Straße 8, 97422, Schweinfurt, Germany,
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71
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Morris G, Berk M, Walder K, Maes M. The Putative Role of Viruses, Bacteria, and Chronic Fungal Biotoxin Exposure in the Genesis of Intractable Fatigue Accompanied by Cognitive and Physical Disability. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:2550-71. [PMID: 26081141 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9262-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Patients who present with severe intractable apparently idiopathic fatigue accompanied by profound physical and or cognitive disability present a significant therapeutic challenge. The effect of psychological counseling is limited, with significant but very slight improvements in psychometric measures of fatigue and disability but no improvement on scientific measures of physical impairment compared to controls. Similarly, exercise regimes either produce significant, but practically unimportant, benefit or provoke symptom exacerbation. Many such patients are afforded the exclusionary, non-specific diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome if rudimentary testing fails to discover the cause of their symptoms. More sophisticated investigations often reveal the presence of a range of pathogens capable of establishing life-long infections with sophisticated immune evasion strategies, including Parvoviruses, HHV6, variants of Epstein-Barr, Cytomegalovirus, Mycoplasma, and Borrelia burgdorferi. Other patients have a history of chronic fungal or other biotoxin exposure. Herein, we explain the epigenetic factors that may render such individuals susceptible to the chronic pathology induced by such agents, how such agents induce pathology, and, indeed, how such pathology can persist and even amplify even when infections have cleared or when biotoxin exposure has ceased. The presence of active, reactivated, or even latent Herpes virus could be a potential source of intractable fatigue accompanied by profound physical and or cognitive disability in some patients, and the same may be true of persistent Parvovirus B12 and mycoplasma infection. A history of chronic mold exposure is a feasible explanation for such symptoms, as is the presence of B. burgdorferi. The complex tropism, life cycles, genetic variability, and low titer of many of these pathogens makes their detection in blood a challenge. Examination of lymphoid tissue or CSF in such circumstances may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- Tir Na Nog, Bryn Road seaside 87, Llanelli, SA15 2LW, Wales, UK
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.,Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Ken Walder
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Michael Maes
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia. .,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Gonzalez Herrera KN, Lee J, Haigis MC. Intersections between mitochondrial sirtuin signaling and tumor cell metabolism. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 50:242-55. [PMID: 25898275 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2015.1031879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells use glucose and glutamine to facilitate cell growth and proliferation, a process coined "metabolic reprograming" - an emerging hallmark of cancer. Inside the cell, these nutrients synergize to produce metabolic building blocks, such as nucleic acids, lipids and proteins, as well as energy (ATP), glutathione and reducing equivalents (NADPH), required for survival, growth and proliferation. Intense research aimed at understanding the underlying cause of the metabolic rewiring has revealed that established oncogenes and tumor suppressors involved in signaling alter cellular metabolism to contribute to the transition from a normal quiescent cell to a rapidly proliferating cancer cell. Likewise, bona fide metabolic sensors are emerging as regulators of tumorigenesis. This review will focus on one such family of sensors, sirtuins, which utilize NAD(+) as a cofactor to catalyze deacetylation, deacylation and ADP-ribosylation of their protein substrates. In this review, we will enumerate how cancer cell metabolism is different from a normal quiescent cell and highlight the emerging role of mitochondrial sirtuin signaling in the regulation of tumor metabolism.
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PVT1: a rising star among oncogenic long noncoding RNAs. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:304208. [PMID: 25883951 PMCID: PMC4391155 DOI: 10.1155/2015/304208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly clear that short and long noncoding RNAs critically participate in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, and (mis)function. However, while the functional characterization of short non-coding RNAs has been reaching maturity, there is still a paucity of well characterized long noncoding RNAs, even though large studies in recent years are rapidly increasing the number of annotated ones. The long noncoding RNA PVT1 is encoded by a gene that has been long known since it resides in the well-known cancer risk region 8q24. However, a couple of accidental concurrent conditions have slowed down the study of this gene, that is, a preconception on the primacy of the protein-coding over noncoding RNAs and the prevalent interest in its neighbor MYC oncogene. Recent studies have brought PVT1 under the spotlight suggesting interesting models of functioning, such as competing endogenous RNA activity and regulation of protein stability of important oncogenes, primarily of the MYC oncogene. Despite some advancements in modelling the PVT1 role in cancer, there are many questions that remain unanswered concerning the precise molecular mechanisms underlying its functioning.
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74
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Jiang L, Kon N, Li T, Wang SJ, Su T, Hibshoosh H, Baer R, Gu W. Ferroptosis as a p53-mediated activity during tumour suppression. Nature 2015; 520:57-62. [PMID: 25799988 DOI: 10.1038/nature14344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1940] [Impact Index Per Article: 215.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although p53-mediated cell-cycle arrest, senescence and apoptosis serve as critical barriers to cancer development, emerging evidence suggests that the metabolic activities of p53 are also important. Here we show that p53 inhibits cystine uptake and sensitizes cells to ferroptosis, a non-apoptotic form of cell death, by repressing expression of SLC7A11, a key component of the cystine/glutamate antiporter. Notably, p53(3KR), an acetylation-defective mutant that fails to induce cell-cycle arrest, senescence and apoptosis, fully retains the ability to regulate SLC7A11 expression and induce ferroptosis upon reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced stress. Analysis of mutant mice shows that these non-canonical p53 activities contribute to embryonic development and the lethality associated with loss of Mdm2. Moreover, SLC7A11 is highly expressed in human tumours, and its overexpression inhibits ROS-induced ferroptosis and abrogates p53(3KR)-mediated tumour growth suppression in xenograft models. Our findings uncover a new mode of tumour suppression based on p53 regulation of cystine metabolism, ROS responses and ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Jiang
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, College of Physicians &Surgeons, Columbia University 1130 St Nicholas Ave, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Ning Kon
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, College of Physicians &Surgeons, Columbia University 1130 St Nicholas Ave, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Tongyuan Li
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, College of Physicians &Surgeons, Columbia University 1130 St Nicholas Ave, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Shang-Jui Wang
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, College of Physicians &Surgeons, Columbia University 1130 St Nicholas Ave, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Tao Su
- 1] Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians &Surgeons, Columbia University 630 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA [2] Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Physicians &Surgeons, Columbia University 1130 St Nicholas Ave, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Hanina Hibshoosh
- 1] Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians &Surgeons, Columbia University 630 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA [2] Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Physicians &Surgeons, Columbia University 1130 St Nicholas Ave, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Richard Baer
- 1] Institute for Cancer Genetics, College of Physicians &Surgeons, Columbia University 1130 St Nicholas Ave, New York, New York 10032, USA [2] Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians &Surgeons, Columbia University 630 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA [3] Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Physicians &Surgeons, Columbia University 1130 St Nicholas Ave, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Wei Gu
- 1] Institute for Cancer Genetics, College of Physicians &Surgeons, Columbia University 1130 St Nicholas Ave, New York, New York 10032, USA [2] Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians &Surgeons, Columbia University 630 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA [3] Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Physicians &Surgeons, Columbia University 1130 St Nicholas Ave, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Hudcova K, Trnkova L, Kejnovska I, Vorlickova M, Gumulec J, Kizek R, Masarik M. Novel biophysical determination of miRNAs related to prostate and head and neck cancers. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2015; 44:131-8. [PMID: 25650273 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-015-1008-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study we have chosen a new approach and characterized three miRNAs (miR-23a, miR-34a and miR-320a) related to prostate cancer and head and neck cancer by spectral (circular dichroic and UV-absorption spectra) and electrochemical (voltammetry at graphite and mercury electrodes) methods. The spectral and voltammetric results, reflecting different nucleotide sequences of miRNAs, were complemented by the results of DNAs(U) having the same oligonucleotide sequences as miRNAs. The effect of the substitution of ribose for deoxyribose was shown and structural diversity was confirmed. The stability of RNA and DNA(U) was studied using CD and UV-absorption spectroscopy and melting points were calculated. MiRNA-320a with the highest content of guanine provided the highest melting point. With respect to the rapid progress of miRNA electrochemical sensors, our results will be useful for the research and development of sensitive, portable and time-efficient miRNA sensors, which will be able to diagnose cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyna Hudcova
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
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76
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Ajayi A, Yu X, Wahlo-Svedin C, Tsirigotaki G, Karlström V, Ström AL. Altered p53 and NOX1 activity cause bioenergetic defects in a SCA7 polyglutamine disease model. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1847:418-428. [PMID: 25647692 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 (SCA7) is one of the nine neurodegenerative disorders caused by expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) domains. Common pathogenic mechanisms, including bioenergetics defects, have been suggested for these so called polyQ diseases. However, the exact molecular mechanism(s) behind the metabolic dysfunction is still unclear. In this study we identified a previously unreported mechanism, involving disruption of p53 and NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1) activity, by which the expanded SCA7 disease protein ATXN7 causes metabolic dysregulation. The NOX1 protein is known to promote glycolytic activity, whereas the transcription factor p53 inhibits this process and instead promotes mitochondrial respiration. In a stable inducible PC12 model of SCA7, p53 and mutant ATXN7 co-aggregated and the transcriptional activity of p53 was reduced, resulting in a 50% decrease of key p53 target proteins, like AIF and TIGAR. In contrast, the expression of NOX1 was increased approximately 2 times in SCA7 cells. Together these alterations resulted in a decreased respiratory capacity, an increased reliance on glycolysis for energy production and a subsequent 20% reduction of ATP in SCA7 cells. Restoring p53 function, or suppressing NOX1 activity, both reversed the metabolic dysfunction and ameliorated mutant ATXN7 toxicity. These results hence not only enhance the understanding of the mechanisms causing metabolic dysfunction in SCA7 disease, but also identify NOX1 as a novel potential therapeutic target in SCA7 and possibly other polyQ diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiodun Ajayi
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Galateia Tsirigotaki
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Victor Karlström
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Anna-Lena Ström
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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77
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Budanov AV. The role of tumor suppressor p53 in the antioxidant defense and metabolism. Subcell Biochem 2014; 85:337-58. [PMID: 25201203 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9211-0_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tumor suppressor p53 is inactivated in most cancers and the critical role of p53 in the suppression of carcinogenesis has been confirmed in many mouse models. The protein product of the tumor suppressor p53 gene works as a transcriptional regulator, activating expression of numerous genes involved in cell death, cell cycle arrest, senescence, DNA-repair and many other processes. In spite of the multiple efforts to characterize the functions of p53, the mechanisms of tumor suppression by p53 are still elusive. Recently, new activities of p53 such as regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and metabolism have been described and the p53-regulated genes responsible for these functions have been identified. Metabolic derangements and accumulation of ROS are features of carcinogenesis, supporting the idea that many tumor suppressive effects of p53 can be mediated by regulation of metabolism and/or ROS. Mutations in the p53 gene can not only inactivate wild type function of p53 but also endow p53 with new functions such as activation of new metabolic pathways contributing to carcinogenesis. Understanding the metabolic and antioxidant functions of p53 allows us to develop approaches to restore p53 function in cancers, where p53 is inactivated, in other to ensure the best outcome of anti-cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei V Budanov
- Department of Neurosurgery & Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,
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78
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Dowling P, Hughes DJ, Larkin AM, Meiller J, Henry M, Meleady P, Lynch V, Pardini B, Naccarati A, Levy M, Vodicka P, Neary P, Clynes M. Elevated levels of 14-3-3 proteins, serotonin, gamma enolase and pyruvate kinase identified in clinical samples from patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 441:133-41. [PMID: 25540887 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC), a heterogeneous disease that is common in both men and women, continues to be one of the predominant cancers worldwide. Lifestyle, diet, environmental factors and gene defects all contribute towards CRC development risk. Therefore, the identification of novel biomarkers to aid in the management of CRC is crucial. The aim of the present study was to identify candidate biomarkers for CRC, and to develop a better understanding of their role in tumourogenesis. METHODS In this study, both plasma and tissue samples from patients diagnosed with CRC, together with non-malignant and normal controls were examined using mass spectrometry based proteomics and metabolomics approaches. RESULTS It was established that the level of several biomolecules, including serotonin, gamma enolase, pyruvate kinase and members of the 14-3-3 family of proteins, showed statistically significant changes when comparing malignant versus non-malignant patient samples, with a distinct pattern emerging mirroring cancer cell energy production. CONCLUSION The diagnosis and management of CRC could be enhanced by the discovery and validation of new candidate biomarkers, as found in this study, aimed at facilitating early detection and/or patient stratification together with providing information on the complex behaviour of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Dowling
- Department of Biology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland; National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - David J Hughes
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics and Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Anne Marie Larkin
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Justine Meiller
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Michael Henry
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Paula Meleady
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Vincent Lynch
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | | | | | - Miroslav Levy
- 1st Medical Faculty of Charles University and Thomayer University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Vodicka
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, 1st Medical Faculty, Charles University, Prage, Czech Republic
| | - Paul Neary
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, AMNCH Hospital, Dublin 24, Ireland
| | - Martin Clynes
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
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79
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Li Y, Li B, Li CJ, Li LJ. Key points of basic theories and clinical practice in rAd-p53 ( Gendicine ™) gene therapy for solid malignant tumors. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 15:437-54. [PMID: 25496374 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.990882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Wild-type p53 gene is an essential cancer suppressor gene which plays an important role in carcinogenesis and malignant progressions. The p53 gene family participates in almost all the key procedures of cancer biology, such as programmed cell death, angiogenesis, metabolism and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The mutation or functional defects of the p53 gene family are detected in most of the solid malignant tumors, and the restoration of the p53 gene by adenovirus-mediated gene therapy becomes a promising treatment for cancer patients now. AREAS COVERED In the present review, the potential therapeutic effects of recombinant adenovirus p53 rAd-p53 ( Gendicine ™) were reviewed to explore the biological mechanism underlying the adenovirus-mediated p53 gene therapy. Then, the key points of the drug administration were discussed, including the routes of administration, dosage calculation and treatment cycles, based on findings of the preclinical and clinical trials in order to establish a standard treatment for the p53 gene therapy. EXPERT OPINION As an important part of the combined therapy for the cancer patients, the adenovirus-mediated p53 gene therapy was blossomed to be a promising treatment strategy. A new evaluation criteria and guideline for the gene therapy is urgently needed for the further clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Sichuan University, West China Hospital of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease , Chengdu, 610041 , China
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80
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Ou Y, Wang SJ, Jiang L, Zheng B, Gu W. p53 Protein-mediated regulation of phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) is crucial for the apoptotic response upon serine starvation. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:457-66. [PMID: 25404730 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.616359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although p53 is frequently mutated in human cancers, about 80% of human melanomas retain wild-type p53. Here we report that PHGDH, the key metabolic enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the serine biosynthesis pathway, is a target of p53 in human melanoma cells. p53 suppresses PHGDH expression and inhibits de novo serine biosynthesis. Notably, upon serine starvation, p53-mediated cell death is enhanced dramatically in response to Nutlin-3 treatment. Moreover, PHGDH has been found recently to be amplified frequently in human melanomas. We found that PHGDH overexpression significantly suppresses the apoptotic response, whereas RNAi-mediated knockdown of endogenous PHGDH promotes apoptosis under the same treatment. These results demonstrate an important role of p53 in regulating the serine biosynthesis pathway through suppressing PHGDH expression and reveal serine deprivation as a novel approach to sensitize p53-mediated apoptotic responses in human melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ou
- From the Institute for Cancer Genetics and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032 and
| | - Shang-Jui Wang
- From the Institute for Cancer Genetics and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032 and
| | - Le Jiang
- From the Institute for Cancer Genetics and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032 and
| | - Bin Zheng
- the Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Wei Gu
- From the Institute for Cancer Genetics and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032 and
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81
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Klement RJ. Restricting carbohydrates to fight head and neck cancer-is this realistic? Cancer Biol Med 2014; 11:145-61. [PMID: 25364576 PMCID: PMC4197426 DOI: 10.7497/j.issn.2095-3941.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancers (HNCs) are aggressive tumors that typically demonstrate a high glycolytic rate, which results in resistance to cytotoxic therapy and poor prognosis. Due to their location these tumors specifically impair food intake and quality of life, so that prevention of weight loss through nutrition support becomes an important treatment goal. Dietary restriction of carbohydrates (CHOs) and their replacement with fat, mostly in form of a ketogenic diet (KD), have been suggested to accommodate for both the altered tumor cell metabolism and cancer-associated weight loss. In this review, I present three specific rationales for CHO restriction and nutritional ketosis as supportive treatment options for the HNC patient. These are (1) targeting the origin and specific aspects of tumor glycolysis; (2) protecting normal tissue from but sensitizing tumor tissue to radiation- and chemotherapy induced cell kill; (3) supporting body and muscle mass maintenance. While most of these benefits of CHO restriction apply to cancer in general, specific aspects of implementation are discussed in relation to HNC patients. While CHO restriction seems feasible in HNC patients the available evidence indicates that its role may extend beyond fighting malnutrition to fighting HNC itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer J Klement
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Leopoldina Hospital, Schweinfurt 97421, Germany
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82
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Paci P, Colombo T, Farina L. Computational analysis identifies a sponge interaction network between long non-coding RNAs and messenger RNAs in human breast cancer. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2014; 8:83. [PMID: 25033876 PMCID: PMC4113672 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-8-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are emerging as key regulators of many cellular processes in both physiological and pathological states. Moreover, the constant discovery of new non-coding RNA species suggests that the study of their complex functions is still in its very early stages. This variegated class of RNA species encompasses the well-known microRNAs (miRNAs) and the most recently acknowledged long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Interestingly, in the last couple of years, a few studies have shown that some lncRNAs can act as miRNA sponges, i.e. as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs), able to reduce the amount of miRNAs available to target messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Results We propose a computational approach to explore the ability of lncRNAs to act as ceRNAs by protecting mRNAs from miRNA repression. A seed match analysis was performed to validate the underlying regression model. We built normal and cancer networks of miRNA-mediated sponge interactions (MMI-networks) using breast cancer expression data provided by The Cancer Genome Atlas. Conclusions Our study highlights a marked rewiring in the ceRNA program between normal and pathological breast tissue, documented by its “on/off” switch from normal to cancer, and vice-versa. This mutually exclusive activation confers an interesting character to ceRNAs as potential oncosuppressive, or oncogenic, protagonists in cancer. At the heart of this phenomenon is the lncRNA PVT1, as illustrated by both the width of its antagonist mRNAs in normal-MMI-network, and the relevance of the latter in breast cancer. Interestingly, PVT1 revealed a net binding preference towards the mir-200 family as the bone of contention with its rival mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Paci
- Institute for System Analysis and Computer Science "Antonio Ruberti", National Research Council, Viale Manzoni 30, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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83
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Jiang P, Du W, Wu M. Regulation of the pentose phosphate pathway in cancer. Protein Cell 2014; 5:592-602. [PMID: 25015087 PMCID: PMC4112277 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-014-0082-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy metabolism is significantly reprogrammed in many human cancers, and these alterations confer many advantages to cancer cells, including the promotion of biosynthesis, ATP generation, detoxification and support of rapid proliferation. The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is a major pathway for glucose catabolism. The PPP directs glucose flux to its oxidative branch and produces a reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), an essential reductant in anabolic processes. It has become clear that the PPP plays a critical role in regulating cancer cell growth by supplying cells with not only ribose-5-phosphate but also NADPH for detoxification of intracellular reactive oxygen species, reductive biosynthesis and ribose biogenesis. Thus, alteration of the PPP contributes directly to cell proliferation, survival and senescence. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that the PPP is regulated oncogenically and/or metabolically by numerous factors, including tumor suppressors, oncoproteins and intracellular metabolites. Dysregulation of PPP flux dramatically impacts cancer growth and survival. Therefore, a better understanding of how the PPP is reprogrammed and the mechanism underlying the balance between glycolysis and PPP flux in cancer will be valuable in developing therapeutic strategies targeting this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China,
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84
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Abstract
p53 is a crucial tumour suppressor that responds to diverse stress signals by orchestrating specific cellular responses, including transient cell cycle arrest, cellular senescence and apoptosis, which are all processes associated with tumour suppression. However, recent studies have challenged the relative importance of these canonical cellular responses for p53-mediated tumour suppression and have highlighted roles for p53 in modulating other cellular processes, including metabolism, stem cell maintenance, invasion and metastasis, as well as communication within the tumour microenvironment. In this Opinion article, we discuss the roles of classical p53 functions, as well as emerging p53-regulated processes, in tumour suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn T Bieging
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CCSR-South, Room 1255, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Stephano Spano Mello
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CCSR-South, Room 1255, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Laura D Attardi
- 1] Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CCSR-South, Room 1255, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA. [2] Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, CCSR-South, Room 1255, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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85
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Liu J, Zhang C, Feng Z. Tumor suppressor p53 and its gain-of-function mutants in cancer. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2014; 46:170-9. [PMID: 24374774 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmt144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor p53 plays a pivotal role in tumor suppression. p53 is the most frequently mutated gene in cancer. As a transcription factor, p53 mainly exerts its role in tumor suppression through transcriptional regulation of its downstream target genes. Thus, p53 and its target genes form a complex p53 signaling pathway to regulate a wide variety of biological processes to prevent tumorigenesis. Recent studies have revealed that in addition to apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and senescence, p53's functions in the regulation of energy metabolism and anti-oxidant defense contribute significantly to its role in tumor suppression. Studies further show that many tumor-associated mutant p53 proteins not only lose tumor suppressive functions of wild-type p53, but also gain new oncogenic activities that are independent of wild-type p53, including promoting tumor cell proliferation, survival, metabolic changes, angiogenesis, and metastasis, which are defined as mutant p53 gain-of-function. The frequent loss of wild-type p53 function and the gain-of-function of mutant p53 in human tumors make p53 an extremely attractive target for cancer therapy. Different strategies and many small-molecule drugs are being developed for the p53-based tumor therapy. Here, we review the mechanisms of p53 in tumor suppression and gain-of-function mutant p53 in tumor development, as well as the recent advances in the development of the p53-based tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
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86
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He Y, Meng XM, Huang C, Wu BM, Zhang L, Lv XW, Li J. Long noncoding RNAs: Novel insights into hepatocelluar carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2013; 344:20-27. [PMID: 24183851 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in non-protein coding part of human genome analysis have discovered extensive transcription of large RNA transcripts that lack of coding protein function, termed long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). It is becoming evident that lncRNAs may be an important class of pervasive genes involved in carcinogenesis and metastasis. However, the biological and molecular mechanisms of lncRNAs in diverse diseases are not yet fully understood. Thus, it is anticipated that more efforts should be made to clarify the lncRNAs world. Moreover, accumulating studies have demonstrated that a class of lncRNAs are dysregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) and closely related with tumorigenesis, metastasis, prognosis or diagnosis. In this review, we will briefly discuss the regulation and functional role of lncRNAs in HCC, therefore evaluating the potential of lncRNAs as prospective novel therapeutic targets in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong He
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University (ILD-AMU), Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University (ILD-AMU), Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University (ILD-AMU), Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Bao-Ming Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University (ILD-AMU), Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University (ILD-AMU), Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xiong-Wen Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University (ILD-AMU), Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University (ILD-AMU), Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
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Shin MH, He Y, Huang J. Embryonic stem cells shed new light on the developmental roles of p53. Cell Biosci 2013; 3:42. [PMID: 24171803 PMCID: PMC3852614 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-3-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The viability and subtle developmental defects of p53 knockout mice suggest that p53 does not play major role in development. However, contradictory evidence also exists. This discrepancy mainly results from the lack of molecular and cellular mechanisms and the general fact that p53 activation requires stresses. Recent studies of p53 in mouse and human ES cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells shed new light on the mechanisms of the developmental roles of p53. This review summarizes these new studies that support the developmental roles of p53, highlights the possible underlying molecular mechanisms, and discusses the potential relationship between the developmental roles and the tumor suppressive function of p53. In summary, the molecular mechanisms underlying the developmental roles of p53 are emerging, and the developmental roles and tumor suppressive function of p53 may be closely related.
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88
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Li J, He M, Shen B, Yuan D, Shao C. Alpha particle-induced bystander effect is mediated by ROS via a p53-dependent SCO2 pathway in hepatoma cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2013; 89:1028-34. [PMID: 23786650 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2013.817706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) has important implications for the efficiency of radiotherapy but the underlying role of cellular metabolism is widely unknown. The roles of synthesis of cytochrome c oxidase 2 (SCO2), a key effector for respiratory chain, and related signaling factors in α-particle-induced bystander damage were currently investigated in a liver cell co-culture system. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human hepatoma cells of HepG2 with wild-type p53 (wtp53) and Hep3B (p53 null) were irradiated with 0.4 Gy of α-particles and co-cultured with non-irradiated normal liver cells HL-7702 for 6 h, then the incidence of micronucleus (MN) in the bystander HL-7702 cells was analyzed. The expressions of total P53, phospho-P53 (p-P53), SCO2, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the irradiated hepatoma cells were detected. In some experiments, the hepatoma cells were respectively treated with p53 siRNA, SCO2 siRNA, or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) before irradiation. RESULTS Bystander damage in HL-7702 cells was induced by α-irradiated HepG2 cells but not by α-irradiated Hep3B cells, and this bystander effect was diminished when the irradiated HepG2 cells were pretreated with p53 siRNA, SCO2 siRNA, or DMSO. Meanwhile, the expressions of p-P53 protein and SCO2 mRNA, the activity of SCO2 protein, and intracellular ROS were all increased in the irradiated HepG2 cells but not Hep3B cells and these expressions were eliminated by p53 siRNA treatment. Moreover, the radiation-enhanced expressions of SCO2 and ROS were inhibited by SCO2 siRNA. CONCLUSION α-particle-induced bystander effect was regulated by p53 and its downstream SCO2 in the irradiated hepatoma cells, and ROS generation could be an early event for triggering this bystander response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitao Li
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University , Shanghai , P. R. China
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89
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Shen Z. Cancer biomarkers and targeted therapies. Cell Biosci 2013; 3:6. [PMID: 23388145 PMCID: PMC3599874 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-3-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Shen
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
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