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Chen Y, Lin YJ, Nagy T, Kong F, Guo TL. Subchronic exposure to cellulose nanofibrils induces nutritional risk by non-specifically reducing the intestinal absorption. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 229:115536. [PMID: 31826413 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies of cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) in decreasing fat absorption and glucose release suggested their potential application as food additives or supplements in diets containing high contents of fat and sugars. However, the long-term effects of CNF uptake remained unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of subchronic oral CNF consumption on various health aspects of Western diets (WD)-fed mice. The results demonstrated that CNF decreased fat absorption in the jejunum and attenuated WD-induced fatty liver, but slightly decreased lean body mass and affected glucose homeostasis. Additional in vivo studies showed that CNF decreased the intestinal absorption. The in vitro studies suggested that CNF did not decrease the viability of any cells used; however, they prevented epithelial and T cells, but not macrophages, from accessing the viability dye. Taken together, CNF decreased the intestinal absorption non-specifically, which might lead to nutritional risks after long-term exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjia Chen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Yu-Ju Lin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Tamas Nagy
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Fanbin Kong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Tai L Guo
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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52
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Torres FG, Troncoso OP, Pisani A, Gatto F, Bardi G. Natural Polysaccharide Nanomaterials: An Overview of Their Immunological Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5092. [PMID: 31615111 PMCID: PMC6834193 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural occurring polymers, or biopolymers, represent a huge part of our planet biomass. They are formed by long chains of monomers of the same type or a combination of different ones. Polysaccharides are biopolymers characterized by complex secondary structures performing several roles in plants, animals, and microorganisms. Because of their versatility and biodegradability, some of them are extensively used for packaging, food, pharmaceutical, and biomedical industries as sustainable and renewable materials. In the recent years, their manipulation at the nanometric scale enormously increased the range of potential applications, boosting an interdisciplinary research attempt to exploit all the potential advantages of nanostructured polysaccharides. Biomedical investigation mainly focused on nano-objects aimed at drug delivery, tissue repair, and vaccine adjuvants. The achievement of all these applications requires the deep knowledge of polysaccharide nanomaterials' interactions with the immune system, which orchestrates the biological response to any foreign substance entering the body. In the present manuscript we focused on natural polysaccharides of high commercial importance, namely, starch, cellulose, chitin, and its deacetylated form chitosan, as well as the seaweed-derived carrageenan and alginate. We reviewed the available information on their biocompatibility, highlighting the importance of their physicochemical feature at the nanoscale for the modulation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando G Torres
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, Av. Universitaria 1801, Lima 32, Peru.
| | - Omar P Troncoso
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, Av. Universitaria 1801, Lima 32, Peru.
| | - Anissa Pisani
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31,16146 Genova, Italy.
| | - Francesca Gatto
- Drug Discovery and Development Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Bardi
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
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Zhang Q, Zhang L, Wu W, Xiao H. Methods and applications of nanocellulose loaded with inorganic nanomaterials: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 229:115454. [PMID: 31826470 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanocellulose obtained from natural renewable resources has attracted enormous interests owing to its unique morphological characteristics, excellent mechanical strength, biocompatibility and biodegradability for a variety of applications in many fields. The template structure, high specific surface area, and active surface groups make it feasible to conduct surface modification and accommodate various nano-structured materials via physical or chemical deposition. The review presented herein focuses on the methodologies of loading different nano-structured materials on nanocellulose, including metals, nanocarbons, oxides, mineral salt, quantum dots and nonmetallic elements; and further describes the applications of nanocellulose composites in the fields of catalysis, optical electronic devices, biomedicine, sensors, composite reinforcement, photoswitching, flame retardancy, and oil/water separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp & Paper Science & Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and information, National Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Weibing Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp & Paper Science & Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Huining Xiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
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Mabasa L, Samodien E, Sangweni NF, Pheiffer C, Louw J, Johnson R. In Utero One-Carbon Metabolism Interplay and Metabolic Syndrome in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Reduction. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 64:e1900377. [PMID: 31408914 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The maternal obesogenic environment plays a role in programing the susceptibility of the fetus to postnatal non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). NAFLD is a multisystem disease that is characterized by hepatic fat accumulation due in part to dysregulated energy metabolism network through epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation. DNA methylation affects fetal programing and disease risk via regulation of gene transcription; it is affected by methyl donor nutrients such as vitamin B12 , methionine, folic acid, vitamin B6 , and choline. Although several studies have documented the role of several maternal methyl donor nutrients on obesity-induced NAFLD in offspring, currently, data are lacking on its impact on CVD risk as an endpoint. The aim of this paper is to use current knowledge to construct a postulation for the potential role of a comprehensive gestational methyl donor nutrients supplementary approach on the susceptibility of offspring to developing metabolic-syndrome-related cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Mabasa
- South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ebrahim Samodien
- South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nonhlakanipho F Sangweni
- South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa.,Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Carmen Pheiffer
- South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa.,Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Johan Louw
- South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South Africa
| | - Rabia Johnson
- South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa.,Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
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55
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Sun B, Zhang M, Shen J, He Z, Fatehi P, Ni Y. Applications of Cellulose-based Materials in Sustained Drug Delivery Systems. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:2485-2501. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170705143308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bio-compatible, bio-degradable, and bio-available excipients are of critical interest
for drug delivery systems. Cellulose and its derivative-based excipients have been
well studied due to their green/natural and unique encapsulation/binding properties. They
are often used in controlled/sustained drug delivery systems. In these applications, cellulose
and its derivatives function generally can modify the solubility/gelling behavior of
drugs, resulting in different mechanisms for controlling the release profiles of drugs. In
this paper, the current knowledge in the structure and chemistry of conventional cellulose
derivatives, and their applications in drug delivery systems are briefly reviewed. The development
of innovative cellulose-based materials, including micro-cellulose (MC) and
nano-cellulose (NC) in the applications of sustained drug delivery, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety (Tianjin University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety (Tianjin University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jing Shen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Zhibin He
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Pedram Fatehi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Yonghao Ni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
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56
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Ede JD, Ong KJ, Goergen M, Rudie A, Pomeroy-Carter CA, Shatkin JA. Risk Analysis of Cellulose Nanomaterials by Inhalation: Current State of Science. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E337. [PMID: 30832338 PMCID: PMC6474143 DOI: 10.3390/nano9030337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanomaterials (CNs) are emerging advanced materials with many unique properties and growing commercial significance. A life-cycle risk assessment and environmental health and safety roadmap identified potential risks from inhalation of powdered CNs in the workplace as a key gap in our understanding of safety and recommended addressing this data gap to advance the safe and successful commercialization of these materials. Here, we (i) summarize the currently available published literature for its contribution to our current understanding of CN inhalation hazard and (ii) evaluate the quality of the studies for risk assessment purposes using published study evaluation tools for nanomaterials to assess the weight of evidence provided. Our analysis found that the quality of the available studies is generally inadequate for risk assessment purposes but is improving over time. There have been some advances in knowledge about the effects of short-term inhalation exposures of CN. The most recent in vivo studies suggest that short-term exposure to CNs results in transient inflammation, similarly to other poorly soluble, low toxicity dusts such as conventional cellulose, but is markedly different from fibers with known toxicity such as certain types of multiwalled carbon nanotubes or asbestos. However, several data gaps remain, and there is still a lack of understanding of the effects from long-term, low-dose exposures that represent realistic workplace conditions, essential for a quantitative assessment of potential health risk. Therefore, taking precautions when handling dry forms of CNs to avoid dust inhalation exposure is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Ede
- Vireo Advisors, LLC, Boston, MA 02130-4323, USA.
| | | | - Michael Goergen
- P3Nano, U.S. Endowment for Forestry and Communities, Greenville, SC 29601, USA.
| | - Alan Rudie
- Forest Products Laboratory, USDA Forest Service, Madison, WI 53726-2398, USA.
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Bacakova L, Pajorova J, Bacakova M, Skogberg A, Kallio P, Kolarova K, Svorcik V. Versatile Application of Nanocellulose: From Industry to Skin Tissue Engineering and Wound Healing. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9020164. [PMID: 30699947 PMCID: PMC6410160 DOI: 10.3390/nano9020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nanocellulose is cellulose in the form of nanostructures, i.e., features not exceeding 100 nm at least in one dimension. These nanostructures include nanofibrils, found in bacterial cellulose; nanofibers, present particularly in electrospun matrices; and nanowhiskers, nanocrystals, nanorods, and nanoballs. These structures can be further assembled into bigger two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) nano-, micro-, and macro-structures, such as nanoplatelets, membranes, films, microparticles, and porous macroscopic matrices. There are four main sources of nanocellulose: bacteria (Gluconacetobacter), plants (trees, shrubs, herbs), algae (Cladophora), and animals (Tunicata). Nanocellulose has emerged for a wide range of industrial, technology, and biomedical applications, namely for adsorption, ultrafiltration, packaging, conservation of historical artifacts, thermal insulation and fire retardation, energy extraction and storage, acoustics, sensorics, controlled drug delivery, and particularly for tissue engineering. Nanocellulose is promising for use in scaffolds for engineering of blood vessels, neural tissue, bone, cartilage, liver, adipose tissue, urethra and dura mater, for repairing connective tissue and congenital heart defects, and for constructing contact lenses and protective barriers. This review is focused on applications of nanocellulose in skin tissue engineering and wound healing as a scaffold for cell growth, for delivering cells into wounds, and as a material for advanced wound dressings coupled with drug delivery, transparency and sensorics. Potential cytotoxicity and immunogenicity of nanocellulose are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Bacakova
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4-Krc, Czech Republic.
| | - Julia Pajorova
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4-Krc, Czech Republic.
| | - Marketa Bacakova
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4-Krc, Czech Republic.
| | - Anne Skogberg
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 3, 33720 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Pasi Kallio
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 3, 33720 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Katerina Kolarova
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6-Dejvice, Czech Republic.
| | - Vaclav Svorcik
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6-Dejvice, Czech Republic.
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Sheikhi A, Hayashi J, Eichenbaum J, Gutin M, Kuntjoro N, Khorsandi D, Khademhosseini A. Recent advances in nanoengineering cellulose for cargo delivery. J Control Release 2019; 294:53-76. [PMID: 30500355 PMCID: PMC6385607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The recent decade has witnessed a growing demand to substitute synthetic materials with naturally-derived platforms for minimizing their undesirable footprints in biomedicine, environment, and ecosystems. Among the natural materials, cellulose, the most abundant biopolymer in the world with key properties, such as biocompatibility, biorenewability, and sustainability has drawn significant attention. The hierarchical structure of cellulose fibers, one of the main constituents of plant cell walls, has been nanoengineered and broken down to nanoscale building blocks, providing an infrastructure for nanomedicine. Microorganisms, such as certain types of bacteria, are another source of nanocelluloses known as bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), which benefit from high purity and crystallinity. Chemical and mechanical treatments of cellulose fibrils made up of alternating crystalline and amorphous regions have yielded cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), hairy CNC (HCNC), and cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) with dimensions spanning from a few nanometers up to several microns. Cellulose nanocrystals and nanofibrils may readily bind drugs, proteins, and nanoparticles through physical interactions or be chemically modified to covalently accommodate cargos. Engineering surface properties, such as chemical functionality, charge, area, crystallinity, and hydrophilicity, plays a pivotal role in controlling the cargo loading/releasing capacity and rate, stability, toxicity, immunogenicity, and biodegradation of nanocellulose-based delivery platforms. This review provides insights into the recent advances in nanoengineering cellulose crystals and fibrils to develop vehicles, encompassing colloidal nanoparticles, hydrogels, aerogels, films, coatings, capsules, and membranes, for the delivery of a broad range of bioactive cargos, such as chemotherapeutic drugs, anti-inflammatory agents, antibacterial compounds, and probiotics. SYNOPSIS: Engineering certain types of microorganisms as well as the hierarchical structure of cellulose fibers, one of the main building blocks of plant cell walls, has yielded unique families of cellulose-based nanomaterials, which have leveraged the effective delivery of bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Sheikhi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California - Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Joel Hayashi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California - Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - James Eichenbaum
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California - Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mark Gutin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California - Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nicole Kuntjoro
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California - Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Danial Khorsandi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California - Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California - Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California - Los Angeles, 5531 Boelter Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
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Siqueira P, Siqueira É, de Lima AE, Siqueira G, Pinzón-Garcia AD, Lopes AP, Segura MEC, Isaac A, Pereira FV, Botaro VR. Three-Dimensional Stable Alginate-Nanocellulose Gels for Biomedical Applications: Towards Tunable Mechanical Properties and Cell Growing. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E78. [PMID: 30626080 PMCID: PMC6359031 DOI: 10.3390/nano9010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels have been studied as promising materials in different biomedical applications such as cell culture in tissue engineering or in wound healing. In this work, we synthesized different nanocellulose-alginate hydrogels containing cellulose nanocrystals, TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanocrystals (CNCTs), cellulose nanofibers or TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers (CNFTs). The hydrogels were freeze-dried and named as gels. The nanocelluloses and the gels were characterized by different techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), while the biological features were characterized by cytotoxicity and cell growth assays. The addition of CNCTs or CNFTs in alginate gels contributed to the formation of porous structure (diameter of pores in the range between 40 and 150 μm). TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers have proven to play a crucial role in improving the dimensional stability of the samples when compared to the pure alginate gels, mainly after a thermal post-treatment of these gels containing 50 wt % of CNFT, which significantly increased the Ca2+ crosslinking density in the gel structure. The morphological characteristics, the mechanical properties, and the non-cytotoxic behavior of the CNFT-alginate gels improved bioadhesion, growth, and proliferation of the cells onto the gels. Thus, the alginate-nanocellulose gels might find applications in tissue engineering field, as for instance, in tissue repair or wound healing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Siqueira
- REDEMAT, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais 35400-000, Brazil.
| | - Éder Siqueira
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Ana Elza de Lima
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Gilberto Siqueira
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Applied Wood Materials Laboratory, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Ana Delia Pinzón-Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula Lopes
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
| | | | - Augusta Isaac
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Federal, University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Fabiano Vargas Pereira
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
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Silva-Carvalho R, Silva JP, Ferreirinha P, Leitão AF, Andrade FK, Gil da Costa RM, Cristelo C, Rosa MF, Vilanova M, Gama FM. Inhalation of Bacterial Cellulose Nanofibrils Triggers an Inflammatory Response and Changes Lung Tissue Morphology of Mice. Toxicol Res 2019; 35:45-63. [PMID: 30766657 PMCID: PMC6354950 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2019.35.1.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In view of the growing industrial use of Bacterial cellulose (BC), and taking into account that it might become airborne and be inhaled after industrial processing, assessing its potential pulmonary toxic effects assumes high relevance. In this work, the murine model was used to assess the effects of exposure to respirable BC nanofibrils (nBC), obtained by disintegration of BC produced by Komagataeibacter hansenii. Murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMΦ) were treated with different doses of nBC (0.02 and 0.2 mg/mL, respectively 1 and 10 μg of fibrils) in absence or presence of 0.2% Carboxymethyl Cellulose (nBCMC). Furthermore, mice were instilled intratracheally with nBC or nBCMC at different concentrations and at different time-points and analyzed up to 6 months after treatments. Microcrystaline Avicel-plus® CM 2159, a plant-derived cellulose, was used for comparison. Markers of cellular damage (lactate dehydrogenase release and total protein) and oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxidase, reduced glutathione, lipid peroxidation and glutathione peroxidase activity) as well presence of inflammatory cells were evaluated in brochoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids. Histological analysis of lungs, heart and liver tissues was also performed. BAL analysis showed that exposure to nBCMC or CMC did not induce major alterations in the assessed markers of cell damage, oxidative stress or inflammatory cell numbers in BAL fluid over time, even following cumulative treatments. Avicel-plus® CM 2159 significantly increased LDH release, detected 3 months after 4 weekly administrations. However, histological results revealed a chronic inflammatory response and tissue alterations, being hypertrophy of pulmonary arteries (observed 3 months after nBCMC treatment) of particular concern. These histological alterations remained after 6 months in animals treated with nBC, possibly due to foreign body reaction and the organism's inability to remove the fibers. Overall, despite being a safe and biocompatible biomaterial, BC-derived nanofibrils inhalation may lead to lung pathology and pose significant health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - João P. Silva
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE - Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto,
Portugal
| | - Pedro Ferreirinha
- ICBAS - Biomedical Sciences Institute Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto,
Portugal
- i3S - Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto and IBMC - Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Porto,
Portugal
| | - Alexandre F. Leitão
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga,
Portugal
| | | | - Rui M. Gil da Costa
- LEPAE - Laboratory for Process, Environmental and Energy Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto,
Portugal
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, CI-IPOP, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto,
Portugal
- CITAB - Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trásos-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real,
Portugal
| | - Cecília Cristelo
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga,
Portugal
| | | | - Manuel Vilanova
- ICBAS - Biomedical Sciences Institute Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto,
Portugal
- i3S - Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto and IBMC - Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Porto,
Portugal
| | - F. Miguel Gama
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga,
Portugal
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Dai L, Cheng T, Duan C, Zhao W, Zhang W, Zou X, Aspler J, Ni Y. 3D printing using plant-derived cellulose and its derivatives: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 203:71-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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62
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Souza SF, Mariano M, Reis D, Lombello CB, Ferreira M, Sain M. Cell interactions and cytotoxic studies of cellulose nanofibers from Curauá natural fibers. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 201:87-95. [PMID: 30241866 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanofibers (CNF) were isolated from Curauá fibers (Ananas erectifolius L. B. Smith) through a mechanical grinder preceded by mild chemical treatment. Morphology and surface characteristics of the fibers were followed until it reaches the nanoscale as long and flexible nanofibers. In aqueous suspensions, SAXS techniques revealed that such nanofibers present a twisted ribbon structure while rheological measurements demonstrate its high viscosity and a thixotropic behavior. These characteristics suggests the potential application of CNF in biomedical field, which, in turn, stimulates the toxicological studies of such materials. The obtained materials do not show any sign of cytotoxicity by direct or indirect assays for cell viability and cell morphology using Vero cells. Moreover, during the adhesion test, the cells demonstrated higher affinity to the CNF surface. It can be related to its surface properties and its obtaining conditions, which did not use any hazardous chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivoney Ferreira Souza
- Center for Biocomposites and Biomaterials Processing, Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks St., Toronto, ON, M5S3B3, Canada; Actual: Brazilian National Laboratory of Nanotechnology at Brazilian National Center of Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil.
| | - Marcos Mariano
- Actual: Brazilian National Laboratory of Nanotechnology at Brazilian National Center of Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil; Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Dennys Reis
- Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Christiane Bertachini Lombello
- Universidade Federal do ABC, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Av. dos Estados, 5001, Santo André, SP, 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Mariselma Ferreira
- Universidade Federal do ABC, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Av. dos Estados, 5001, Santo André, SP, 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Mohini Sain
- Center for Biocomposites and Biomaterials Processing, Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks St., Toronto, ON, M5S3B3, Canada
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63
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Park EJ, Khaliullin TO, Shurin MR, Kisin ER, Yanamala N, Fadeel B, Chang J, Shvedova AA. Fibrous nanocellulose, crystalline nanocellulose, carbon nanotubes, and crocidolite asbestos elicit disparate immune responses upon pharyngeal aspiration in mice. J Immunotoxicol 2018; 15:12-23. [PMID: 29237319 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2017.1414339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of synthetic alternatives to mineral fibers, their possible effects on the environment and human health have become recognized as important issues worldwide. This study investigated effects of four fibrous materials, i.e. nanofibrillar/nanocrystalline celluloses (NCF and CNC), single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and crocidolite asbestos (ASB), on pulmonary inflammation and immune responses found in the lungs, as well as the effects on spleen and peripheral blood immune cell subsets. BALB/c mice were given NCF, CNC, CNT, and ASB on Day 1 by oropharyngeal aspiration. At 14 days post-exposure, the animals were evaluated. Total cell number, mononuclear phagocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, lymphocytes, and LDH levels were significantly increased in ASB and CNT-exposed mice. Expression of cytokines and chemokines in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was quite different in mice exposed to four particle types, as well as expression of antigen presentation-related surface proteins on BAL cells. The results revealed that pulmonary exposure to fibrous materials led to discrete local immune cell polarization patterns with a TH2-like response caused by ASB and TH1-like immune reaction to NCF, while CNT and CNC caused non-classical or non-uniform responses. These alterations in immune response following pulmonary exposure should be taken into account when testing the applicability of new nanosized materials with fibrous morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Park
- a Department of Brain Science , Ajou University School of Medicine , Suwon , Republic of Korea
| | - Timur O Khaliullin
- b Exposure Assessment Branch , NIOSH/CDC , Morgantown , WV , USA.,c Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience , West Virginia University , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Michael R Shurin
- d Department of Pathology and Immunology , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Elena R Kisin
- b Exposure Assessment Branch , NIOSH/CDC , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Naveena Yanamala
- b Exposure Assessment Branch , NIOSH/CDC , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Bengt Fadeel
- e Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine , Karolinska Institute , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Jaerak Chang
- a Department of Brain Science , Ajou University School of Medicine , Suwon , Republic of Korea.,f Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences , Ajou University School of Medicine , Suwon , Republic of Korea
| | - Anna A Shvedova
- b Exposure Assessment Branch , NIOSH/CDC , Morgantown , WV , USA.,c Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience , West Virginia University , Morgantown , WV , USA
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64
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Ventura C, Lourenço AF, Sousa-Uva A, Ferreira PJ, Silva MJ. Evaluating the genotoxicity of cellulose nanofibrils in a co-culture of human lung epithelial cells and monocyte-derived macrophages. Toxicol Lett 2018; 291:173-183. [PMID: 29679712 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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65
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Ilves M, Vilske S, Aimonen K, Lindberg HK, Pesonen S, Wedin I, Nuopponen M, Vanhala E, Højgaard C, Winther JR, Willemoës M, Vogel U, Wolff H, Norppa H, Savolainen K, Alenius H. Nanofibrillated cellulose causes acute pulmonary inflammation that subsides within a month. Nanotoxicology 2018; 12:729-746. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2018.1472312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marit Ilves
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sara Vilske
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kukka Aimonen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Saila Pesonen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Esa Vanhala
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Casper Højgaard
- Liderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob R. Winther
- Liderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Willemoës
- Liderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Wolff
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Norppa
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kai Savolainen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harri Alenius
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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66
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Chinga-Carrasco G. Potential and Limitations of Nanocelluloses as Components in Biocomposite Inks for Three-Dimensional Bioprinting and for Biomedical Devices. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:701-711. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary Chinga-Carrasco
- Lead Scientist−Biocomposites, RISE PFI, Høgskoleringen 6b, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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67
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Liu J, Bacher M, Rosenau T, Willför S, Mihranyan A. Potentially Immunogenic Contaminants in Wood-Based and Bacterial Nanocellulose: Assessment of Endotoxin and (1,3)-β-d-Glucan Levels. Biomacromolecules 2017; 19:150-157. [PMID: 29182312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge gaps in the biosafety data of the nanocellulose (NC) for biomedical use through various routes of administration call for closer look at health and exposure evaluation. This work evaluated the potentially immunogenic contaminants levels, for example, endotoxin and (1,3)-β-d-glucan, in four representative NCs, that is, wood-based NCs and bacterial cellulose (BC). The hot-water extracts were analyzed with ELISA assays, HPSEC-MALLS, GC, and NMR analysis. Varying levels of endotoxin and (1,3)-β-d-glucan contaminats were found in these widely used NCs. Although the β-(1,3)-d-glucan was not detected from the NMR spectra due to the small extract samples amount (2-7 mg), the anomerics and highly diastereotopic 6-CH2 signals may suggest the presence of β-(1,4)-linkages with β-(1,6) branching in the polysaccharides of NCs' hot-water extracts, which were otherwise not detectable in the enzymatic assay. In all, the article highlights the importance of monitoring various water-soluble potentially immunogenic contaminants in NC for biomedical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Engineering Sciences, Box 534, Uppsala University , 75121 Uppsala, Sweden.,Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University , 212013 Zhenjiang, China
| | - Markus Bacher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Science (BOKU) , Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Science (BOKU) , Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria.,Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, c/o Laboratory of Wood and Paper Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University , Porthansgatan 3-5, FI-20500, Turku/Åbo, Finland
| | - Stefan Willför
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, c/o Laboratory of Wood and Paper Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University , Porthansgatan 3-5, FI-20500, Turku/Åbo, Finland
| | - Albert Mihranyan
- Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Engineering Sciences, Box 534, Uppsala University , 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
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68
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Catalán J, Norppa H. Safety Aspects of Bio-Based Nanomaterials. Bioengineering (Basel) 2017; 4:bioengineering4040094. [PMID: 29194367 PMCID: PMC5746761 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering4040094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Moving towards a bio-based and circular economy implies a major focus on the responsible and sustainable utilization of bio-resources. The emergence of nanotechnology has opened multiple possibilities, not only in the existing industrial sectors, but also for completely novel applications of nanoscale bio-materials, the commercial exploitation of which has only begun during the last few years. Bio-based materials are often assumed not to be toxic. However, this pre-assumption is not necessarily true. Here, we provide a short overview on health and environmental aspects associated with bio-based nanomaterials, and on the relevant regulatory requirements. We also discuss testing strategies that may be used for screening purposes at pre-commercial stages. Although the tests presently used to reveal hazards are still evolving, regarding modifications required for nanomaterials, their application is needed before the upscaling or commercialization of bio-based nanomaterials, to ensure the market potential of the nanomaterials is not delayed by uncertainties about safety issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Catalán
- Work Environment, Occupational Safety, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Genetics, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Hannu Norppa
- Work Environment, Occupational Safety, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland.
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69
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Xue Y, Mou Z, Xiao H. Nanocellulose as a sustainable biomass material: structure, properties, present status and future prospects in biomedical applications. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:14758-14781. [PMID: 28967940 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr04994c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nanocellulose, extracted from the most abundant biomass material cellulose, has proved to be an environmentally friendly material with excellent mechanical performance owing to its unique nano-scaled structure, and has been used in a variety of applications as engineering and functional materials. The great biocompatibility and biodegradability, in particular, render nanocellulose promising in biomedical applications. In this review, the structure, treatment technology and properties of three different nanocellulose categories, i.e., nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC), nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), are introduced and compared. The cytotoxicity, biocompatibility and frontier applications in biomedicine of the three nanocellulose categories were the focus and are detailed in each section. Future prospects concerning the cytotoxicity, applications and industrial production of nanocellulose are also discussed in the last section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Oil & Gas Field Applied Chemistry Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China.
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70
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On the use of ion-crosslinked nanocellulose hydrogels for wound healing solutions: Physicochemical properties and application-oriented biocompatibility studies. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 174:299-308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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71
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A Review on the toxicology and dietetic role of bacterial cellulose. Toxicol Rep 2017; 4:543-553. [PMID: 29090119 PMCID: PMC5655389 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a biopolymer synthesized by certain acetic acid bacteria strains. The safety of BC regarding its potential use in food applications is here reviewed. The acute, sub-acute and subchronic oral toxicity assays showed that consumption of BC had no adverse effects in rats. Several studies demonstrated that BC is not genotoxic, did not induce chromosomal aberrations in CHO cells under both non-activating and metabolic activating conditions, is inactive in the in vitro Rat Primary Hepatocyte Unscheduled DNA Synthesis Assay, had no reproductive toxicity in mice and exerted no embryotoxicity and teratogenicity effects in rats. Several studies on the BC in biomedical applications further reinforces its safety: a primary eye and dermal irritation studies in the rabbit showed that BC was non-irritating. The inflammatory reaction to subcutaneously implanted BC has been evaluated in animal models and for different periods of time, demonstrating that BC is biocompatible and does not trigger a harsh inflammatory reaction. Altogether, and considering its longstanding history of human consumption in Asian countries, as well as its utilization in biomedical devices, it may be concluded that BC is safe for applications in food technology.
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72
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Afrin S, Karim Z. Isolation and Surface Modification of Nanocellulose: Necessity of Enzymes over Chemicals. CHEMBIOENG REVIEWS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cben.201600001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Afrin
- Aligarh Muslim University; Faculty of Science; Department of Chemistry; 202002 Aligarh India
| | - Zoheb Karim
- MoRe Research Örnsköldsvik AB; Box 70 891 22 Örnsköldsvik Sweden
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