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Tian W, Jiang X, Kim D, Guan T, Nicolls MR, Rockson SG. Leukotrienes in Tumor-Associated Inflammation. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1289. [PMID: 32973519 PMCID: PMC7466732 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukotrienes are biologically active eicosanoid lipid mediators that originate from oxidative metabolism of arachidonic acid. Biosynthesis of leukotrienes involves a set of soluble and membrane-bound enzymes that constitute a machinery complex primarily expressed by cells of myeloid origin. Leukotrienes and their synthetic enzymes are critical immune modulators for leukocyte migration. Increased concentrations of leukotrienes are implicated in a number of inflammatory disorders. More recent work indicates that leukotrienes may also interact with a variety of tissue cells, contributing to the low-grade inflammation of cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and metabolic conditions, as well as that of cancer. Leukotriene signaling contributes to the active tumor microenvironment, promoting tumor growth and resistance to immunotherapy. This review summarizes recent insights into the intricate roles of leukotrienes in promoting tumor growth and metastasis through shaping the tumor microenvironment. The emerging possibilities for pharmacological targeting of leukotriene signaling in tumor metastasis are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Tian
- Department of Medicine, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Xinguo Jiang
- Department of Medicine, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Dongeon Kim
- Department of Medicine, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Torrey Guan
- Department of Medicine, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Mark R Nicolls
- Department of Medicine, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Stanley G Rockson
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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Biringer RG. The enzymology of human eicosanoid pathways: the lipoxygenase branches. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:7189-7207. [PMID: 32748021 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05698-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids are short-lived derivatives of polyunsaturated fatty acids that serve as autocrine and paracrine signaling molecules. They are involved numerous biological processes of both the well state and disease states. A thorough understanding of the progression the disease state and homeostasis of the well state requires a complete evaluation of the systems involved. This review examines the enzymology for the enzymes involved in the production of eicosanoids along the lipoxygenase branches of the eicosanoid pathways with particular emphasis on those derived from arachidonic acid. The enzymatic parameters, protocols to measure them, and proposed catalytic mechanisms are presented in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Gregory Biringer
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL, 34211, USA.
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53
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Pentanuclear Nickel(II) Complex with two Vertex‐Shared Triaminoguanidine Fragments and Symmetric Capping Ligand. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202000054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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54
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Nabatanzi A, Nkadimeng SM, Lall N, Kabasa JD, McGaw LJ. Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2020; 2020:4352084. [PMID: 32655661 PMCID: PMC7317318 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4352084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Kigelia africana is used to manage inflammation among indigenous communities. We hypothesized that K. africana extracts contain phytoconstituents with good antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The methanolic extract of K. africana fruits and Spathodea campanulata leaves (SPK04), K. africana aqueous fruit extract (KFM02), and K. africana acetone fruit extract (KFM05) were subjected to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory assays. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the ABTS radical scavenging assay, and the MTT cell viability assay was used for cytotoxicity. The extracts were preincubated with enzymes and assayed for 15-LOX and COX-2 enzyme activity using an ELISA method. Nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory effect of the extracts was evaluated and measurement of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6) and the anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) was done using ELISA kits. SPK04 had the highest antioxidant activity with a mean inhibition of 99.37 ± 0.56% and an IC50 of 4.28 µg/mL. SPK04 and KFM05 did not inhibit 15-LOX as their IC50 values were >1000 μg/mL. All extracts were safe on Vero cells at the highest concentration (200 µg/mL) tested. KFM02 was the best inhibitor of NO production and had the highest cell viability at both the lowest (50 µg/mL) and highest concentrations (200 µg/mL). SPK04 was the best COX-2 inhibitor while KFM05 expressed the strongest suppression effect for IL-β and IL-6. KFM02 did not inhibit IL-6 at the highest concentration (200 µg/mL). The order of suppression of TNF-α by the extracts differed across concentrations, KFM05 > SPK04 > KFM02 at 200 µg/mL, KFM02 > SPK04 > KFM05 at 100 µg/mL, and SPK04 > KFM02 > KFM05 at 50 µg/mL. All the tested extracts had no inhibitory effect against IL-10. SPK04, KFM05, and KFM02 had good antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity and this supports their use as potential anti-inflammatory therapies. This study presents for the first time the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of K. africana and S. campanulata polyherbal extract. It is also among the very few studies that have reported the inhibitory effect of cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 by K. africana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Nabatanzi
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala 00256, Uganda
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala 00256, Uganda
- Future Africa, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Sanah M. Nkadimeng
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Namrita Lall
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
- School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, USA
- College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka 570015, India
| | - John D. Kabasa
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala 00256, Uganda
| | - Lyndy J. McGaw
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
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55
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Milia E, Usai M, Szotáková B, Elstnerová M, Králová V, D’hallewin G, Spissu Y, Barberis A, Marchetti M, Bortone A, Campanella V, Mastandrea G, Langhansová L, Eick S. The Pharmaceutical Ability of Pistacia lentiscus L. Leaves Essential Oil Against Periodontal Bacteria and Candida sp. and Its Anti-Inflammatory Potential. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9060281. [PMID: 32466371 PMCID: PMC7345856 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9060281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the increasing request for natural pharmacological molecules, this study assessed the antimicrobial capacity of Pistacia lentiscus L. essential oil (PLL-EO) obtained from the leaves of wild plants growing in North Sardinia (Italy) toward a wide range of periodontal bacteria and Candida, including laboratory and clinical isolates sp., together with its anti-inflammatory activity and safety. METHODS PLL-EO was screened by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined. The anti-inflammatory activity was measured by cyclooxygenase (COX-1/2) and lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibition, while the antioxidant capacity was determined electro-chemically and by the MTT assay. The WST-1 assay was used to ascertain cytotoxicity toward four lines of oral cells. RESULTS According to the concentrations of terpens, PLL-EO is a pharmacologically-active phytocomplex. MICs against periodontal bacteria ranged between 3.13 and 12.5 µg/ml, while against Candida sp. they were between 6.25 and 12.5 µg/mL. Oxidation by COX-1/2 and LOX was inhibited by 80% and 20% µg/mL of the oil, respectively. Antioxidant activity seemed negligible, and no cytotoxicity arose. CONCLUSIONS PLL-EO exhibits a broad-spectrum activity against periodontal bacteria and Candida, with an interesting dual inhibitory capacity toward COX-2 and LOX inflammatory enzymes, and without side effects against oral cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egle Milia
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Experimental Science, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.M.); (S.E.); Tel.: +39-79-228437 (E.M.); +41-31-632-25-42 (S.E.)
| | - Marianna Usai
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Rolando, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Barbora Szotáková
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (B.S.); (M.E.)
| | - Marie Elstnerová
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (B.S.); (M.E.)
| | - Věra Králová
- Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Šimkova 870, 50003 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic;
| | - Guy D’hallewin
- National Research Council-Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Traversa La Crucca 3, Loc. Baldinca, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.D.); (Y.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Ylenia Spissu
- National Research Council-Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Traversa La Crucca 3, Loc. Baldinca, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.D.); (Y.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Antonio Barberis
- National Research Council-Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Traversa La Crucca 3, Loc. Baldinca, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.D.); (Y.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Mauro Marchetti
- National Research Council-Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Traversa La Crucca 3, Loc. Baldinca, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Antonella Bortone
- Dental Unite, Department of Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Campanella
- Department of Clinical and Translational Medicine, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giorgio Mastandrea
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/C, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Lenka Langhansová
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Sigrun Eick
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (E.M.); (S.E.); Tel.: +39-79-228437 (E.M.); +41-31-632-25-42 (S.E.)
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56
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Raziq N, Saeed M, Ali MS, Lateef M, Shahid M, Akbar S, Zafar S. Muriolide, a novel antioxidant lactone from Ranunculus muricatus. Nat Prod Res 2020; 35:4994-5000. [PMID: 32352323 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1758091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Muriolide (1), a new aromatic lactone, has been isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of Ranunculus muricatus. The compound was structurally characterized with the help of UV, IR, mass, 1D- and 2D-NMR data. It was tested in vitro for antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibitory potential. Compound 1 showed good DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50=56.9 μM), however it was moderately active against lipoxygenase enzyme (IC50=68.3 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Naila Raziq
- Department of Pharmacy, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saeed
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shaiq Ali
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mehreen Lateef
- Multidisciplinary Research Lab, Bahria University Medical & Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Pharmacy, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Shehla Akbar
- Department of Pharmacy, CECOS University of Information Technology and Emerging Sciences, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Salman Zafar
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
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57
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Paula-Silva FWG, Arnez MFM, Petean IBF, Almeida-Junior LA, da Silva RAB, da Silva LAB, Faccioli LH. Effects of 5-lipoxygenase gene disruption on inflammation, osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption in polymicrobial apical periodontitis. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 112:104670. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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58
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Poirier SJ, Boudreau LH, Flamand N, Surette ME. LPS induces ALOX5 promoter activation and 5-lipoxygenase expression in human monocytic cells. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 154:102078. [PMID: 32120263 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), coded by the ALOX5 gene, is expressed in leukocytes and catalyzes the formation of leukotrienes, pro-inflammatory lipid mediators. Leukotrienes are central to immune responses, but are also involved in inflammatory disorders and 5-LO expression is associated with leukemia stem cell survival. It is therefore important to understand mechanisms that control 5-LO expression. This study investigated the control of 5-LO expression and leukotriene biosynthesis following the maturation of human monocytic cells. MonoMac-1 (MM1) and THP-1 cells were incubated for up to 72 h with or without LPS and TGF-β. LPS, but not TGF-β, increased CD14 expression in both MM1 and THP-1 cells. Incubation with LPS (100 ng/ml) and TGF-β (1 ng/ml) synergistically increased the capacity of MM1 cells to produce 5-LO products from undetectable levels to 40±5 pmol/106 cells. 5-LO product biosynthesis in THP-1 cells increased 25-fold. A synergistic effect of LPS and TGF-β was measured with increases in 5-LO mRNA of 54- and 13-fold in MM1 and THP-1 cells, respectively. 5-LO protein expression increased significantly in both MM1 and THP-1 cells. ALOX5 promoter activity was significantly elevated >2-fold in both cell lines following LPS treatment, but TGF-β was without effect. The main 5-LO products were cysteinyl-leukotrienes, however LPS and TGF-β did not impact on the capacity of the cells to metabolize leukotriene A4. Overall, this study demonstrates that receptor-mediated stimulation of MM1 and THP-1 cells by LPS is associated with increased 5-LO expression. This represents a new mechanism by which leukotriene biosynthesis can be modulated by pathological agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Poirier
- Département de chimie et biochimie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada; Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et pneumologie de Québec-Université Laval, Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Luc H Boudreau
- Département de chimie et biochimie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et pneumologie de Québec-Université Laval, Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Marc E Surette
- Département de chimie et biochimie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada.
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Redundant and Cooperative Roles for Yersinia pestis Yop Effectors in the Inhibition of Human Neutrophil Exocytic Responses Revealed by Gain-of-Function Approach. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00909-19. [PMID: 31871100 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00909-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pestis causes a rapid, lethal disease referred to as plague. Y. pestis actively inhibits the innate immune system to generate a noninflammatory environment during early stages of infection to promote colonization. The ability of Y. pestis to create this early noninflammatory environment is in part due to the action of seven Yop effector proteins that are directly injected into host cells via a type 3 secretion system (T3SS). While each Yop effector interacts with specific host proteins to inhibit their function, several Yop effectors either target the same host protein or inhibit converging signaling pathways, leading to functional redundancy. Previous work established that Y. pestis uses the T3SS to inhibit neutrophil respiratory burst, phagocytosis, and release of inflammatory cytokines. Here, we show that Y. pestis also inhibits release of granules in a T3SS-dependent manner. Moreover, using a gain-of-function approach, we discovered previously hidden contributions of YpkA and YopJ to inhibition and that cooperative actions by multiple Yop effectors are required to effectively inhibit degranulation. Independent from degranulation, we also show that multiple Yop effectors can inhibit synthesis of leukotriene B4 (LTB4), a potent lipid mediator released by neutrophils early during infection to promote inflammation. Together, inhibition of these two arms of the neutrophil response likely contributes to the noninflammatory environment needed for Y. pestis colonization and proliferation.
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60
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Antioxidant Effects and Mechanisms of Medicinal Plants and Their Bioactive Compounds for the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: An Updated Review. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:1356893. [PMID: 32148647 PMCID: PMC7042557 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1356893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that majorly affects the endocrine gland, and it is symbolized by hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance owing to deficient insulin secretory responses and beta cell dysfunction. This ailment affects as many as 451 million people worldwide, and it is also one of the leading causes of death. In spite of the immense advances made in the development of orthodox antidiabetic drugs, these drugs are often considered not successful for the management and treatment of T2DM due to the myriad side effects associated with them. Thus, the exploration of medicinal herbs and natural products as therapeutic sources for the treatment of T2DM is promoted because they have little or no side effects. Bioactive molecules isolated from natural sources have been proven to lower blood glucose levels via regulating one or more of the following mechanisms: improvement of beta cell function, insulin resistance, glucose (re)absorption, and glucagon-like peptide-1 homeostasis. In recent times, the mechanisms of action of different bioactive molecules with antidiabetic properties and phytochemistry are gaining a lot of attention in the area of drug discovery. This review article presents an update of the findings from clinical research into medicinal plant therapy for T2DM.
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Voelkel NF, Peters-Golden M. A new treatment for severe pulmonary arterial hypertension based on an old idea: inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase. Pulm Circ 2020; 10:2045894019882635. [PMID: 32257113 PMCID: PMC7103594 DOI: 10.1177/2045894019882635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been generally accepted that severe forms of pulmonary arterial hypertension are associated with inflammation. Plasma levels in patients with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension show elevated levels of interleukins and mediators of inflammation and histologically the diseased small pulmonary arterioles show infiltrates of inflammatory and immune cells. Here, we review the literature that connects pulmonary hypertension with the arachidonic acid/5-lipoxygenase-derived leukotriens. This mostly preclinical background data together with the availability of 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors and leukotriene receptor blockers provide the rationale for testing the hypothesis that 5-lipoxygenase products contribute to the pathobiology of severe pulmonary arterial hypertension in a subgroup of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert F. Voelkel
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine,
University of Amsterdam Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marc Peters-Golden
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
Division,
University
of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI,
USA
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62
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Surmiak M, Gielicz A, Stojkov D, Szatanek R, Wawrzycka-Adamczyk K, Yousefi S, Simon HU, Sanak M. LTB 4 and 5-oxo-ETE from extracellular vesicles stimulate neutrophils in granulomatosis with polyangiitis. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:1-9. [PMID: 31740445 PMCID: PMC6939603 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m092072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of neutrophils is an important mechanism in the pathology of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA). In this study, we evaluated whether extracellular vesicles (EVs) circulating in the plasma of GPA patients could contribute to this process. EVs from the plasma of GPA patients in the active stage of the disease (n = 10) and healthy controls (n = 10) were isolated by ultracentrifugation and characterized by flow cytometry (CD63, CD8) and nanoparticle tracking analysis. Targeted oxylipin lipidomics of EVs was performed by HPLC-MS/MS. EV/oxylipin-induced neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) were analyzed by confocal microscopy, and released double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) was quantified by PicoGreen fluorescent dye. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and neutrophils' EV binding/uptake were evaluated by flow cytometry. Brief priming with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor was required for EV-mediated ROS production and dsDNA release. It was observed that priming also increased EV binding/uptake by neutrophils only for EVs from GPA patients. EVs from GPA patients had higher concentrations of leukotriene (LT)B4 and 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE) as compared with EVs from healthy controls. Moreover, neutrophils stimulated with LTB4 or 5-oxo-ETE produced ROS and released dsDNA in a concentration-dependent manner. These results reveal the potential role of EVs containing oxylipin cargo on ROS production and NET formation by activated neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Surmiak
- Departments of Internal Medicine Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Gielicz
- Departments of Internal Medicine Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Darko Stojkov
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rafał Szatanek
- Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Shida Yousefi
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marek Sanak
- Departments of Internal Medicine Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
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63
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Emerging Roles of 5-Lipoxygenase Phosphorylation in Inflammation and Cell Death. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:2749173. [PMID: 31871543 PMCID: PMC6906800 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2749173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
5-Lipoxygenase (ALOX5) is an iron-containing and nonheme dioxygenase that catalyzes the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic acid. ALOX5 is the rate-limiting enzyme for the biosynthesis of leukotrienes, a family of proinflammatory lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid. ALOX5 also make great contributions to mediating lipid peroxidation. In recent years, it has been discovered that ALOX5 plays a central role in cell death including apoptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis, a newly discovered type of cell death. According to the previous studies, ALOX5 can regulate cell death in two ways: one is inflammation and the other is lipid peroxidation. Meanwhile, it has been shown that ALOX5 activity is regulated by several factors including protein phosphorylation, ALOX5-interactng protein, redox state, and metal ions such as iron and calcium. In this review, we aim to summarize the knowledge on the emerging roles of ALOX5 protein phosphorylation in the regulation of cell death and inflammation in order to explore a potential target for human diseases.
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Tian W, Jiang X, Sung YK, Shuffle E, Wu TH, Kao PN, Tu AB, Dorfmüller P, Cao A, Wang L, Peng G, Kim Y, Zhang P, Chappell J, Pasupneti S, Dahms P, Maguire P, Chaib H, Zamanian R, Peters-Golden M, Snyder MP, Voelkel NF, Humbert M, Rabinovitch M, Nicolls MR. Phenotypically Silent Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor 2 Mutations Predispose Rats to Inflammation-Induced Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension by Enhancing the Risk for Neointimal Transformation. Circulation 2019; 140:1409-1425. [PMID: 31462075 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.119.040629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bmpr2 (bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2) mutations are critical risk factors for hereditary pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) with approximately 20% of carriers developing disease. There is an unmet medical need to understand how environmental factors, such as inflammation, render Bmpr2 mutants susceptible to PAH. Overexpressing 5-LO (5-lipoxygenase) provokes lung inflammation and transient PAH in Bmpr2+/- mice. Accordingly, 5-LO and its metabolite, leukotriene B4, are candidates for the second hit. The purpose of this study was to determine how 5-LO-mediated pulmonary inflammation synergized with phenotypically silent Bmpr2 defects to elicit significant pulmonary vascular disease in rats. METHODS Monoallelic Bmpr2 mutant rats were generated and found phenotypically normal for up to 1 year of observation. To evaluate whether a second hit would elicit disease, animals were exposed to 5-LO-expressing adenovirus, monocrotaline, SU5416, SU5416 with chronic hypoxia, or chronic hypoxia alone. Bmpr2-mutant hereditary PAH patient samples were assessed for neointimal 5-LO expression. Pulmonary artery endothelial cells with impaired BMPR2 signaling were exposed to increased 5-LO-mediated inflammation and were assessed for phenotypic and transcriptomic changes. RESULTS Lung inflammation, induced by intratracheal delivery of 5-LO-expressing adenovirus, elicited severe PAH with intimal remodeling in Bmpr2+/- rats but not in their wild-type littermates. Neointimal lesions in the diseased Bmpr2+/- rats gained endogenous 5-LO expression associated with elevated leukotriene B4 biosynthesis. Bmpr2-mutant hereditary PAH patients similarly expressed 5-LO in the neointimal cells. In vitro, BMPR2 deficiency, compounded by 5-LO-mediated inflammation, generated apoptosis-resistant and proliferative pulmonary artery endothelial cells with mesenchymal characteristics. These transformed cells expressed nuclear envelope-localized 5-LO consistent with induced leukotriene B4 production, as well as a transcriptomic signature similar to clinical disease, including upregulated nuclear factor Kappa B subunit (NF-κB), interleukin-6, and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling pathways. The reversal of PAH and vasculopathy in Bmpr2 mutants by TGF-β antagonism suggests that TGF-β is critical for neointimal transformation. CONCLUSIONS In a new 2-hit model of disease, lung inflammation induced severe PAH pathology in Bmpr2+/- rats. Endothelial transformation required the activation of canonical and noncanonical TGF-β signaling pathways and was characterized by 5-LO nuclear envelope translocation with enhanced leukotriene B4 production. This study offers an explanation of how an environmental injury unleashes the destructive potential of an otherwise silent genetic mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Tian
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, CA (W.T, X.J., Y.K.S., E.S., A.B.T., G.P., Y.K., P.Z., S.P., P.D., M.R.N.).,Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (W.T., X.J., Y.K.S., E.S., T.H.W., P.N.K., A.B.T., A.C., L.W., G.P., Y.K., P.Z., J.C., S.P., P.D., P.M., H.C., R.Z., M.P.S., M.R., M.R.N.)
| | - Xinguo Jiang
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, CA (W.T, X.J., Y.K.S., E.S., A.B.T., G.P., Y.K., P.Z., S.P., P.D., M.R.N.).,Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (W.T., X.J., Y.K.S., E.S., T.H.W., P.N.K., A.B.T., A.C., L.W., G.P., Y.K., P.Z., J.C., S.P., P.D., P.M., H.C., R.Z., M.P.S., M.R., M.R.N.)
| | - Yon K Sung
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, CA (W.T, X.J., Y.K.S., E.S., A.B.T., G.P., Y.K., P.Z., S.P., P.D., M.R.N.).,Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (W.T., X.J., Y.K.S., E.S., T.H.W., P.N.K., A.B.T., A.C., L.W., G.P., Y.K., P.Z., J.C., S.P., P.D., P.M., H.C., R.Z., M.P.S., M.R., M.R.N.)
| | - Eric Shuffle
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, CA (W.T, X.J., Y.K.S., E.S., A.B.T., G.P., Y.K., P.Z., S.P., P.D., M.R.N.).,Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (W.T., X.J., Y.K.S., E.S., T.H.W., P.N.K., A.B.T., A.C., L.W., G.P., Y.K., P.Z., J.C., S.P., P.D., P.M., H.C., R.Z., M.P.S., M.R., M.R.N.)
| | - Ting-Hsuan Wu
- Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (W.T., X.J., Y.K.S., E.S., T.H.W., P.N.K., A.B.T., A.C., L.W., G.P., Y.K., P.Z., J.C., S.P., P.D., P.M., H.C., R.Z., M.P.S., M.R., M.R.N.)
| | - Peter N Kao
- Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (W.T., X.J., Y.K.S., E.S., T.H.W., P.N.K., A.B.T., A.C., L.W., G.P., Y.K., P.Z., J.C., S.P., P.D., P.M., H.C., R.Z., M.P.S., M.R., M.R.N.)
| | - Allen B Tu
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, CA (W.T, X.J., Y.K.S., E.S., A.B.T., G.P., Y.K., P.Z., S.P., P.D., M.R.N.).,Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (W.T., X.J., Y.K.S., E.S., T.H.W., P.N.K., A.B.T., A.C., L.W., G.P., Y.K., P.Z., J.C., S.P., P.D., P.M., H.C., R.Z., M.P.S., M.R., M.R.N.)
| | - Peter Dorfmüller
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (P.D., M.H.).,Institut National de la Sante Et de la Recherche Medicale UMR_S 999, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (P.D., M.H.).,Pathology Department, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D.)
| | - Aiqin Cao
- Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (W.T., X.J., Y.K.S., E.S., T.H.W., P.N.K., A.B.T., A.C., L.W., G.P., Y.K., P.Z., J.C., S.P., P.D., P.M., H.C., R.Z., M.P.S., M.R., M.R.N.)
| | - Lingli Wang
- Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (W.T., X.J., Y.K.S., E.S., T.H.W., P.N.K., A.B.T., A.C., L.W., G.P., Y.K., P.Z., J.C., S.P., P.D., P.M., H.C., R.Z., M.P.S., M.R., M.R.N.)
| | - Gongyong Peng
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, CA (W.T, X.J., Y.K.S., E.S., A.B.T., G.P., Y.K., P.Z., S.P., P.D., M.R.N.).,Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (W.T., X.J., Y.K.S., E.S., T.H.W., P.N.K., A.B.T., A.C., L.W., G.P., Y.K., P.Z., J.C., S.P., P.D., P.M., H.C., R.Z., M.P.S., M.R., M.R.N.).,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China (G.P.)
| | - Yesl Kim
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, CA (W.T, X.J., Y.K.S., E.S., A.B.T., G.P., Y.K., P.Z., S.P., P.D., M.R.N.).,Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (W.T., X.J., Y.K.S., E.S., T.H.W., P.N.K., A.B.T., A.C., L.W., G.P., Y.K., P.Z., J.C., S.P., P.D., P.M., H.C., R.Z., M.P.S., M.R., M.R.N.)
| | - Patrick Zhang
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, CA (W.T, X.J., Y.K.S., E.S., A.B.T., G.P., Y.K., P.Z., S.P., P.D., M.R.N.).,Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (W.T., X.J., Y.K.S., E.S., T.H.W., P.N.K., A.B.T., A.C., L.W., G.P., Y.K., P.Z., J.C., S.P., P.D., P.M., H.C., R.Z., M.P.S., M.R., M.R.N.)
| | - James Chappell
- Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (W.T., X.J., Y.K.S., E.S., T.H.W., P.N.K., A.B.T., A.C., L.W., G.P., Y.K., P.Z., J.C., S.P., P.D., P.M., H.C., R.Z., M.P.S., M.R., M.R.N.)
| | - Shravani Pasupneti
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, CA (W.T, X.J., Y.K.S., E.S., A.B.T., G.P., Y.K., P.Z., S.P., P.D., M.R.N.).,Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (W.T., X.J., Y.K.S., E.S., T.H.W., P.N.K., A.B.T., A.C., L.W., G.P., Y.K., P.Z., J.C., S.P., P.D., P.M., H.C., R.Z., M.P.S., M.R., M.R.N.)
| | - Petra Dahms
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, CA (W.T, X.J., Y.K.S., E.S., A.B.T., G.P., Y.K., P.Z., S.P., P.D., M.R.N.).,Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (W.T., X.J., Y.K.S., E.S., T.H.W., P.N.K., A.B.T., A.C., L.W., G.P., Y.K., P.Z., J.C., S.P., P.D., P.M., H.C., R.Z., M.P.S., M.R., M.R.N.)
| | - Peter Maguire
- Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (W.T., X.J., Y.K.S., E.S., T.H.W., P.N.K., A.B.T., A.C., L.W., G.P., Y.K., P.Z., J.C., S.P., P.D., P.M., H.C., R.Z., M.P.S., M.R., M.R.N.)
| | - Hassan Chaib
- Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (W.T., X.J., Y.K.S., E.S., T.H.W., P.N.K., A.B.T., A.C., L.W., G.P., Y.K., P.Z., J.C., S.P., P.D., P.M., H.C., R.Z., M.P.S., M.R., M.R.N.)
| | - Roham Zamanian
- Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (W.T., X.J., Y.K.S., E.S., T.H.W., P.N.K., A.B.T., A.C., L.W., G.P., Y.K., P.Z., J.C., S.P., P.D., P.M., H.C., R.Z., M.P.S., M.R., M.R.N.)
| | | | - Michael P Snyder
- Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (W.T., X.J., Y.K.S., E.S., T.H.W., P.N.K., A.B.T., A.C., L.W., G.P., Y.K., P.Z., J.C., S.P., P.D., P.M., H.C., R.Z., M.P.S., M.R., M.R.N.)
| | | | - Marc Humbert
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (P.D., M.H.).,Institut National de la Sante Et de la Recherche Medicale UMR_S 999, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (P.D., M.H.).,AP-HP, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Department Hospitalo-Universitaire Thorax Innovation, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H.)
| | - Marlene Rabinovitch
- Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (W.T., X.J., Y.K.S., E.S., T.H.W., P.N.K., A.B.T., A.C., L.W., G.P., Y.K., P.Z., J.C., S.P., P.D., P.M., H.C., R.Z., M.P.S., M.R., M.R.N.)
| | - Mark R Nicolls
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, CA (W.T, X.J., Y.K.S., E.S., A.B.T., G.P., Y.K., P.Z., S.P., P.D., M.R.N.).,Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (W.T., X.J., Y.K.S., E.S., T.H.W., P.N.K., A.B.T., A.C., L.W., G.P., Y.K., P.Z., J.C., S.P., P.D., P.M., H.C., R.Z., M.P.S., M.R., M.R.N.)
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Léger JL, Jougleux JL, Savadogo F, Pichaud N, Boudreau LH. Rapid isolation and purification of functional platelet mitochondria using a discontinuous Percoll gradient. Platelets 2019; 31:258-264. [PMID: 31057000 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2019.1609666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The isolation of mitochondria is gaining importance in experimental and clinical laboratory settings. The mitochondrion is known as the powerhouse of the cell as it produces the energy to power most cellular functions but is also involved in many cellular processes. Of interest, mitochondria and mitochondrial components (i.e. circular DNA, N-formylated peptides, cardiolipin) have been involved in several human inflammatory pathologies, such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. Therefore, stringent methods of isolation and purification of mitochondria are of the utmost importance in assessing mitochondrial-related diseases. While several mitochondrial isolation methods have been previously published, these techniques are aimed at yielding mitochondria from cells types other than platelets. In addition, little information is known on the number of platelet-derived microparticles that can contaminate the mitochondrial preparation or even the overall quality and integrity of the mitochondria. In this project, we provide an alternate purification method yielding mitochondria of high purity and integrity from human platelets. Using human platelets, flow cytometry and transmission electron microscopy experiments were performed to demonstrate that the Percoll gradient method yielded significantly purified mitochondria by removing platelet membrane debris. Mitochondrial respiration following the substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor-titration (SUIT) protocol was similar in both the purified and crude mitochondrial extraction methods. Finally, the cytochrome c effect and JC-1 staining did not exhibit a significant difference between the two methods, suggesting that the mitochondrial integrity was not affected. Our study suggests that the Percoll discontinuous gradient purifies viable platelet-derived mitochondria by removing platelet-derived debris, including microparticles, therefore confirming that this isolation method is ideal for studying the downstream effects of intact mitochondria in mitochondrial-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob L Léger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, Canada
| | - Jean-Luc Jougleux
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, Canada
| | - Fanta Savadogo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, Canada
| | - Nicolas Pichaud
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, Canada
| | - Luc H Boudreau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, Canada
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Abstract
The tumor immune landscape gained considerable interest based on the knowledge that genetic aberrations in cancer cells alone are insufficient for tumor development. Macrophages are basically supporting all hallmarks of cancer and owing to their tremendous plasticity they may exert a whole spectrum of anti-tumor and pro-tumor activities. As part of the innate immune response, macrophages are armed to attack tumor cells, alone or in concert with distinct T cell subsets. However, in the tumor microenvironment, they sense nutrient and oxygen gradients, receive multiple signals, and respond to this incoming information with a phenotype shift. Often, their functional output repertoire is shifted to become tumor-supportive. Incoming and outgoing signals are chemically heterogeneous but also comprise lipid mediators. Here, we review the current understanding whereby arachidonate metabolites derived from the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways shape the macrophage phenotype in a tumor setting. We discuss these findings in the context of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) expression and concomitant prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) formation. We elaborate the multiple actions of this lipid in affecting macrophage biology, which are sensors for and generators of this lipid. Moreover, we summarize properties of 5-lipoxygenases (ALOX5) and 15-lipoxygenases (ALOX15, ALOX15B) in macrophages and clarify how these enzymes add to the role of macrophages in a dynamically changing tumor environment. This review will illustrate the potential routes how COX-2/mPGES-1 and ALOX5/-15 in macrophages contribute to the development and progression of a tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Weigert
- Institute of Biochemistry I/Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Strack
- Institute of Biochemistry I/Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ryan G Snodgrass
- Institute of Biochemistry I/Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Institute of Biochemistry I/Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
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An JU, Oh DK. Stabilization and improved activity of arachidonate 11 S-lipoxygenase from proteobacterium Myxococcus xanthus. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:2153-2163. [PMID: 30257932 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m088823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) catalyze the dioxygenation of PUFAs to produce regio- and stereospecific oxygenated fatty acids. The identification of regio- and stereospecific LOXs is important because their specific products are involved in different physiological activities in various organisms. Bacterial LOXs are found only in some proteobacteria and cyanobacteria, and they are not stable in vitro. Here, we used C20 and C22 PUFAs such as arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid to identify an 11S-specific LOX from the proteobacterium Myxococcus xanthus and explore its in vitro stability and activity. The activity and stability of M. xanthus ARA 11S-LOX as well as the production of 11S-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid from ARA were significantly increased by the addition of phosphatidylcholine, Ca2+, and coactosin-like protein (newly identified in the yeast Rhodosporidium toluroides) as stimulatory factors; in fact, LOX activity in the presence of all three factors increased approximately 3-fold. Our results indicate that these stimulatory factors can be used to increase the activity and stability of bacterial LOX and the production of bioactive hydroxy fatty acids, which can contribute to new academic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ung An
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
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Tsolaki E, Eleftheriou P, Kartsev V, Geronikaki A, Saxena AK. Application of Docking Analysis in the Prediction and Biological Evaluation of the Lipoxygenase Inhibitory Action of Thiazolyl Derivatives of Mycophenolic Acid. Molecules 2018; 23:E1621. [PMID: 29970872 PMCID: PMC6099768 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
5-LOX inhibition is among the desired characteristics of anti-inflammatory drugs, while 15-LOX has also been considered as a drug target. Similarity in inhibition behavior between soybean LOX-1 and human 5-LOX has been observed and soybean LOX (sLOX) type 1b has been used for the evaluation of LOX inhibition in drug screening for years. After prediction of LOX inhibition by PASS and docking as well as toxicity by PROTOX and ToxPredict sixteen (E)-N-(thiazol-2-yl)-6-(4-hydroxy-6-methoxy-7-methyl-3-oxo-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-yl)-4-methylhex-4-enamide derivatives with lengths varying from about 15⁻20 Å were evaluated in vitro for LOX inhibitory action using the soybean lipoxygenase sLOX 1b. Docking analysis was performed using soybean LOX L-1 (1YGE), soybean LOX-3 (1JNQ), human 5-LOX (3O8Y and 3V99) and mammalian 15-LOX (1LOX) structures. Different dimensions of target center and docking boxes and a cavity prediction algorithm were used. The compounds exhibited inhibitory action between 2.5 μΜ and 165 μΜ. Substituents with an electronegative atom at two-bond proximity to position 4 of the thiazole led to enhanced activity. Docking results indicated that the LOX structures 1JNQ, 3V99 and 1LOX can effectively be used for estimation of LOX inhibition and amino acid interactions of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Tsolaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Phaedra Eleftheriou
- Department of Medical Laboratories, School of Health and Care Professions, Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, 54700 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | | | - Athina Geronikaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Anil K Saxena
- Division of Medicinal & Process Chemistry, Central Drug Research Institute, 226031 Lucknow, India.
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Halade GV, Black LM, Verma MK. Paradigm shift - Metabolic transformation of docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids to bioactives exemplify the promise of fatty acid drug discovery. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:935-953. [PMID: 29499340 PMCID: PMC5971137 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid drug discovery (FADD) is defined as the identification of novel, specialized bioactive mediators that are derived from fatty acids and have precise pharmacological/therapeutic potential. A number of reports indicate that dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids and limited intake of omega-6 promotes overall health benefits. In 1929, Burr and Burr indicated the significant role of essential fatty acids for survival and functional health of many organs. In reference to specific dietary benefits of differential omega-3 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids (DHA and EPA) are transformed to monohydroxy, dihydroxy, trihydroxy, and other complex mediators during infection, injury, and exercise to resolve inflammation. The presented FADD approach describes the metabolic transformation of DHA and EPA in response to injury, infection, and exercise to govern uncontrolled inflammation. Metabolic transformation of DHA and EPA into a number of pro-resolving molecules exemplifies a novel, inexpensive approach compared to traditional, expensive drug discovery. DHA and EPA have been recommended for prevention of cardiovascular disease since 1970. Therefore, the FADD approach is relevant to cardiovascular disease and resolution of inflammation in many injury models. Future research demands identification of novel action targets, receptors for biomolecules, mechanism(s), and drug-interactions with resolvins in order to maintain homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh V Halade
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, United States.
| | - Laurence M Black
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Mahendra Kumar Verma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Bai CY, Zhang JY, Shi TW, Bai YQ, Wu BL, Du ZP, Wu ZY, Xu XE, Wang SH, Wu JY, Te RY, Zhang JY, Xu LY, Li EM. Association between 5-lipoxygenase expression, and malignant behaviors and poor prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:9353-9360. [PMID: 29805660 PMCID: PMC5958678 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) catalyzes the first step of arachidonic acid metabolism to inflammatory mediator leukotrienes. The present study assessed 5-LO expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tissue specimens for associations with clinicopathological and survival data from patients, then explored 5-LO activity in ESCC cells in vitro. 5-LO expression was detected in tissue microarrays containing 297 ESCC samples using immunohistochemistry. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to analyze the survival significance of 5-LO expression and relative risk was evaluated using the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model. Cultured tumor cells were subjected to gene transfection, western blotting, and cell migration and proliferation assays. 5-LO protein was primarily expressed in normal cell cytoplasm and/or membrane, and never in the whole cytoplasm, whereas 5-LO was expressed diffusely in ESCC tissues with nearly homogeneous whole-cytoplasm staining. 5-LO expression was significantly associated with tumor regional lymph node metastasis (P=0.013) and pTNM stage (P=0.004). 5-LO expression was associated with poor overall survival (P=0.029). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that 5-LO overexpression was an independent prognostic factor for ESCC patients (P=0.041). Furthermore, the inhibition of 5-LO expression reduced ESCC cell viability and migration in vitro. These data provide further evidence that the upregulation of 5-LO expression is associated with advanced stages of disease and poor ESCC prognosis, and that 5-LO expression may independently predict overall survival in patients with ESCC. The inhibition of 5-LO expression reduced ESCC malignant behavior in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ying Bai
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University, Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Chifeng University, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia 024000, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Yi Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University, Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Chifeng University, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia 024000, P.R. China
| | - Tie-Wei Shi
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Chifeng University, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia 024000, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Qin Bai
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Chifeng University, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia 024000, P.R. China
| | - Bing-Li Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University, Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Ze-Peng Du
- Department of Pathology, Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Yong Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University, Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-E Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University, Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
- Institute of Cancer Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Shao-Hong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Yi Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University, Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
- Department of Pathology, Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Yun Te
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Chifeng University, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia 024000, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Yi Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Chifeng University, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia 024000, P.R. China
| | - Li-Yan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University, Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
- Institute of Cancer Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
- Dr Li-Yan Xu, Institute of Cancer Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China, E-mail:
| | - En-Min Li
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University, Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Dr En-Min Li, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China, E-mail:
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Too much of a good thing: How modulating LTB 4 actions restore host defense in homeostasis or disease. Semin Immunol 2018; 33:37-43. [PMID: 29042027 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The ability to regulate inflammatory pathways and host defense mechanisms is critical for maintaining homeostasis and responding to infections and tissue injury. While unbalanced inflammation is detrimental to the host; inadequate inflammation might not provide effective signals required to eliminate pathogens. On the other hand, aberrant inflammation could result in organ damage and impair host defense. The lipid mediator leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a potent neutrophil chemoattractant and recently, its role as a dominant molecule that amplifies many arms of phagocyte antimicrobial effector function has been unveiled. However, excessive LTB4 production contributes to disease severity in chronic inflammatory diseases such as diabetes and arthritis, which could potentially be involved in poor host defense in these groups of patients. In this review we discuss the cellular and molecular programs elicited during LTB4 production and actions on innate immunity host defense mechanisms as well as potential therapeutic strategies to improve host defense.
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Awakan OJ, Malomo SO, Adejare AA, Igunnu A, Atolani O, Adebayo AH, Owoyele BV. Anti-inflammatory and bronchodilatory constituents of leaf extracts of Anacardium occidentale L. in animal models. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2017; 16:62-70. [PMID: 29397096 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anacardium occidentale L. leaf is useful in the treatment of inflammation and asthma, but the bioactive constituents responsible for these activities have not been characterized. Therefore, this study was aimed at identifying the bioactive constituent(s) of A. occidentale ethanolic leaf extract (AOEL) and its solvent-soluble portions, and evaluating their effects on histamine-induced paw edema and bronchoconstriction. METHODS The bronchodilatory effect was determined by measuring the percentage protection provided by plant extracts in the histamine-induced bronchoconstriction model in guinea pigs. The anti-inflammatory effect of the extracts on histamine-induced paw edema in rats was determined by measuring the increase in paw diameter, after which the percent edema inhibition was calculated. The extracts were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify the bioactive constituents. Column chromatography and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used respectively to isolate and characterize the constituents. The bronchodilatory and anti-inflammatory activities of the isolated bioactive constituent were evaluated. RESULTS Histamine induced bronchoconstriction in the guinea pigs and edema in the rat paw. AOEL, hexane-soluble portion of AOEL, ethyl acetate-soluble portion of AOEL, and chloroform-soluble portion of AOEL significantly increased bronchodilatory and anti-inflammatory activities (P < 0.05). Oleamide (9-octadecenamide) was identified as the most abundant compound in the extracts and was isolated. Oleamide significantly increased bronchodilatory and anti-inflammatory activities by 32.97% and 98.41%, respectively (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION These results indicate that oleamide is one of the bioactive constituents responsible for the bronchodilatory and anti-inflammatory activity of A. occidentale leaf, and can therefore be employed in the management of bronchoconstriction and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwakemi Josephine Awakan
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, Landmark University, PMB 1001, Omu-Aran, Nigeria.
| | - Sylvia Omonirume Malomo
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, Landmark University, PMB 1001, Omu-Aran, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Abdullahi Adeyinka Adejare
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine of the University of Lagos, PMB 12003, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Adedoyin Igunnu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Olubunmi Atolani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Abiodun Humphrey Adebayo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, PMB 1023, Ota, Nigeria
| | - Bamidele Victor Owoyele
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria
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Saul MJ, Groher F, Hegewald AB, Müller-McNicoll M, Marschalek R, Suess B, Steinhilber D. TGFβ/SMAD signalling modulates MLL and MLL-AF4 mediated 5-lipoxygenase promoter activation. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2017; 133:60-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Sorgi CA, Zarini S, Martin SA, Sanchez RL, Scandiuzzi RF, Gijón MA, Guijas C, Flamand N, Murphy RC, Faccioli LH. Dormant 5-lipoxygenase in inflammatory macrophages is triggered by exogenous arachidonic acid. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10981. [PMID: 28887514 PMCID: PMC5591212 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11496-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of resident tissue macrophages from embryonic precursors and that of inflammatory macrophages from bone marrow cells leads to macrophage heterogeneity. Further plasticity is displayed through their ability to be polarized as subtypes M1 and M2 in a cell culture microenvironment. However, the detailed regulation of eicosanoid production and its involvement in macrophage biology remains unclear. Using a lipidomics approach, we demonstrated that eicosanoid production profiles between bone marrow-derived (BMDM) and peritoneal macrophages differed drastically. In polarized BMDMs, M1 and M2 phenotypes were distinguished by thromboxane B2, prostaglandin (PG) E2, and PGD2 production, in addition to lysophospholipid acyltransferase activity. Although Alox5 expression and the presence of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) protein in BMDMs was observed, the absence of leukotrienes production reflected an impairment in 5-LO activity, which could be triggered by addition of exogenous arachidonic acid (AA). The BMDM 5-LO regulatory mechanism was not responsive to PGE2/cAMP pathway modulation; however, treatment to reduce glutathione peroxidase activity increased 5-LO metabolite production after AA stimulation. Understanding the relationship between the eicosanoids pathway and macrophage biology may offer novel strategies for macrophage-associated disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Sorgi
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Simona Zarini
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
| | - Sarah A Martin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
| | - Raphael L Sanchez
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo F Scandiuzzi
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Miguel A Gijón
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
| | - Carlos Guijas
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, 92037, CA, USA
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, G1V 4G5, Quebec, Canada
| | - Robert C Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
| | - Lucia H Faccioli
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil.
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The expansive role of oxylipins on platelet biology. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:575-588. [PMID: 28528513 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1542-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, three major oxygenases, cyclooxygenases (COXs), lipoxygenases (LOXs), and cytochrome P450 (CYP450), generate an assortment of unique lipid mediators (oxylipins) from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) which exhibit pro- or anti-thrombotic activity. Over the years, novel oxylipins generated from the interplay of theoxygenase activity in various cells, such as the specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), have been identified and investigated in inflammatory disease models. Although platelets have been implicated in inflammation, the role and mechanism of these SPMs produced from immune cells on platelet function are still unclear. This review highlights the burgeoning classes of oxylipins that have been found to regulate platelet function; however, their mechanism of action still remains to be elucidated.
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Oh DY, Olefsky JM. G protein-coupled receptors as targets for anti-diabetic therapeutics. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016; 15:161-72. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2015.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Owusu-Ansah A, Ihunnah CA, Walker AL, Ofori-Acquah SF. Inflammatory targets of therapy in sickle cell disease. Transl Res 2016; 167:281-97. [PMID: 26226206 PMCID: PMC4684475 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a monogenic globin disorder characterized by the production of a structurally abnormal hemoglobin (Hb) variant Hb S, which causes severe hemolytic anemia, episodic painful vaso-occlusion, and ultimately end-organ damage. The primary disease pathophysiology is intracellular Hb S polymerization and consequent sickling of erythrocytes. It has become evident for more than several decades that a more complex disease process contributes to the myriad of clinical complications seen in patients with SCD with inflammation playing a central role. Drugs targeting specific inflammatory pathways therefore offer an attractive therapeutic strategy to ameliorate many of the clinical events in SCD. In addition, they are useful tools to dissect the molecular and cellular mechanisms that promote individual clinical events and for developing improved therapeutics to address more challenging clinical dilemmas such as refractoriness to opioids or hyperalgesia. Here, we discuss the prospect of targeting multiple inflammatory pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of SCD with a focus on new therapeutics, striving to link the actions of the anti-inflammatory agents to a defined pathobiology, and specific clinical manifestations of SCD. We also review the anti-inflammatory attributes and the cognate inflammatory targets of hydroxyurea, the only Food and Drug Administration-approved drug for SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amma Owusu-Ansah
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Center for Translational and International Hematology, Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Chibueze A Ihunnah
- Center for Translational and International Hematology, Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Aisha L Walker
- Center for Translational and International Hematology, Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Solomon F Ofori-Acquah
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Center for Translational and International Hematology, Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
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Sun L, Tang XJ, Luo FM. Forkhead box protein A2 and T helper type 2-mediated pulmonary inflammation. World J Methodol 2015; 5:223-229. [PMID: 26713283 PMCID: PMC4686420 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v5.i4.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor forkhead box protein A2 (FOXA2, also known as hepatocyte nuclear factor 3β or transcription factor 3β), has been found to play pivotal roles in multiple phases of mammalian life, from the early development to the organofaction, and subsequently in homeostasis and metabolism in the adult. In the embryonic development period, FOXA2 is require d for the formation of the primitive node and notochord, and its absence results in embryonic lethality. Moreover, FOXA2 plays an important role not only in lung development, but also in T helper type 2 (Th2)-mediated pulmonary inflammation and goblet cell hyperplasia. In this article, the role of FOXA2 in lung development and Th2-mediated pulmonary inflammation, as well as in goblet cell hyperplasia, is reviewed. FOXA2 deletion in airway epithelium results into Th2-mediated pulmonary inflammation and goblet cell hyperplasia in developing lung. Leukotriene pathway and signal transducers and activators of transcription 6 pathway may mediate this inflammation through recruitment and activation of denditric cell during lung developments. FOXA2 is a potential treatment target for lung diseases with Th2 inflammation and goblet cell hyperplasia, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Tuncer S, Banerjee S. Eicosanoid pathway in colorectal cancer: Recent updates. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:11748-11766. [PMID: 26557000 PMCID: PMC4631974 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i41.11748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic metabolism of the 20C polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) arachidonic acid (AA) occurs via the cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways, and leads to the production of various bioactive lipids termed eicosanoids. These eicosanoids have a variety of functions, including stimulation of homeostatic responses in the cardiovascular system, induction and resolution of inflammation, and modulation of immune responses against diseases associated with chronic inflammation, such as cancer. Because chronic inflammation is essential for the development of colorectal cancer (CRC), it is not surprising that many eicosanoids are implicated in CRC. Oftentimes, these autacoids work in an antagonistic and highly temporal manner in inflammation; therefore, inhibition of the pro-inflammatory COX-2 or 5-LOX enzymes may subsequently inhibit the formation of their essential products, or shunt substrates from one pathway to another, leading to undesirable side-effects. A better understanding of these different enzymes and their products is essential not only for understanding the importance of eicosanoids, but also for designing more effective drugs that solely target the inflammatory molecules found in both chronic inflammation and cancer. In this review, we have evaluated the cancer promoting and anti-cancer roles of different eicosanoids in CRC, and highlighted the most recent literature which describes how those molecules affect not only tumor tissue, but also the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, we have attempted to delineate the roles that eicosanoids with opposing functions play in neoplastic transformation in CRC through their effects on proliferation, apoptosis, motility, metastasis, and angiogenesis.
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Abstract
An effective host defense mechanism involves inflammation to eliminate pathogens from the site of infection, followed by the resolution of inflammation and the restoration of tissue homeostasis. Lipoxins are endogenous anti-inflammatory, pro-resolving molecules that play a vital role in reducing excessive tissue injury and chronic inflammation. In this review, the mechanisms of action of lipoxins at the site of inflammation and their interaction with other cellular signaling molecules and transcription factors are discussed. Emphasis has also been placed on immune modulatory role(s) of lipoxins. Lipoxins regulate components of both the innate and adaptive immune systems including neutrophils, macrophages, T-, and B-cells. Lipoxins also modulate levels of various transcription factors such as nuclear factor κB, activator protein-1, nerve growth factor-regulated factor 1A binding protein 1, and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ and control the expression of many inflammatory genes. Since lipoxins and aspirin-triggered lipoxins have clinical relevance, we discuss their important role in clinical research to treat a wide range of diseases like inflammatory disorders, renal fibrosis, cerebral ischemia, and cancer. A brief overview of lipoxins in viral malignancies and viral pathogenesis especially the unexplored role of lipoxins in Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpes virus biology is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayashree A Chandrasekharan
- HM Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Neelam Sharma-Walia
- HM Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
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Mashima R, Okuyama T. The role of lipoxygenases in pathophysiology; new insights and future perspectives. Redox Biol 2015; 6:297-310. [PMID: 26298204 PMCID: PMC4556770 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) are dioxygenases that catalyze the formation of corresponding hydroperoxides from polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid and arachidonic acid. LOX enzymes are expressed in immune, epithelial, and tumor cells that display a variety of physiological functions, including inflammation, skin disorder, and tumorigenesis. In the humans and mice, six LOX isoforms have been known. 15-LOX, a prototypical enzyme originally found in reticulocytes shares the similarity of amino acid sequence as well as the biochemical property to plant LOX enzymes. 15-LOX-2, which is expressed in epithelial cells and leukocytes, has different substrate specificity in the humans and mice, therefore, the role of them in mammals has not been established. 12-LOX is an isoform expressed in epithelial cells and myeloid cells including platelets. Many mutations in this isoform are found in epithelial cancers, suggesting a potential link between 12-LOX and tumorigenesis. 12R-LOX can be found in the epithelial cells of the skin. Defects in this gene result in ichthyosis, a cutaneous disorder characterized by pathophysiologically dried skin due to abnormal loss of water from its epithelial cell layer. Similarly, eLOX-3, which is also expressed in the skin epithelial cells acting downstream 12R-LOX, is another causative factor for ichthyosis. 5-LOX is a distinct isoform playing an important role in asthma and inflammation. This isoform causes the constriction of bronchioles in response to cysteinyl leukotrienes such as LTC4, thus leading to asthma. It also induces neutrophilic inflammation by its recruitment in response to LTB4. Importantly, 5-LOX activity is strictly regulated by 5-LOX activating protein (FLAP) though the distribution of 5-LOX in the nucleus. Currently, pharmacological drugs targeting FLAP are actively developing. This review summarized these functions of LOX enzymes under pathophysiological conditions in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Mashima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Ohkura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan.
| | - Torayuki Okuyama
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Ohkura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
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Adebayo SA, Dzoyem JP, Shai LJ, Eloff JN. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of 25 plant species used traditionally to treat pain in southern African. Altern Ther Health Med 2015; 15:159. [PMID: 26014115 PMCID: PMC4443658 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0669-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation is a common risk factor in the pathogenesis of conditions such as infections, arthritis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity and cancer. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used traditionally to treat inflammation and related disorders such as pain, arthritis and stomach aches in southern Africa led to the selection of 25 plant species used in this study. METHODS The antioxidant activities of acetone extracts were determined by measuring the free radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing ability, respectively. The anti-inflammatory activities of the extracts were determined by measuring the inhibitory effect of the extracts on the activities of the pro-inflammatory enzyme, lipoxygenase and inducible nitric oxide synthase. RESULTS Extracts of Peltophorum africanum had good antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 4.67 ± 0.31 μg/mL and 7.71 ± 0.36 μg/mL compared to that of the positive control ascorbic acid (2.92 ± 0.14 μg/mL and 13.57 ± 0.44 μg/mL), using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging and 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) methods, respectively. The metabolism of linoleic acid to leukotriene derivatives by 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX) was also inhibited by the crude acetone extracts of Peltophorum africanum (IC50 = 12.42 μg/mL), Zanthoxylum capense (IC50 = 14.92 μg/mL) compared to the positive control quercetin (IC50 = 8.75 μg/mL). There was a poor correlation between the flavonoid content and 15-LOX inhibition by the extracts (R(2) = 0.05), indicating that flavonoids are not involved in LOX inhibition. Extracts of Clausena anisata, at a concentration of 6.25 μg/mL inhibited nitric oxide production by RAW 264.7 macrophage cell lines in vitro by 96 %. The extracts of Zanthoxylum capense were the least cytotoxic (IC50 > 1000 μg/mL) when the extract toxicity was determined against Vero (African green Monkey) kidney cell lines. CONCLUSION Some plant species used traditionally to treat pain have reasonable anti-inflammatory activity and flavonoids are probably not involved in this process.
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Balan T, Sani MHM, Mumtaz Ahmad SH, Suppaiah V, Mohtarrudin N, Zakaria ZA. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities contribute to the prophylactic effect of semi-purified fractions obtained from the crude methanol extract of Muntingia calabura leaves against gastric ulceration in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 164:1-15. [PMID: 25540923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In traditional medicine, the leaves, flowers, barks and roots of Muntingia calabura L. (Muntingiaceae) have been employed as a treatment for various ailments including dyspepsia and to relieve pain caused by gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. The methanolic extract of Muntingia calabura leaves (MEMC) has been proven in the previous study to possess significant antiulcer activity. In this study, we attempted to determine the prophylactic effect of the fractions obtained from MEMC against ethanol-induced gastric lesion in rats and the involvement of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory mediators. MATERIALS AND METHODS The MEMC was fractionated with petroleum ether (PEF), ethyl acetate (EAF) and distilled water (AQF). These fractions were investigated for possible antiulcer property using ethanol-induced gastric ulcer rat model. The rats were administered orally once daily with 8% Tween 80 (control), 100mg/kg ranitidine, or the fractions, in the doses of 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg, for 7 days, followed by ulcer induction using absolute ethanol. The rats were euthanized; macroscopic and histological observations of the stomach were done. The ulcer area (UA) was determined and the percentage protection afforded by the fractions was calculated. The fractions were subjected to antioxidant studies including the superoxide and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and total phenolic content (TPC) assay. Involvement of nitric oxide (NO) and inflammatory mediators such as lipoxygenase (LOX) and xanthine oxidase (XO) were evaluated. Phytochemical screening and HPLC analysis of the fractions were also conducted. RESULTS Pre-treatment of PEF and EAF significantly (p<0.001) attenuated the gastric lesions as compared to the control group in a dose-dependent manner. On the other hand, 100 and 250 mg/kg of AQF significantly (p<0.001) prevented the ulcer formation but at the highest dose (500 mg/kg), AQF failed to significantly reduce the ulcer formation, showing a dose-independent antiulcerative effect of AQF. The histological evaluation supported the observed gastroprotective activity of PEF, EAF and AQF. All the fractions showed high superoxide and DPPH scavenging activity, meanwhile the EAF showed highest TPC followed by PEF and AQF. These fractions also significantly (p<0.05) inhibited the NO while maintaining the viability of the cells. EAF exhibited high inhibition towards both the LOX and XO enzymes, meanwhile PEF and AQF exerted high LOX inhibition but low XO inhibition. Phytochemical screening and HPLC profiling suggested the presence of flavonoid- and tannin based compounds in PEF and EAF. CONCLUSION It can be concluded that the prophylactic effect of the fractions on gastric ulceration in rats is associated with its high antioxidant activity and its ability to effectively inhibit the inflammation mediators. Presence of several flavonoids and gallic acid explains the effectiveness of the fractions in affording protection against gastric damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tavamani Balan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hijaz Mohd Sani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Salahuddin Haji Mumtaz Ahmad
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Velan Suppaiah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norhafizah Mohtarrudin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Zainul Amiruddin Zakaria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia.
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86
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Abstract
Leukotrienes (LTs) are lipid mediators derived from the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism and are markers and mediators of pulmonary inflammation. Research over the past two decades has established that LTs modulate inflammation in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The purpose of this review was to summarize the current knowledge of LTs in the pathophysiology of PAH and to highlight a recent study that advances our understanding of how leukotriene B4 (LTB4) specifically contributes to pulmonary vascular remodeling. The results of these studies suggest that pharmacological inhibition of LT pathways, especially LTB4, has high potential for the treatment of PAH.
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87
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Oxidative stress as an etiological factor and a potential treatment target of psychiatric disorders. Part 1. Chemical aspects and biological sources of oxidative stress in the brain. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 67:560-8. [PMID: 25933970 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a dysfunctional state of living cells, caused by the disturbance of the pro-/antioxidative equilibrium. This dynamic equilibrium, constitutive for all aerobic organisms, is an inevitable necessity of maintaining the level of oxidative factors on non-destructive value to the cell. Among these factors reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are the best known molecules. This review article shows the current state of knowledge on the chemical specificity, relative reactivity and main sources of ROS and RNS in biological systems. As a Part 1 to the report about the role of oxidative stress in psychiatric disorders (see Smaga et al., Pharmacological Reports, this issue), special emphasis is placed on biochemical determinants in nervous tissue, which predisposed it to oxidative damage. Oxidative stress can be identified based on the analysis of various biochemical indicators showing the status of antioxidant barrier or size of the damage. In our article, we have compiled the most commonly used biomarkers of oxidative stress described in the literature with special regard to potentially effective in the early diagnosis of neurodegenerative processes.
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88
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Sarveswaran S, Chakraborty D, Chitale D, Sears R, Ghosh J. Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase selectively triggers disruption of c-Myc signaling in prostate cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:4994-5006. [PMID: 25540201 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.599035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Myc is up-regulated in almost all cancer types and is the subject of intense investigation because of its pleiotropic effects controlling a broad spectrum of cell functions. However, despite its recognition as a stand-alone molecular target, development of suitable strategies to block its function is hindered because of its nonenzymatic nature. We reported earlier that arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (5-Lox) plays an important role in the survival and growth of prostate cancer cells, although details of the underlying mechanisms have yet to be characterized. By whole genome gene expression array, we observed that inhibition of 5-Lox severely down-regulates the expression of c-Myc oncogene in prostate cancer cells. Moreover, inhibition of 5-Lox dramatically decreases the protein level, nuclear accumulation, DNA binding, and transcriptional activities of c-Myc. Both the 5-Lox inhibition-induced down-regulation of c-Myc and induction of apoptosis are mitigated when the cells are treated with 5-oxoeicosatetraenoic acid, a metabolite of 5-Lox, confirming a role of 5-Lox in these processes. c-Myc is a transforming oncogene widely expressed in prostate cancer cells and maintains their transformed phenotype. Interestingly, MK591, a specific 5-Lox inhibitor, strongly affects the viability of Myc-overactivated prostate cancer cells and completely blocks their invasive and soft agar colony-forming abilities, but it spares nontransformed cells where expression of 5-Lox is undetectable. These findings indicate that the oncogenic function of c-Myc in prostate cancer cells is regulated by 5-Lox activity, revealing a novel mechanism of 5-Lox action and suggesting that the oncogenic function of c-Myc can be suppressed by suitable inhibitors of 5-Lox.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dhananjay Chitale
- Pathology,; The Josephine Ford Cancer Center, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan 48202 and
| | - Rosalie Sears
- the Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Jagadananda Ghosh
- From the Departments of Urology and; The Josephine Ford Cancer Center, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan 48202 and.
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89
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Sadik CD, Sezin T, Kim ND. Leukotrienes orchestrating allergic skin inflammation. Exp Dermatol 2014; 22:705-9. [PMID: 24433180 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Leukotrienes constitute a group of lipid mediators, which may be subdivided into two groups, with leukotriene B4 on the one hand and cysteinyl leukotrienes on the other. Although leukotrienes are abundantly expressed in skin affected by diverse chronic inflammatory diseases, including atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid, their pathological roles in these diseases have remained elusive. Recent data now reveal that both leukotriene B4 and cysteinyl leukotrienes are indispensable in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis, with leukotriene B4 initiating the recruitment of inflammatory cells, particularly neutrophils and TH 2 cells into the skin, and cysteinyl leukotrienes later inducing characteristic structural alterations of chronically affected skin, specifically skin fibrosis and keratinocyte proliferation. Thus, these results reveal a sequential cooperation of LTB4 and cysteinyl leukotrienes to initiate and perpetuate allergic skin inflammation. These new insights highlight leukotrienes as promising therapeutic targets in allergic skin inflammation and should encourage more research into the role of leukotrienes in other inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian D Sadik
- Department of Dermatology, Allergy, and Venereology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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90
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Schebb NH, Ostermann AI, Yang J, Hammock BD, Hahn A, Schuchardt JP. Comparison of the effects of long-chain omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on plasma levels of free and esterified oxylipins. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2014; 113-115:21-9. [PMID: 24880049 PMCID: PMC4247815 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is believed that many of the beneficial effects of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) are mediated by their oxidized metabolites, the oxylipins. The formation and biological role of many cytochrome P450 and lipoxygenase derived hydroxy, epoxy and dihydroxy FA, particularly of oxylipins esterified in polar lipids and triglycerides remain unclear. In this study, we compared the impact of twelve weeks of LC n-3 PUFA supplementation on the patterns of free and total (sum of esterified and free) hydroxy, epoxy and dihydroxy FAs. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Subjects (5 male; 5 female) between 46 and 70 years were supplemented with 1.1g/d of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 0.74g/d docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as ethyl esters. Blood samples were drawn before and after twelve weeks of treatment. Oxylipins in plasma were analyzed by LC-MS directly for free oxylipins and after saponification. Relative FA composition in erythrocyte membranes was analyzed by GC. RESULTS LC n-3 PUFA treatment led to a significant increase in EPA (200%) and DHA (23%) in erythrocyte membranes. Of the oxylipins measured in plasma, total and free EPA-derived metabolites were highly increased (70-150%), while total AA-derived metabolites were decreased on average by 30%. There was no effect on DHA-metabolites. Concentrations of total hydroxy and epoxy FAs in plasma were considerably higher compared to free hydroxy and epoxy FAs (up to 350 times), while levels of most free dihydroxy FAs were in a similar range to total dihydroxy FAs. However, the individual ratios between total and free plasma oxylipins remained unchanged after LC n-3 PUFA treatment. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS LC n-3 PUFA supplementation causes a shift in the levels of circulating oxylipins, having the strongest impact on EPA-derived epoxy, dihydroxy and hydroxy FA. The unchanged ratio of free and esterified oxylipins in plasma indicates that both concentrations are valuable biomarkers for assessing the individual status of these lipid mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Helge Schebb
- Institute for Food Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany.
| | - Annika I Ostermann
- Institute for Food Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany
| | - Jun Yang
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Hahn
- Department of Entomology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jan Philipp Schuchardt
- Department of Entomology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, CA, USA
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91
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Analysis of biologically-active, endogenous carboxylic acids based on chromatography-mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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92
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Assis PA, Espíndola MS, Paula-Silva FWG, Rios WM, Pereira PAT, Leão SC, Silva CL, Faccioli LH. Mycobacterium tuberculosis expressing phospholipase C subverts PGE2 synthesis and induces necrosis in alveolar macrophages. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:128. [PMID: 24886263 PMCID: PMC4057917 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-14-128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Phospholipases C (PLCs) are virulence factors found in several bacteria. In Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) they exhibit cytotoxic effects on macrophages, but the mechanisms involved in PLC-induced cell death are not fully understood. It has been reported that induction of cell necrosis by virulent Mtb is coordinated by subversion of PGE2, an essential factor in cell membrane protection. Results Using two Mtb clinical isolates carrying genetic variations in PLC genes, we show that the isolate 97-1505, which bears plcA and plcB genes, is more resistant to alveolar macrophage microbicidal activity than the isolate 97-1200, which has all PLC genes deleted. The isolate 97-1505 also induced higher rates of alveolar macrophage necrosis, and likewise inhibited COX-2 expression and PGE2 production. To address the direct effect of mycobacterial PLC on cell necrosis and PGE2 inhibition, both isolates were treated with PLC inhibitors prior to macrophage infection. Interestingly, inhibition of PLCs affected the ability of the isolate 97-1505 to induce necrosis, leading to cell death rates similar to those induced by the isolate 97-1200. Finally, PGE2 production by Mtb 97-1505-infected macrophages was restored to levels similar to those produced by 97-1200-infected cells. Conclusions Mycobacterium tuberculosis bearing PLCs genes induces alveolar macrophage necrosis, which is associated to subversion of PGE2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lúcia H Faccioli
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av Cafe, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil.
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93
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Colombo G, Clerici M, Giustarini D, Portinaro NM, Aldini G, Rossi R, Milzani A, Dalle-Donne I. Pathophysiology of tobacco smoke exposure: recent insights from comparative and redox proteomics. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2014; 33:183-218. [PMID: 24272816 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
First-hand and second-hand tobacco smoke are causally linked to a huge number of deaths and are responsible for a broad spectrum of pathologies such as cancer, cardiovascular, respiratory, and eye diseases as well as adverse effects on female reproductive function. Cigarette smoke is a complex mixture of thousands of different chemical species, which exert their negative effects on macromolecules and biochemical pathways, both directly and indirectly. Many compounds can act as oxidants, pro-inflammatory agents, carcinogens, or a combination of these. The redox behavior of cigarette smoke has many implications for smoke related diseases. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (both radicals and non-radicals), reactive carbonyl compounds, and other species may induce oxidative damage in almost all the biological macromolecules, compromising their structure and/or function. Different quantitative and redox proteomic approaches have been applied in vitro and in vivo to evaluate, respectively, changes in protein expression and specific oxidative protein modifications induced by exposure to cigarette smoke and are overviewed in this review. Many gel-based and gel-free proteomic techniques have already been used successfully to obtain clues about smoke effects on different proteins in cell cultures, animal models, and humans. The further implementation with other sensitive screening techniques could be useful to integrate the comprehension of cigarette smoke effects on human health. In particular, the redox proteomic approach may also help identify biomarkers of exposure to tobacco smoke useful for preventing these effects or potentially predictive of the onset and/or progression of smoking-induced diseases as well as potential targets for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziano Colombo
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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94
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Shang E, Wu Y, Liu P, Liu Y, Zhu W, Deng X, He C, He S, Li C, Lai L. Benzo[d]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide derivatives as dual functional inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase and microsomal prostaglandin E(2) synthase-1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2764-7. [PMID: 24794107 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A series of 6-nitro-3-(m-tolylamino) benzo[d]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide analogues were synthesized and evaluated for their inhibition activity against 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase (mPGES-1). These compounds can inhibit both enzymes with IC50 values ranging from 0.15 to 23.6μM. One of the most potential compounds, 3g, inhibits 5-LOX and mPGES-1 with IC50 values of 0.6μM, 2.1μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erchang Shang
- BNLMS, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yiran Wu
- BNLMS, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Pei Liu
- BNLMS, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ying Liu
- BNLMS, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Wei Zhu
- BNLMS, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaobing Deng
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chong He
- BNLMS, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shan He
- BNLMS, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Cong Li
- BNLMS, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Luhua Lai
- BNLMS, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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95
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Schuchardt JP, Schneider I, Willenberg I, Yang J, Hammock BD, Hahn A, Schebb NH. Increase of EPA-derived hydroxy, epoxy and dihydroxy fatty acid levels in human plasma after a single dose of long-chain omega-3 PUFA. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2014; 109-111:23-31. [PMID: 24667634 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several supplementation studies with long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) describe an increase of EPA-derived hydroxy, epoxy and dihydroxy fatty acids in blood, while changes in levels of other LC n-3 and n-6 PUFA-derived oxylipins were minor. In order to investigate the kinetics of changes in oxylipin levels in response to LC n-3 PUFA ingestion, we conducted a single dose treatment study with healthy subjects. SUBJECTS AND METHODS In the present kinetic study, we compared patterns of hydroxy, epoxy and dihydroxy fatty acids in plasma of 6 healthy men before and after 6, 8, 24, and 48h of fish oil (1008mg EPA and 672mg DHA) ingestion. Levels of EPA- as well as other LC PUFA-derived hydroxy, epoxy and dihydroxy fatty acids were analyzed in plasma by LC-MS. Additionally, levels of these oxylipins were compared with their parent PUFA levels in plasma phospholipids. RESULTS All EPA-derived oxylipin levels were significantly increased 6h after LC n-3 PUFA ingestion and gradually drop thereafter reaching the baseline levels about 48h after treatment. The relative increase in EPA plasma phospholipid levels highly correlated with the increase of plasma EPA-derived oxylipin levels at different time points. In contrast, plasma levels of arachidonic acid- and DHA-derived oxylipins as well as parent PUFA levels in plasma phospholipids were hardly changed. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that a single dose of LC n-3 PUFAs can rapidly induce a shift in the EPA oxylipin profile of healthy subjects within a few hours. Taking the high biological activity of the EPA-derived epoxy fatty acids into account, even short-term treatment with LC n-3 PUFAs may cause systemic effects, which warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Inga Schneider
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University of Hannover, Germany
| | - Ina Willenberg
- Institute for Food Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Entomology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Andreas Hahn
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University of Hannover, Germany
| | - Nils Helge Schebb
- Institute for Food Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany
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96
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Markoutsa S, Sürün D, Karas M, Hofmann B, Steinhilber D, Sorg BL. Analysis of 5-lipoxygenase phosphorylation on molecular level by MALDI-MS. FEBS J 2014; 281:1931-47. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stavroula Markoutsa
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES; Goethe University; Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Duran Sürün
- Department of Molecular Hematology; University of Frankfurt Medical School; Germany
| | - Michael Karas
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES; Goethe University; Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Bettina Hofmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES; Goethe University; Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Dieter Steinhilber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES; Goethe University; Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Bernd L. Sorg
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES; Goethe University; Frankfurt am Main Germany
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97
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Mangal D, Uboh CE, Jiang Z, Soma LR. Interleukin-1β inhibits synthesis of 5-lipooxygenase in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated equine whole blood. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2014; 108:9-22. [PMID: 24530239 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine. It induces the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) catalyzed by cyclooxygenase (COX) and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase (m-PGES). Besides its pro-inflammatory properties, PGE2 also exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting synthesis of 5-lipooxygenase (5-LO) products which are in themselves, pro-inflammatory mediators. Thus, inhibition of 5-LO products is beneficial in regulating immune-responses and pro-inflammatory processes. To investigate the hypothesis that IL-1β is responsible for the increase in the synthesis of PGE2 and in the reduction of 5-LO products, equine whole blood (EWB) was treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In vitro treatment of EWB with LPS resulted in increased expression of IL-1β while expression of 5-LO was suppressed. Quantification of eicosanoids using liquid-chromatography-mass spectrometry/multiple reaction monitoring (LC-MS/MRM) showed increased concentrations of prostaglandins and decreased 5-LO products in LPS-treated EWB. Pretreatment of EWB with IL-1β followed by calcium ionophore A23187 (CI) reduced synthesis of 5-LO products. However, pretreatment of EWB with COX-2 inhibitor (NS-398) or m-PGES-1 inhibitor (CAY 10526) and IL-1β followed with CI resulted in a significant (p<0.0001) increase in 5-LO products. Pretreatment of EWB with phospholipase C inhibitor (U73122) followed with LPS reduced PGE2 production but increased 5-LO products. The result of this study indicated that increased PGE2 production led to reduction in 5-LO products in LPS-treated EWB via IL-1β. However, other pathways, cytokines and mediators may be involved in inhibiting 5-LO products but the present study did not include those other potential pathways. Inhibition of 5-LO products by PGE2 in EWB may regulate the initiation and pathogenesis of inflammatory responses in the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipti Mangal
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
| | - Cornelius E Uboh
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA; PA Equine Toxicology & Research Center, West Chester University, Department of Chemistry, 220 East Rosedale Avenue, West Chester, PA 19382, USA.
| | - Zibin Jiang
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
| | - Lawrence R Soma
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
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98
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Zhao X, Lu W, Song C, Huang J. Detection of mammalian 5‐lipoxygenase activity using the fluorescent probe dihydrorhodamine 123. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201300104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of PharmacyEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghaiChina
| | - Weiqiang Lu
- The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life SciencesEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Cheng Song
- Department of ChemistryJiangxi Normal UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Jin Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of PharmacyEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghaiChina
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Anti-inflammatory Effect of Acetylpuerarin on Eicosanoid Signaling Pathway in Primary Rat Astrocytes. J Mol Neurosci 2013; 52:577-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-0113-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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von Knethen A, Sha LK, Kuchler L, Heeg AK, Fuhrmann D, Heide H, Wittig I, Maier TJ, Steinhilber D, Brüne B. 5-Lipoxygenase contributes to PPARγ activation in macrophages in response to apoptotic cells. Cell Signal 2013; 25:2762-8. [PMID: 24036216 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage polarization to an anti-inflammatory phenotype upon contact with apoptotic cells is a contributing hallmark to immune suppression during the late phase of sepsis. Although the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) supports this macrophage phenotype switch, it remains elusive how apoptotic cells activate PPARγ. Assuming that a molecule causing PPARγ activation in macrophages originates in the cell membrane of apoptotic cells we analyzed lipid rafts from apoptotic, necrotic, and living human Jurkat T cells which showed the presence of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) in lipid rafts of apoptotic cells only. Incubating macrophages with lipid rafts of apoptotic, but not necrotic or living cells, induced PPAR responsive element (PPRE)-driven mRuby reporter gene expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages stably transduced with a 4xPPRE containing vector. Experiments with lipid rafts of apoptotic murine EL4 T cells revealed similar results. To verify the involvement of 5-LO in activating PPARγ in macrophages, Jurkat T cells were incubated with the 5-LO inhibitor MK-866 prior to induction of apoptosis, which failed to induce mRuby expression. Similar results were obtained with lipid rafts of apoptotic EL4 T cells preexposed to the 5-LO inhibitors zileuton and CJ-13610. Interestingly, Jurkat T cells overexpressing 5-LO failed to activate PPARγ in macrophages, while their 5-LO overexpressing apoptotic counterparts did. Our results suggest that during apoptosis 5-LO gets associated with lipid rafts and synthesizes ligands that in turn stimulate PPARγ in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas von Knethen
- Institute of Biochemistry I-Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
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